21st Century Literature ● Exodus:

- To pass over
LITERATURE
- Freed from being slaved
Latin “Litera” - meaning letter
- Redemption
- Said to be the story of a man - How God delivered the Israelites and made them His
- To know history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature special people
- Has a lot of versions ● Leviticus:
- Can be from an imagined thought of the author - Levitical Laws, rituals, Priest, Sources of the Priest laws
- Artistic expression - God's guidebook
- To somehow attack or agree to the government - All about the Israelite named Levi

People read through pictures - Levi - the third son among the twelve son of Jacob and
Leah, and is destined to be a priest
Ex. Egyptians - Hieroglyphics, Characters in Chinese

We are all visual readers Whenever someone sinned he must be cleansed through
this way :
“ We are not makers of History. We are made by History “

Martin Luther King Jr. The first unblemished son will be killed and his blood will
be sprinkled throughout the temple, then so, the sinner
DIFFERENT INFLUENTIAL LITERARY WORKS IN THE WORLD will be cleansed but he must stay outside of the temple
and the time of his stay depends to the one who cleanses
“ Think of Me “ by Christine from the Phantom of the Opera
● Numbers:
- Exact measurements of everything
- Measurements of different rituals
“ Think of me, think of me fondly,
- Describes their sufferings and their numerous complaints
when we've said goodbye. against God.

Remember me once in a while - ● Deuteronomy:

please promise me you'll try. - Re-visitation. Going back to what happened to the Jewish
- God's people were about to enter the Promised Land
- It begins with a recap of the Israelites escaping slavery in
When you find that, once again, you long Egypt and continues with their journey to Mount
Horeb/Sinai.
to take your heart back and be free -
History books
if you ever find a moment,
● Syrah
spare a thought for me “ ● Bases of Solomon
● Machadish 1In Machadish 1 and 2 the explanation for
1. BIBLE/ HOLY SCRIPTURES
● Machadish 2 this is there will be no prophets telling
➔ Basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and
the word of God
Greece
➔ The Old Testament is the New Testament hidden, while the New
➔ 73 books in Catholic, 66 books in Protestant Testament is the Old Testament revealed because of the 4 Gospels.

Seven Old Testament books (extra books) are found in Catholic Bibles but not in 4 Gospels

Protestant ones. Catholics call them the deuterocanonical (literally, “second - Matthew THESE THREE
canon”) books; Protestants call them the apocryphal (literally, “hidden,” thus - Mark HAVE THE SAME WAY
“unknown, spurious”) books. And it is comprised by the following: - Luke OF TEACHINGS
● Tobit - John - different way of preaching
● Judith
● Baruch Gospels are narrative announcements that make the significant
● Sirach claim that Jesus is the Messiah of Israel and the true Lord of the
● 1 Maccabees world.
● 2 Maccabees
Letters/Epistles in the New Testament
● Wisdom
The 7 “Jewish” epistles:

● James
Pentateuch (First Five Books of the Hebrew Bible/ The Five Books
● 1 Peter
of Moses)
● 2 Peter
● 1 John
The word pentateuch is formed by two Greek words, pente (five) and
● 2 John
teuchos (book). It means "five vessels," "five containers," or
● 3 John
"five-volume book."
● Jude
● Genesis:
- Gene or Origin of Life 14 Pauline epistles:
- Includes the familiar stories of the Creation, the Garden of
● Romans
Eden, Cain and Abel, Noah and the Flood, and the Tower of
● 1 Corinthians
Babel.
 ● 2 Corinthians - To get her back, Agamemnon, brother of Menelaus, started an
● Galatians expedition with a Greek army.
● Ephesians - Achilles (son of Peleus and Thetis), Odysseus, Nestor, and Ajax were
● Philippians part of the army.
● Colossians - The Trojan war lasted for 10 years.
● 1 Thessalonians - The Trojans were offered a large wooden horse. They thought that
● 2 Thessalonians it was a peace offering from the Greeks.
● 1 Timothy - Thinking that they already won, the Trojans celebrated until they’re
● 2 Timothy all wasted.
● Titus - They didn't know that inside of the Trojan horse were 40 Greek
● Philemon warriors including Odysseus.
● Hebrews - The Greeks raided the Kingdom of Troy, leading to its downfall.
- Paris shot Achilles in the heel which killed him.
Prophets in the Bible
- The Trojans were defeated by the Greeks.
(1) the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) Odysseus (Sea Adventure)
(2) the Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve, or Minor, - After the Trojan war, Odysseus started his journey back to
Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Ithaca, his home land.
Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi). - The Odyssey lasted for 9 years but was interrupted by Poseidon
(God of the Sea) to seek revenge on behalf of his son, Polyphemus.
- Odysseus was trapped inside the cave of Polyphemus.
Maccabees - group of Jewish rebel warriors. Other versions of the bible are - During this ordeal, Polyphemus ate 6 of Odysseus' men.
created because of them. - Favored by Athena’s wisdom, Odysseus tricked the giant into thinking
that his name was “nobody”.
Sadducees - a Jewish party of the intertestamental period consisting of a
- Odysseus and his men proceeded to blind the giant.
traditional ruling class of priests and rejecting doctrines not in the Law (such as
- Polyphemus tried asking for help by shouting “Nobody was attacking
resurrection, retribution in a future life, and the existence of angels).
me!” Therefore, nobody came to his aid.
Pharisees - a party that believed in resurrection and in following legal - After escaping, Odysseus told the blind Polyphemus his true identity.
traditions that were ascribed not to the Bible but to “the traditions of the - Angered by what happened to his son, Poseidon plagued Odysseus
fathers.” throughout his journey using his godly powers.

