Work and Energy

Work
• Describes what is accomplished
when a force acts on an object, and
the object moves through a distance
• Done on an object when a force
causes a displacement of the object
• Work done on an object by a constant
force is defined to be the product of
the magnitude of the displacement
times the component of the force
parallel to the displacement.
UNIT OF WORK
System WORK =𝑭 ∙ 𝒅 cos 𝜽
MKS N-m or Joule
CGS dyne-cm or erg
FPS ft-lb or foot-poundal
WORK EXAMPLE:
1000 Joules
• A box is dragged across a floor by a 100.0
o
N force directed 60.0 above the
horizontal. How much work does the force
do in pulling the object 8.00 m?
F = 100.0 N
𝜃 = 60.0o

d = 8.00 m
W = F(d)(cos 𝜃)
W = 100.0(8.00)(cos 60.0)
W= 400ത Joules
• Kinetic friction is a force that acts between moving
surfaces.
Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

• The coefficient of kinetic friction is the proportion

you get when you take the pulling force needed to
keep an object moving and divide that by the force
holding the two sliding surfaces together.
• This coefficient is specific to the materials involved in
the contacting surfaces.
• A rougher surface will have a higher coefficient.
• It is also important to specify whether the work done is
due to one particular force (and which one), or the total
(net) work done by the net force on the object.
Wnet = 30000 – 10000
Wnet = 20000 Joules

•What is the total work done?

• A person pulls a 50.0-kg crate 40.0 meters along a
horizontal floor by a constant force Fp = 100.0 N,
which acts at a 37.00 angle. The floor is rough and
exerts a friction force Ffr = 50.0 N.
• Determine the work done by each force acting on the
crate.
• What is the net work done on the crate?
m = 50.0 kg
d = 40.0 meters
Fp = 100.0 N 𝜃 = 37.00
Ffr = 50.0 N Wnet = ????

Wa = Fp(d)(cos 𝜃)
Wa = 100.0(40.0)(cos 37.0)
Wa = 3190 Joules
Wfr = Ffr(d) Wnet = Wa – Wfr
Wfr = 50.0(40.0) Wnet = 3190 – 200ത 0
Wfr = 200ത 0 Joules Wnet = 1190 Joules
• A 10.0 kg object experiences a horizontal force
which causes it to accelerate at 5.00 m/s2, moving
it a distance of 20.0 m, horizontally. The object
experience a frictional force 0.500 as the
coefficient of kinetic friction. What is the total
work done by the force?
m = 10.0 kg a = 5.00 m/s2 Ff = 𝜇𝑘 FN = 𝜇𝑘 (m)(g)
d = 20.0 m 𝜇𝑘 = 0.500 Ff = 0.500(10.0)(9.80)
Fa = ma Ff = 49.0 N
Fa = 10.0(5.00) Wf = Ff(d)
Fa = 50.0 N Wf = 49.0(20.0)
Wa = Fa(d) W f = 98 ത
0 Joules
Wa = 50.0(20.0)
Wa = 100ത 0 Joules Wnet = Wa – Wf
Wnet = 100ത 0 – 980ത
Wnet = 20.0 Joules
 How much work is required
to slide a 3.0-kg mass at
constant velocity along a
horizontal surface having a
coefficient of sliding friction
of 0.20 for a distance of 2.5
meters?
Solution:
W = Ff ∆d = μFN ∆d = μFw ∆d = μmg ∆d
W = (0.20)(3.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )(2.5 m)
W = 14.7 N-m or 15 J
A porter drags a crate 11.0 meters across a floor by pulling on a rope
tied to the crate as shown in the figure. The worker exerts a force of
450.0 N on the rope, which is inclined at 38.00 above the horizontal.
The floor exerts a frictional horizontal force of 125 N on the box in a
direction opposite to the direction of motion. How much net work is
done by the porter?
d = 11.0 m Fa = 450.0 N 𝜽 = 38.00 Ff = 125 N

Wa = Fa(d)(cos 𝜃)
Wa = 450.0(11.0)(cos 38.0)
Wa = 390ത 0 Joules

Wf = Ff(d) Wnet = Wa – Wf
Wf = 125(11.0) Wnet = 390ത 0 – 1380
Wf = 1380 Joules Wnet = 2520 Joules
Energy is the ability
to do work.
• An object in motion has the ability to do
work and thus can be said to have
energy.
• The energy of motion is called kinetic
energy.
 Kinetic Energy = ½ (mass)(velocity)2
Example:
A 140-kg. athlete jogs at a constant velocity of 7.5 m/s. How
much kinetic energy does he have?

