ACTION WORDS OR VERBS -A verb marked for Goal Focus, also 2.

Ibutang mo sa lamesa ang

known as Object Focus, if it indicates pagkaon.
(PUNGLIHOK)
that the topic of the sentence is the 3. Iluto nako ang adobo para ni
VERBS object which directly receives the action. Tatay.
This focus is signaled by the verb suffix - 5. STATIVE GOAL FOCUS
Verbs are distinguished from other words in on. The topic phrase is introduced by the -The Stative Goal Focus is signaled by the
Hiligaynon and Cebuano-Visayan languages by particle ang. affix ma-. The topic of the sentence is the
their inflection. Verbs are inflected for Focus, EXAMPLE: party, which has been put into some
Aspect, and Tense. 1. Lutuon ko ang pagkaon. state, or to whom some quality or
VERB FOCUS 2. Kaonon mo ang manga sa characteristic is attributed by another.
kusina. 1. Maluto niya ang sinugba
Focus refers to a special grammatical relation 3. Singhuton mo ang mahumot karon sa baga.
between the action (as represented by the nga gumamela. 2. Malitok kini nga istorya sa
predicate verb) and one of the participants in the 3. REFERENT FOCUS nakadungog nato ganina.
action (as represented by the noun phrase -Also known as Locative Focus, a verb 3. Mahuman ra kining istorya sa
complements.) marked for referent focus when it isa ka oras.
1. ACTOR FOCUS indicates that the location or beneficiary 6. STATIVE ACTOR FOCUS
-Actor focus is signaled by the affix -um- of the action is the topic of the sentence. -The Stative Actor Focus is signaled by
(in Hiligaynon) and mi- (in Cebuano- This focus is signaled by the verb suffix - the affix maka-. This indicates that the
Visayan) class of affixes and indicates an. topic of the sentence has an inherent
that the actor or the doer of the action is EXAMPLE: ability to be in the state specified or has
the topic of the sentence. In simpler 1. Tudluan ko og kanta ang bat the inherent quality named by the verb
words, when the subject performs the ani Rhea. root.
role of an actor, the verb is in actor 2. Kantahan niya og 1. Makabasa ko sa taas nga
focus. paboritong kanta si Ms. istorya.
EXAMPLE: Leah. 2. Makaluto si Nanay og
1) Lumangoy si Lina sa baybay. (H) 3. Lutuan ko og lam inga pagkaon.
Milangoy si Lina sa baybay. (C-V) pagkaon si Inday. 3. Makadungog si Luna og kanta
2) Kumanta si Lyndee sa programa. 4. ACCESSORY FOCUS sa sala.
(H) -This indicates that the topic of the SUMMARY OF VERB FOCUS
Mikanta si Lyndee sa programa. sentence is the thing used in the VERB FOCUS AFFIX USED
performance of a particular action. Actor Focus Signaled by -um-
(C-V) or mi-
3) Sumulat si Yang sang mensahe Accessory focus verbs are usually
Goal Focus Signaled by the
kang Richard. (H) signaled by the prefix i-.
suffix -on
Misulat si Yang og mensahe EXAMPLE: Referent Focus Signaled by the
kang Richard. (C-V) 1. Ilimpyo mo sa sapatos ang suffix -an
2. GOAL FOCUS trapo.
 Accessory Focus Signaled by the Real: Giluto nako ang karne. • Adjectives usually provide relevant and
prefix i- more specific information about the
Stative Goal Focus Signaled by the 5. STATIVE GOAL FOCUS
nouns or pronouns they modify or
affix ma-
Stative Actor Focus Signaled by the Unreal: Maluto niya ang adobo. describe by answering the questions,
affix maka- which may include the following: What
Real: Naluto niya ang adobo.
VERB ASPECT kind? How many? Which one? How
VERB TENSES much?
The Aspect of a verb shows whether or not an
Tense refers to the time when the action of the
action has begun. In other definition, aspect EXAMPLES:
verb occurs. The action can occur in one of three
also pertains to how an event or action is to be
time periods: past, present, or future. WHAT KIND?
viewed with respect to time, rather than to its
Verbs Past Present Future
actual location in time. ▪ Sheila is a lazy student.
