Lesson 1 f.

Connectivity software – set of

programs and instructions to connect
ICT – is the infrastructure and components
the computer with the main server
that enable modern computing.
Computer – is a programmable machine
- is an electronic device that 3) Peopleware – most important
manipulates information or data. element of a computer system is its
user. Also called liverware of the
3 principal characteristics of computer:
computer system.
- It responds to a specific set of instructions
in a well-defined manner. Types of people interact with a computer
- It can execute a pre-recorded list of system:
instructions.
a. System Analysts – are people who
- It can quickly store and retrieve large
design the operation and processing
amount of data.
of the system.
Elements of Computer System b. System programmers – are people
who write codes and programs to
1) Hardware – the physical
implement the working of the
components of a computer.
system.
Input Devices: keyboard, optical scanner, c. Users – are persons who operate the
mouse, joystick system and use it for different
purposes. Also called the end users.
Output Devices: monitor, printer, speaker
2) Software – set of programs that form
an interface between the hardware Components of a computer system:
and the user of a computer system.
1) Input Unit – is responsible for
6 types of software: controlling the various input devices
that are used to enter data into the
a. System software – a set of programs computer.
to control internal operations 2) Central Processing Unit (CPU) –
b. Application software – is programs CPU ensures the flow of data into the
designed by the user to perform a system by directing the data to enter
specific function the system.
c. Operating system – is a set of tools 3 parts:
and programs to manage the overall a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit
working of a compute (ALU) – it performs all the
d. Utility software – is special purpose arithmetical calculations and
programs that are designed to computations like addition, sub,
perform specialized task multi and division.
e. Language processors – are special b) Memory Unit – The data has to
software to accept data and interpret be stored in the memory blocks
it in the form of Machine/Assembly
language.
 of the computer before it is ON THE BASIS OF SIZE: type of
retrieved for actual processing. computer
c) Control Unit – it controls and
1) Super Computer – the fastest and
coordinates the activities of all
most powerful type of computer.
the components of the computer
2) Mainframe Computer – a very
system.
large and expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or
even thousands of users
3) Output Unit - it controls various
simultaneously.
output devices like printer, graphic
3) Mini Computer - a midsized
plotter, speech, synthesizer and
computer. Minicomputers lie
monitor.
between workstations and
mainframes
4) Micro Computer or Personal
Classification of Computers: Computer
- General purpose computers – are  Desktop Computer – a personal
designed t perform a range of tasks. or micro mini computer
- Specific purpose computers – are sufficient to fit on a desk
designed to handle a specific  Laptop Computer – a portable
problem or to perform a specific computer completes with an
task. integrated screen and keyboard.
 Palmtop Computer/Digital
Diary/Notebook/PDAs - a hand
Types of computers: sized computer.
5) Workstations – a terminal or
1) Analog Computer – is a form of
desktop in a computer.
computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena.
2) Digital Computer – a computer that
Capabilities of computer system
performs calculations and logical
operations with quantities 1) Speed - means the duration of a
represented as digits. computer system requires in
3) Hybrid Computer – a combination fulfilling a task
of computers that are capable of 2) Accuracy – means the level of
inputting and outputting in both precision with which calculations are
digital and analog signals. made and tasks are performed.
3) Reliability – the quality due to
which user can stay dependable on
the computer.
4) Adaptability – the quality of it to
complete a different type of tasks:
simple as well as complex.
 5) Storage – the ability of the computer Hackers – internet villains; person or entity
to store data in itself for accessing it who gains access without authorization or
again in future. compensation
White Hackers – good hackers
Bad hackers – bad hackers
Limitations of computer systems:
Malware – Malicious software
1) Lack of common sense