400 years of silence - Silence of the prophets Siren : Half bird, half human creatures, who lured sailors to their demise.

Land of Ogygia
2. ILIAD & ODYSSEY
- The place where Odysseus landed
- Written by Homer
- The land was ruled by a woman named Calypso, who is also one of
- Iliad (Adventure – War)
Poseidon's children.
- Odyssey (War- Adventure of the sea)
- There is no male in this land
Trojan War - Therefore, Calypso and Odysseus get married because she
thought that Calypso is the most handsome man to ever exist.
- It started when Eris (The Goddess of Chaos) was not invited to the
- They are married for 8 long years but Calypso noticed that
wedding of Peleus (Mortal/Greek King) and Thetis(Sea
Odysseus is not happy with her so she freed the man.
nymph/Goddess) which is the parents of Achilles (Strongest
- She also prayed to his father Poseidon to stop the endless journey of
Warrior and Hero )
Odysseus.
- Because of the disappointment that Eris felt, she decided to create a
- The land of the Phaeacians, which the historians believe is modern
discord between the three Goddesses. Hera (Queen of the Gods),
Corfu, was where Odysseus found himself after a terrible storm.
Athena (Goddess of Wisdom), and Aphrodite (Goddess of
- Nafsica, the local princess, found Odysseus exhausted and naked on
Love).
the shore and led him to the palace of her father.
- Eris threw the golden apple on to the table. The words “To the fairest”
- While in the court of King Alcinous and Queen Arete, he heard the
were inscribed on the apple.
bard Demodocus sing of the Trojan War.
- The golden apple shall be received by the fairest of them all.
- Odysseus revealed his true identity and his struggles to reach
- Zeus (God of the Sky) made an idea to find the most handsome
Ithaca.
man to be the judge.
- After listening to his ordeals, the Phaeacians gave him their fastest
- They all recognized that Paris, the son of Priam (King of Troy),
ship, the best of their provisions and bid him good luck on his way
was the most handsome man and should be the one to judge all
home.
three Goddesses.
- And when Odysseus came back to Ithaca, he disguised as an old
- Hera took the initiative and offered him the world. She got
man for him not to be recognized by Penelope’s suitors.
rejected.
- Penelope is the wife of Odysseus and Telemachus is their son.
- Athena offered intelligence and wisdom in battling (to make him
- Penelope’s Web - the device by which she tricks her suitors for
a very strategic warrior). Paris also refused Athena’s offer.
three years, her weaving. She uses the weaving shroud in the day and
- Aphrodite then offered the most beautiful woman on Earth.
unweaves it in the night to buy herself time while waiting for his
The girl was named Helen or Helen of Sparta. Paris accepted
husband Odysseus.
Aphrodite’s offer.
- And when all this suitors issue became chaotic, Athena (Goddess
- The war started after Helen (wife of Menelaus) eloped with
of wisdom, craft, and warfare) decided to change the minds of the
the Trojan Prince, Paris.
suitors so the couple can now live in peace.
 counselors and advisers, alchemists, counterfeits, and
3. DIVINE COMEDY perjurers.
- 'La Divina Commedia i. Ninth Circle - Treachery
- Written by Dante Alighieri an Italian poet - Coldest
- It is a combination of Mythology and Catholicism - Sinners here are submerged in ice; only their heads stick
- It’s recognized as a comedy because it started tragically but ended out.
up well. - As Dante and Virgil proceed through the lake, they see the
giant figure of Lucifer, also stuck in ice. Lucifer is the
Virgil Prince of Hell. He has three mouths, and in each of
- is a guide and served as the voice of reason in the poem. Dante looks them, he holds a sinner: Judas, Brutus, and Cassius.
up to him as a mentor.
Seven Traces of Purgatory
Divided into 3 parts: ● Pride
1. Inferno ● Envy
2. Purgatorio ● Wrath
3. Paradiso ● Slothful
1. Inferno: ● Greedy and Avaricious souls
9 Circles of Hell ● Gluttony
- It is called circles of hell because they are never ending. ● Lust
a. First Circle - Limbo
- Consists not of sinners but people who are not baptized; Nine Spheres of Paradiso
either they lived before Christ when baptism had not yet ● Moon
spread or never got baptized. ● Mercury
- Free hell ● Venus
b. Second Circle - Lust ● Sun
- Holds people who were lustful throughout their lives ● Mars
- They are punished by strong winds blown over them, ● Jupiter
throwing them back and forth. ● Saturn
c. Third Circle - Gluttony
● Fixed Stars
- People in this circle of Inferno have a weak will and
● Premium Mobile
cannot resist the earthly pleasures of indulgence—food
and drinks
Nine Types of Angels
- three-headed dog—Cerberus
● Seraphim
d. Fourth Circle - Greed
● Cherubim
- The fourth circle of Dante’s Inferno is guarded by Pluto, a
● Thrones
Roman god of the underworld who is also regarded as the
● Dominions
God of wealth.
● Virtues
- The sinners are divided into two groups: those who
● Powers
hoarded their possessions and those who spent
● Principalities
sumptuously.
● Archangels
- Their punishment is pushing heavy weights up a mountain
e. Fifth Circle - Anger ● Angels
- Dante and Virgil encounter people guilty of wrath and fury
- Those found guilty of being angry and impatient are
immersed in the river Styx or simply are forced to fight 4. QUR’AN
among each other on its surface. They gurgle the water of - 632 AD
the river, struggle, and drown. The water is made up of a - 70,000 words
black toxic liquid, leaving them to suffer. - An Islamic scripture
f. Sixth Circle - Heresy - Revelation of Allah(the one and only God) to Mohammed(Writer)
- People with contrary opinions to Christian beliefs. through Gabriel
- They lie in tombs that burn them alive. - Jesus was declared as a Prophet