(Mga (Kagahapon) (Karon) (Ugma)
Berbo)
▪ Leah is a popular woman in
TYPES OF VERB ASPECTS
school.
Unreal Aspect-shows that the action has not yet Suwat Nagsuwat Nagasuwat Magsuwat
HOW MANY?
begun. (write)
▪ Ruffa has twenty cellphones in
Real Aspect-show that the action has already Laba Nanglaba Naglaba Manglaba her bag.
begun. (wash) ▪ Zion has five houses in New
1. ACTOR FOCUS Kaon Ningkaon Nagkaon Mokaon Zealand.
(eat)
Unreal: Misuwat si Rio og mensahe kang Tulog Natulog Nakatulog Matulog WHICH ONE?
Crizelda. (sleep)
▪ Rio bought those blue shoes.
VERB TENSE (CEBUANO-VISAYAN) ▪ Some fish lived in a beautiful ocean near
Real: Nisuwat si Rio og mensahe kang Crizelda.
ADJECTIVES (PUNGWAY) the Pacific.
2. GOAL FOCUS
WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE? Word Formation of Adjectives in C-V Language
Unreal: Lutuon nako ang adobo.
• An adjective describes or modifies HOW ADJECTIVES ARE FORMED?
Real: Giluto nako ang adobo.
noun/s or pronoun/s in a sentence. It In the Philippine setting, specifically in the
3. REFERENT FOCUS normally indicates quality, size, number, Cebuano-Visayan language, some adjectives are
shape, duration, feelings, contents, and formed by adding affixes, most particularly
Unreal: Lutoan mo nako ug adobo.
more about a noun or pronoun. prefixes, to the base words.
Real: Gilutoan mo nako ug adobo. • It is translated as “pungway,” which is a
shortened term for “pulong ADJECTIVES ARE FORMED USING
4. ACCESSORY FOCUS
panghulagway,” which translates to 1. Prefix ma - it tells of a character or
Unreal: Iluto nako ang karne. “words for describing.” quality of something.
 Good – Maayo • Tagasyudad ang pamilya ni Ma’am simultaneously, as well the use of words ‘pinaka’
• Maayo kayo ang iyahang maestra sa Rhea. and ‘labing.’
skwelahan. Beautiful – Maanindut
Three Degrees of Comparison (Tulo ka Hugna Positive Comparati Superlative
• Maanindut ang mga buntod didto sa (Pangyan ve (Panglabing)
sa Pagtandi)
bukid. o) (Panglaba
2. Prefix di - it tells a contraction of indi DEGREES OF COMPARISON w)
(no/not) and is usually connected to a Big Bigger Biggest
descriptive. In the English language, a degree of comparison Beautiful More Most beautiful
Untrue - Dimatuod is a form of adjective that is used to compare a beautiful
person or thing possessing the same quality with Banha More Kinabanhaan
• Dimatuod ang mga istorya na imong banha
nadunggan. Unright – Dimatarong another.
Humot Mas Kinahumotan/pinakahu
• Dimatarong ang tanang nahitabo niya. The three degrees of comparison include: humot mot
3. Prefix pang - used to show purpose or Taas Mas taas Kinataasan/pinakataas
rank. 1. Positive (Pangyano) – relies on the basic form ADVERB (PUNGWAYON)
Pangtulog of an adjective and is not being compared. In this
degree, there is no existence of comparison. ADVERB
• Kuhaa ang imong pangtulog nga sinina
sa kwarto. Pangkasal 2. Comparative (Panglabaw) – is the degree in An adverb is a word or a set of words that
• Suoton nako ang sapatos nga which two things are being compared to. Most modifies or describes verbs (punglihok),
pangkasal. adjectives, specifically one or two syllable adjectives (pungway), other adverbs (lain pang
4. Prefix pa - means being caused to be. adjectives form their comparative degree by pungwayon), or the entire sentence (tibuuk
Patagilid adding ‘r’ or ‘er’. tudling pulong). It answers how, when, where,
• Patagilid ang linya nga gihimo niya. how often, or to what extent something
Paliko Moreover, some adjectives which have three happens, which relates to the different types of
• Paliko ug porma ang iyang gidibuho syllables are formed by adding the word ‘more’ adverbs.
