Holographic Diffraction Gratings - N.george

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RESEARCH ARTICLE | NOVEMBER 30 2004

HOLOGRAPHIC DIFFRACTION GRATINGS


Nicholas George; J. W. Matthews

Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 212–215 (1966)


https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1754714

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INFORMATION IN HARDENED GELATIN
Appl. Phys. Lett. (October 2003)
Volume 9, Number 5 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS I September 1966

The author is indebted to Professor Karl Ove 2R. M. Lemmon, F. Mazzetti, F. L. Reynolds, and M. Calvin,
Nielsen for stimulating interest in this work and for J.Am. Chern. Soc. 78, 6414 (1956).
3S. Ascoli and F. Cacace, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 38, 198 (l965).
valuable discussions. The experiments were per-
4 A. H. Wilson, A Theory of Metals, (Cambridge Univ. Press,
formed at the laboratories of the Institute of Phys- 1954), p. 197.
ics, University of Aarhus. The vacuum chamber, 5 H. L. Caswell in Physics of Thin Films, vol. I, (Academic Press,

used for evaporation, is placed at the disposal of N. Y., 1963), p. 52.


6 A. R. Wolter,]. Appl. Phys. 36, 2377 (l965).
the Institute of Physics by the Danish State Research
7K. O. Nielsen and V. Toft, to be published.
Foundation. The author also thanks the people in
"E. Bliigh, P. Dahl, H. E. Jliirgensen. and K. O. Nielsen. "A
the accelerator department of the Institute of Phys- 600-kV Heavy-Ion Accelerator with Magnet for Isotopical Sepa-
ics for very kind hospitality. A Danish State Fellow- ration." Preprint. 1965. To be published.
ship made possible the author's stay in Denmark. "R. Fuchs. Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 34, 100 (1938).
10E. H. Sondheimer. Adv. Phys. 1, I (l952).

I U. Croatto and G. Giacomello, Acta 45th Congress of SIPS, 11 M. S. P. Lucas,]. Appl. Phys. 36, 1632 (l965).

Naples, 1954. 12 M. S. P. Lucas, Appl. Phys. Letters 4, 73 (1964).

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HOLOGRAPHIC DIFFRACTION GRATINGS*
Nicholas George and J. W. Matthews
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena. California
(Received 10 June 1966; in final form 1 August 1966)

From a careful evaluation of a very simple hologram, the photographically produced grating, we have been able
to obtain quantitative data on image reconstruction efficiency as a function of processing procedures and illumina-
tion parameters such as orientation angle and wavelength. Experimental results are presented which show the de-
pendence of efficiency on exposure, both before and after bleaching of the emulsion layer. In addition, the
orientation sensitivity of thick-emulsion holograms is studied, and it is shown that maximum diffracted power
occurs when the Bragg reflection condition is satisfied.

We have produced diffraction gratings of mod- the emulsion surface is given by


erate quality by recording a laser-generated inter-
A
d = ---,.--.....,....,.--,-::-----,.-
ference pattern on high-resolution film. This
technique can be viewed as a special case of the 2 sin (_(J2_-__(J_l) sin (_(Jl_+_2_(J_2)
2
two-beam hologram, where both the object beam
and reference beam are plane waves. The experi- where 01 and O2 are the angles which beams (1) and
mental apparatus used to make the diffraction (2) make with the film plate and A is the wavelength
gratings is similar to that reported by Leith and of the source. The range of grating spacings avail-
Upatnieks. 1 Earlier work on interferometric methods able using the more prominent laser lines are shown
for the photographic production of gratings is re- in Table I for beam separation angles of 1° and 160°,
ported by J. M. Burch and D. A. Palmer,2 and by although the beam separation angle can be varied
A. K. Rigler and T. P. Vogl,3 and the principal continuously to zero degrees if one desires to make
methods of production of gratings are described a relatively coarse grating using a relatively short
by G. R. Harrison. 4
A wide range of grating spacings is available with Table I. Lines/mm with Symmetrical
the two-beam holographic method as both the Beam Orientation.
wavelength and the angular separation of the two
beams can be changed. The grating spacing or
distance between adjacent fringes in the plane of .3440 J.t .4880 J.t .6328 J.t 10.6 J.t
50.8 35.8 27.6 1.7
*This work was supported in part by the Electronics Division 5725.6 4034.8 3110.6 185.8
of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

212
Volume 9, Number 5 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 1 September 1966

wavelength source. Contrast intensification can be 1 shows this dependence for the first order in trans-
used to give the grating a modified profile. s mission for one of the gratings previously described
We have produced gratings having 820 lines per using light at 6328 A. This curve is not polarization
mm over a 7 cm X 7 cm surface using Kodak 649F dependent except for differences in reflection loss
high-resolution film plates. Two symmetrically at the glass-air interfaces. The observed sensitivity
incident beams having an angular separation of 30° with respect to the angle of incidence of the illumi-
were used. The light source used was a 5-mW nation beam is characteristic of holograms made
helium-neon laser operated at 6328 A. Precautions with film having a thick emulsion layer,6 when
which were taken to ensure that satisfactory results the fringe spacing is considerably smaller than the
included spatial filtering of both beams, vibration emulsion thickness (for Kodak 649F film plates the
and acoustic isolation, and minimization of the emulsion is about lOlL thick after development). In
difference in path lengths of the two beams. this case the fringes are in actuality planes which
The resolution of these gratings in transmission extend through the emulsion. Bragg reflection
was measured using an AO Spencer Spectrometer. occurs from these planes when the angle of in-
Only a 2-cm length of the rating was illuminated cidence Oi and angle of diffraction Od are equal,
and a resolution limit of 1 was observed. Specifi- 0i = Od = 0, and when the Bragg condition sin 0 =
cally, the sodium doublet with a separation of about NAj2d is satisfied. The angle of diffraction which is