5 Pillars of Truth
● Shahada (Faith)
g. Seventh Circle - Violence
- The seventh circle of Hell of Dante’s Inferno is divided into ● Salah (Prayers)

three rings. ● Zakat (Almsgiving)

- all the souls who commit suicide are kept in the seventh ● Sawm (Fasting)

circle and become trees. There, their leaves are eaten by ● Hajj (Pilgrimage)

harpies, which causes the trees much pain.

h. Eight Circle - Fraud
- This circle is divided into ten Bolgias – ditches with 5. MAHABHARATA AND RAMAYANA
bridges between them, placed around a circular well. - Longest Indian Epic
- Each Bolgia has different kinds of people who sin is a - Mahabharata - the battle between two groups of cousins named the
fraud Pandavas and the Kauravas to gain supreme power and rule the
- They encounter panderers, seducers, sorcerers, false kingdom. It is also about taking right actions and eliminating evil
prophets, corrupt politicians, hypocrites, thieves, evil ones from one's life.
- Ramayana - the story of King Rama who must save his kidnapped
wife, Sita. Along the way, it teaches Hindu life lessons.

6. EL CID CAMPEADOR
- El Cid was a formidable military leader who won several famous
battles. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar was a Castilian knight and warlord
in medieval Spain. Fighting with both Christian and Muslim armies
during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific al-sīd, which would
evolve into El Cid, and the Spanish moniker El Campeador. The epic's
lesson is how important it is to FIGHT FOR OUR OWN RIGHTS. This is
because the life we have is ours and we must always be responsible
for it. The epic also emphasizes that we should not only never give up
in protecting the life we have, but we should also enhance and
develop it.

7. CANTERBURY TALES
- Written by Geoffrey Chaucer
- The Canterbury Tales is a collection of twenty-four stories that runs
to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer
between 1387 and 1400. It is widely regarded as Chaucer's magnum.

8. 1001 ARABIAN NIGHTS

- Translated by Antoine Galland
- It is a story within a story.
- It is about a Sultan seeking a wife. If he does like the woman, he kills
them. Until this lady showed up. He liked her not because of her
looks, but because she always tells him stories. The lady continued
telling him countless stories for 1001 nights until the Sultan changed
his mind about killing her. They ended up getting married.

SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1871)

