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Internet banking service quality, TheSERVQUAL

modified e-

e-customer satisfaction and loyalty: model

the modified e-SERVQUAL model

Syed Ali Raza and Amna Umer
Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan, and
Received 7 February 2020
Muhammad Asif Qureshi and Abdul Samad Dahri Revised 21 April 2020
Faculty of Business Administration and Social Sciences, 27 May 2020
Accepted 3 June 2020
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract
Purpose – This study explores the service quality dimensions in Internet banking and their impact on
e-customer’s satisfaction and e-customer’s loyalty. This study tries to inspect the structural association
between Internet banking service quality, electronic customer satisfaction and electronic customer loyalty
based on separate constructs.
Design/methodology/approach – In this present research, quantitative approach is applied. The data is
gathered from 500 bank clients in Pakistan by using structured questionnaires, and the theoretical model is
tested by partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Moreover, convergent validity and
discriminant validity were assessed.
Findings – Results show that all the dimensions are found to have a positive and significant influence on
customer satisfaction while customer’s satisfaction has a significant and positive impact on customer’s loyalty.
Findings indicate that service quality plays a very important role in every society, as it has become the basis for
how customers interpret online banking and, in the end, how it interacts and operates with online services.
Practical implications – This research adds up considerably to the literature of bank marketing, and it is
also fruitful for the academicians since it demonstrates the way Internet banking service quality determinants
predict e-satisfaction of clients which ultimately raises the e-loyalty of clients. This study is useful for those
E-retailers and managers who want to grab e-retailing market.
Originality/value – This research suggests a model which ultimately enhances customer loyalty towards
Internet banking service quality through customer satisfaction in Pakistan. It involves modified model of
E-SERVQUAL (user friendliness, efficiency of websites, personal need, and site organization) which connects it
to electronic customer satisfaction and electronic customer loyalty. Therefore, it will assist the Internet banking
sector in building effective marketing tactics, establishing long lasting relationships with clients and acquiring
the competitive edge in the market.
Keywords Internet banking service quality, Customer satisfaction, Customer loyalty, SERVQUAL
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
The advancement in the technology-based system has established an entire new means for
organizations to communicate with their clients. With this innovation, the service industry,
precisely the banking industry, has faced an enormous revolution while reaching out to their
customers. The banking sector has made maximum use of this growth, building a variety of
distribution channels to attract tech-savvy customers, boost business prospects and
safeguard consumer loyalty. (George and Kumar, 2014). This integration of Internet services
has led to the emergence of Internet banking.
Internet banking, a form of electronic banking, is a portal through which clients can utilize
various banking services such as making bill payments and investments (Pikkarainen et al.,
2004). According to Wang et al. (2017) it has emerged to be a most profit-making e-commerce
application and many banks have introduced Internet banking in order to provide themselves The TQM Journal
with the dual benefits of enhanced customer service and reduced cost (Xue et al., 2011). © Emerald Publishing Limited
1754-2731
Moreover, this mode of banking will not only benefit banks but eventually it will also satisfy DOI 10.1108/TQM-02-2020-0019
TQM the need of their customers (Shahzad et al., 2017; Rahi and Ghani 2016). Through Internet
banking customers can have access to various banking activities from anywhere and at any
time that too with a much lowered handling cost (Yoon and Steege, 2013). Therefore, Internet
banking, unlike conventional banking, lets clients interact with the website rather than a
representative making the banking system more cost effective and helping to build healthier
relations with the clients (Rod and Ashill, 2010; DeYoung et al., 2007). Still, banks are facing
complications in optimizing their operations, thus, associating it with customer’s reluctance
to embrace Internet banking despite its benefits (Rahi and Ghani, 2019). Moreover, banks are
facing a lot of competition in attracting and retaining customers and in order to combat that,
they have to provide high quality Internet banking service which could lead them to gain
competitive advantage (Kandampully et al., 2015; Makanyeza and Chikazhe, 2017).
In Pakistan, Internet banking is considered to be in its early stage. State bank of Pakistan
has control over 38 banks categorized as private sector banks, public sector and specialized
banks. Out of these 38 banks, 24 banks have incorporated Internet banking having a volume
share of 4% of total Internet banking transactions in Pakistan. According to the State Bank of
Pakistan’s Payment Systems Review for the quarter ended October–December, 2013,
3.9 million transactions occurred with more than one million users of Internet banking. This
indicates the volume growth of 5.7% as compared to that of last year. In Pakistan, a squeak
growth of only 3 percent has been observed in the implementation of Internet banking as
revealed by a report of State Bank of Pakistan (2015).
Regardless of the rise in the number of Internet banking users, its adoption is still below
the anticipated levels. This might be due to the inferior service quality and client’s
dissatisfaction (Li-hua, 2012; Zhao et al., 2010). Consumers have different opinions on the
quality of services that Internet banking and conventional banking deliver. Furthermore,
user’s welcome competitive advancements, yet Internet service quality alone cannot build
healthier relationships between banks and consumers. Thus, customer satisfaction and
customer loyalty are found to be essential factors in creating stronger relationships (Aldas-
Manzano et al., 2009; Chen, 2013; Chen et al., 2012; Dahlstrom et al., 2014). Hence, the aspect of
service quality in the banking sector needs to be explored further (Kaura et al., 2015; George
and Kumar, 2014). It is also important to recognize key determinants of the quality of Internet
banking services, as well as recognizing how clients judge the Internet services provided
by banks.
