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Thabile Manyifolo LAB2 Report 1

chemical engineering laboratory 2A (Cape Peninsula University of Technology)

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NAMEOFT
HEST
UDENT: MANYI
FOL
OTHABI
LE

ST
UDENTNUMBER: 2
191
418
27

DA
TEOFEXPERI
MENT: 0
8-OCT
OBER-
202
0

DUEDA
TEOFREPORT: 2
2-OCT
OBER-
202
0

MODUL
E/SUBJ
ACT: CEL
260
S

T
ITL
E/F
OCUS:PI
PE-
WORKENERGYL
OSS(
PRESSUREDROP)

L
ECT
UREOFMODUL
E/SUBJ
ECT:
G.HANGONE&G.
MAL
EFANE

DECLARATION:
I THABIE declare that the work of this experiment report is my own unaided work, based on my
personal study/research and that I have uknowledge all material and sources used in its
preparation wherether they books, articles,reports and electronics. I certify that this report has
not been previously submitted in any other assessment unit and that I have not copied in part
or whole otherwise plagiarized the work of other persons/student.

X
Thabile Manyifolo

DATE:…. 05-May-21

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................3
2. AIM......................................................................................................................................................3
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................4
3.1. PIPE-WORK ENERGY LOSS............................................................................................................4
4. REQUIRED EQUIPMENT.......................................................................................................................6
5. PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENT.............................................................................................................6
6. RESULTS AND CALTULATIONS..............................................................................................................7
6.2 CALCULATIONS.................................................................................................................................7
6.2.1FULLY OPEN VALVES....................................................................................................................7
6.2.2RESULTS FOR HALFWAY OPEN VALVE...............................................................................................9
7 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................11
8 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................................11
9 REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................................12
APPENDICE................................................................................................................................................13

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1. INTRODUCTION
Pipe technology is based on the universal principles of fluid flow. When a real fluid flows
through a pipe, part of its energy is spent through maintaining the flow. Due to internal friction
and turbulence this energy is converted to thermal energy. Such converson is leads to the
expression of the energy loss in terms of fluid height called the head loss and usually classified
in to two categories. Essentially due to friction the first is called linear/major loss it is present
throughout the length of the pipe. The second category is called minor/singular head loss, it is
minor appurtenances and accessories present in a pipe system. The appurtenance encounterd
by the fluid flow which is a sudden or gradual change of the boundaries results in a change of
magnitude, direction or distribution of the velocity of the flow. In petroleum and water
distribution networks the pipelines are of concedarable length an therefore the terms major
head loss and minor head loss can be used without any confusion.

A number of studies was carried out to achieve a precise formulation of the diverse types of
head losses ( Weisbach, 1855)was the first to have come out with thw relation for the head loss,
(Bhave, 1991), Darcy contributed greatly to the application of derived relation,thus associated
his name with that of Weisbach therefore most commonly known as the Darcy-Weisbach
formula(See appendix A).

2. AIM

To determine the relationship between the pressure drop(energy loss) due to friction and the
velocity of the water fluid in smooth piping system of a known diameter and a rough pipe

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3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. PIPE-WORK ENERGY LOSS

This compact benchtop apparatus uses the smooth, industry standard plastic pipe, commonly
used in domestic and other small-bore water systems. It works with hydraulics bench. Either
bench supports the apparatus and circulate and measure the water flow rate through it

This apparatus has a single circuit with bends, pressure tappings and an expansion-contraction.
A ball vakve at the exit of which controls water flow .Each pressure point connect to a pizometer
tube int the vertical panel of the apparatus. These tubes measure and compare the pressure
difference across the bends, expansion and contraction during experiments .

Figure 1 the fluid flow system whre the whole experiment was conducted

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4. REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
 Hydraulic

 Pipe friction apparatus

 Stopwatch
 Manometer

 ratometer

5. PROCEDURE OF
EXPERIMENT
Figure 2:operation hydraulic piping system

 The experimental investigations were carried out on a test bench mainly constituted by
hydraulic bench providing necessary flow discharge, a system with different dimensions and
roughness able to stimulate both major and minor head losses.

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 Hydraulic bench used to distribute the required water flow rates to a closed piping system,
regulation valves and mercury manometer are used to measure the pressure interms of head
difference.

 The network is constituted by pipes of different diameters and roughness, four pipes are used
15mm, 25mm, ball valve and ####valve

 Measurements are carried out using water and manometer, they represent the difference of
pressure between the respective positions
 The flowrate of the fluid is measured using rotameter

6. RESULTS AND
CALTULATIONS
Table 1: data collected/takings

TYPE/DIAMETE Flow Height Flow Height

R OF PIPE Q Hf Q Hf
l/min mm H2O l/min mm H2O

15mm 34.2 40 33.6 33

25mm 34.8 15 34.8 19

Ball valve 40.8 20 40.9 8

Globe valve 41.4 2 41.0 7

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6.2 CALCULATIONS
6.2.1FULLY OPEN VALVES
Q= Av
Q
v=
A
−4
Q 5.73 ×1 0
u= 2
=3.18 m/s
π 2 = π 0.015 (15mm diameter pipe)
d ( )
4 4 1
For 25mm diameter pipe

0.025¿ 2
¿
π
¿
4
u=5.78 ×1 0− 4
¿
For the valves to find velocity we use the following formula

u=
√ 2 ΔP
kρ
For the ball valve

u=
√ 2 ( 2666.4 )
( 0.05 ) ( 1000 )
=10.3 m/s

for the globe valve

u=
√ 2 ( 266.64 )
( 10 ) ( 1000 )
=0.23 m/s

Next calculations are for Reynolds number(Re) in each valve/pipe using the following formula