nga sakyanan. before the main adjective. In the Cebuano-
Visayan language, the use of the word ‘mas’ is TYPES OF ADVERBS (MGA MATANG SA
5. Prefix ka - used to show similarity or
added to adjectives. PUNGWAYON)
likeness.
Katupong 1. PUNGWAYON SA PAMAAGI (MANNER)
3. Superlative (Panglabing) – is the highest
• Katupong mo ug buhok ni Lydia.
degree of adjective used in comparing three or - In English, pungwayon sa pamaagi is adverb of
Kapareha
more things. Most adjectives are formed in this manner. It answers the question “how a
• Kapareha niya ug nawng ang akong
degree by adding ‘st’ or ‘est’ and some are particular action is done.” Most adverbs of
igsuon.
formed by adding the word ‘most’ preceding the manner usually end in –ly. It is sometimes
6. Prefix taga - refers to the place of origin.
main adjective. referred to as “pungwayon sa giunsa pagbuhat
Taga-Manila.
• Taga-Manila akong mama sauna. In the Cebuano-Visayan language, adjectives in ug mga lihok.”
Tagasyudad this degree use the prefix ‘kina’ and suffix ‘an’ C-V: Nindot ang iyang pagtugtog sa gitara.
Eng: He plays the guitar beautifully. In English, pungwayon sa katagi is adverb of • Nag-eskwela ko og BS Education, kay
degree. This type of adverb tells us the level of ganahan ko magtudlo sa mga bata sa akong
2. PUNGWAYON SA PANAHON (TIME)
intensity of a verb, adjective, or even another komunidad.
Pungwayon sa panahon is the Cebuano-Visayan adverb in a sentence. Simply, it answers the
• Kitang tanan gikapoy, apan kita
translation of the adverb of time. This type of question “to what extent.”
kinahanglan nga magpadayon.
adverb answers the question “when a particular
C-V: Hilabihang ka init sa panahon ning
action happens.” It is sometimes referred to as 2. PANGSAKUBOS NGA PANUGTONG
milabayng mga adlaw. Eng: The weather has
“pungwayon sa panahon sa pagbuhat sa lihok.”
been very hot these past few days. Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect
C-V: Mamasyal si Riza ugma sa hapon. an independent clause with a dependent clause.
CONJUNCTION (PANUGTONG)
In other words, subordinating conjunctions (or
Eng: Riza will go for a walk tomorrow afternoon.
CONJUNCTION subordinators) are used to link subordinate
3.PUNGWAYON SA DAPIT (PLACE) clauses with the main clauses in complex
A part of speech which includes words that
sentences. The most common subordinating
In English, pungwayon sa dapit is adverb of place. connect words, phrases or clauses together.
conjunctions are patterned through the acronym
It answers the question “where the action Conjunctions are referred to as the linguistic
SWABI (since, when, after, because, and if).
happened.” It is usually placed after the main devices that create cohesion in sentences and
verb or object or at the end of the sentence. It is paragraphs. In the Cebuano-Visayan language, While the SWABI subordinators are
sometimes referred to as “adberbiyo sa lugar conjunction is translated as panugtong. commonly used in the English language, in the
nga nahitabuan sa lihok.” Cebuano-Visayan language, however, the most
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION (MGA MATANG SA
commonly utilized subordinators include
C-V: Ang mga bata kay nagduwa sa gawas. PANUGTONG)
because (kay) and if (kung).