CHARACTERISTICS
Non-secular (Religious Literature) - subjects revolve around death and life of
Christ
Secular (Religious Literature) - subject revolves around tales of valiance and
adventure.
FORMS OF NON-SECULAR
• Pasyon - epic narrative of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ
•Senakulo - play or re-enactment depicting the life and passion of Jesus Christ
•Komedya - a form of singing that describes the conflicts between Christians
and Muslims. It is used to promote Christianity.
FORMS OF SECULAR
•Awit - subjects are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess.
•Korido/Romances - metrical romances in octosyllabic (8 syllables) verse called - Mi Último Adiós (My Last Farewell), Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (On
hakira, The Indolence of The Filipino), A La Juventud Filipina (To The Filipino Youth),
•Prose Narratives - written to prescribe the proper decorum Junto Al Pasig (Beside The Pasig River)
RECREATIONAL PLAYS •NOLI ME TANGERE - he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run
● Carillo - a form of dramatic entertainment perform on a moonless government in the Philippines.
night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after harvest EL FILIBUSTERISMO - exposed those in the government and in the church and
● Sainete - A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. has been dubbed the novel of politics.
They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts and were 2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, Dolores Manapat)
mostly performed by characters from the lower class. - Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa, Kaiingat Kayo, Dasalan at Tocsohan,
● Moro-moro - Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-Moro is presented also on Sagot sa Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the >DIARIONG TAGALOG - patriotic newspaper written in Tagalog and Spanish.
people and to remind them of their Christian religion. >KAIINGAT KAYO - a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriguez
Example: "Prinsipe Rodante" 3. Graciano Lopez Jaena - Prince of Filipino Orators
● Karagatan - This is a poetic vehicle of a socio- religious nature - founded La Solidaridad
celebrated during the death of a person. - Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile and Everything is Hamburg
● Duplo - The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in > ANG FRAY BOTOD he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-rule
speaking and reasoning. government in the Philippines.
● Balagtasan - This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on ›LA HIJA DEL FRAILE - exposed those in the government and in the church and
a particular topic or issue. has been dubbed the novel of politics.
● Dung-aw - This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his 4. Mariano Ponce (Kalipulako, Tikbalang, Naning)
representative beside the corpse of the dead. - Ang Alamat ng Bulacan, Sobre Filipinos
● Awit - is in dodecasyllabic verse ; are fabricated stories from >LA UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA: SU PLAN DE
writers' imagination although the setting and characters are STUDIOS - he criticized the higher education system and asked for academic
European ; refers to chanting. freedom in universities.
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas 5. Pedro Paterno
● CORRIDO - is in octosyllabic verse ; were usually on legends or Ninay (1st social Novel in Filipino) ; Sampaguitas y Poesías Varias (Sampaguitas
stories from European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Greece ; and Varied Poems)
refers to narration. >NINAY - marked the beginning of the awakening of national consciousness
Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose de la Cruz among the Filipino intelligentsia.
>A MI MADRE - shows the importance of a mother.
Prominent Texts 6. Andres Bonifacio
1. Doctrina christiana (Christian theology) -Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga tagalog, Katungkulang gagawin ng Mga Anak ng
The first book printed in the European tradition of the Philippines in 1593 by Bayan, Huling Paalam
Father Juan de Placencia and Domingo Nieva. ›NOCHE BUENA - pictured true Filipino life.
It includes fundamental catechetical principles like: Pater Noster, Ave Maria, The ›POR MADRID - a denouncement of Spaniards.
Ten Commandments, Regina coeli, Seven Mortal Sins, Apostles' Creed, The 7. Emilio Jacinto
Commandments of the Catholic Church - Brain of the Katipunan, Editor of Kalayaan (Katipunan's Newspaper)
2. Nuestra Seora Del Rosario (Our Lady of the Rosary). - Kartilya ng Katipunan, Liwanag sa Dilim, A La Patria
The second book to be published in the Philippines by Fr. Garcia in 1602, ›MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN - contains legends, and folklore of his native town.
Blancas de San Jose. 8. Apolinario Mabini
It includes: Biographies of the Saints, Novenas, Questions and Answers about -Sublime Paralytic, Brains of Revolution ; El Verdadero Decalogo, Sa Bayang
Roman Catholicism Pilipino
3. Libro de las Cuatros Pos Primeras de Hombres (The Book on the 9.Jose Palma
Four Fathers of the Church) - best known as the author of the lyrics of the national anthem
The first book produced in typography Includes the biographies of the Four 10. Modesto de Castro
Catholic Church Fathers. the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog "Urbana and Feliza”
4. Barlaan at Josaphat (Barlaan and Josaphat)
A biblical tale that was published in the Philippines and translated into Tagalog REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
by Father. Antonio de Borja and translated by San Juan Damaso from the Greek The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists, so they
original. With 556 pages, it is the first Tagalog book to be published in the decided that there was no other way except to revolt. The gist of literature
country. contained mostly accusations against
It was translated into ilocano by Agustin Mejia The government was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for
5. Ang mga Dalit kay Maria independence.
A compilation of hymns honoring the Virgin Mary was composed by Fr PROMINENT TEXTS AND AUTHORS
In 1856, Mariano Sevilla, It became well -known and was sung around "Flores de 1. Andres Bonifacio - Father of the Katipunan
Mayo '' which is a religious feast that alludes to the wild flowers that bloom at >KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN - an outline of obligations
the current time of the year. just like the 10 commandments of God.
2.Apolinario Mabini - Brain of the Revolution
PROPAGANDA / PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1872-1898) >LA REVOLUTION FILIPINA - about the ideological implications of the revolution
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal (Laong Laan and Dimasalang) against Spain.
3. Emilio Jacinto - Dimas-ilaw, Brain of the Katipunan
>LIWANAG AT DILIM - collection of essays on freedom, work, faith, government, Adjusting because of the idea 'of democracy, new phraseology of the English
love of country language, and standards of the English literary style
4. Jose Palma - Anahaw, Gan Hantik • 1900 - English - medium of instruction in the public schools
> MELANCOLIAS - collection of his poe • El Renacimiento - Rafael Palma - 1901
• Philippines Free Press - 1905
NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION: • Sursum Corda - Justo Juliano - 1907 first work published in English
HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCIÓN. (Herald of the Revolution) • My Mother and Air Castles - Juan F. Salazar 1909
Printed the decrees of the Revolutionary Government, news and works in
Tagalog. PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1925)
LA INDEPENDENCIA. (Independence) - Public education was introduced and more schools were established.
An independent newspaper whose air was for Philippine Independence. Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars, and English were the mediums used in
LA REPUBLICA FILIPINA)(The Philippine Republic) literature during these times.
A private newspaper hoped to achieve national unity under a democratic ● Zoilo Galang's: Life and Success and Tales of the Philippines ; A Child
Philippine Republic. of Sorrow (first novel written in English) , Nadia, Encyclopedia of the
LA LIBERTAD. (Liberty) Philippines
Considered to be the first newspaper to have exercised its press freedom, ● Procopio Solidum: Never Mind
Published articles ● Lorenzo E. Paredes: Reminiscences
mainly under the theme of nationalism ● Rodolfo Dato: Filipino Poetry
• 1919 - UP College Folio
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941) • 1920 - Bulletin, Philippine Herald
Characteristics of Literature • 1924 - The Philippine Review, the Independent, Rising Philippines and Citizens,
Literature was written in Spanish, Tagalog, and English and the Philippine Education Magazine.
Writers imitated the themes and methods of Americans Essays
- Poems were amateurish due to the awkward phrasing and diction scholarly and characterized by sobriety, substance and structure
-Themes: Desire for freedom, love of country, fight against colonialism and • serious essay, especially the editorial type