Lately, various studies have been conducted investigating Internet service quality in the
perspective of online shopping (Clemes et al., 2011; O’Cass and Carlson, 2012), after sales
services (Murali et al., 2016) and even in the banking sector (George and Kumar, 2014;
Shankar and Jebarajakirthy, 2019; Hammoud et al., 2018; Rahi and Ghani, 2019) yet a little
evidence is found where electronic customer satisfaction (ECS) and electronic customer
loyalty (ECL) is assessed by taking the dimensions of Internet banking service quality that
too in the context of Pakistan. Hence, this study tries to inspect the structural association
between iBSQ, ECS and ELS based on separate constructs.
This research adds up considerably to the literature of the bank marketing and it is also
fruitful for the academicians since it demonstrates the way iBSQ determinants predict e-
satisfaction of clients which ultimately raises the e-loyalty of clients. In this research, user
friendliness, efficiency of websites, personal need, and site organization, are considered as the
four components of iBSQ, impacting e-customer satisfaction and e-loyalty. This will help the
banking sector to establish effective marketing strategies, build long-term customer
relationships and gain a competitive edge on the marketplace.
Additionally, Black et al. (2014) explain that service quality has a stronger relationship
with customer outcomes when services are inseparable or relational. This situation has led
many banks to make a high degree of marketing activity and develop Internet banking
technology to boost their customer relationships.
2. Literature review The modified e-
2.1 Theoretical background SERVQUAL
2.1.1 Electronic service quality (e-service quality). Service quality, proliferated from the theory
of expectancy disconfirmation, was embraced by earlier researchers Parasuraman et al.
model
(1985) and Gronroos (1982, 1984). Furthermore, the model proposed by Mentzer et al. (2001)
could be used for e-service quality assessment since the customers of e-retailing share similar
needs as that of logistic customers, which are to have profound information of quality and
convenience of orders together with the precision in the result of online dealings. In reality, the
consumer and supplier’s physical separation significantly impacts the measures used to
assess the service’s quality. (Bienstock et al., 1996). Afterwards, Zeithaml et al. (2000) created
11 dimensions for e-service quality model and later on various models were developed by
analysts according to the consumer experience viewpoint and assessment viewpoints.
Service quality model or e-service quality model is utilized in various studies (Rahi and
Ghani, 2018; Raza et al., 2015; Akram and Sultan, 2014; George and Kumar, 2014; Clemes et al.,
2011), and it is significant in not only determining the success rate of a business but also it is
significant in defining customer’s experiences in an interactive virtual setting. E-service
quality is regarded as an interactive information facility (Rowley, 2016) allowing
organizations to discriminate their services and create competitive advantage, through the
provision of a certain mechanism (Santos, 2003). Parasuraman et al. (1985) propose that e-
service quality is the degree to which a website simplifies an effective transaction and the
provision of goods and services. E-service quality could also be explained as the users’
complete assessment and appraisal of the quality of the virtual facility given through cyber
businesses (Santos, 2003) and therefore, it is important for e-retailers to assess the
significance of e-service quality aspect while constructing online publicizing policies. The
potential benefits of the Internet are acknowledged through the highest standards of e-service
quality. Virtual users can recognize the potential advantages of the internet through the e-
service’s outstanding efficiency.
This study incorporates the modified model of e-service quality given by Herington and
Weaven (2009) and Parasuraman et al. (1985) in which four determinants, personal needs, site
organization, user-friendliness and efficiency are found to be essential in the determination of
Internet service quality in the banking sector and two SERVQUAL variable responsiveness
and reliability.
2.1.2 Internet banking service quality (iBSQ). Electronic banking services are referred to
providing various electronic network to carry out bank transactions such as Internet, mobile,
television and telephone (Lustsik, 2004). Nowadays, the demand and desires of customers for
banking services are increasing, and they want to make use of them anywhere, at any time,
without any cost-effective time or place constraints (Hammoud et al., 2018).
Factually, the introduction of the first automated teller machine (ATM) in Finland opened
up a new channel for banks, which resulted in marking Finland as the leader in electronic
banking, way before it was used in any other country (Sharma, 2011). Nowadays, this mode of
banking is widely disseminated among consumers owing to the enhancement in Internet
facilities and through the competition among banks. (Mahdi et al., 2010). This gave rise to
Internet banking service quality which is defined as “customer’s perceptions of the outcome
of the service along with recovery, perceptions if a problem should occur” (Colier and
Bienstock, 2006).
According to Ranganathan and Ganapathy (2002), banks who tend to deliver higher
quality to their customers achieve competitive distinction. Owing to its virtual attributes,
Internet banking entices clients by the quality of services they provide (Liao and Cheung,
2008). Service quality provided can only be improved when it is measurable. Parasuraman
et al. (1985) suggest that effective measurement of service quality can be very useful in the
allocation of resources and in the segmentation of customers is well documented.
TQM According to Joseph and Stone (2003) the availability of Internet banking service delivery
and user friendliness seems to be connected with high customer satisfaction and
preservation. In the same way, Asiyanbi and Ishola (2018) and Rod et al. (2009) suggest
that when overall Internet banking service quality is observed to be high, the customer is
more likely to be content with their online service and accordingly will be more satisfied with
their banks. For this purpose, Anderson and Srinivasan (2003) propose that ECS is likely to
be motivated by site organization features (e.g. ease of use), since the site organization is the
principal line between the customer and the firm. Thus, positive customer insights of the
quality of the various E-service qualities will result in satisfaction with the E-service
provided through the site organization (SO) (Carlson and O’Cass, 2011; Cristobal et al., 2007;