Eng: The kids are playing outside. 1. PANGSAMA NGA PANUGTONG
• Dili ko mu uban nila sa laag kay gikapoy
4. PUNGWAYON SA KASUBSOB (FREQUENCY) Pangsama nga Panugtong (coordinating ko sa klase ganina.
conjunction in English) joins two elements of
This particular type of adverb describes how 3. PAMARIS NGA PANUGTONG
equal grammatical rank and syntactic
often the verb or action occurs. They are placed importance. They can join two verbs, two nouns, This type of conjunction always comes in a pair
before the main verb of a sentence. Some of two adjectives, two phrases, or two independent and is used to join grammatically equal elements
these are never (wala gayud), always (kanunay), clauses. Coordinating conjunctions (simply called in a sentence. These types of conjunctions give
sometimes (usahay), usually or often as coordinators) are easily remembered by the emphasis to the combinations of two balanced
(kasagaran), and many others. acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, structures. They get their name from the fact
C-V: Aduna sila’y duwa kada semana. and so. that they work together and relate one sentence
element to another. Common pairs include
Eng: They have a match every week. In the Cebuano-Visayan language, the
either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also,
commonly utilized coordinators are for (kay),
5. PUNGWAYON SA KATAGI (DEGREE) and both … and.
and (ug), but (apan/pero), and or (o). Aduna kitay
mga pananglitan:
 In the Cebuano-Visayan sentences On a single form in the mother tongue, which
translation, the use of correlative means that most prepositions are translated
On is used to indicate specific names of days of
conjunctions are often ignored or into single Cebuano-Visayan word “sa.”
the week, fixed dates, and specific holidays.
disregarded. either…or
Examples:
At
• Mahimo nimong pilion ang pula nga
The puppy is on the couch.
sinina o ang asul nga sinina. (You can choose At is used for specific or fixed time (hours). This
either the red dress or the blue dress.) is also used with times of the day, including C-V: Ang itoy naa sa sopa (sofa).
noon, midnight, night, lunchtime, dinnertime,
PREPOSITION (PANDUGTONGAN) I live in the Philippines.
sunrise, and sunset.
WHAT IS PREPOSITION? C-V: Nagpuyo ko sa Pilipinas.
2. PANDUGTONGAN SA LUGAR, POSISYON
A preposition, translated as pangdugtongan in UG DIREKSYON INTERJECTION (PANGTUAW)
the Cebuano-Visayan language, is one of the
Prepositions of Place, Position and Direction. The INTERJECTION (PANGTUAW)
parts of speech, which is a word used to link
most common prepositions to indicate time –
nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words An interjection, pangtuaw in the
on, at, in – are also the most common
within a sentence. They act to connect the Cebuano-Visayan language, is a word that
prepositions to indicate position. These
people, objects, time and locations of a expresses feeling or emotion and functions
prepositions are used to indicate the position or
sentence. independently of a sentence, and usually utilize
placement of something.
TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS (MGA MATANG SA an exclamation point as a punctuation mark.
On Interjection does not bear a grammatical
PANDUGTONGAN)
relationship with the preceding or succeeding
On is used when referring to something with a
1. PANDUGTONGAN SA ORAS statement.
surface.
In the English language, pangdugtongan sa oras Although there are so many interjections
At
is the preposition of time. These prepositions are in the English language, it is essential to
used to help indicate when something At is used when referring to something at a remember that the use of interjections is
happened, happens or will happen. Simply, these specific point. language specific, personal, and cultural. With
are used to show relationship of time between this in mind, most interjections in the English
the nouns or pronouns to the other parts of the In
language do not occur in Philippine languages, in
sentence. The most commonly used prepositions In is used when referring to something that is Cebuano-Visayan language, for instance.
of time include in, on, and at. inside or within confined boundaries. This could
INTERJECTIONS (PANGTUAW)
In be anything, even a country.