imperialism • Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario
-Characterized by nationalism, freedom of speech, experience, search for and • Political, social reflective essays (through newspaper columns)
use of new medium • Critical essays
Newspapers • Personal or Familiar essays
● El Grito del Pueblo - Pascual Poblete (1900) Informal Essays
● El Nuevo Dia - Sergio Osmena (1900) • works are spiced with humor, wit, and satire
● El Renacimiento - Rafael Palma (1900) • Ignacio Manlapaz, Godofredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano,
● Manila Daily Bulletin (1900) Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit
Literature in Spanish Short Stories
Depicts nationalism on honor Rizal and other heroes Imitation of foreigh models
Works • Ignacio Manlapaz, Godofredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano,
● Cecilio Apostol (Pen name: Catulo) - Á Rizal Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit
● Fernando Maria Guerrero - Prince of Filipino lyric poets in Spanish
W:Crisalidas PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)
● Claro M. Recto - Ante El Mortur, Bajos Los Cocoteros - Father of Writers acquired mastery of English writing and wrote a lot of subjects.
Philippine Constitution - Poetry was original, spontaneous.
● Jesus Balmori (Batikuling) - Mi Casa de Nipa, Mi Choza de Nipa ; And completely written, (Mga Gintong Dahon by Jose Corazon de Jesus)
Premium Zobel award for contributions to Philippine Literature Zarzuela promotes nationalism, (Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad)
● Manuel Bernabe - King of Balagtasan in Spanish; Translated Omar Novels are about Filipino custom identity. (The Filipino Rebel by Maximo
Khayyam’s Rubaiyat in Spanish Manguiat Kalaw)
Literature in Filipino Short story (Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez)
Julia Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets
1. Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso) - Lope K. Santos - Banaag at Sikat Authors
- Inigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, ● Paz Marquez Benitez
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemesio Caravana, Mar - published in 1925 the first successful English short story Dead
Antonio Stars
2. Poets of LIfe (Makata ng Buhay) - Jose Corazon de Jesus - Ang isang Punong ● Lope K. Santos
Kahoy - Banaag at Sikat ; Father of the National Language Grammar; Balarila
- Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos ng Wikang Pambansa ; “Apo” of Tagalog Writers
Gatmaitan, Amado V. Hernandez ● Amado V. Hernandez
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan) - Aurelio Tolentino - Luhang Tagalog - Luha ng Buwaya, Ang Panday, Isang Dipang Langit ; First King of
- Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, Tomas Remigio Balagtasan; A Pillar in Tagalog Literature
Literature in English ● Carlos P. Romulo
PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1900-1910) The Voice of Freedom, I am a Filipino, I saw the Fall of the Philippines,
Not much literary works, My Brother Americans
● Salvador Lopez
 Literature and Society - a collection of critical reflections and serious were just made to show stage shows that were reproductions of English plays to
essays Tagalog.
● Rafael Zulueta da Costa
Like the Molave and Other Poems ; Commonwealth Literary Award for Known Translators in this period were the following: Francisco Soc Rodrigo,
Poetry 1940 Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. These translators also founded the
● José Corazon de Jesus organization of Filipino players called Dramatic Philippines.
Ang isang Punong Kahoy “Huseng Batute” ; Poet of love; King of A few of Playwrights in Dramatic Philippines were:
Balagtasan ● Jose Ma. Hernandez – The one who wrote Panday Pira
● Aurelio Tolentino ● Francisco Soc Rodrigo – The master behind the Sa Pula, Sa Puti
- Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas, Coined word dula ; Father of Tagalog ● Clodualdo Del Mundo – The one who wrote Bulaga (an expression in
Drama ; A theater at CCP was named after him Tanghalang Aurelio the game Hide and Seek – Taguan)
Tolentino ● Julian Cruz Balmaceda – The writer of Sino ba kayo?, Dahil sa Anak,
● Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang) and Higante ng Patay
Walang Sugat, Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang ; - Father of Tagalog C. The Filipino Short Story During the Japanese Period
Drama During the Japanese Occupation, many authors wrote short stories which
● Jose Garcia Villa (Doveglion) resulted in the expansion of the field of the short story.
- National Artist of the Philippines for Literaturein 1973 Footnote to Known authors who wrote short stories were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario
Youth ; - Used free verse and accepted the dictum "Art for art's sake" Pineda, Serafin Guinigundo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales,
Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman
; Comma Poet ; Introduced reversed consonance rime scheme and
There is an award given to the best writings in 1945. Winners:
extensive use of punctuation in poetry
o 1st : Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes
● Angela Manalang Gloria
o 2nd: Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa ni Liwayway Arceo
Revolt from Hymen - Used free verse about illicit
o 3rd: Lungsod Nayon at Dagat-dagatan ni NVM Gonzales
● Alejandro G. Abadilla
These winners were selected by a group of judges composed of Francisco
Ako ang Daigdig ; -Balagtas (courtly love) tradition, advocates
Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo Del Mundo, and
modernism
Teodoro Santos.
D. Philippine Literature in English (1941-14945)
THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
Due to the strict prohibitions of Japanese regarding publishing works and
Between the years of 1941-1945, the Philippine Literature Development was
writing in English, the Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period.
interrupted. It is because the Philippines was again conquered by another
During this period, the writings that came out were journalistic in nature. The
foreign country, Japan.
writers felt suppressed in this time, but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started
● During this period, the Philippine Literature in English came to halt.
to seep in their mind.
Almost all newspapers in the Philippines that were written in English
Some writers in this time continued to write. On the other hand, the majority of
were stopped by the Japanese except for the Tribune and the
the writers waited for a better climate to publish their works.
Philippine Review.
Carlos P. Romulo was one of the noteworthy writers of the period. He was the
● Even though the Philippine Literature in English came to halt in this
one who won the Pulitzer Prize for his work entitled “I Saw the Fall of the
period, this had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature as the
Philippines, I See the Philippines Rise and his Mother America and my Brothers
Filipino Literature renewed attention. Some writers such as Juan
Americans
Laya, who used to write in English turned to writing in Filipino
Notable Journalists in the period: Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Raul
because of the strict prohibitions of Japanese in writing in English.
Manglapus, Carlos Bulosan
The Liwayway, a leading Tagalog weekly magazine published in the Philippines
Notable writers of this period: Juan Collas, Tomas Confesor, Roman A. De La Cruz,
since 1922 that contains Tagalog serialized novels and comics, short stories,
and Eliza Tabunar
poetry, essays, news features, etc. was placed under strict surveillance until it
Notable works in the period:
was managed by Ishiwara, a Japanese.
The Woman Who Looked Like Lazarus, produced by Nick Joaquin
A. Filipino Poetry During this period
The Philippine Review, an essay by F.B Icasino
Themes of most poems: Nationalism, country, love, faith, religion and the arts,
The Laughter of My Father (1944), The Voice of Bataan (1943), Six Filipino Poets
and the life in barrios
(1942), by Carlos Bulosan
Three types of poems that emerged during the Japanese Period:
With Harp and Slings (1943) by Alfredo Litiatco
a) Haiku – A poem of free verse that is composed of 17 syllables and divided into
Forces that Make A Nation Great by Jose P. Laurel
three lines. In Haiku, the first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and
President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography entitled “The Good Fight”
the third, five syllables. It is allegorical in meaning and usually covers a wide
Commonwealth Literary Awards were given to the meritorious writers of this
scope in meaning.
period such as:
b) Tanaga – It is the same as Haiku and it is also allegorical in meaning,
Like the Molave by Rafael Zulueta Da Costa (Poetry)
however, Tanaga had a measure and rhyme. Each line of Tanaga has 17 syllables.
How my Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife by Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story)
c) Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
Literature and Society by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay)
His Native Soil by Juan Laya (Novel)