Kaura et al., 2015; Raza et al., 2015; Singh and Kaur, 2013). In addition, Bressolles et al. (2014)
suggest that while electronic customer satisfaction is partial by site organization
characteristics, different consumers will be affected differently. Additionally, Black et al.
(2014) explain that relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction is tougher
for those that are less strictly complex of services. In this condition, customers who have
data technology skills can easily use the Internet banking service, and they will have higher-
satisfaction levels than others (Herington and Weaven, 2009; Ho et al., 2012; Lang and
Colgate, 2003; Li-hua, 2012).
2.1.2.1 Site Organization (SO). Yang et al. (2004) proposed that website aesthetics, colors,
sections and images can improve electronic banking quality and enhance the overall
experience and satisfaction of users. According to Gera (2011) site Organization in cyber-
banking refers to the outlook and functional management of the website to be visited by web-
based users. The site organization can include web designing, proper and well detailed
service description. According to Chemengui and Hajer (2013) this is an essential feature
which must be monitored by the banks. Flinders (2016) stated that HSBC recently
encountered customer dissatisfaction due to technical faults in banking website. Al-Hawari
and Ward (2006) also considered the significance of site organization in their research and
further argued that it must be considered as a vital factor to enhance computerized banking
quality in Australia and to attract customers to this field. Al Motari et al. (2013) also adopted
site organization as an important determinant of their study and further stated that it
contributes towards improved contentment and faithfulness of users. Previously studies
have been conducted which show positive and significant result between SO and ECS
(Amin,2016; Kaura et al., 2015; Ho et al., 2012; Carlson and O’Cass, 2011; Herington and
Weaven, 2009).
2.1.2.2 Responsiveness (RESP). Responsiveness (RESP) is also a major variable which can
be used to evaluate service quality of banks. According to Sheng and Liu (2010)
responsiveness refer to the promptness of reply provided by operators of cyber-banking to
users of the service. According to McNesh (2015); Ali and Raza (2017) responsiveness can
retain the interest of users and prompt response can help in enhancing user satisfaction and
faithfulness. Chen (2013) users are most likely to retain when their complaints are answered
and demands are met timely. Suleman et al. (2012) conducted a research while considering
responsiveness as a significant determinant of digital banking quality to find its impact over
user loyalty and satisfaction. Suleman et al. (2012) further stated that responsiveness ensure
that prompt services are delivered to users and increases loyalty and satisfaction altogether.
According to Hammoud et al. (2018) responsiveness can be categorized into four steps. First,
Internet banking system can regulate and function the service appropriately; second, Internet
banking network can properly guide customers towards proceeding if any failure occurs;
third, it can provide a quick way out to handle any error in Internet banking transactions; and
fourth giving quick response any clients’ query. Evidence suggests that RESP has positive
and significant impact on electronic customer’s satisfaction (Hammoud et al., 2018;
Parasuraman et al., 2002).
 2.1.2.3 Reliability (REL). Reliability (REL) is the capability to complete an agreed task The modified e-
unfailingly and correctly. According to Singh and Kaur (2013) the banks are known for their SERVQUAL
reliability and consistency in performing the banking tasks, however, it is important to
portray this dependability through web-based services as well. Chemegui and Hajer (2013)
model
further stated in his work that reliability over the online task can increase the user
involvement in the service and compel the user to avail the service again. According to
Rudgard (2016) HSBC cyber-bank site came under cyber assault, which greatly resulted in
discontent of users. Therefore, these aspects of protection and confidentiality are deemed
secure. Some investigators also consider reliability as a significant determinant of the digital
banking performance. Sokhaei and Afshari (2014) stated that in order to utilize any service
provided by online source, the user first require to be certain that the source is secure, liable
and his/her personal data is made sure to be kept confidentially. According to Cheng and
Chan (2009) digital banking necessitate exchange of private and confidential data therefore it
is imperative that site of the bank must be dependable, trustworthy and secure. Therefore, the
feature is perceived as a significant factor in this study to analyze the effect of e-banking on
the contentment and faithfulness of customers. Previous studies suggest a positive and
significant relationship between reliability and ECS (Hammoud et al., 2018; Kettinger and Lee,
2005; Tan and Teo, 2000).
2.1.2.4 User’s friendliness (USFR). According to Wu and Chang (2013), user’s friendliness
(USFR) is essential for a large number of users are elderly people, thus it is necessary to
ensure ease of service use. Acohido (2009) stated that Amazon has introduced user friendly
plug-ins for the impaired or physically disabled users of its online e-book which has
significantly increased its customer satisfaction. Not only can such a strategy favor the
consumer but it can also help to achieve a competitive advantage. Furthermore, according to
ANZ introduced a new USB feature which claimed to make the cyber-bank website more user-
friendly for users. According to Mahadin et al. (2020); Mahapatre and Khan (2009) many users
of automated banking in India are discontented due to lacking of user friendliness. Therefore,
it is prominent that the feature has a great impact over user fulfillment and faithfulness. Thus,
it is considered as an important variable of this research. According to Rajaobelina et al.
(2019), user friendliness and customer satisfactions is highly correlated with each other in
banking sector Amin (2016) found a positive and significant relationship between USFR
and ECS.
2.1.2.5 Personal Needs (PENE). According to Gr€onroos (2007) the bank must consider
personal needs of its users. Having sufficient data about the personal needs (PENE) of users
can help cyber-banks to initiate new features to increase fulfillment and faithfulness of users.
According to Yoon (2010); Keskar et al. (2020), it further helps banks in acknowledging the
age, sex, lifestyle and preferences of cyber users. Thus, the personal needs of users can be