INTERJECTION 1 AGAY! (OUCH)
In is used to refer to years, names of months, Prepositions are confusing; however, it is also INTERJECTION 2 AGUY! (UH OH!)
seasons, centuries, and other times of days, essential to note that several prepositions, INTERJECTION 3 HAY!
including morning and afternoon. regardless of how difficult and confusing the INTERJECTION 4 HOY!
rules are in the English language, are realized as
 INTERJECTION 5 SIMBAKO! (GOD A. Definition of Semantics Tserdanelis & Wong (2004) said that in order to
FORBID!) understand what meaning in a language is, it is
According to Different Authors
helpful to understand various aspects of
AGAY! (OUCH) Semantics is the branch of linguistics that meaning.
studies the meaning of words, phrases, and
Expresses sudden physical pain. • Meaning communicates information about the
sentences. The following are some of the
world around us. We refer to persons, places,
EXAMPLE: (Agay! Sakitas akong ulo gyud.) definitions of semantics according to different
and both concrete and abstract ideas or
authors:
AGUY! (UH OH!) concepts, and their properties or characteristics.
1. Lobner (2002) defined semantics as the A language is a system of symbols that stand for
Used to express dismay, and sometimes used part of linguistics that is concerned with the other things.
differently rather than dismay depending on the meaning.
context. • Meaning is a mental image or concept of
2. Stringer (2019) said that semantics is the something. Hence, meaning is both cognitive
EXAMPLE: (Aguy! Naunsa naman ni?!), (Aguy! study of how language is used to represent and psychological.
Mapriso ka!) meaning.
• Meaning is a social phenomenon. Meaning
HAY! 3. Saeed (1997) simply explained that comes into play in the relationship or knowledge
semantics is the study of meaning shared between the speaker and the hearer,
Used to express exasperation or frustration.
communicated through the use of language. between the reader and the text, or the
EXAMPLE: (Hay! Kapuya kaayo rong adlawa individual in relation to the environment.
4. For Kreidler (1998), linguistic semantics
oy.)
is the study of how languages organize and • The meaning of words and sentences have
HOY! express meanings. various relationships among them. Examples of
these relationships are our categories of words
Used to attract or gain someone’s attention. 5. Irawan, et al., (2020) elucidated that
or expressions that mean the same (synonyms)
semantics is the study of the meaning or any
EXAMPLE: (Hoy! Gitawag tawn ka nako.) or differently (antonyms). A sentence or
meaning contained in a language, code, or other
utterance can either be interpreted or said in its
SIMBAKO! sort of representation.
interrogative or declarative form.
“God forbid!” and “knock on wood.” 6. Hussain & Sajid (2015) described
• Meaning can be studied in the words of a
semantics as simply the study of meaning of the
EXAMPLE: Simbako! Ayaw gyud intawon. language and in the sentences that can be
language and is concerned with the relationship
constructed in that language.
between signifiers, such as words, phrases,
signs, symbols, denotations, or what they C. Semantic Features
The Semantics of a Language in Cebuano- represent.
Visayan Words are generally categorized using the
B. Theories of Meaning by Tserdanelis & Wong knowledge we gained from understanding their
What comes into your mind when you hear the (2004) meanings. With this in mind, semantic features
word “semantics?” represent the basic conceptual components of
meaning for any lexical item or terms. Semantic C-V Translation: Giuli ni Lyka ang magasin Eng Translation: Mary killed the cockroach on
features in linguistics helps to explain how ngadto kang George. the table using the broom.
words that share certain features may be
Eng Translation: Lyka handed the magazine back C-V Translation: Gipanitan ni Raul ang mangga
members of the same semantic domain, such as
to George. gamit ang kutsilyo.
the part of speech a particular word belongs,
gender of nouns, and many others. Let us take a 2. Theme. The entity that in involved in or Eng Translation: Raul peeled the mango with a
look on the following examples: affected by the action, or the direct receiver of knife.
an action. The theme can also be an entity that is
Semantic Features Examples 5.Experiencer. The experiencer of an event or
being described (i.e. not performing the action).
Part of Speech – Nouns Cow, house, car, lapis, sapa, the entity who has a feeling, perception or state.
libro, eskwelahan C-V Translation: Gipatay ni Mary ang uk-ok sa This is also the entity experiencing some
Part of Speech – Verbs Run, catch, climb, lamesa.
hilak, psychological state. Remember that if we see,
langoy, suwat, katawa know, hear, feel or enjoy something, we’re not
Eng Translation: Mary killed the cockroach on
Gender of Nouns – Masculine Sir, lion, peacock, brother, really performing a direct action (hence we are
hero, man the table.
not agent), but rather an experiencer.
