The objective of this seminar report is to show the application of simulation modelling and analysis

in seismic analysis. Simulation is a powerful tool for the analysis of new system designs, retrofits to
existing systems and proposed changes to operating rules. Conducting a valid simulation is both an
art and a science. Many critical questions are answered in the seminar modelling, simulation,
simulation modelling and analysis, What types of problems are suitable for simulation, How to
select simulation software, benefits and pitfalls in modelling and simulation.

Simulation allows experimentation with a model of a system. Without a model, you either
experiment with a real system (if it exists) – probably causing major disruptions – or proceed without
such experimentation and analysis – at some potential risk. Simulation allows the identification of
problems, bottlenecks and design shortfalls before building or modifying a system. It allows
comparison of many alternative designs and rules of operation. Evaluation and comparisons can take
place before committing resources and investment to a project. A simulation model provides about
the only method to study new, non-existent complex dynamic systems for which analytic or static
(spreadsheet) models provide at best a low fidelity model with correspondingly low accuracy.

Simulation models consist of the following components: system entities, input variables,
performance measures, and functional relationships.

Seismology deals with the study of the earth and earth vibrations mainly caused by
earthquakes. In structural engineering, some of these results are of significant value
particularly for the designing of earthquake resistant structures. Structures come in different
shapes, forms and sizes. However, all structures have at least one feature in common; they all
have a foundation. A foundation is a means by which superstructures interfaces with
underlying soil or rock. Under the static conditions, generally only the vertical loads of the
structure need to be transferred to the supporting soil or rock. In a seismic environment the
loads imposed on foundation from a structure under seismic excitation may generally exceed
static vertical loads; in addition there will be horizontal forces.
Dynamic Analysis: Almost any type of structural system may be subjected to one form or
another of dynamic loading during its life time. Dynamic means time varying load therefore,
the structural response to a dynamic load (i.e. resulting stresses and deflections) are also time
varying. Problems of dynamics can be categorized according to the type of the loading. The
prescribed loadings can be periodic or non-periodic.
Periodic loading exhibits same time variation successively for large number of cycles eg.
simple harmonic. Non Periodic loading may be short duration impulsive loadings (eg. Blast
loading) or long duration general forms of loads (eg. Earthquake loading). Problems of blast
loadings are wave propagation problems and can be solved by special simplified forms of
analysis. Problems of earthquake loadings are structural dynamic problems and can be solved
completely by general dynamic analysis procedures. Thus a dynamic analysis becomes more
complex and time consuming in nature.
Need of dynamic analysis : Inertia force, which resists accelerations of the structure, is the
most important distinguishing characteristic of a structural-dynamics problem. If the
frequency of the applied excitation to a structure is less than 1/3rd the fundamental frequency
of the structure then the inertia effects are neglected and the problem is quasistatic. However
inertia force becomes important if the excitation frequencies are higher than above or the
structure vibrates freely.
Another important characteristic of dynamic problem is the time varying nature of the
dynamic problem. Thus as the loading and the response both vary with time, the dynamic
problem does not have a single solution but we get a succession of solution corresponding to
all times of interest in the response history.
Time History Method
It is a step by step procedure in which the loading and the response history are divided into
sequence time intervals or steps. The response during each step is then calculated from the
initial conditions existing at the beginning of each time step and from the loading history
during the step. These can be explicit or implicit.
Response of Single degree of freedom system for earthquake:
Ground acceleration during an earthquake varies randomly to such an extent that analytical
solution of the equation of motion is ruled out. Thus numerical methods as explained in
earlier chapters are used to determine the structural response.
The deformation of the system or the displacement of the mass relative to the moving
ground, is the quantity of the greatest interest in the structural engineering.
Response Spectrum Concept
A plot of the peak value of a response quantity (acceleration, displacement or velocity) as a
function of the natural vibration period Tn or frequency ωn is called the response spectrum.
For a given ground motion, the response spectrum of a SDOF system depends only on the
natural frequency and Damping ratio.
Response of multi degree of freedom system for earthquake
Solution of eigen values and eigen vectors
Now the free vibration problem has been reduced to the general eigen value problem.
There are various methods to obtain the eigen values and eigen vectors of the Eq.3.42. Some
of
the methods used are:
1. Inverse iteration technique
2. Power method
3. Subspace iterative technique
4. Lanczos iterative technique

The stiffness and mass matrices of these elements can be obtained from Eqs. 3.49 and 3.50.
These matrices shall be assembled to get the global stiffness and mass matrices and
substituting these in Eq. 3.39, we can evaluate the frequencies and mode shapes. Once these
are obtained, the response can be obtained using the procedure outlined as above.