analyzed to propose offers and meet the accurate demands of users (Hamadi, 2010). There are
different types of significant needs of humankind which are also highlighted in Maslow’s
Hierarchy. Some needs which may contribute to the perception of digital banking include
safety, belongingness and preference needs. According to Amin (2016) personal needs have a
significant relation with users and therefore it is perceived as a significant variable of this
investigation. The study carried out by Amin (2016) show positive and significant
relationship between PENE and ECS.
2.1.2.6 Efficiency (EFFE). Efficiency (EFFE) is also a vital factor in maintaining user
faithfulness and ensuring user fulfillment. According to the user require their transaction to
be completed through cyber-banking and efficiency means that maximum transactions are
completed. According to Kheng et al. (2010), when their maximum demands are fulfilled with
efficiency, the user tends to become happy and faithful to the cyber-bank service. User needs
and answers need to be handled efficiently through the website system for the banking.
Efficient response not only involves a financial institution fax or e-mail address but also
TQM demonstrates the website’s effectiveness in this study. According to Ranchi and Khudjanov
(2011) Website efficiency in digital banking refers to the percentage of concluding banking
transactions over terminated banking transactions. The users tend to be more loyal and
satisfied when their transactions are completed every time with efficiency. Moreover, the
study carried out by Amin (2016) suggest that efficiency is the most important factor, among
others, of iBSQ. Furthermore, previous literature shows that efficiency influences ECS
positively and significantly (Amin, 2016; Hammoud et al., 2018).
2.1.2.7 Electronic Customer Satisfaction (ECS). Customer’s satisfaction conceptualized as
the assessment of sentiments, is regularly being utilized over the time. User satisfaction is
considered to be the extent to which a user thinks that the custody or utilization of the facility
induces optimistic emotions (Rust and Oliver, 1994). According to Cheng and Chan (2009), e-
service can be categorized into two aspects, one could be referred as transaction specific in
which the contentment is regarded as a sentimental response towards the performance on
particular characteristics of a service while the satisfaction depending on the variables which
occur due to the repetitive transactions is referred as cumulative result or overall satisfaction
(Shankar et al., 2003). Researchers (Taylor and Cronin, 1994; Parasuraman et al., 1985) regard
the overall satisfaction to be an integral part of perceived service quality since it echoes the
users’ cumulative impact occurring from the facility performance of an organization and this
in turn acts an interpreter of user’s loyalty. Alternatively, satisfaction is defined as a review of
the user’s mental state created by combining feelings about the dis-confirmed anticipations
with the user’s earlier feelings about their experience of use (Oliver, 1980). In other words,
satisfaction is the feeling of happiness or displeasure that arises in an individual due to the
comparison of a product’s actual and expected performance. In the context of Internet
banking service quality, e-satisfaction is users’ gratification concerning their previous
transaction or dealing experiences with a particular bank (Anderson and Srinivasan, 2003).
Moreover, service quality and customer satisfaction is supposed to have a robust association
(Parasuraman et al., 1988). This association is concluded by Jain ad Gupta (2004) who suggest
that user satisfaction greatly depends getting improved quality.
According to Lee and Suami (2009), customer’s satisfaction or fulfillment in Internet
banking is the appraisal of how the service provided by Internet banks has met the customer
expectations. Osman (2014) stated in their article that the skill deliver superior quality service
to users is helpful in building a reputation, increasing user base and pulling new potential
users to the cyber bank website. Thus, superior quality of service improves the degree of user
satisfaction. According to Banerji (2012) customers who are constantly satisfied with the
cyber banking service tend to be loyal to it and utilize the service again in the future. It shows
that the more customers are satisfied with the Internet banking services, the more secure and
long-term relationships they will have with them and, ultimately, the more loyal behavior
they will exhibit (Al-alak, 2014; Levy, 2014; Gounaris et al., 2010).
Furthermore, literature shows a positive and significant association between customer
satisfaction and customer loyalty (Kashif et al., 2015; Aksoy, 2014; Sharifi and Esfidani, 2014;
Thaichon et al., 2014; Amin et al., 2013; Bloemer et al., 1998; Kassim and Abdullah, 2010). Also
a significant relationship has been found between ECS and electronic customer loyalty
(Amin, 2016; Ramseook-Munhurrun and Naidoo, 2011).
2.1.2.8 Electronic Customer Loyalty (ECL). The importance of Internet in banking
increases as more people use the internet as their main channel in contacts with their bank.
Consumer loyalty was primarily concerned with keeping consumers online by addressing
their questions and issues with online banking. If the user enjoys Internet banking, the level of
customer service is immediately lifted to their level. To create customer loyalty all the
variables which were used in our study plays a vital role. According to Bhatty et al. (2001),
true customer loyalty are driven by a strong, trusting relationship between the customer and
the business. According to Aghdaie et al. (2015), customer satisfaction and loyalty increases
when system quality and information quality is remarkable in the banking industry. The The modified e-
authors further mentioned that Internet banking allows customers to be more flexible as they SERVQUAL
can access products and services 24/7 without any difficulty.
Along with this, Internet banking also provides benefits to both institution and customers.
model
Internet banking provides ease, less service costs, more manageable bank account details,
and an eye-catching variety for busy people, as time is saved. The study further mentioned
that customer loyalty increases through Internet banking as evidenced by frequent
utilization and transactions (Nguyen and Singh, 2004). Notification of clients is being
generated through rapid services, reasonable service charge and assistance in depositing and
withdrawing money, ATM booths, online bank statement over and no errors. Along with this,
Musiime and Ramadhan (2011) also found a directly proportional relationship between
Internet banking and customer loyalty.