Gender of Nouns - Feminine Ma’am, lioness, peahen,
sister, heroine, womanC-V Translation: Gibisbisan ni Shyna ang mga C-V Translation: Nakadungog ka anang kasaba?
Based on the examples, words are classified bulak.
according to the semantic feature they share: Eng Translation: Did you hear that noise?
Eng Translation: Shyna watered the flowers.
parts of speech which include the nouns and C-V Translation: Naguol ang bata.
verbs, as well as the gender of nouns. 3.Patient. The thing that action happens to; or
simply the thing that undergoes the process or Eng Translation: The boy feels sad.
D. Semantic Roles action of the verb.
6.Force. The non-volitional or non-human entity
Also known as thematic or participant roles, C-V Translation: Nagluto si Lovelle og lamian nga which caused the event or action but not the
semantic roles pertain to the roles of words, cake para nako. Eng Translation: Lovelled baked agent.
including noun and noun phrases, which perform a delicious cake for me.
or fulfill roles with respect to the action or state C-V Translation: Gihuyop sa hangin ang balon
described by a verb within a given situation or C-V Translation: Ang chef nag-andam og lamiang paingon sa langit. Eng Translation: The wind
context of use (Yule, 1996). These role types pagkaon. blew the balloon up to the sky.
include the following: Eng Translation: The chef prepared a sumptuous C-V Translation: Giguba sa linog ang mga
1. Agent. The entity that intentionally carries out meal. imprastruktura.
the action of the verb; the doer, which can either 4.Instrument. An instrument or a thing involved Eng Translation: The earthquake destroyed the
be human or non-human entities that cause or used in completing or accomplishing the infrastructures.
actions voluntarily. action.
7.Source. The place of origin of the object of a
C-V Translation: Gihimo ni Mariana ang iyang C-V Translation: Gipatay ni Mary ang uk-ok sa transfer event. Remember that source may also
buluhaton. Eng Translation: Mariana made her lamesa gamit ang silhig. refer to a person as the origin.
assignment.
C-V Translation: Nahulog si Debby sa Eng Translation: Lycel handed the pencil back to C-V Translation: Bag-ong modelo sa EO ang
lingkuranan. Lessete. eyeglasses ni Jann Rio.

Eng Translation: Debby fell off the chair. 9.Path. The route by which something moves. Eng Translation: Jann Rio's eyeglasses are a new
Path is the semantic role describing the locale EO model.
C-V Translation: Nagdagan ang akong kuting
transversed in motion.
gikan sa tanaman hangtod sa kusina. E. Lexical Relations
C-V Translation: Mitabok ang sakayan ilawom sa
Eng Translation: My kitten run from the garden Lexical relations describe the relationship among
taytayan.
to the kitchen. word meanings. It is the study of how lexicon is
Eng Translation: The boat crosses under the managed and how the lexical meanings of lexical
8.Goal. The destination of an object of a transfer
bridge. items are related each other. There are several
event; simply the place or direction to which
types of lexical relations, such as synonymy,
something goes. Remember that goal may also C-V Translation: Ang bata mikamang tabok sa
antonymy, hyponymy, prototypes, and many
refer to person as the destination. kwarto.
others (Palmer, 1976).
C-V Translation: Nagdagan ang akong kuting Eng Translation: The baby crawled across the
Synonymy
gikan sa tanaman hangtod sa kusina. room.
Synonyms are two or more words whose
Eng Translation: My kitten run from the garden 10.Location. The location or place where the
meanings are closely related. "Sameness" may
to the kitchen. action of event takes place
not be "total sameness", hence, some synonyms
C-V Translation: Giuli ni Lycel ang lapis adto kang C-V Translation: Gipatay ni Mary ang uk-ok sa cannot be interchangeably used. Incorrect use
Lessete. lamesa gamit ang silhig. of synonyms may result to the oddness of
meaning of the sentence; simply making the
Eng Translation: Mary killed the cockroach on sentence semantically incorrect.
