GROUP 4

BURNS
(PE 4- SECTION 5)

GROUP MEMBERS:
Berato, Wendell J.
Pacliwan, Irene G.
Sanoan, Lhean A.
 What is burn?
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, over exposure to the sun or other radiation/friction, or
chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies.
 Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and in serious cases, shock and even death.
 They can also lead to infections because they damage your skin’s protective barrier. Antibiotic
creams can prevent or treat infections.
 One of the most common household injuries, especially among children
Degrees of Burns;
1. First-Degree Burns (damage only the outer layer of skin)
2. Second-Degree burns (damage the outer layer and the layer underneath)
3. Third-Degree Burns (destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath)

FIRST DEGREE BURNS

- A mild burn injury of the outermost layer that make up the skin (epidermis). Usually heals without
scarring the skin. A common example is sunburn.
 Caused by direct contact with fire, Hot solids and liquids, Steam, Chemical agents, Electricity, or
other physical agents like UV or infrared radiation.
 These burns do not require emergency medical attention unless the burn is on skin above a
joint or on a delicate skin part and can be managed by first aid.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Swelling
 Redness
 Burning sensation
 Mild pain
TREATMENT:
- First degree burns usually do not require urgent medical treatment unless the burn area is large and
can be managed by first aid.
PREVENTION:
Wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen
Handling hot items with care
Watching young children in the kitchen
Covering all electrical sockets
Unplugging appliances that are not in use

SECOND-DEGREE BURNS
- This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin (dermis).
  These burns blister and do not heal as quickly as first-degree burns.
 Scarring usually occurs.
 May need surgery to fix scars and tissue damage.
 The severity of second- degree burn can increase the risk of infection and complications.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 a wet-looking or seeping wound.
 Blisters
 a burn with an irregular pattern.
 intense pain or skin sensitivity.
 skin that looks white, very deep red, or very dark brown.
 Severe pain.
 Burn leaks pus-like fluid.
 Skin discoloration spreads beyond your burn site.
 A foul odor from your burn site.

How do you treat a second-degree burn?

If you have a small second-degree burn (less than 3 inches in diameter), you can treat it at home:

Use cool water to gently wash your burn. Try to keep your burn area under water for at least
five minutes, up to 30 minutes. Gently pat the burn dry with a clean towel.
Cover your burn with a clean bandage or wound dressing like non-stick gauze.
Avoid touching your burn or placing clothing on your skin that can cause friction or rub against
your wound.
Take over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) as recommended by your
provider if you experience pain.
Change your bandage at least once daily.

THIRD-DEGREE BURN

This burn reaches to the fat layer beneath the skin. Burned areas may be black, brown or white. The
skin may look leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, causing numbness.
 It is the most severe of all burns.
 Damage or destruction of all layers of skin occurs and it may also damage underlying bone, muscle,
nerve and fat.
 Need immediate and through medical care.
 Result inscar tissue , chronic pain and other condition.
 Most life threatening.
 May have many complications.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

 Leathery skin.
 Dry skin.
 Skin discoloration that’s white, black or bright red.
 Swelling.
 Blisters.
 Shiny, moist skin.
 Skin discoloration from a deep red to dark brown.
 Dry and leathery skin
 Black, white, brown, or yellow skin
 Swelling
 Lack of pain because nerve endings have been destroyed
Treatment for third degree burns may include:
Surgery: Third degree burns typically require multiple surgeries to remove burned tissue from
the burn site.
Skin graft: As third degree burns do not heal by themselves, a skin graft is often necessary. A
doctor may use a combination of natural skin grafts, artificial skin products, or laboratory-
grown skin.
Intravenous fluids: Some people may receive extra fluids to maintain their blood pressure and
prevent shock.
Medication: A person will likely receive several different medications, such as antibiotics and
pain medication, to prevent infection and ease pain.
Tetanus shot: As tetanus bacteria are more likelyTrusted Source to trigger infections through
burn wounds, a person may receive a tetanus shot to prevent this.

There are types of Burns:

Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Thermal Burns
Radiation Burns
Friction Burns
Sunburns

CHEMICAL BURNS
Chemical burns—otherwise known as caustic burns—occur when the skin comes into contact with an
acid, base, alkali, detergent, or solvent, or the fumes produced by these corrosive materials.
 Leads to scarring and possible disabilities.
 Most caused by strong acids or strong bases, oxidizer or a cytotoxic agent (such as mustard gas, lewisite
or arsine )
 Most occur accidentally because of misuse of a product.
 Signs and symptoms:
Chemical burns in skin can cause: Chemical burns in eyes can cause: Chemical burn from Indigestion
(swallowing) may cause:

Blisters or scabs. Blurry vision. Chest pain

Cracked, dry skin. Eyelid swelling. Cough.
Peeling skin. Pain. Difficulty speaking (dysphonia).
Drooling.
Redness. Redness.
Hoarseness.
Skin discoloration. Stinging or burning.
Low blood pressure (hypotension).
Swelling. Watery eyes. Nausea and vomiting, or vomiting
Blindness (in severe cases). blood.
Pain in your mouth or throat (especially
when swallowing).
Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
Upper airway swelling (edema).