2.2 Development of hypotheses

H1. Site Organization significantly impacts electronic customer satisfaction.

H2. Responsiveness significantly impacts electronic customer satisfaction.
H3. Reliability significantly impacts electronic customer satisfaction.
H4. User’s Friendliness significantly impacts electronic customer satisfaction.
H5. Personal Need significantly impacts electronic consumer satisfaction.
H6. Efficiency significantly impacts electronic customer satisfaction.
H7. Electronic customer satisfaction significantly impacts electronic customer loyalty.

3. Methodology
The conceptual framework utilized in this research is depicted through Figure 1. The model is
constructed by using factors of e-service quality model: Site Organization, User Friendliness,

Site Organization

Reliability

Electronic customer Electronic customer

Responsiveness satisfaction (ECS) Loyalty (ECL)

User Friendliness

Personal Need

Figure 1.
Pictorial results of path
Efficiency analysis
TQM Personal Need, Efficiency, Reliability, Responsiveness, and two more variables e-satisfaction
and e-loyalty. This research focuses on the quality of Internet banking services and
contributes to e-satisfaction and e-loyalty among students at Karachi’s higher education
institutions.

3.1 Measurement instrument

The instrument was, at first, validated by educationalists and this was followed by pilot
testing which further validated the questionnaire. The sample for this study majorly consists
of 500 banking clients, who have experienced online transaction and e-services. The sample
of respondents fulfills the particular criterion, hence were requested via email to contribute to
the study. The research tool was constructed on a five-point Likert scale varying between
strongly disagree (1) and strongly Agree (5). The items for site organization, user friendliness,
personal need, efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, and two more variables e-satisfaction
and e-loyalty were adapted from Lee and Lin (2005) and Amin (2016). Moreover, data were
collected along with the sample attributes such as age, gender, education level, occupation,
experience of using mobile banking, marital status, monthly income, number of bank
accounts and usage of the Internet through a non-probability sampling technique
(convenience sampling). In convenience sampling, the selection of units from the
population is based on easy availability and/or accessibility. While, in random sampling
each unit from the sampling frame has an equal probability of being included in the sample.
Therefore, in this we used convenience because we collected the data from users who were
available at that time and it was easy for us to access them. According to researchers (Comrey
and Lee, 2013; Ali and Raza, 2017; Raza et al., 2018) as a sample of 50 is considered to be poor
while the sample of 300 and 500 is considered good and excellent respectively, in factors
analysis. Hence, 525 respondents were targeted initially, through social networking sites and
emails, but after the removal of missing responses, the data were reduced to 500 respondents.
The instrument also fulfills the criteria of containing no less than 25 items (Hair et al., 2006).
Ethical considerations were made by ensuring the respondents that their information would
be kept private and also it was made sure that the responses given by them were voluntary.

3.2 Demographics
The sample depicts the responses of students belonging to various higher education
institutions. The characteristics of the sample are represented in Table 1. in which the total
number of respondents, with the exclusion of outliers, is 500 As shown in table of
demographic 71.2% of respondent under the age group of 21–30. 18.4% respondent lying
under the age group of 31–40. Age group of 41–50 consist 6.6% of respondent and 3.8% were
under the age group of above 50.
We consist male and female, both respondent in which 45.2% were male and 54.8% were
male. Education level: under graduate respondent was 39.4%, graduated respondent was
40.4% and 20.2% respondent were post graduates. Occupation; we used private sector in
which 45.2% respondent was participated, 17.0% respondent are from the public sector,
14.4% respondent were in semi-private sector and self-employed were 23.4%. 58.4%
respondent used less than 1-year mobile Internet. 1–3 years, 25.8% respondent have
experience of using Internet banking and 8.4% respondent has experienced of Internet
banking more than 3 years. 61.8% respondent was single and 38.2% were married. The
monthly income of respondent as shown in the table, i.e.; 52% earns 15,000–35,000, 16.6%
respondent monthly income was 35,000–75,000, 18.6% respondent earn 55,000–75,000 and
12.8% respondent earn more than 75,000. 59.8% Respondent has one bank account, 24.0%
respondent uses two bank accounts and more than two respondents that have bank accounts
were 16.2%. As seen from demographic point 11.0% respondent use Internet banking daily,
Demographics Frequency %
The modified e-
SERVQUAL
Age model
21–30 197 39
31–40 205 41
41–50 58 12
Above 50 40 8
Gender
Male 276 55
Female 224 45
Education level
Under Graduate 94 19
Graduate 203 41
Post Graduate 201 40
Occupation
Private Sector 226 45
Public Sector 85 17
Semi-Private Sector 73 14
Self-Employed 116 23
Experience of Using Mobile Banking
less than 1 year 292 58
1–3 year 129 26
More than 3 years 79 16
Marital status
Single 309 62
Married 191 38
Monthly income
15,000–35,000 261 52
35,000–55,000 82 16
55,000–75,000 93 19
more than 75,000 64 13
How many bank accounts do you have?
One 299 60
Two 120 24
more than two 81 16
How Long Have You Been Using Internet Banking?
Daily 55 11
Weekly 112 22 Table 1.
Monthly 208 42 Profile of respondent
Yearly 125 25 (N-500)

weekly Internet banking used by 22.4% respondent. 41.6% respondent use monthly Internet
banking and 25.0% used yearly Internet banking.

4. Data analysis and results

This research utilizes SEM as a part of Smart PLS 3.2. (Sarstedt et al., 2014), by utilizing a
bootstrap resampling methodology of 5,000 (Hair et al., 2011). This technique is used to
evaluate both the estimation and structural model. Analysts (Hair et al., 2011; Henseler et al.,
2014; Raza et al., 2018) suggest that, PLS-SEM is very rational and effective to use for
TQM breaking down complex models. Moreover, the incorporation of two developmentally
measured constructs of the research model makes the utilization of PLS, i.e. Partial least
squares, in the light of the fact that it can give assessments to the model, rather than SEM,
structural equation models which are unable to assess complex models (Hair et al., 2011; Hair
et al., 2012).
PLS, introduced by Wold (1975, 1980) and Joreskog and Wold (1979), is capable of
explaining the connection between dormant variables. According to Aibinu and Al-Lawati
(2010), a latent variable is an unnoticed variable which is connected with the other identifiable
factors. Hence, this technique has the ability to function with the unnoticed factors and to
determine the measurement error in the improvement of such unnoticed variables
(Chin, 1998).
This research involves perception-based items whose distribution and normality are
unobserved and the items are constructed on a Likert scale. In order to assess the effectivity of
the model two methods, convergent validity (Cook and Campbell, 1979) and discriminant
validity (Campbell and Fiske, 1959), are used. The assessment of single item reliability is done
by evaluating simple correlation (standardized loadings). According to Tabachnick and
Fidell (2007), items are considered to be reliable when their value is above 0.55 and according
to Table 2, all the items are regarded as reliable.
Furthermore, convergent validity is determined by using two methods given by (Fornell
and Larcker, 1981):
(1) Cronbach’s alpha and Composite reliability,

Constructs Items Loadings Cronbach’s α Composite reliability Average variance extracted