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6 A is clearly resolved while two equal intensity of interest here is that given by the grating equation
lines in the neon spectrum at 5974.6 A and 5975.5 A sin 0i + sin Od = NAjd, where N is the diffracted order
are only questionably resolved in first order. The of interest.
Rayleigh criterion yields a theoretical resolution of
0.37 X for a grating of 2-cm length and 820 lines
per mm. However, the practical working limit of
the spectrometer-polaroid camera apparatus which
was used is about 20 arc-seconds, and this latter
~--~t--­
figure is consistent with the resolution figure of 1 A.
Measurements made on the fraction of the in-
Ld
cident power diffracted into the various orders have
shown that there is a strong dependence on the It is seen from the grating equation that the Bragg
angle of incidence of the illuminating beam. Figure condition will be satisfied when OJ = Od, and thus
Bragg reflection will occur from the "planes" within
the emulsion when OJ = sin- 1 (NA/2d). As expected,S
the diffracted power is a maximum for the angle
of incidence where Bragg reflection occurs. For
the gratings previously described, Bragg reflection
for the first-order diffracted beam occurs at an
angle of incidence of 15°. Figure 1 shows that the
diffracted power is a maximum at this angle of
incidence. Observations on the second-order beams
and with different wavelength illumination further
confirmed that the maximum diffracted power is
obtained when the angle of incidence is such that
Bragg reflection occurs.
As predicted by the Bragg reflection condition
previously stated, the "optimum" angle of incidence
for the first-order diffracted beam is a function of
the wavelength of the illuminating beam. This com-
bines with an observed change in the peak value of
diffracted power with wavelength to make the effi-
6
10- '----'---='-2,f;.o;---'----Io;----'---:2~O:--.J-.-t.40:;---'---;;6'nO-"---;;!eo ciency of a given grating wavelength dependent.
ANGLE,8 j
Figure 2 shows the efficiency as a function of wave-
Fig. 1. Ratio of power diffracted into first order to incident
power P,/p.. for unbleached grating as a function of angle of length for several fixed grating orientations.
incidence, 91, at 61128 A. (S) laser source, (H) film plate, (PM} In the previous analysis it was assumed that the
RCA 7102 photomultiplier and lock-in amplifier. gratings were made with symmetrical beam orienta-
213
Volume 9, Number 5 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 1 September 1966

tion, which results in gratings with the fringe planes had angles of incidence of 45° and 75°. Then 45°
being perpendicular to the emulsion surface. While and 75° are the two angles of incidence for which
this appears to be the most logical way to make Bragg reflection occurs in first order. Thus, illumi-
diffraction gratings, it is of interest to examine the nation at 45° gives Bragg reflection for the one
case where the fringe planes are inclined with re- first-order diffracted beam which emerges in the
spect to the normal to the emulsion surface, as this same direction as the original beam that came in at
is often the case in more general types of holograms. 75°, and vice versa. In the symmetrical case dis-
In this case the correct interpretation of the grat- cussed at length previously, the two angles are±15°.
ing equation is with 8i and 8d measured with respect A number of gratings were bleached to produce
to the normal to the film plate, A the free space phase holograms. 9 Bleaching was found to yield
wavelength, and with d computed using the expres- sizable increases in efficiency especially for very
sion given earlier. Maximum diffracted power highly exposed plates (see Fig. 3) but this was ac-
again occurs when the value of OJ is such that Bragg companied by severe scattering of light which de-
reflection occurs, only now the value of 0 used in ,grades the resolution. In a pictorial hologram this
the Bragg reflection equation is defined with respect would result in an increased background noise
to the inclined fringes within the emulsion. Further- level. The efficiencies were especially high just after
more, the A used in the Bragg equation is the wave- the bleaching process was completed, while the

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length inside the emulsion (which has an index of emulsion was still wet and swollen.
refraction of about 1.52), and the fringe plane The dependence of the efficiency of the gratings
orientation and separation d must be computed on the exposure, as measured by the average trans-
taking into account refraction of the two original mission of the gratings (zeroth order) is shown in
beams at the emulsion-air interface. The angles of Fig. 3, both before and after bleaching. It is seen
incidence 8j at which Bragg reflection occurs were that although the efficiencies of the unbleached
computed for a number of gratings made with gratings decrease quite rapidly with increasing ex-
different fringe plane inclinations, and the mea- posure for fairly highly exposed plates the effi-
sured 8; for maximum diffracted power were ob- ciencies of the bleached grating increase and then
served to be in fair agreement with the computed level off at a high value with increasing exposure.
values. This study of holographic gratings provides a
An easier and equivalent way to predict the angles
of incidence at which Bragg reflection occurs for
(I)
the first-order diffracted beams (for the case where
A is the same as that used to make the grating) is to (2)
apply the rule that the optimum grating orientation
is that which duplicates the geometry used when the
gratings were made. For example, suppose the two
beams that were originally used to make the grating

