THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

EEE 203: ELECTRICALMACHINES I

Muhammad Ahad Rahman Miah

Assistant Professor, EEE
 Objective
2

 Types and construction of Induction Motor

 Working principle of Induction Motor
 Torque-speed characteristics
 Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
 Different types of tests
 Losses in Induction Motor
 Electric (A.C. and D.C.) Motor
3

 An electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical

energy into mechanical energy. This conversion of electrical
power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of
the motor.
 In d.c. motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the
armature (i.e. rotating part). Hence, in this sense, a d.c. motor
can be called a conduction motor.
 However, in a.c. motors, the rotor does not receive electric
power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way
of transformer. That is why such motors are known as
induction motors.
 What is Induction Motor
4

 An induction motor is such an electromechanical device

where electricity is inducted in the rotor by magnetic
induction rather than direct electrical connection.
 An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor
in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce
torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the
magnetic field of the stator winding.
 Three-phase induction motors are widely used in industrial
drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical.
Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for
smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans.
 Construction of Induction Motor
5

 An induction motor consists of two electromagnetic parts-

1. Stationary part called the stator
2. Rotating part called the rotor.

 The stator and the rotor are each made up of:

 An electric circuit, usually made of insulated copper or
aluminium, to carry current
 A magnetic circuit, usually made from laminated steel, to carry
magnetic flux

 There will be a small gap between rotor and stator, known as

air-gap. The value of the radial air-gap may vary from 0.5 to 2
mm.
 Parts of an Induction Motor
6
 Parts of an Induction Motor
7
 Construction details of a Stator
8

 Stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A three phase

supply is given to the stator of induction motor. The stator is
the outer stationary part of the motor, which consists of: Core,
Conducting wire and Frame.
 Stator core are made up of high grade Alloy Steel. Cores are
slotted on inner periphery and are insulated from each other
and laminated to form the core.
 Conducting wire is made up of copper wire and used to form
the stator coil.
 The outer cylindrical frame of the motor, which is made either
of welded sheet steel, cast iron or cast aluminium alloy.
 Cross-sectional view of a Stator & Rotor
9
 Construction details of a Rotor
10

 The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core

having slots on its outer periphery. The winding placed in
these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of the following
two types:
1. Squirrel cage rotor
2. Phase-wound or slip ring rotor.
 The rotor is the inner rotating part of the motor, which consists
of: core, conducting rod and end rings.
 Rotor cores are made up of high grade Alloy steel
laminations.
Conducting rods made of copper, alloys or aluminium and
used as a rotor winding.
End rings are made of copper, alloys or aluminium and
used to short circuit all the windings rods on the core.
 Construction details of a Rotor
11

 Rotor slots are slightly skewed to achieve following

advantages -
 1. it reduces locking tendency of the rotor, i.e. the tendency
of rotor teeth to remain under stator teeth due to magnetic
attraction.
 2. increases the effective transformation ratio between
stator and rotor
 3. increases rotor resistance due to increased length of the
rotor conductor
 Squirrel-cage Rotor
12

 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots

on its outer periphery. One copper or aluminium bar is placed
in each slot. All these bars are joined at each end by metal
rings called end rings. This forms a permanently short-
circuited winding which is indestructible. The entire
construction (bars and end rings) resembles a squirrel cage
and hence the name.
 Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are
called squirrel cage induction motors.
 Squirrel-cage Rotor (cont’d)
13

 Most of 3-phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor as it

has a remarkably simple and robust construction enabling it to
operate in the most adverse circumstances.
 However, it suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting
torque. It is because the rotor bars are permanently short-
circuited and it is not possible to add any external resistance to
the rotor circuit to have a large starting torque.
 Phase wound or Slip ring Rotor
14

 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3-

phase winding, similar to the one on the stator. The rotor
winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually
star-connected.
 The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined
to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with
one brush resting on each slip ring. The three brushes are
connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat.
 At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor
circuit to give a large starting torque. These resistances are
gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to speed.
 Phase wound or Slip ring Rotor (cont’d)
15

 The external resistances are used during starting period only.