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

B. Filipino Drama During the Japanese Period
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and
During this period, the Philippine drama was under a pause. It is because the
publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark
movie houses showing American films were closed. Mostly the big movie houses
period. For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino
and in English. In the New Filipino Literature, Philippine literature in Tagalog was ● In 1968, the short story entitled “The Adversary” by Luis V. Teodoro
revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese won the Philippines Free Press Short Story Award; in 1969, The Trail
brutalities, the poverty of life under the Japanese government, and the brave of Professor Riego that is also written by him won the second prize in
guerilla exploits. the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature; in 1970, the short story
REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970) “The Distant City” won the Graphic Short Story Award.
In 1945, the Americans returned to the Philippines.
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom. New Filipino Literature during this Period
● During this period, the Philippine Literature in Tagalog was revived.
A. The State of Literature ● Themes of writings during this period revolve around the Japanese
Early Post-Liberation Period – It was marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and brutalities, the poverty of life under the Japanese government, and
spirit” the brave guerilla exploits.
● There were more Filipino readers in English rather than Filipinos who ● Known newspapers and magazine publications such as The Bulaklak,
prefer the vernaculars like Tagalog, Ilocano, or Hiligaynon. – The Liwayway, Ilang-Ilang, and Sinagtala were reopened.
proof of it was the sudden increase of numbers of newspapers like ● During this period, the way of writing has changed beautifully. From
the Free Press, Morning Sun of Sergio Osmena Sr., Daily Mirror of this period, Tagalog Poetry acquired rhyme, substance, and meaning.
Joaquin Roces, Evening News of Ramon Lopezes, and The Bulletin of Short stories are written with meaningful themes, better characters,
Menzi. and events that are based on facts and realities. Lastly, novels
● Journalists had their peak at this period. Their attitude was more become common yet are still read for recreation.
militant when they were reporting and bordered on the libelous tone. Published Books during this Period:
● As the time passed by and normality was restored, the tones and the ● Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro Abadilla
themes of writing turned to the less pressing problems of economic ● Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (1886-1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo
survival. ● Ako’y isang Tinig (1952) by Genoveva Edroza Matute
● Mga Piling Sanaysay )1952) by Alejandro Abadilla
Writers and their works in this period: ● Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Awtor (1962) by A.G.
● The Voice of the Veteran by Amante Bigornia, Roman De la Cruz, Abadilla and Ponciano E.Pineda
Roman De Jesus, and J.F Rodriguez. ● Parnasong Tagalog (1964) by Huseng Sisiw and Balagtas, Collected
● Twilight in Tokyo and Passion and Death of the Usaffe by Leon Ma. by A.G Abadilla
Guerrero ● Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pag-aaral ng Panitikan (1965) by Rufino
● For Freedom and Democracy by S.P Lopez Alejandro
● Betrayal in the Philippines – Hernando Abay ● Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967) by Rogelio G. Mangahas
● Seven Hills Away by NVM Gonzales ● Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik)
Poetry in English During this Period (1965) by Efren Abueg
For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino and in ● Makata (1967) – publish poems by 16 Poets in Filipino
English. The notable writers during this time were the following: Fred Ruiz ● Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio Salazar
Castro, Dominador I. Ilio, and C.B Rigor ● Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren Abueg
Notable works of the Period ● Mga Aklat ni Rizal – Books about Rizal are mostly published during
● Heart of the Islands (1947) by Manuel Viray this period. A lot of writers participated in writing books about Rizal
● Philippines Cross Section (1950) by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Palanca Awards
Valeros In 1950, The Palanca Memorial Awards was launched. It is headed by Don Carlos
● Prose and Poems (1952) by Nick Joaquin Palanca Sr.
● Philippine Writing (1953) by T.D Agcaoili The Palanca Memorial Award was given to writers of short stories, plays, and
● Philippine Harvest by Amador Daguio poetry.
● Horizon Least (1967) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar First Awardees of Palanca Memorial Awards in 1950-1951:
● Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep by NVM Gonzales 1st : Kwento ni Mabuti ni Genoveva Edroza
● Speak Not, Speak Also by Conrado V. Pedroche 2nd : Mabangis na Kamay...Maamong Kamay ni Pedro S. Dandan
● Have Come, Am Here by Jose Garcia Villa 3rd: Planeta, Buwan at mga Bituin ni Elpidio P. Kapulong

Novels and Short Stories in English PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