ECL ECL_1 0.890 0.886 0.929 0.815

ECL_2 0.910
ECL_3 0.911
ECS ECS_1 0.890 0.853 0.911 0.773
ECS_2 0.863
ECS_3 0.885
EFFE EFFE_1 0.899 0.880 0.926 0.806
EFFE_2 0.892
EFFE_3 0.904
PENE PENE_1 0.881 0.880 0.926 0.806
PENE_2 0.909
PENE_3 0.905
RELI RELI_1 0.769 0.838 0.892 0.675
RELI_2 0.855
RELI_3 0.849
RELI_4 0.813
RESP RESP_1 0.747 0.762 0.863 0.678
RESP_2 0.842
RESP_3 0.878
SO SO_1 0.895 0.733 0.882 0.790
SO_2 0.883
USFR USFR_1 0.781 0.842 0.888 0.617
USFR_2 0.832
USFR_3 0.839
USFR_4 0.639
Table 2. USFR_5 0.822
Measurement model Note(s): ECL 5 Electronic Customer Loyalty, ECS 5 Electronic Customer Satisfaction, EFFE 5 Efficiency,
results PENE 5 Personal Need, REL 5 Reliability, RESP 5 Responsiveness, SO 5 Site Organization, USFR 5 User Friendliness
 (2) Average variance extracted (AVE). The modified e-
By referring to Table 2, it can be realized that all the variables are reliable as they meet the SERVQUAL
criteria of both Cronbach’s alpha, given by Tabachnick and Fidell (2007), and Composite model
reliability, set by Nunnally et al. (1967). According to these criteria, the Cronbach’s alpha
should exceed 0.55 the value of Composite reliability should exceed 0.7.
The determination of convergent validity is set up for a construct if the (AVE) i.e. The
average variance extracted is above 0.5 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981) and all the constructs
meet this standard, which is acceptable, as seen in Table 2.
To ascertain discriminant validity, cross-loadings, square root of the average variance
extracted and heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT) is analyzed. The matrix of
correlation in Table 3 demonstrates that for every pair of constructs, the correlation among
latent variables is lower than the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) of every
construct. Hence, the results follow the criterion given by Fornell and Larcker (1981).
Furthermore, Table 4 shows cross loadings of each item and it demonstrates that all the
loadings are higher on their particular constructs comparing to their corresponding
constructs and the differences between cross loadings is higher than the recommended
standard limits 0.1 (Gefen and Straub, 2005; Raza et al., 2018).
The heterotrait-monotrait proportion of correlations (HTMT), represented in Table 5,
shows that all of the construct values are above the standard of 0.85 suggested by Henseler
et al. (2015). Hence, discriminant validity is confirmed as all three criteria are met.
The explanatory power of the model is evaluated by estimating the extent of inconsistency
in dependent variable. R2 is significant for the evaluation of a structural model (Breiman and
Friedman, 1985). Figure 2 demonstrates R2 for the e-customer’s satisfaction is 70% and for
e-customer’s loyalty is 69%.

4.1 Path Analysis

The Path analysis is shown in Table 6, in which the correlation of each path with the
hypothesis is displayed. The coefficient values display the degree to which independent
variables effect dependent variables while their sign, size and significance determine the
hypotheses between these variables. Furthermore, the significance of hypotheses is
determined by the p-values should not be greater than 0.1, in case of this study. Hence,
Table 2 suggest that all the hypotheses are accepted with all the coefficients being positive.
(see Table 7).

Correlation matrix
ECL ECS EFFE PENE REL RESP SO USFR

ECL 0.904
ECS 0.830 0.880
EFFE 0.730 0.780 0.898
PENE 0.757 0.764 0.814 0.898
REL 0.701 0.689 0.699 0.712 0.822
RESP 0.701 0.694 0.723 0.702 0.789 0.824
SO 0.641 0.590 0.638 0.624 0.671 0.630 0.889
USFR 0.717 0.746 0.781 0.808 0.731 0.736 0.642 0.786
Note(s): ECL 5 Electronic Customer Loyalty, ECS 5 Electronic Customer Satisfaction, EFFE 5 Efficiency,
PENE 5 Personal Need, REL 5 Reliability, RESP 5 Responsiveness, SO 5 Site Organization, USFR 5 User
Friendliness Table 3.
The diagonal elements (bold) represent the square root of AVE (average variance extracted) Summary statistics
TQM ECL ECS EFFE PENE REL RESP SO USFR

ECL_1 I Will recommend to use 0.890 0.760 0.631 0.665 0.632 0.607 0.578 0.627
the online banking
service to other people
ECL_2 I would like to say 0.910 0.743 0.664 0.695 0.638 0.628 0.570 0.645
positive things about
online banking to other
people
ECL_3 I intend to continue using 0.911 0.748 0.684 0.691 0.629 0.665 0.590 0.673
the online banking
ECS_1 I am generally pleased 0.753 0.890 0.712 0.695 0.646 0.655 0.525 0.680
with this bank’s online
services
ECS_2 The website of online 0.692 0.863 0.670 0.616 0.549 0.560 0.479 0.610
banks is simple to use
ECS_3 I am satisfied with 0.745 0.885 0.676 0.702 0.620 0.612 0.551 0.676
overall online bank’s
products and services
EFFE_1 It is easy to find what I 0.630 0.679 0.899 0.746 0.624 0.603 0.582 0.701
need on the website of
online banks
EFFE_2 It is easy to get anywhere 0.631 0.657 0.892 0.711 0.577 0.653 0.553 0.689
on the website of online
banks
EFFE_3 I can complete a 0.702 0.759 0.904 0.737 0.677 0.688 0.584 0.714
transaction quickly on
the website of online
banks
PENE_1 I feel completely safe 0.676 0.655 0.696 0.881 0.623 0.614 0.558 0.729
when making
transactions on the
website of online banks
PENE_2 I feel that my personal 0.691 0.697 0.716 0.909 0.641 0.648 0.536 0.712
needs have been met
when using the website
of online banks
PENE_3 The website of online 0.672 0.707 0.780 0.905 0.655 0.631 0.586 0.737
banks provides me with
information and
products according to
my preferences
RELI_1 Transactions with the 0.589 0.574 0.597 0.622 0.769 0.622 0.521 0.616
online banking are error-
free
RELI_2 The online banking has 0.584 0.583 0.559 0.590 0.855 0.631 0.568 0.592
adequate security
RELI_3 The online banking 0.573 0.548 0.560 0.561 0.849 0.685 0.594 0.596
should perform the
service right the first
time
RELI_4 The online bank should 0.555 0.559 0.581 0.566 0.813 0.656 0.522 0.596
provide services at the
Table 4. time it promises to do so
Loadings and cross
loadings (continued )
 ECL ECS EFFE PENE REL RESP SO USFR
The modified e-
SERVQUAL
RESP_1 I think the online 0.504 0.463 0.480 0.495 0.513 0.747 0.446 0.535 model
banking gives prompt
service
RESP_2 I believe the online 0.570 0.562 0.603 0.566 0.712 0.842 0.547 0.611
banking server is not too
busy to respond to
customer requests
RESP_3 The online banking 0.646 0.666 0.681 0.658 0.704 0.878 0.556 0.664
should inform customers
exactly when services
will be performed
SO_1 The online banking is 0.563 0.538 0.567 0.568 0.584 0.538 0.895 0.570
visually appealing
SO_2 The user interface of the 0.577 0.511 0.569 0.540 0.609 0.583 0.883 0.570
online banking has a
well-organized
appearance
USFR_1 The website of online 0.580 0.612 0.639 0.632 0.592 0.649 0.553 0.781
banking is user-friendly
USFR_2 Navigation on the 0.565 0.637 0.662 0.649 0.576 0.593 0.505 0.832
website of online banks is
easy
USFR_3 The website of online 0.582 0.613 0.650 0.682 0.648 0.592 0.583 0.839
banks launches and runs
right away
USFR_4 Pages at the website of 0.403 0.414 0.408 0.434 0.389 0.406 0.342 0.639
online banks do not
freeze
USFR_5 I strongly recommend 0.660 0.622 0.667 0.737 0.629 0.620 0.506 0.822
that others use the online
banking
Note(s): ECL 5 Electronic Customer Loyalty, ECS 5 Electronic Customer Satisfaction, EFFE 5 Efficiency,
PENE 5 Personal Need, REL 5 Reliability, RESP 5 Responsiveness, SO 5 Site Organization, USFR 5 User
Friendliness Table 4.