4xI0-2.-----~----~~----,_----_,------~

4XI0-3~----~------~----~----~~----~
4000 5000 0 6000 Fig. 3. Power ratio, PdP., as a function of poIp.. where Po is
WAVELENGTH (A UNITS) the transmitted power in the zero order for normal incidence,
8, "" O. PI is the power dift'racted into first order with the opti-
Fig. 2. Power ratio, P,IP., for unbleached grating vs wave- mum angle of incidence using light at 6328 A. (1) Bleached,
length at angles of incidence: (1) 15°,(2) US, (3) 10°. plate still wet; (2) bleached, plate dry; (3) before bleaching.

214
Volume 9, Number 5 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 1 September 1966

starting point for a detailed study of the efficiency


and the image resolution of holograms. In color IE. N. Leith and]. Upatnieks,]. Opt. Soc. Am. 53,1377 (1963).
2]. M. Burch and D. A. Palmer, OpticaActa 8, 73 (1961).
holography and other applications utilizing mul- 3A. K. Rigler and T. P. Vogl, Appl. Optics 5,186 (1966).
tiple exposures with different sets of beams, often 'G. R. Harrison,]. Opt. Soc. Am. 39,413 (1949).
of different wavelength, the reconstruction may be 5 P. Glafkides, Photographic Chemistry 1, 2, Fountain Press,

degraded by the presence of spurious images due London (1958).


6 A. A. Frieseim, Appl. Phys. Letters 7, 102 (1965).
to the coupling of each reconstructing beam with
7C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, Wiley, New York
each independent hologram encoded on the film (1959).
plate. The degree of suppression of the spurious BE. N. Leith, Electronics 39, 88 (1966).
images can be measured from curves similar to that ·W. T. Cathy, Jr.,]. Opt. Soc. Am. 55,457 (1965).
shown in Fig. 1.

WHITE·LIGHT RECONSTRUCTION OF COLOR IMAGES FROM BLACK·AND·


WHITE VOLUME HOLOGRAMS RECORDED ON SHEET FILM

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George W. Stroke and Richard G. Zech
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
(Received 8 August 1966)

The method of "white-light reflection holography" first described by Stroke and Labeyrie (Physics Letters 20, 368,
March 1, 1966) and subsequently verified by a number of authors, has now been extended to the recording of
volume holograms in 6-7-JL-thick Kodak 649F emulsions on sheet film, with a quality in the reconstructed images
comparing favorably with the images reconstructed from the 17-JL-thick emulsions on glass plates used hereto-
fore. The results presented have also permitted us to further verify a simple "crystallographic" theory of the
method, first used by Stroke and Labeyrie (ibid.) and further described by G. W. Stroke in a subsequent paper.

A great interest appears to have recently arisen models in crystallography), to determine whether
in a method of "white-light color reflection holog- (if necessary) the white-light reflection volume
raphy" first described by Stroke and Labeyrie. 1 holograms could be recorded in comparatively
The method has now been verified by a number of much thinner emulsions (on the order of 6 to 7 /L,
authors 2 - 4 and permits one to reconstruct single- the thickest available for the Kodak 649F sheet
color and multicolor images upon illumination of film used) than those used heretofore, and espe-
black-and-white holograms with a source of ordi- cially whether good wavefront and image recon-
nary white light, such as a flashlight, a zirconium structions could be obtained from a comparatively
arc, or the sun. "Volume holography" work l - 6 ap- flexible sheet film, such as that which we have used
pears heretofore to have been carried out only on in this work.
comparatively "thick" emulsions (on the order of Figure 1 shows one of the arrangements which we
17 /L for the Kodak 649F emulsions used) coated on have been using to record white-light reflection
glass-plate support. holograms on 4" X 5" film. The film was exposed
The "crystal-like" nature of the volume holo- with the reference beam incident onto the emulsion
grams, with "planes" parallel to the surface of the through the anti-halation backing (used in the pro-
emulsions, as it appears in white-light holography duction of this film), and a suitable adjustment was
applications was stressed by Stroke and Labeyrie. 1 made in the beam intensities, so that the reference
It is clear that a sufficiently great number of "crys- beam and the beam scattered by the object both had
tal-like planes" must be available throughout the the same intensity, as measured in polarized light
thickness of the emulsion to give the hologram the in the emulsion plane. (The transmission of the anti-
desired crystal-like characteristics. It appeared halation backing of this film in 6328 A in polarized
therefore to be of a particular interest, also in view light is approximately 13.3%). During the recording
possibly of a wider and more ready use of this type the film is seen to have been placed between two
of hologram (for instance to display molecular "micro-flat" glass plates (obtained by removing the

215

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