When the motor attains normal speed, the three brushes are
short-circuited so that the wound rotor runs like a squirrel
cage rotor.
 Phase wound or Slip ring Rotor (cont’d)
16
 Phase wound or Slip ring Rotor (cont’d)
17

 Cutaway in a typical wound-rotor Induction Motor. Notice the

brushes and the slip rings.
 Types of Induction Motor
18

 Induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at

a speed other than the synchronous speed. Like any other
electrical motor, induction motor have two main parts namely
rotor and stator.
 Depending upon the type of rotor used the three phase
induction motor are classified as-
1. Squirrel cage induction motor
2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or
phase wound induction motor.
 The construction of stator for both the kind of three phase
induction motor remains the same.
 How Induction Motor Works
19
Rotating
3-ϕ supply feed to Rotating Magnetic flux
stator Magnetic flux Rotor is stationary
sweeps past
produced the rotor

Rotor Faraday’s law of

E.M.F.
current Rotor conductors electromagnetic
induced in
short circuited induction
produced the rotor
Cause is the
relative speed
Relative speed between the
between rotor Oppose the rotating flux and
Lenz’s law
conductors and cause stationary rotor
rotating flux conductors

Rotor starts
rotating
 Production of Torque
20

 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and

produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings.
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows
in the rotor windings.
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field.
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs

 Where τind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the

magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively.
 Induction Motor speed
21

 At what speed will the IM run?

 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced
current will flow in the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux
will be produced so no torque is generated and the rotor
speed will fall below the synchronous speed.
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced.
 Induction Motor speed (cont’d)
22

 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the

synchronous speed.
 The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous
speed is called the Slip

nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the rotating magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 Slip
23

 If the rotor runs at synchronous speed, s = 0

 If the rotor is stationary, s = 1
 Rotor speed is N= Ns (1-s)
 Induction Motor and Transformer
24

 Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced

voltage
 Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produce
an induced voltage in the secondary windings
 Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the
secondary windings can move
 Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the
IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 Frequency
25

 When rotor is stationary (s=1), the frequency of the induced

voltage is equal to the supply frequency.
 When rotor starts revolving, the frequency depends on the slip
speed.

 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed

(s = 0), the frequency will be zero.
 Relation between Torque and Rotor
power factor
26

In the case of an induction motor, the torque is proportional to

the product of flux per stator pole and the rotor current.
However, there is one more factor that has to be taken onto
account i.e. the power factor of the rotor.
 Starting Torque
27

The torque developed by the motor at the instant of starting is

called starting torque. In some cases, it is greater than the normal
running torque, whereas in some other cases it is somewhat less.
 Starting Torque
28
 Condition for Maximum Starting
Torque
29

It can be proved that starting torque can be maximum when rotor

resistance equals rotor reactance.
 Effect of change in supply voltage on
Starting Torque
30

The torque is very sensitive to any changes in supply voltage. A

change of 5 percent in supply voltage, for example, will produce
a change of approximately 10 percent in the rotor torque.
 Rotor e.m.f. and reactance under
running conditions
31

 When rotor starts running, the relative speed between it and

the rotating stator flux decreased. Hence, rotor e.m.f. is
directly proportional to the speed will also decreased. Hence,
for a slip s, the rotor induced e.m.f. will be s times the induced
e.m.f. at standstill.
 Under running conditions, Er = sE2.
 The frequency of the induced e.m.f. will like wise becomes
fr = sf2.
 The rotor reactance will be, Xr = sX2.
 Torque under running conditions
32

The rotor e.m.f. and rotor reactance under running conditions

are, Er and Xr.
 Torque under running conditions
(cont’d)
33
 Conditions for Maximum torque under
running conditions
34

 The torque of a rotor under running conditions is,

 Losses in Induction Motor
35

 There are two types of losses occur in three phase induction

motor. These losses are-
 Constant or fixed losses
 Variable losses
 Constant losses are those losses which are considered to
remain constant over normal working range of induction
motor. These losses are further classified as-
Iron or core losses,
Mechanical losses,
Brush friction losses.
 Fixed Losses in Induction Motor
36

 Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy
current losses. Eddy electric current losses are minimized by
using lamination. Hysteresis losses are minimized by using
high grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon
frequency. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared
to stator core loss and is usually neglected in running
conditions.

 Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss

occurs in wound rotor induction motor. These losses occurs
with the change in speed. In three phase induction motor the
speed usually remains constant. hence these losses almost
remains constant.
 Variable Losses in Induction Motor
37

 Variable losses are also called copper losses. These losses

occur due to electric current flowing in stator and rotor
windings. As the load changes, the electric current flowing in
rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses
also changes. The copper losses are obtained by performing
blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor.
 Total rotor copper loss = 3 I2² R2.
 Variable Losses in Induction Motor
(cont’d)
38
 Power Stages in an Induction Motor
39

