NAM : BATHOBILE PORTIA MZINDLE

STUDENT NUMBER:
ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 3
MODULE CODE: IOP2601
DUE DATE : 19-09-2023
In her study, the research psychologists stated “There is no difference in memory
scores of patients diagnosed with depression and those who are not.” This is a typical
example of a/an __null_____ hypothesis.

A test that allows us to assess differences between more than two group means and to
examine the effects of more than one independent variable is Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA).______

A chi-square test is typically used to test for association between two categorical
variables.

1.4 A _null______ hypothesis is a negative statement about a possible difference

between the variables that you want to study.

The single-sample t-test is used when you have a single set of scores and are
investigating whether the mean of this sample equals a known mean. Is this statement
true or false?

True
State the type of error that occurs when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is
actually true.
Type I error (false-positive)
1.7
a) Hypothesis H1: μ1 > μ2 is a directional alternative hypothesis. It specifies a specific
direction of difference between the means of two groups (μ1 and μ2).
b) Hypothesis H1: μA < μB is also a directional alternative hypothesis. It specifies a
specific direction of difference between the means of two groups (μA and μB).
c)Hypothesis H1: μA ≠ μB is a nondirectional alternative hypothesis. It does not specify
a specific direction of difference between the means of two groups (μA and μB).

18.
a) The critical value for the test computed by the professor at a significance level of 1%,
two-tailed can be found using a t-table or statistical software. It depends on the degrees
of freedom (df) and the desired significance level.
b) The critical value is the value that the test statistic must exceed in order to reject the
null hypothesis.

1.9

“To make this determination, we need to analyze the F statistic and its associated p-
value (Sig.). The F statistic measures the ratio of the variability between the
departments to the variability within the departments. The p-value indicates the
probability of obtaining the observed F statistic by chance alone.
In this case, the F statistic is 1.016 and the p-value is 0.470.”
To interpret these results, we compare the p-value to a predetermined significance level
(e.g., 0.05). If the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference between the departments.
If the p-value is greater than the significance level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that there is no significant difference between the departments.
In this case, the p-value of 0.470 is greater than the significance level of 0.05.
Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant
difference between the three departments in terms of productivity.
To summarize, based on the analysis of the F statistic and p-value, there is no
significant difference between the three departments in terms of productivity.

Question 2
2.1 Null Hypothesis (H0)
The null hypothesis (H0) for the HR manager can be formulated as follows:
Symbol: H0: μ = μ0
Words: The average (mean) value of the population is equal to a specific value (μ0).
2.2 Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
The alternative hypothesis (H1) for the HR manager can be formulated as follows:
Words: The average (mean) value of the population is not equal to a specific value (μ0).
2.3 One-tailed or Two-tailed Test
The HR manager's hypothesis test is two-tailed. This means that the alternative
hypothesis (H1) does not specify a direction, but rather states that the population mean
is different from the specific value (μ0).
2.4 Appropriate Statistical Test and Test Statistics
Assuming that the data are normally distributed, an appropriate statistical test to use is
the t-test. The t-test is used to compare the means of two groups or to compare the
mean of a sample to a known value.
To calculate the test statistics, you would need the sample mean, sample standard
deviation, sample size, and the specific value (μ0). Using these values, you can
calculate the t-value using the formula:
t = (sample mean - μ0) / (sample standard deviation / √sample size)
The calculated t-value can then be compared to the critical t-value from the t-distribution
table or calculated using statistical software. This will help determine whether to reject
or fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0).

Critical Value
To determine the critical value for a test at a significance level of 5% (0.05), we need to
consult a t-distribution table or use statistical software. The critical value corresponds to
the t-value that leaves a 5% probability in the tails of the distribution.
Since the degrees of freedom for this problem is 4, we need to find the critical t-value for
a two-tailed test with 4 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05. Consulting a
t-distribution table or using software, we find that the critical t-value is approximately
2.776.
Therefore, the critical value for this test is 2.776.
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
To advise the HR manager on whether to reject the null hypothesis or not, we need to
compare the test statistic (t-value) with the critical value.
If the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject the
null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
In this case, we do not have the test statistic provided, so we cannot make a definitive
conclusion. However, if the test statistic is greater than 2.776, we would reject the null
hypothesis. If it is less than or equal to 2.776, we would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Interpretation of the Results
The rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis in terms of the original problem
statement depends on the specific hypothesis being tested. Without the details of the
null hypothesis, it is difficult to provide a specific interpretation.
However, in general, if we reject the null hypothesis, it means that there is evidence to
suggest that there is a significant difference between the appointed male and female
interns. If we fail to reject the null hypothesis, it means that there is not enough
evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference between the two groups.
The level of certainty in our conclusion is determined by the significance level (alpha)
chosen for the test. In this case, a significance level of 5% (0.05) was used. If we reject
the null hypothesis, we can say that we are 95% confident in our conclusion. If we fail to
reject the null hypothesis, we can say that we do not have enough evidence to be 95%
confident in our conclusion.