Some treatments for serious chemical burns include:

IV fluids to regulate heart rate and blood pressure, or IV medications or antibiotics to treat pain or
prevent infection
Antidotes to counteract the effects of the caustic substance
Professional cleaning and bandaging
Pain management through an IV or other pain medications
A tetanus booster to prevent bacterial infections

ELECTRICAL BURNS

Electrical burns are those injuries to the flesh that are caused by electricity, either by an electric shock or
an uncontrolled short circuit.
 Can appear minor or not show at all on the skin but have extensive deep tissue damage below the skin.
 Internal damage can be caused by a strong enough shock(ex: cardiac arrest)
 Have a mortality rate of 3-5%.
 Damage can range from minor to severe, with complications to death.

SIX CATEGORIES OF ELECTRICAL BURN:

1. Low- - A burn produced by contact with a power source of 500 volts or less is classified as a low-
voltage burn voltage burn
-This type of burn may be mild, superficial, or severe depending on the contact time.

2. High This burn is very severe as the victim makes direct contact with the high voltage supply and
voltage burn the damage runs its course throughout the body.
In this case, subdermal tissues are severely damaged
3. Arc burn -This type of burn occurs when electrical energy passes from a high-resistance area to a
low-resistance area.
4. Flash burn -Flash burns are caused by electrical arcs that pass over the skin. The intense heat and light
of an arc flash can cause severe burns in a fraction of a second.
5. Flame - Flame burns are caused by contact to objects that were ignited by an electrical source
burn when associated with flash and arc burns
6.Oral burn This is caused by biting or sucking on electrical cords, and it most commonly happens to
children
Signs and Symptoms:
 Difficulty breathing or no breathing at all
 A weak, erratic pulse or no pulse at all
 Burns
 loss of consciousness
 cardiac arrest

What causes electric burns?

Common causes include:
 exposed electrical wires
 water on electrical appliances
 cutting through a live cable
 old wiring
 faulty appliances

Electrical safety advice:

 Always unplug electrical appliances from the plug
 Never use or plug in electrical appliances near water.
 Use plug covers as and when necessary.
 Repair or replace any frayed or worn electrical cords. Teach children NEVER to suck or chew on
these cords.
 Don’t use any electrical appliances while wet or with wet hands.

THERMAL BURNS

- Are skin injuries caused by excessive heat, typically from contact with hot surfaces, hot liquids,
steam, or flame.
 These are the most common types of burns.
 Children are particularly at risk to thermal burns.
 Caused by an external heat source. This heat source could be anything– an open fire from a
stove, hot and melted liquid, and steam. Super hot surfaces like cooking pans and oven which
can also cause thermal burns.
 Range from superficial damage to damage of all layers of the skin and underlying tissue.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Redness of the burned area
• A sensation of pain for mild to moderate types of burns
• Presence of blisters
• Thickening of the skin in more severe cases
• A white or charred leathery appearance for severe burns
• Numbness of feeling in extreme cases

Prevention for Thermal Burns:

• Regulate water temperature.
• Avoid hot spills as much as possible.
• Unplug appliances when not in use.
• Take precautionary measures for electrical outlets and cords.
RADIATION BURNS

A radiation burn is a damage to the skin or other biological tissue and organs due to radiation. Also
known as radiation dermatitis, it is a common side effect of external beam radiation therapy to treat
some forms of cancer.
 Cause by overexposure to radiation.
 X-rays or other types of radiation used in medicine are involved.
 Mostly seen in cancer patients using radiation therapy.
 Includes severe sunburns because UV waves are considered radiation.

COMMON RADIATION BURN SYMPTOMS:

• Reddening of white skin or darkening of skin that is black or brown.
• Itchy skin.
• Dry and peeling skin.
• Swelling.
• Blistering.
• Open sores that may appear where your skin is sweaty or damp, such as your armpits or under
your breasts.

How is radiation dermatitis treated?

- Healthcare providers may recommend creams to ease symptoms like dry, itchy skin. They also may
prescribe special creams to treat severe radiation dermatitis or radiation burns. For example, if you’re
being treated for breast cancer, your provider may prescribe a steroid cream to reduce your risk of
developing radiation dermatitis. Talk to your provider before using any cream or other moisturizer.
They will let you know what creams are safe and the best ways to use them.