 Different stages of power development in an induction motor-

 Mathematical Problem
40

 The power input to the rotor of 440V, 50Hz, 6-pole, 3-φ,

induction motor is 80kW. The rotor electromotive force is
observed to make 100 complete alterations per minute.
Calculate (i) slip (ii) N (iii) rotor cu losses/phase.
 Power Stages in an Induction Motor
(cont’d)
41

The Power flow diagram (Sankey diagram) shows power stages

an induction motor-
 Efficiency of Induction Motor
42

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor ,

Three phase induction motor efficiency,

Three phase induction motor efficiency

 Equivalent circuit of 3-φ Induction
Motor
43

Equivalent circuit of an induction motor is almost same as of a

transformer. The equivalent circuit of an induction motor where
all values have been referred to primary i.e. is shown below-
 Equivalent circuit of 3-φ Induction
Motor (cont’d)
44

The exciting circuit may should be transferred to the left,

because inaccuracy involved is negligible but the circuit and
hence the calculations are very much simplified. This is known
as the approximate equivalent circuit.
 Advantages and applications of squirrel
cage and slip ring induction motor
45

 Advantages of squirrel cage IM-

 Its construction is very simple and rugged.
 As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires
less maintenance.
 Applications-
 Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes, drilling
machine, fan, blower printing machines etc.
 Advantages of slip ring IM-
 It has high starting torque and low starting current.
 Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.
 Application-
 Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque
is required i.e. in hoists, cranes, elevator etc.
 Difference between squirrel cage and
slip ring Induction Motor
46

Slip ring induction motor Squirrel Cage induction motor

 Construction is complicated  Construction is very simple
due to presence of slip ring
and brushes
 The rotor winding is similar to  The rotor consists of rotor bars
the stator winding which are permanently shorted
with the help of end rings
 Due to presence of external  Staring torque is low and cannot
resistance high starting torque be improved
can be obtained
 Frequent maintenance is  Less maintenance is required
required due to presence of
brushes
 Difference between squirrel cage and
slip ring Induction Motor
47

Slip ring induction motor Squirrel Cage induction motor

 Rotor copper losses are high  Less rotor copper losses and
and hence less efficiency hence high efficiency

 Speed control by rotor  Speed control by rotor

resistance method is possible resistance method is not
possible
 The construction is  The construction is simple and
complicated and the presence robust and it is cheap as
of brushes and slip ring makes compared to slip ring induction
the motor more costly. motor
 Why does a rotor rotate?
48

Due to 3-phase supply is fed to the stator windings of a 3-phase

motor, a magnetic flux of constant magnitude, rotating at
synchronous speed is set up. At this point, the rotor is stationary.
The rotating magnetic flux passes through the air gap between
the stator & rotor and sweeps past the stationary rotor
conductors. This rotating flux, as it sweeps, cuts the rotor
conductors, thus causing an e.m.f. to be induced in the rotor
conductors. As per the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, it is this relative motion between the rotating magnetic
flux and the stationary rotor conductors, which induces an e.m.f.
on the rotor conductors.
 Why does a rotor rotate? (cont’d)
49

Since the rotor conductors are shorted and form a closed circuit,
the induced e.m.f produces a rotor current whose direction is
given by Lenz’s Law, is such as to oppose the cause producing it.
In this case, the cause which produces the rotor current is the
relative motion between the rotating magnetic flux and the
stationary rotor conductors. Thus to reduce the relative speed, the
rotor starts to rotate in the same direction as that of the rotating
flux on the stator windings, trying to catch it up.
 Advantages and disadvantages of 3-φ
induction motor
50

 Advantages:
 1. It has a simple design, low initial cost, rugged construction
almost unbreakable
 2. The operation is very simple with almost very less
maintenance.
 3. The efficiency of these motors is very high, as there less
frictional losses, with reasonably good power factor.
 4. Its starting arrangement is simple, thus reliable in operation.
 Disadvantages:
 1. The speed control of these motors is not easy without some
loss in efficiency.
 2. As the load on the motor increases, the speed decreases.
 3. The starting torque is inferior when compared to D.C.
Motors.
 Mathematical problem
51

 The frequency and induced voltage in the rotor of a certain 6-

pole, phase wound induction motor, whose shaft is blocked
are 60 Hz and 100 V, respectively. Calculate (i) slip (ii) rotor
frequency (iii) rotor voltage when the rotor is running at 1100
r.p.m.
Solution:
NS = 1200 r.p.m.
s = 0.0833
fr = 5 Hz
Er = 8.33 V
 Mathematical Problem (cont’d)
52

 A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor

has a full-load slip of 5 percent
 What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
 What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
 What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
Solution:
NS = 1800 r.p.m.
N = 1710 r.p.m.
fr = 3 Hz