In this period, longer and longer pieces compared to before were being written According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic
by writers. and worldwide causes. Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek
Notable happenings in this period: reforms.
● Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana that talks about the The Literary Revolution
grim experiences of war during the Japanese Occupation. The youth became vocal with their sentiments. They demanded a change in the
● In 1946, the Barangay Writers Project dream to publish works in government. It was manifested in the bloody demonstrations and the sidewalk
English written by Filipinos was accomplished. expressions and also in literature.
● In 1958, the PEN Center of the Philippines (Poets, essayists,
novelists) was marked to begin. In the same year, the Pen Anthology PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972- 1980)
of Short Stories by Francisco Arcellana was published. A. About the Period
● In 1961, the English novel of Kerima Polotan entitled “The Hand of ● Began on September 21, 1972 when martial law was implemented by late
the Enemy” won the Stonehill Award for the Filipino in English. president Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
● Bilingual education was initiated by the Board of National Education in 1958 ● Popular television plays were Gulong Ng Palad, Flor De Luna, and Anna Liza.
and lasted until the implementation of martial law; this eventually led to the Superman and Tarzan were also popular with the youth.
deterioration of English in the different levels of education
- Education and culture focused on problems of national identity, re-orientation, D. Films
renewed vigor, and the firm resolve to carry out plans and programs. ● A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was
● The military government established a new oce called the Ministry of Public held during this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a month, only
Affairs Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila. Prizes and trophies
- Regulated the publication of books, newspapers, and other literary works were awarded at the end of the festival in recognition of excellence in film
- All school newspapers and organizations were temporarily terminated. making and in role performances.
- Anything considered perverse or immoral such as sex was banned. 1. Maynila, Sa Kuko ng Liwanag - Edgardo Reyes
● Old plays—including Cenaculo, Zarzuela, and Embayoka of the 2. Minsa’y Isang Gamu-Gamo - Nora Aunor
Muslims—were revived by the government. 3. Ganito Kami Noon ... Paano Kayo Ngayon - Christopher De Leon and Gloria Diaz
- Cenaculo depicts Jesus Christ’s journey from life to death as referenced from 4. Insiang - Hilda Koronel
the Old and New Testaments. 5. Aquila - Fernando Poe Jr, Jay Ilagan and Christopher De Leon
- Zarzuela is a Spanish lyric-dramatic musical act that alternates between song E. Comics, Magazines and Other Publications
(singing+dancing) and speech. ● During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms.
+ First introduced to Manila in 1879 by Dario de Cespedes (his group performed ● News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were
one of the most popular zarzuelas from Spain—Jugar con Fuego or Playing with favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
Fire—created by Ventura dela Vega and Francisco Asenjo Barbieri) AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY
- Embayoka of the Muslim is a poetic debate similar to Balagtasan, usually The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and
played by a man and a woman. poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays, were no different in style
+ Usually either accompanied or followed by a Sayatan—a game of from those written before the onset of activism.
handkerchiefs accompanied by singing, dancing, and poetic recital. Themes in Writing
- Old theaters such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Metropolitan ● Almost all themes dealt with the development or progress of the country:
Theater, and Folk Arts Theater ○ Green Revolution ○ Family Planning
- Of great contribution were organizations like the Philippine Educational ○ Proper Nutrition ○ Environment
Theater Association (PETA) of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka, Repertory ○ Drug Addiction ○ Pollution
Philippines of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida Amador, UP Repertory of Behn
Cervantes, and Teatro Pilipino by Rolando Tinio. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
● Philippine literature continued to develop through weekly publications from The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the
KISLAP and LIWAYWAY — outlets for Filipino writers to share/publish their country's history. This can best be appreciated in the context of the country's
works. pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial
SLOGANS OF NEW SOCIETY and contemporary traditions.
1. Sa ikauunlad ng bayan. Disiplina ang kailangan. A. Historical Background
2. Tayo’y kumain ng gulay, upang humaba ang buhay. ● Martial rule was lifted on January 2, 1981.
3. Magplano ng pamilya nang ang buhay ay lumigaya. ● To those in government, they perceived this as the Philippines becoming a
4. Ang pagsunod sa magulang tanda ng anak na magalang. new nation and this; former President Ferdinand Marcos called “The New
5. Tayo’y magtanim upang mabuhay. Republic of the Philippines” or the “Third Republic.”
6. Tayo’y magbigayan at huwag magsiksikan. ● The First Republic - during the Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo, when
we first got our independence from the Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
B. Poetry ● The Second Republic - when the Americans granted us our independence on
● Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs July 4, 1946.
and the beauties of nature and surroundings. ● The Third Republic - when we were freed from Military Rule, January 2, 1981.
● Those who wrote poetry during this period were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto ● During this period, it cannot be denied that many people seethed with
Silvestre, Jose Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente Dimasalang, Cir Lopez rebellion and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression.
Francisco, and Pelagio Sulit Cruz. ● This was further aggravated when former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. was
● Many more composers added their bit during this period. Among them were , brutally murdered on August 21, 1983. This stage of the nation had its effect on
(Deep in My Heart) and the group (Upanakan and Anak ng ... Kuwan). ANAK by our literature.
Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of the spirit and emotions ● After Aquino was assassinated, the people’s voices could no longer be
revealed in the song. There were even translations in Japanese and in other contained. Both the public and private sectors in the government were chanting,
languages. and shouting; women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were
raised in dissent.
C. Radio and Television B. Palanca Awards
● Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like Si ● The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature, which was launched in