μ
v = … .1
ρ

ud
ℜ= ….. 2
V

Then we set eq1 in to eq2

ρvd
ℜ= … . we will use this one
μ

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For the 15mm diameter pipe

( 1000 ) ( 3.18)(0.015)
ℜ= =53595.5
8.90 ×10−4

For the 25mm diameter pipe

( 1000 ) ( 0.23)(0.025)
ℜ= =6460.67
8.90 ×10−4

Table 2: data for fully open valves

Flow(Q) Flow(Q) Velocity(u) Height(hf) Log(hf) Log(u) Re
l/min M3/s m/s mmHg
−4
15mm 34.2 5.7 ×10 3.18 40 1.6 0.51 53595.5

25mm 34.8 5.8 ×10−4 1.2 15 1.2 0.1 6460.6

Ball valve 40.8 6.8 ×10−4 10.3 20 1.3 1.01

Globe 41.4 6.9 ×10−4 0.23 2 0.3 -0.64

valve

6.2.2RESULTS FOR HALFWAY OPEN VALVE

Velocity for 15mm pipe diameter:

u=
( )
4 Q
π d2

0.015¿ 2
¿
π¿
4 (5,6 ×1 0−4 )
u=
¿
For 25mm pipe diameter:
2
0.025¿
¿
π¿
4 (5.8 ×1 0−4 )
u=
¿
velocity for ball valve:

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v=
√ 2∆ P
ρk

u=
√ 2( 1066.56)
(1000)(0.025)
=9.2 m/ s

Velocity for globe valve

u=
√ 2(933.24)
(1000)(5)
=0.61 m/s

Re for 15mm:

(1000)(3.2)( 0.015)
ℜ =53933
( 8.90× 10−4 )
Re for 25mm:

(1000)(1.2)(0.025)
ℜ= =33708
(8.90 ×1 0−4 )

Table 3: data for half-way open valves

Pipe type Q Q Velocity Height(hf) Log(hf) Log(u) Re

l/min M3/s m/s mmHg

15mm 33.6 5.5 ×10− 4 3.2 33 1.5 0.5 53933

25mm 34.8 5.8 ×10−4 1.2 19 1.3 0.8 33708

Ball valve 40.9 6.8 ×10−4 9.2 8 0.9 1.0

Globe 40.0 6.8 ×10−4 0.6 7 0.8 -0.22

valve

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Relation between velocity and pressure difference of fluid in different pipes(smooth and rough pipes of dufferent diameters)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
log(hf)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.6 1 0.1 0.5
log(u)

full-open valves halfway open valves

7 DISCUSSION
Figure 3

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Resistance coefficient , abbreviated as K is a dimensionless number. It is how much to the flow an

obstacle has, this is the opposite of the flow coefficient which is how much flow capacity an obstacle
allows.

ΔP
k=
( p ( v ) 2)
The resistance used for smooth pipes is 8.90exp-4, for ball valve is 0.05 and for globe valve is 10. By
observing the tables the relation between flowrate and pressure difference show that the flowrate is
inversely proportional to the pressure difference, the velocity of fluid is directly propotional to the
pressure difference (the information applies both flows laminar and turbulent.

8 CONCLUSION
The turbulent flow have higher flowrates compared to laminar flow on the smooth pipes. The pressure
difference of smooth, high friction losses in the valves.

Theefore the higher the velocity of fluid in a pipe the greater the head loss.

9 REFERENCE
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTUAL REFERENCE
BOOKS:

C. Herman and E. Kong, Int. heat mass tr ansfere45, Herman and Kong,2002; pages 3741-3757
3741-3757(2002)
Rouse, H. (1976), Hydraulics in United States 1776-1976, Rouse, H(1976),page 238
Lowa city 238pg
A. Lia kopouls , Tziolas publications, Hydraulics (2013) A. Lia kopouls publications (2013)

H. Kim, A. Oztekin and S. Neti, J. Non newtonion fluid H.km,A.Oztekin and S.Neti,2000,261-281
mechnics,90, 261-281(2000)
Moody, L. F. (1944), friction factors foe pipe flow ,Trans Moody, L. F. (1944), page 66(672-678)
.ASME(671-678)
citation

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http//www.tecquipment.com/fluid-mechanics/flow-
pressure/H10.aspx.
Epj ,conference.org/article/epjconf/pdf/2014/04epcj emf-
130,02206

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APPENDICE
For 15mm and 25mm pipe diameter we have obtain 33.6 l/min and 34.8 l/min volume flowrate
respectively and the pressure difference or head loss was 33mmHg and 19mmHg respectively.

By conversion to liters/minutes to cubic miters/second we multiplied liters/min by 60000m 3/s

The head loss units obtain were mmHg then we convert them to pascal by the scale 1mmHg = 133.32Pa
in order to find the velocity of the turbulent flow( valves)

Our laminar flow was on a smooth pipe which is highly predictable but our Reynolds number did not
agree it was > 2300 meaning an error was there during experiment or data takings.

The curves on the graph are in positive gradient which verify that the pressure drop is proportional to
the velocity of the flowrate of a fluid in a pipe system.

The experiment was conducted in a closed pipe system to avoid external forces to the system which may
cause many errors like air bubles in the fluid.

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