Solution:
KE = ½ mv2
KE = ½ (140 kg)(7.5 m/s)2
KE = 3937.5 (kg-m/s2)m or N-m
KE = 3900 Joules
Example:
Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller
coaster car that is moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.
Solution:
KE = ½ mv2
KE = ½ (625 kg)(18.3 m/s)2
KE = 105,000 Joules

If the roller coaster car in the above problem were moving

with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic
energy?
If the roller coaster car in the above problem were
moving with twice the speed, then what would be its
new kinetic energy?
Solution:
KE = ½ m(2v) 2

KE = ½ m(4v2)
KE = 4(½ mv )2

KE = 4(KEorig) KE = 420,000 Joules

KE = 4 (105,000 Joules)
 • A car had a kinetic energy of
12,000.0 Joules before it hits
the wall. If the car’s mass is
100.0 kg, then what is its
speed before hitting the wall?
1
KE = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1
12,000.0 J = (100.0
kg) (v2)
2
2(12,000.0 J) = (100.0 kg) (v2)
2(12,000.0 𝐽)
= v2
100.0 𝑘𝑔
2(12,000.0 𝐽)
= v
100.0 𝑘𝑔
𝒎
15.49 = v
𝒔
• The work-energy theorem
can be derived from
Newton’s second law.
• Work done on an object
transfers energy to the
object.
• The total work done by all
the forces on an object,
you will know the object's
change in KE.
• A 2.00 kg book is accelerated from 2.00 m/s
to 4.00 m/s as it is pulled across a table. What
is the amount of work needed to accelerate
the book?
m = 2.00 kg Vi = 2.00 m/s Vf = 4.00 m/s

Wnet = KEf – KEi

1 2 1 2
Wnet = mvf – mvi
2 2
1 2 2
Wnet = (m)(vf – vi )
2
1 2 2
Wnet = (2.00)(4.00 – 2.00 )
2
Wnet = 12.0 Joules
• The driver of a 1,000.0 kg car travelling at a
speed of 16.7 m/s applies the car's brakes
when he sees a red light. The car's brakes
provide a frictional force of 8,000.0 N.
• Determine the stopping distance of the car.
m = 1,000.0 kg Vi = 16.7 m/s Ff = - 8,000.0 N Vf = 0.00 m/s

Wnet = KEf – KEi

1 2
Fd = 0 – mvi
2
1 2
(-8000.0)d = 0 – (1000.0)(16.7)
2
1
0 – 2 (1000.0)(16.7)2
d=
−8000.0
d = 17.4 meters
›A 0.0850-kg arrow is fired from a
bow whose string exerts an
average force of 105 N on the
arrow over a distance of 0.0750
m.
›What is the speed of the arrow
as it leaves the bow?
m = 0.0850 kg F = 105 N d = 0.0750 m.

Wnet = KEf – KEi

1
Fd = mvf2 – 0
2
1
Fd = mvf2 2 105 (0.0750)
2 = vf
2Fd = mvf2 0.0850
2𝐹𝑑
= vf2 13.6 m/s = vf
𝑚
2𝐹𝑑
= vf
𝑚
• Kinetic energy – energy by virtue of its motion
• Potential energy – energy associated with forces
that depend on the position or configuration of
an object relative to the surroundings
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• Most common potential energy
• The product of the object’s weight
and its height above the ground
• The higher an object is above the
ground, the more GPE.