Gradable Non-Gradable Reversibles
the table using the broom.
Antonyms Antonyms
Examples: gigantic – big tiny – small
Are typically Also known as These pairs of C-V Translation: Nagluto si Lovelle og lamian nga
pairs of complementary antonyms cold – freezing
cake sa kusina. Eng Translation: Lovelled baked
adjectives antonyms, are simply mean
a delicious cake in the kitchen. Observe the examples below:
that can be pairs of words “doing the
qualified by that are reverse of the • My father purchased a large automobile.
11. Possessor. If someone owns or has
adverbs, such opposite in other.”
something, that object is in some sense located
as very, quite, meaning, cannot • My dad bought a big car.
extremely, be graded and with that person, whether physically or mentally.
surprisingly, are mutually This is simply the entity, more usually a human • Sandy had only one answer correct on the test.
and many exclusive. entity receiving or possessing something.
others. • Sandy had only one reply correct on the test.
Examples: Examples: Examples: C-V Translation: Gucci ang bag ni Pauline.
good – bad daughter – son entrance – Antonymy
long – short girl – boy exit lengthen Eng Translation: Pauline's bag is a Gucci.
hot – cold true – false – shorten tie –
untie
 Antonyms are two forms that have Japanese will mention the kimono, the Chinese Race
opposite meanings. There are three kinds of will say cheongsam, and a Filipino will identify
o A running competition
antonyms as presented below: the barong Tagalog. In the Philippines, the
tomato, which is a fruit is classified as a o An ethnic group
Hyponymy
vegetable because it does not have the usual
sweet taste of a fruit and it is mostly used for Polysemy
Hyponymy is the state or phenomenon that
shows the relationship between more general staple main courses made from fish, chicken, or Refers to one form (written or spoken)
terms and the more specific instances of it. In pork. Hence, speakers will vary in their use of having multiple meanings related by extension.
simpler terms, when the meaning of one form prototypes. For example, the word head, this is used to refer
includes the meaning of another, one word is the to the part of the body above the shoulders, the
Homophony
hyponym of the other. The general term is called top of a glass of a beer, or the person on top of a
the hypernyms, while the specific examples are This term describes two or more words with company or department. Other examples of
called the hyponyms. Take a look on the different spellings and meanings but with similar polysemy is the word foot, which can be used to
examples below to further understand what pronunciations. Some examples of homophones refer to a foot of a person, a bed, or of a
hyponym is: include: mountain. Collocations. Pertains to the words in
language which tend to occur with other words.
• The word flower is a hyperym. The write – right buy – bye
Some collocations are specific to a people who
hyponyms of flower include rose, sun – son for – four use a language. In the U.S., red collocates with
gumamela, santan, and many others.
cell – sell male – mail white and blue, the colors of the flag. Other
This can also be represented through a
examples are fresh air, knife and fork, enough
hierarchal representation. Homonymy already, biting cold, and many more. For
FLOWER example:
Refers to a word of one form or spelling
but has different meanings. Examples of • table – chair • salt – pepper
ROSE SANTA homonyms are the uses of the word:
GUMAMELA • hammer – nail • husband –
N Tie
Prototypes wife
Prototypes are concepts that closely o referring to a man's clothing accessory • bread – butter • spoon – fork
matches the defining characteristics of a (i.e. necktie)
particular concept. The word bird is a hyponym o equal scores in a game or competition
for chicken, duck, parrot, eagle, ostrich, or
penguin. But these are not the best examples of o to tie (used as a verb)
prototypes for bird. In the United States, the
Bat
closest example for a bird is a robin. In the
Philippines, it is the maya bird. Cultural o A piece of equipment used in sports
variations influence the interpretation or use of
o A flying nocturnal mammal
prototypes of words. Given the word clothing, a