University Of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las

Piñas
CHAPTER III:

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the different types of methods that will be utilized for this

quantitative research (i.e., research design, sampling method, research instruments and locale).

Also, in this chapter, it shows the different types of statistical treatment that will soon be applied

in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data gathered information.

Research Design

The researchers will be using the randomized multi-group post-test to collect and analyze

the data about the relationship of various text colors on memory retention and memory transfer

of the students. The randomized multi-group post-test consists of two parts, namely; the control

group and the experimental group. The control group in the study is the black color, while the

experimental group consists of blue, red, green and violet colors. The control group will be

compared to the experimental group of the study. There will be 5 groups which will depend on

the colors used and will involve 6 students for each color. Both control and experimental group

will answer a post-test and the evaluation will only be based upon the scores they had. The data

on the students’ post-test will determine the potential relationship of the various text colors on

their memory retention and memory transfer.

Research Instrument
Materials Description
1. Printer  The researchers will use five (5) different colors of
inks.
 The researchers will use printer to produce
flashcards and reading materials in different text
 University Of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las
Piñas
colors.
2. Flashcards  In the process of measuring the memory retention
and Reading texts of the respondents, the researchers will
use flashcards and reading texts that will contain
different sets of words and stories printed in
different colors. 
3. Stopwatch  The researchers will use one (1) stopwatch. 
 Stopwatch is powered by a mainspring, having two
(2) knurled knob at the top of the watch. 
 Can purchase from the hardware and other stores. 
 The researchers will use stopwatch as a timer to
limit the reading time of the respondents.
4. Observation Schedule  The researchers will use one (1) observation
schedule. 
 An observation schedule is a form prepared prior to
data collection that delineates the behaviour and
situational features to be observed and recorded
during observation.
 Price ranges from five (5) pesos to eight (8) pesos
 The researchers will make their own template of the
observation schedule that is needed for the
experiment.
 Before having the experiment, the researchers will
check whether all of the respondents were given the
activity sheets and ready to undergo the simulation
process. Also, the time allotment for each set of
experiment will be observed.
5. Words and Stories  The researchers will use words and stories to test
the memory retention and memory transfer of the
participants.
 The words and stories will be printed on papers.
 The basis on the words that will be used in the
 University Of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las
Piñas
study were the common words used in English
vocabulary for Grade 5 students for speaking from
slideshare.ne/abdulkharimodoya/5th-grade-
spellingwordslist.
 The researchers will choose the short story ideas
that were based from alltimeshortstories.com as
reading text for memory transfer.
6. Activity Sheets  The researchers will use activity sheets as the basis
on the participant's capability on memory retention
and memory transfer.
 The estimated cost for the activity sheet ranges
from twenty (20) pesos to sixty (60) pesos
 The materials can be found in the local bookstores.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in the University of Perpetual Help System DALTA-Las

Piñas Campus, located at Alabang–Zapote Road, Pamplona 3, Las Pinas City, 1740, Metro

Manila. A series of test will then be conducted to these 30 Grade 5 students. The researchers will

be choosing this location because it is where the respondents of the study were located. Also,

since the researchers are studying at the same school, it would be more convenient for them to

conduct the test simulation. This could also help the respondents to feel secure for their

classrooms will be used as the venue of the simulation.

Sampling Design

The researchers will be using the quota sampling technique as the research design. Quota

sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the sample has the same proportions
 University Of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las
Piñas
of individuals as the entire population. This type of sampling requires the stratification of the

population to meet the desired amount of sample. The researchers decided to use quota sampling

technique because they will be having 5 subgroups (i.e., the colors black, blue, red, green, and

violet) composed of 6 respondents each. 87 is the total population of the Grade 5 students of the

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA-Las Piñas Campus. From there, the researchers

will be getting 30 students to fill-in the slots on each subgroup. By using the quota sampling

technique, the researchers will be able to meet the needed number of participants for each

subgroup. Lastly, the data gathered on each subgroup would be a vital ingredient that could make

a large impact on the results of the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers prepared a flashcard test and reading materials for the Grade 5 students of the

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA-Las Piñas Campus School Year 2019- 2020. They

used bond papers for the materials of the activity. The researchers conducted their experiment in

2 days. For the first day, they divided the 10 word items into 2 parts. After the first 5 items

presented within 3 seconds, the students wrote their answers on the activity sheets provided for

30 seconds, then the second part will be the same process as the previous part. Next, they flashed

the stories for 2 minutes and the students answered 4 items within 5 minutes. On the next day,

the process will be the same but the time will increase. The words were shown for 6 seconds and

given a 1 minute to answer. Also, the students read the story for 5 minutes and answered the

same number of items within 8 minutes. After all the data have been gathered, the researchers

plotted it on a tabular form and proceeded to the data analysis.

MSB
F=
MSE
SSB
MSB=
k−1
SSE
MSE=
N −k
SSB= Ʃn ( x́−x́ )2 SSE=∑ ( n−1 )2
2
SST= ƩƩ( x− x́ n )
or SST=SSB+SSE
df1= k-1
df2 = N-k
x´
t= diff
Hx2 Paired Sample t-Test sd diff
( )
√n

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be computed in two ways: one-way or in a multi-

factorial process. To test the 1st hypothesis, the researchers will be using the multi-factorial

ANOVA because there will be a dependent (response) variable and three or more independent

(factor) variables. The study will have five (5) independent variables including the colors black,

blue, red, green, and violet, while the dependent variables will be the memory retention and

memory transfer. If the null hypothesis is true, the between treatment variation (numerator) will

not exceed the residual or error variation (denominator) and the F statistic will be small. And if

the alternative hypothesis is true, then the F statistic will be large. On the other hand, the paired

sample t-test is a statistical procedure used to determine whether the mean difference between

two sets of observations is zero. The researchers wish to use this t-test to compare the means of
 University Of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las
Piñas
the control and the experimental group. Thus, the groups were measured twice which results into

having pairs of observations. The outcome of the t-test produces the t-value, which is then

compared against the value obtained from a critical value table or the T-Distribution Table.

For Multi-factorial ANOVA where,

F= ANOVA Coefficient

MSB= Mean sum of squares between treatments

MSE= Mean sum of squares due to error

SSB= Sum of squares between treatments

SSE= Sum of squares due to error

SS= Total sum of squares

n= Total number of samples in a population

df1= Degrees of freedom between treatments

df2= Degrees of freedom for error

x́= Overall sample mean

x́ n= Sample mean of the nth independent group

k= Number of independent groups

N= Total number of observations or total sample size

For Paired Sample t-Test where,

x́ diff= Sample mean of the differences

sddiff= Standard deviation of differences

n= total number of respondents