FRICTON BURNS

 Caused by the skin coming into contact with an abrasive surface when either the person or the
surface is moving at high speed, resulting in rubbed raw, burned, blistered or deeply wounded
skin.
 Usually, a combination of scrape and a thermal burn.
 Common in athletes and motorcycle riders.
 Tend to be minor.
 Can be prevented with protective clothing.
SYMPTOMS:
- Redness, soreness, and possible blistering. In some cases, the skin may be broken and there may be
bleeding.

TREATMENT:
• There are a few ways that you can treat friction burn on the shaft. One way is to apply a cold
compress to the area for 10-15 minutes. This will help to reduce inflammation and pain. You
can also take an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen. If the pain is
severe, you may need to see a doctor who can prescribe a stronger medication. Additionally, it
is important to keep the area clean and dry to prevent infection. You can do this by washing it
with soap and water and then applying a light layer of petroleum jelly or aloe vera gel.
SUNBURNS

Sunburn is inflamed, painful skin that feels hot to the touch. It often appears within a few hours of
being in the sun too long.

 Result from excessive sun exposure.

 Causes skin inflammation.
 Can begin within 30 minutes of being under the sun.
 Very rarely fatal.
 Can be minor or can be severe(blisters and a burning sensation).

Symptoms:
• Inflamed skin, which looks pink or red on white skin and may be harder to see on brown or
Black skin
• Skin that feels warm or hot to the touch
• Pain, tenderness and itching
• Swelling
• Small, fluid-filled blisters, which may break
• Headache, fever, nausea and fatigue, if the sunburn is severe
• Eyes that feel painful or gritty

PREVENTION:
 Avoid sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
 Avoid sun tanning and tanning beds.
 Use sunscreen often and generously.
 Cover up.
 Wear sunglasses when outdoors.
 Be aware of sun-sensitizing medications and cosmetics.
 Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts, long pants and wide-brimmed hats.

What causes burns?

 Many things can cause a burn. Thermal sources, including fire, hot liquids, steam and contact
with hot surfaces, are the most common causes of burns. Other causes include exposure to:
 Chemicals, such as cement, acids or drain cleaners.
 Radiation.
 Electricity.
 Sun (ultraviolet or UV light).

What are the signs of burns?

 Burn symptoms vary depending on the severity or degree of the burn. Symptoms are often
worse during the first few hours or days after the burn. Burn symptoms include:
• Blisters.
• Pain.
• Swelling.
• White or charred (black) skin.
• Peeling skin.

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT:

How are burns managed or treated?

 Burn treatment varies depending on the cause and severity. You need to keep all burns clean
and apply proper bandages/dressing depending on the severity of the wounds. Treating the
person’s pain is key: inadequate control can interfere with wound care.
 Continue to check wounds for signs of infection and other long-term issues, such as scarring
and tightening of the skin over joints and muscles, which makes them difficult to move.

TREATMENT BY BURN DEGREE INCLUDE:

 • First-degree burns: Run cool water over the burn. Don’t apply ice. For sunburns, apply aloe vera
gel. For thermal burns, apply antibiotic cream and cover lightly with gauze. You can also take
over-the-counter pain medication.
• Second-degree burns: Treatment for second- and first-degree burns is similar. Your healthcare
provider may prescribe a stronger antibiotic cream that contains silver, such as silver
sulfadiazine , to kill bacteria. Elevating the burned area can reduce pain and swelling.
• Third-degree burns: Third-degree burns can be life-threatening and often require skin grafts.
Skin grafts replace damaged tissue with healthy skin from another of the uninjured part of the
person’s body. The area where the skin graft is taken from generally heals on its own. If the
person does not have enough skin available for a graft at the time of injury, a temporary source
of graft can come from a deceased donor or a human-made (artificial) source but these will
eventually need to be replace by the person’s own skin. Treatment also includes extra fluids
(usually given intravenously, with an IV) to keep blood pressure steady and prevent shock and
dehydration.

PREVENTION:
To reduce the risk of common household burns:
• Never leave items cooking on the stove unattended.
• Keep hot liquids out of the reach of children and pets.
• Keep electrical appliances away from water.
• Unplug irons and similar devices when not in use. Store them out of reach of small children.
• Cover unused electrical outlets with safety caps. Keep electrical cords and wires out of the way
so that children can't chew on them.
• If you smoke, never smoke in bed.
• Be sure you have working smoke detectors on each floor of your home. Check them and change
their batteries at least once a year.
• Keep a fire extinguisher on every floor of your house.
• When using chemicals, always wear protective eyewear and clothing.
• Keep chemicals, lighters and matches out of the reach of children. Use safety latches. And don't
use lighters that look like toys.
• Set your water heater's thermostat to below 120 F (48.9 C) to prevent scalding. Test bath water
before placing a child in it.
• Promote safer cookstoves and less hazardous fuels, and educate regarding loose clothing.