2) Zero IQ Virus – spreads quickly through files
3) Lack of Decision Making Worm – spreads through internet
Spyware - software that keeps track of your
passwords, usernames and other info.
10 Commandments of computer ethics
Ransomware – software that locks out your
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to
files and will unlock them in exchange of
harm other people.
money.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other
people’s computer work.
Uses of ICT in our daily lives
3. Thou shalt not snoop around other
people’s files. - Communication
- Job opportunities
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to
- Education
steal.
- Socializing
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to - Business
bear false witness. - Healthcare
- Retail and Trade
6. Thou shalt not use or copy - Government
software for which you have not - Marketing
paid. - Science
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s - Publishing
computer resources without - Arts and Entertainment
authorization. - Banking and Finance
- Transport
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other - Navigation
people’s intellectual output. - Working From Home
9. Thou shalt think about the social - Military
consequences of the program you - Social and Romance
write. - Booking Vacations
- Security and Surveillance
10. Thou shalt use a computer in ways - Weather Forecasting
that show consideration and - Robotics
respect.
History of Computer!!! j) First Computer Programmer –
Lady Augusta Ada Byron in 1840.
a) Tally Sticks – was an ancient
o She writes programs for the
memory aid device to record
analytical engine.
b) Abacus – is mechanical device used
k) Scheutzian Calculation Engine –
to aid an individual in performing
by Georg Scheutz in 1843.
mathematical calculations; babylonia
o First printing calculator
c) Napier’s Bones –by John Napier in
1614. l) Tabulating Machine – by Herman
o Allowed the operator to Hollerith in 1890.
o To assist in summarizing
multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots. information and accounting.
d) Slide Rule – by William Oughtred m) Harvard Mark 1 - by Howard H.
in 1622 Aiken in 1943
o Used primarily for o Also known as IBM
multiplication, division, Automatic Controlled
roots, logarithms and Calculator (ASCC)
trigonometry. o First electro mechanical
e) Pascaline –by Blaise Pascal in 1642 computer
o Limitation to addition and n) Z1 – by Konrad Zuse in 1936 to
subtraction; too expensive 1938
f) Stepped Reckoner – by Gottfried o First programmable
Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. computer.
o Machine that can add, o Z1 required that the user
subtract, multiply and divide insert punch tape
automatically. o) Atanasoff – Berry Computer
g) Jacquard Loom - by Joseph Marie (ABC) – Professor John Atanasoff
Jacquard in 1881. and Clifford Berry
o An automatic loom controlled o Was the first electronic
by punched cards. digital computer device
h) Arithmometer – by Thomas de p) ENIAC - by John Presper Eckert
Colmar in 1820. o Stand for Electronic
o Commercially successful Numerical Integrator and
calculating machine Computer
i) Difference Engine and Analytical o First electronic general-
Engine – by Charles Babbage in purpose computer
1822 and 1834. q) UNIVAC 1 - by John Presper
o An automatic, mechanical Eckert and John Mauchly
calculator designed to r) EDVAC - by Von Neumann
tabulate polynomial o Stand for Electronic
functions. Discrete Variable
o First Mechanical Computer. Automatic Computer
-
 o First stored program
computer
Information - processed data
s) Osborne 1 – first portable computer
t) Electronic Controls Company - Communication – refers to the transfer or
first computer company exchange of information from person to
person or one place to another.
Technology – refers to the use of scientific
Basic Computing Periods – Ages
knowledge to invent tools that assist
human beings.
a) Pre – Mechanical – is the earliest
age of information technology
b) Mechanical – is when we first start
to see connections between our By: Shiro Dump
current technology and its ancestors.
c) Electromechanical - technologies
that resemble our modern-day
technology
d) Electronic – age is what we
currently live in.

5 Generations of Computer:
1st Gen – 1946 to 1958
2nd Gen – 1959 to 1964
3rd Gen – 1965 to 1970
4th Gen – 1971 to Today
Only Fans coming soon!!
5th Gen – Today to Future

a) 1st Gen - Vacuum Tubes

b) 2nd Gen – Transistor
c) 3rd Gen – Integrated Circuit
d) 4th Gen – Microprocessor
e) 5th Gen – AI