ECL ECS EFFE PENE REL RESP SO USFR

ECL
ECS 0.753
EFFE 0.823 0.806
PENE 0.816 0.810 0.723
REL 0.811 0.812 0.810 0.827
RESP 0.804 0.815 0.768 0.748 0.775
SO 0.794 0.744 0.793 0.775 0.755 0.837
USFR 0.822 0.809 0.795 0.728 0.759 0.705 0.807
Note(s): ECL 5 Electronic Customer Loyalty, ECS 5 Electronic Customer Satisfaction, EFFE 5 Efficiency, Table 5.
PENE 5 Personal Need, REL 5 Reliability, RESP 5 Responsiveness, SO 5 Site Organization, USFR 5 User Heterotrait-monotrait
Friendliness ratio (HTMT) results
TQM Site Organization

0.012**

Reliability R² = 0.684 R² = 0.689

0.096*
0.831***
Electronic customer Electronic customer
Responsiveness 0.109* satisfaction (ECS) Loyalty (ECL)

0.158**

User Friendliness

0.214**
*

Personal Need 0.330***

Figure 2. Efficiency
Pictorial results of path
analysis
Note(s): *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Hypothesis Regression path Effect type SRW Remarks

H1 SO → ECS Direct effect 0.012** Supported

H2 RESP → ECS Direct effect 0.096* Supported
H3 REL → ECS Direct effect 0.109* Supported
H4 USFR → ECS Direct effect 0.158** Supported
H5 PENE → ECS Direct effect 0.214*** Supported
H6 EFFE → ECS Direct effect 0.330*** Supported
H7 ECS → ECL Direct effect 0.831*** Supported
Note(s): ECL 5 Electronic Customer Loyalty, ECS 5 Electronic Customer Satisfaction, EFFE 5 Efficiency,
Table 6. PENE 5 Personal Need, REL 5 Reliability, RESP 5 Responsiveness, SO 5 Site Organization, USFR 5 User
Standardized Friendliness
regression weights for SRW 5 Standardized regression weight
the research model ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10