2.6 Based on your answers in question 2.3 and 2.5, determine the critical value for the
test for a significance level of 5% (0,05).
To determine the critical value for a test at a significance level of 5% (0.05), we need to
consult a t-distribution table or use statistical software. The critical value corresponds to
the t-value that leaves a 5% probability in the tails of the distribution.
Since the degrees of freedom for this problem is 4, we need to find the critical t-value for
a two-tailed test with 4 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05. Consulting a
t-distribution table or using software, we find that the critical t-value is approximately
2.776.
Therefore, the critical value for this test is 2.776.

2.7 Advise the HR manager on whether to reject null hypothesis or not. Justify your
answer
To advise the HR manager on whether to reject the null hypothesis or not, we need to
compare the test statistic (t-value) with the critical value.
If the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject the
null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
In this case, we do not have the test statistic provided, so we cannot make a definitive
conclusion. However, if the test statistic is greater than 2.776, we would reject the null
hypothesis. If it is less than or equal to 2.776, we would fail to reject the null hypothesis.

2.8 In plain language, interpret your rejection or non-rejection of her null hypothesis in
terms of the original problem statement. In your statement, include your level of
certainty.
The rejection or non-rejection of the null hypothesis in terms of the original problem
statement depends on the specific hypothesis being tested. Without the details of the
null hypothesis, it is difficult to provide a specific interpretation.
However, in general, if we reject the null hypothesis, it means that there is evidence to
suggest that there is a significant difference between the appointed male and female
interns. If we fail to reject the null hypothesis, it means that there is not enough
evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference between the two groups.
The level of certainty in our conclusion is determined by the significance level (alpha)
chosen for the test. In this case, a significance level of 5% (0.05) was used. If we reject
the null hypothesis, we can say that we are 95% confident in our conclusion. If we fail to
reject the null hypothesis, we can say that we do not have enough evidence to be 95%
confident in our conclusion.

3.1 Choose an appropriate test statistic to test this hypothesis and calculate the test
statistic.
Present your answers in a summary table.
To test the hypothesis, we need to choose an appropriate test statistic. In this case,
since we are comparing proportions between two groups (satisfied and not satisfied),
we can use the chi-square test for independence.
To calculate the test statistic, we need to create a contingency table. Let's call the
categories "Satisfied," "Not Satisfied," and "Not Sure." The table would look like this:

Male 50 20 30
FeMale 80 15 5
Using this contingency table, we can calculate the chi-square test statistic. The formula
for the chi-square test statistic is:

χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E)

Where:
O is the observed frequency in each cell of the contingency table
E is the expected frequency in each cell of the contingency table (calculated under the
assumption of independence)
After calculating the expected frequencies, we can substitute the values into the formula
and calculate the chi-square test statistic.
3.2 Determine the critical value which will help you to decide whether or not you should
reject the null hypothesis at α = 0,05.

To determine the critical value at a significance level of α = 0.05, we need to refer to the
chi-square distribution table with the appropriate degrees of freedom. The degrees of
freedom for a chi-square test of independence are calculated as:

df = (number of rows - 1) * (number of columns - 1)

In this case, the contingency table has 2 rows and 3 columns, so the degrees of
freedom would be:

df = (2 - 1) * (3 - 1) = 2
Referring to the chi-square distribution table with 2 degrees of freedom and a
significance level of α = 0.05, we can find the critical value.

3.3 Do you reject the null hypothesis?

To determine whether to reject the null hypothesis, we compare the calculated test
statistic to the critical value. If the calculated test statistic is greater than the critical
value, we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
3.4 Interpret your findings in terms of the original problem statement.
Based on the results of the hypothesis test, if we reject the null hypothesis, it would
indicate that there is a significant association between employee satisfaction with child-
care facilities and their gender. If we fail to reject the null hypothesis, it would suggest
that there is no significant association between these variables. The interpretation would
depend on the specific findings of the test.

Category A Category B Category C

Male staff 50 20 30
Female staff 80 15 5

4.2 Determine the degrees of freedom.

Degrees of freedom = (2 - 1) * (3 - 1) = 1 * 2 = 2

Therefore, the degrees of freedom is 2.

4.3 Determine the critical value at a significance level of α = 0.1 from the appropriate
table.

The critical value at a significance level of α = 0.1 is 4.605.