PE = mgh
 Potential Energy
Work = Force x Distance
PE = Weight x Height
PE = mgh
Example:
A 42.0-kg mass is raised to a height of 5.0 meters.
How much potential energy does it have?
Solution:
PE = mgh = (42.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )(5.0 m)
PE = 2058 N-m = 2100 Joules
• A ball of mass 2.00 kg is kept on the hill of
height 3.00 km. Calculate the potential energy
possessed by it.
 1000 𝑚
m = 2.00 kg h = 3.00 km x = 300ത 0 m
1 𝑘𝑚

PE = mgh
ത
PE = 2.00(9.80)(3000)
PE = 58800 Joules
• A boy is carrying a
bucket of water of
mass 5.00 kg. If he
does 500.0 J of work,
to what height will he
raise it?
m = 5.00 kg PE = 500.0 J
PE = mgh
𝑃𝐸
=h
𝑚𝑔
500.0
=h
5.00(9.80)
10.2 m = h
By how much does the
gravitational potential
energy of a 54.0-kg pole
vaulter change if her
center of mass rises
about 4.00 m during the
jump?
m = 54.0 kg h = 4.00 m

PE = mgh
PE = 54.0(9.80)(4.00)
PE = 2120 Joules
Potential Energy of Elastic Spring
• The spring has potential energy when
compressed (or stretched), because
when it is released, it can do work.
Energy Transformation
›Energy can be
transformed from one
form to another.
›Potential energy is being
transformed into kinetic
energy.
• Mechanical energy is the energy that is
possessed by an object due to its
motion or due to its position.
• Mechanical energy can be either
kinetic energy (energy of motion) or
potential energy (stored energy of position).
Total Mechanical Energy
∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬 = 0
(KE2 - KE1) + (PE2 – PE1) = 0
We now define a quantity E, called the total
mechanical energy of our system, as the sum of
the kinetic and potential energies at any moment:
E = KE + PE
KE2 + PE2 = KE1 + PE1
E2 = E1 constant
• The total mechanical energy of a system is a
conserved quantity.
• The total mechanical energy E remains constant as
long as no nonconservative forces do work.
 Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy
• If only conservative forces
m = 82.0 kg do work, the total
mechanical energy of a
system neither increases
nor decreases in any
process.
h=10.0 m
• It stays constant—it is
conserved.
Law of Conservation of Energy
› The total energy is neither increased nor
decreased in any process.
› Energy can be transformed from one form to
another, and transferred from one object to
another, but the total amount remains constant.
(Example: TME)
 Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy
∆𝑷𝑬 + ∆𝑲𝑬 = 0
Total Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy

TME = PE1 + KE1 = PE2 + KE2

TME = PEmax + 0 = 0 + KEmax
TME = PEmax = PE at maximum
height
TME = KEmax = KE at the lowest level
h max
• A 2.0 kg metal ball is suspended from a rope as a
pendulum. If it is released from point A and swings
down to the point B (the bottom of its arc):
• Show that the velocity of the ball is independent of its mass,
• Calculate the velocity of the ball at point B.