S. No Variables Short forms

1 Site Organization SO
2 Reliability REL
3 Responsiveness RESP
4 User Friendliness USFR
5 Personal Need PENE
6 Efficiency EFFE
Table 7. 7 Electronic customer satisfaction ECS
Variables 8 Electronic customer Loyalty ECL
4.2 Discussion The modified e-
The aforementioned outcomes suggest that all the hypotheses are supported as they all are SERVQUAL
significant. The relationship of site organization (SO) with electronic customer satisfaction
(ECS), represented by H1 (β 5 0.012, p < 0.05), is positive and significant. This result is
model
consistent with past studies (Amin, 2016; Jiang et al., 2016). Site organization is the first
attribute of iBSQ to attract the clients hence, the more attractive and well organized a website
it, the more convenient will it be for the clients to use it and the more satisfied they will
become.
The relationship between responsiveness and e-customer satisfaction, represented by H2
(β 5 0. 096, p < 0.1), is positive and significant and so it is accepted. These results are similar
to the results of Hammoud et al. (2018) and Amin (2016). Banks tend to give good response to
their customers and provide services according to customer’s satisfaction. The more the
Internet banking, which maintains the responsiveness standard by answering the user’s
query positively and quickly, the more the level of increase in customer satisfaction.
H3 (β 5 0.109, p < 0.1) representing the relationship between reliability and e-customer
satisfaction, is positive and significant hence, the hypothesis is accepted. These findings are
in line with the studies of Hammoud et al. (2018); Kettinger and Lee (2005) and Tan and Teo
(2000) This outcome indicates that by maintaining the reliability, Internet banking can
elevate the satisfaction level of clients as the most accurate and reliable is the information the
greater are the clients satisfied with the service.
The association of user’s friendliness and e-customer satisfaction, shown by H4 (β 5 0.158,
p < 0.05), is positive and significant and so the hypothesis is accepted. These outcomes are
similar to the results of Amin (2016). The findings suggest that user friendly website allows
consumers to easily and conveniently access the online banking and by doing so clients are
contended. Whereas, another study of Mahadin et al. (2020) also portray same results but this
study was conducted for the website of tourism. However, it can be seen that consumers
prefer user friendliness in all aspects.
The link of personal needs and ECS, exhibited by H5 (β 5 0. 214, p < 0.01), is positive and
significant, indicating that a when bank fulfills the demands of customers and provide them
with services according to their demand, customers are in turn satisfied with the service.
These results are consistent with the studies of Amin (2016) and Keskar et al. (2020). The
results are same but if we do comparison so both studies have been conducted in different
context but still depicts the same results. Moreover, Keskar et al. (2020) incorporated
customer satisfaction index (CSI) models in the study.
H6 (β 5 0.330, p < 0.01) shows the positive and significant relationship between efficiency
and electronic customer satisfaction (ECS) hence, accepting the hypothesis. These results are
in line with the results of Hammoud et al. (2018); Herington and Weaven (2009) and Sohail and
Shaikh (2008) who stated that efficiency of website is the of Efficiency is the key driver to
measure Internet banking service quality, therefore, more efficient is the website through
which e-clients interact with the bank, the more will they be satisfied.
The positive and significant impact between electronic customer satisfaction (ECS) and
electronic customer loyalty (ECL) is shown by H7 (β 5 0.831, p < 0.01). These results are in
line with the studies of Amin (2016); Ramseook-Munhurrun and Naidoo (2011). Once
customers have a deep relationship with Internet banking services, they are regular and
dedicated Internet banking clients. As a result, customers who are satisfied in using
Internet banking become loyal customers. Moreover, Ramseook-Munhurrun and Naidoo
(2011) conducted this research in Mauritius. Stated that the capability of Internet banking
to manage its service quality, increase customer’s satisfaction and ultimately loyalty.
According to Thaichon et al. (2014), elevating the service quality can sway client’s
satisfaction, worth, expectation and loyalty which are imperative for companies’ long-
standing sustainability.
TQM 5. Conclusion and implications
The objective of the study is to find out the link between services and customers. Impact of
Internet banking on ECS and ECL is taken into consideration. The sample size was 500 who
were the users of online banking. The independent variables were set as responsiveness,
personal needs, customer’s reliability, user friendliness, site organization and efficiency.
Whereas, dependent variables were customer’s satisfaction and electronic customer loyalty.
After the research, we have found that there exists a positive relationship between dependent
and independent variable.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the customers in the Pakistani online
banking and e-service markets, build their perceptions based on the interactivity of the web
page. Service quality plays a very important role in every culture, as it has become the basis
for how customers view online banking and, eventually, how it interacts and behaves with
online services. This study is useful for those e-retailers and managers who wants to grab e-
retailing market. The determinants of Internet banking service quality associated with the
banking industry is found to be essential hence, banks should take care of all four factor in
regard to sustain an elevated level of service quality. According to the findings of this study,
the efficiency along with site organization, responsibility, reliability, users’ friendliness,
personal need are important features of iBSQ. This shows that customers are more attracted
to banks that allow faster transactions via online portals, which are easily available.
Conversely, clients lay more stress in the effectiveness of the website while associating
themselves with these financial institutes owing to which banks should concentrate tactically
on enhancing client’s awareness regarding the acceptance of new technology (online banking
system). In this way banks will be able to achieve competitive edge. Moreover, clients want
their transactions to occur accurately, timely and quickly, in an online banking setting and
high quality of services provided by the bank can drive clients’ gratification, value, faith and
obligation and so online banking should take actions to fulfill these demands of customers. It
is recommended that banks should deliver their clients an effective website with an
appropriate setting and upgraded technological development in order to deliver first-class
condition of services. Furthermore, greater emphasis is placed on the physical (system,
functions and interface) and psychological attributes (services, information, attitudes) in
comprehending the changing aspects of virtual clients’ behavior. Today, clients are provided
with numerous different banking portals which can make them switch to other banks hence,
bank’s websites should focus more on improving their functionality and user interface and
also make their online portals attractive. It is recommended that Pakistan banks should
invest more on the efficiency dimension as it is the strongest predictor of electronic customer
satisfaction and when consumers are satisfied so ultimately it boosts electronic customer
loyalty. Moreover, to make positive relationship between electronic customer satisfaction and
electronic customer loyalty, Internet banking should give first priority to customers’ needs
and satisfaction so they can more loyal to Internet banking service. Additionally, competition
is high, their Internet banking system should be designed with a fast processing time for
customer requests and issues in order to attract and retain customers of banks. It is
recommended to make the app simple to use and user friendly while the services should be
reliable and secure. In the context of Pakistan, customers are reluctant to trust online services
easily but it is observed that when customers perceived quality factors so definitely they will
likely to adopt such technology. Moreover, another strong influencer is personal needs so
higher authorities and banks of Pakistan should pay serious attention towards the personal
needs of customers that what do they want and how they can fulfill their needs. Hence, as
customers want quick services so design the Internet services in such ways that it will fulfill
the needs of all types of customers.
Even though this research provides fruitful insights, it faces some constraints as well.
First, the data collected is from the students of the University only showing similar lifestyles
and more or less similar preferences. However, people belonging to different backgrounds, The modified e-
geographic regions and demographics might exhibit variant stance and viewpoint towards SERVQUAL
Internet banking service. Moreover, data was collected by using convenience sampling
technique that is somewhat comparable to a random sample. Therefore, for future research, it
model
is suggested that data should be collected from individuals belonging to various regions of
the country or the world which will provide a more detailed outcome. Additionally, in future,
researchers can adopt other techniques to have in-depth analysis. Second, this study
incorporates a second-order factor and might be ignoring some other variables which could
impact the e-loyalty of customers, thus, it is recommended to incorporate other variables like
product characteristics or incentives. Additionally, prospective researchers may examine
certain online service classifications, such as the amount of sales or the type of products
purchased. It also recommends future research can focus on other background like
technological speediness, interface quality, perceived usefulness, compatibility and their
relation with the customers, decision to use Internet banking and building trust is also
important to adopt online banking through the exposure of the wireless networks.
Furthermore, a research is also required to study the human values in the times of the
electronic banking system, to meet the increased demand so banks are expected to increase
their spending on Internet banking technology.

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Corresponding author
Syed Ali Raza can be contacted at: [email protected]

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