4.2.Development of Analytical Model

Analyzing the SSC using continuum mechanics approach may yield best results. However,
using this approach becomes very difficult as it involves the formulation of differential
equations to represent complex geometry, discontinuities and application of the boundary
conditions. Therefore practicing engineers who are involved in design of SSCs usually adopt
numerical techniques such as finite element approach for the analysis.

Development of mathematical (analytical model) is the key to the efficiency of analysis

process and the success of seismic design. An analytical model is developed by appropriately
ascertaining the degrees of freedom, evaluating lumped masses and stiffness properties of the
connecting structural elements etc.

Analytical Modeling of a SSCs

The seismic response of SSCs shall be determined by preparing a mathematical model of a
structure and calculating the seismic response of the model to the prescribed seismic input.

4.3.0Analysis of Structures
For seismic response analysis, any one of the following four analysis methods is acceptable.
i. Time history method
ii. Response spectrum method
iii. Equivalent static method (ESM)
4.3.1The Time-History Method:
The time history analysis of a structure subjected to dynamic seismic load may be performed
by linear or nonlinear methods. Dynamic analyses of both linear and nonlinear system is
based on solution of simultaneous differential equations subject to a set of initial conditions
and forces.
4.3.2. The Response Spectrum Method:
In this method acceleration or displacement spectrum is used as a seismic input. Firstly
frequency analysis is carried out to find out the mode shapes and modal frequencies then
input spectrum is used for finding the response quantities. In response spectrum method
spectral parameters are directly used for evaluation of the response
4.3.2.3 Missing Mass Correction:
In response spectrum analysis method we do the analysis for finite number of modes with
cut-off frequency as 33Hz. In effect, the truncation of the mode series means that some mass
of the system is ignored and is called as missing mass. Forces associated with these inertial
masses are significant for system where mass participation at cut-off frequency is not enough.
This missing mass is evaluated and forces are calculated by static method.
4.3.3 Equivalent Static Method (ESM)
The equivalent static method is a simplified method as compared to any other dynamic
analysis methods.
The equivalent static method may be applied to single point of attachment cantilever models
with essentially uniform mass distribution.
The equivalent static load shall be determined by multiplying the structure, equipment or
component masses by acceleration equal to 1.5 times the peak acceleration of the applicable
response spectrum.
This introductory tutorial is an overview of simulation modelling and analysis. Many critical
questions are answered in the paper. What is modelling? What is simulation? What is simulation
modelling and analysis? What types of problems are suitable for simulation? How to select
simulation software? What are the benefits and pitfalls in modelling and simulation? The intended
audience is those unfamiliar with the area of discrete event simulation as well as beginners looking
for an overview of the area

The goal of Simulation Modelling and Analysis is to give an up-to-date treatment of all the important
aspects of a simulation study, including modelling, simulation languages, validation, and output data
analysis.

Simulation Modelling and Analysis is about using computers to imitate, or simulate, the operations
of various kinds of real-world facilities or processes. The facility or process of interest is usually called
a system, and in order to study it scientifically we often have to make a set of assumptions about
how it works. These assumptions, which usually take the form of mathematical or logical
relationships, constitute a model that is used to try to gain some understanding of how the
corresponding system behaves.

Application areas for simulation are numerous and diverse. Below is a list of some particular kinds of
problems for which simulation has been found to be a useful and powerful tool:

• Designing and analyzing manufacturing systems

• Evaluating hardware and software requirements for a computer system

• Evaluating a new military weapons system or tactic

• Determining ordering policies for an inventory system

• Designing communications systems and message protocols for them

• Designing and operating transportation facilities such as freeways, airports, subways, or ports

• Evaluating designs for service organizations such as hospitals, post offices, or fast -food
restaurants

• Analyzing financial or economic systems

There have been, however , several impediments to even wider acceptance and usefulness of
simulation. First, models used to study large-scale systems tend to be very complex, and writing
computer programs to execute them can be an arduous task indeed. This task has been eased in
recent years by the development of excellent software products that automatically provide many of
the features needed to code a simulation model. A second problem with simulation of complex
systems is that a large amount of computer time is often required. However, this difficulty is
becoming less severe as the cost of computing continues to fall . Finally, there appears to be an
unfortunate impression that simulation is just an exercise in computer programming, albeit a
complicated one.
A system is defined to be a collection of entities, e.g., people or machines, that act and interact
together toward the accomplishment of some logical end.