TME1 = TME2
PEmax = KEmax
1 2
mgh = 𝑚𝑣
2
1 2
gh = 𝑣
2
• A 2.0 kg metal ball is suspended from a rope as a
pendulum. If it is released from point A and swings
down to the point B (the bottom of its arc):
• Show that the velocity of the ball is independent of its mass,
• Calculate the velocity of the ball at point B.
1
gh = 𝑣2
2
2gh = 𝑣 2
± 2𝑔ℎ = v
± 2 −9.80 −0.5 = v
- 3 m/s = v
•If the initial height
of the rock is y1 =
h = 3.0 m,
calculate the
rock’s velocity
when it has fallen
to 1.0 m above
the ground.
Given: hmax = -3.0 m
h = -1.0 m
TME1 = TME2
PEmax = PE2 + KE2
1 2
mghmax = mgh + 𝑚𝑣
2
1 2
ghmax = gh + 𝑣
2
 1
ghmax = gh + 𝑣2
2
1 2
ghmax – gh = 𝑣
2
1 2
g(hmax – h) = 𝑣
2
2
2g(hmax – h) = 𝑣
± 2g(hmax – h) = v
± 2(−9.80)(−3.0 – −1.0) = v
= v
± 2(−9.80)(−3.0 + 1.0)
- 6.3 m/s = v
• Assuming the height of the hill in this figure is 40.0
m, and the roller-coaster car starts from rest at the
top, calculate:
• The speed of the roller-coaster car at the bottom of the
hill
• At what height it will have half this speed
• Take y = 0 at the bottom of the hill
 Given: TME1 = PEmax
hmax = -40.0 meters or
TME1 = KEmax
PEmax = KEmax
1 1
1 v = (vorig) = (-28.0) = -14.0 m/s
mghmax = mv2 2 2
2
1 2 TME1 = TME2
ghmax = v PEmax = PE2 + KE2
2
2ghmax = v2 1
mghmax = mgh + mv2
2
1 2
± 2ghmax = v ghmax = gh + v
2
± 2(−9.80)(−40.0) = v 1
ghmax – gh = v2
2
– 28.0 m/s = v
 1 1
v = (vorig) = (-28.0) = -14.0 m/s
2 2
TME1 = TME2
PEmax = PE2 + KE2 1 2
1 𝑣
mghmax = mgh + mv2 2
2
hmax – = h
𝑔
1 2 1
ghmax = gh + v (−14.0)2
2 2
1 2 – 40.0 – = h
ghmax – gh = v −9.80
2 1
1 2 (−14.0)2
2
g(hmax – h) =
2
v – 40.0 + = h
9.80
1 2
𝑣
hmax – h = 2 30.0 meters = h
𝑔
Power
• Power is defined as the rate at which work is
done.
• Average power equals the work done divided
by the time to do it.
• Power can also be defined as the rate at which
energy is transformed.
• Watt is the unit of power in Joules per second.
• A joule per second is called a watt [W] in
honor of the Scottish mechanical
engineer James Watt.
• Watt is most famous for inventing an
improved steam engine in the years around
1770 and slightly less famous for inventing
the concept of power shortly thereafter.
• Power was a new way to compare his
engines to the machines they were
designed to replace — horses.
• A horsepower is a unit of power sufficient
to raise 33,000 pounds 1 foot every
1 minute equivalent to roughly 746 W.
𝑲𝑬𝒇 − 𝑲𝑬𝒊
𝒕
 Sample problem
• A 60.0-kg jogger runs up a long
flight of stairs in 4.00 s
• The vertical height of the stairs
is 4.50 m.
• Estimate the jogger’s power
output in watts and
horsepower. 1 hp = 746 W
• How much energy did this
require?
 Given: m = 60.0 kg t = 4.00 s h = 4.50 m
𝑊
P=
𝑡
𝑚𝑔ℎ
P=
𝑡
60.0 9.80 4.50
P=
4.00
P = 662 Watts
1 ℎ𝑝
662 W x = 0.887 hp
746 𝑊
The person had to transform more energy than this 2650 J. The
total energy transformed by a person always includes some
thermal energy.
•You’re riding a toboggan down
an icy run to a frozen lake,
and you accelerate the 80.0-
kg combination of you and
the toboggan from 1.00 m/s
to 2.00 m/s in 2.00 s. How
much power does that
require?
 ∆𝐾𝐸
P=
𝑡
𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖
P=
𝑡
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 2
2 2
P=
𝑡
𝑣 2−𝑣 2
𝑚 𝑓 𝑖
P=
2 𝑡
𝑚 2 2
P= 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
2𝑡
Given: m = 80.0 kg t = 2.00 s
Vf = 2.00 m/s Vi = 1.00 m/s

𝑚 2 2
P= 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
2𝑡
80.0 2 2
P= 2.00 − 1.00
2 2.00
P = 60.0 Watts
• A 60.0-kg person is running and
accelerates from 5.00 m/s to 7.00 m/s
in 2.00 s. How much power does that
require? P = 360ത Watts
m = 60.0 kg t = 2.00 s
Vi = 5.00 m/s Vf = 7.00 m/s

𝑚 2 2
P= 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
2𝑡
60.0 2 2
P= 7.00 − 5.00
2(2.00)
P = 360ത Watts
• You’re driving a snowmobile that accelerates from
10.0 m/s to 20.0 m/s over a time interval of 10.0 s.
If you and the snowmobile together have a mass
of 500.0 kg, how much power is used?

P = 750ത 0 Watts
m = 500.0 kg t = 10.0 s
Vi = 10.0 m/s Vf = 20.0 m/s

𝑚 2 2
P= 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
2𝑡
500.0 2 2
P= 20.0 − 10.0
2(10.0)
P = 750ത 0 Watts