Matar, Dahlia, Ito Ang Palad Ko, and Mr. Lonely were the forms of recreation of 1950 continued its recognition of the best in the literary fields—poetry, short
those without television. story, essays, and the one and three-act plays.
● Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves. However, many In 1981, the winners were the following:
performing artists in radio moved over to television because of higher pay. ● First Prize: “In Hog Heaven” - Jessie B. Garcia
Among these were Augusto Victa, Gene Palomo, Mely Tagasa, Lina Pusing, and - A peek into people’s crushing poverty in 1970s Quiapo. The characters’ dismal
Ester Chavez. existence is ironically bathed with cheery neon lights—cruelly highlighting
their misery and delightfully taunting them.
● Second Prize: “The Party Hopper” - Luning Bonifacio Ira ● Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA sta stalwart, reporting on the state of the
● Third Prize: “In These Hallowed Halls” - Jesus Q. Cruz media during these times said: “It was a year of ferment, and change, of old
In 1982, those who won were: problems made more oppressive by the new throbbing beat of the times.”
● First Prize: “Heart Island” - Jose Dalisay Jr. ● For journalists, it was a year loaded with libel charges, lawsuits and seditious
- A story of an army doctor’s transformation from indierence to compassion. trials which they gallantly bore as harassment suits.
● Second Prize: “Pas de Deux” - Azucena Grajo Uranza ● JAJA (Justice for Aquino, Justice for All) Movement called for a boycott of
- The professor venturing outside the university finds himself no government – controlled newspapers in protest of media suppression. People
match in wits to a country girl working in a dance hall. The stories grounded as picketed newspapers oces with cons to symbolize the death of press freedom.
they are on feudal relations, point towards the gothic theme of a time and place ● On campuses, newspapers were set on fire to protest lack of free expression.
populated by the wraiths of a once elegant but colonial life. Journalists suffered physically and mentally.
● Third Prize: “The Sky Is Always Blue” - Joe Marie A. Abueg ● Journalists of 3 major dailies demanded a dialogue with their publishers to
In 1983, the mood was restive, characteristic of the times. The nation was angry “restore credibility and respectability” to newspapers.
after the murder of opposition leader Benigno Aquino but the awards ● Opposition tabloids flourished. They sold our papers with the red news to the
ceremonies continued after a delay. starved public; hence, smut magazines like the TIKTIK, PLAYBOY SCENE, and
The winners are: SAKDAL also played the sidewalks.
● First Prize: “Oldtimer” - Jose Dalisay Jr. ● Radio led by RADIO VERITAS started reporting coverage of demonstrations.
- It contains ten stories described by Dalisay as "the stories of my first thirty Information Minister Gregorio Cendaña called the tabloids the “mosquito press”
years...of my first lifetime." The stories vary in their styles and concerns, from and called their new “political
the friendship of two men in New York just after the war to the plight of an pornography.”
Army doctor ministering to a teenage insurgent and the heady charm of a kept ● However, there was a perceptible liberalization of editorial policies in the
woman living next door. major newspapers.
● Second Prize: “Games” - Jesus O. Cruz
● Third Prize: “Perfect Sunday” - Jose Y. Ayala G. The State of Philippine Literature in English
- It deals with one main problem: prejudices. ● Isagani Cruz, writing about Philippine literature in the “Age of Ninoy,” makes
In 1984, the winners were: the following observations:
● First Prize: “The Reprieve” by Susan S. Lara - It depicts the struggle of a “Philippines literature is definitely changing,” and he summarizes these as
grown man with near-death follows:
● Second Prize: “The Tangerine Gumamela” - Sylvia Mendez Ventura 1. Change in the direction of greater consciousness in content and form.
● Third Prize: “Stranger in an Asian City” - Gregorio Brillantes 2. Change in the number of readers and the number of writers and the kind of
In 1984, the Palanca Awards started choosing the best in novel writing. This class of writers.
contest, held every three years, gives time for local writers to write more 3. The resurgence of Balagtasismo and the continued dominance of Modernismo.
beautiful and quality works. The next contest on the best novel was held in 1987. While turned its back on the American challenge to conventions, adapted for its
La Tondeña continues to be its sponsor. own ends.
4. The birth of a new poetic movement still dims in outline.
C. Filipino Poetry 5. The apparent merging of the previously separate streams of oral and written
● Poems during this period were romantic and revolutionary. literature.
● Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government.
● The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION (1986-1999)
profane and insulting language. A. Historical Background
● Marcos’ regime did not only suppress the writers’ right to free expression but
D. Filipino Songs also created conditions that made collaboration and cooptation convenient
● Themes: choices for artists struggling for recognition and survival.
○ grief ○ poverty ● The growth of underground writing was created both in urban and
○ aspirations for freedom ○ love of God, of country, and of fellowmen countryside.
● Many composers grieved over Ninoy Aquino’s assassination. Among them were ● Writing under the Martial Law Regime was characterized by militancy and
Coritha, Eric, and Freddie Aguilar. belligerence.
● Coritha and Eric composed a song entitled “Laban ng Bayan Ko.” This was sung ● La Tondeña (sponsors of Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in Literature) made
by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in the name “Palanca” a synonym for quality m works in both English and Filipino.
March 1985. This was also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for ● National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCCA) ○ Committee on Literary
Cory Aquino to inspire the movement against Marcos in February 1986. Arts
● Freddie Aguilar also revived the song “Bayan Ko” which was written by Jose - funds workshops, conferences, publications and a variety of projects geared
Corazon de Jesus and Constancio de Guzman during the American period. towards the production of a “national literature”
- multi-lingual, multicultural, truly national
E. Philippine Films ● Amado V. Hernandez Foundation, GAPAS Foundation, KAIBIGAN
● The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. ○ helped some institutions give recognition to writers from specific sectors in
The people’s love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took the society
advantage of this at the expense of public morality. ● Award giving bodies, annual competitions and publications
- provide the incentives for writers to keep producing
F. Media of 1983 - keeps the writers in public consciousness
- identify significant established writers and give attention to emerging talents
● Campus Publications
○ weekly students newspapers ○ Filipina, movie and television writer, and melodrama novelist. Her novels have
○ quarterly magazines been turned into live-action movies by VIVA Films, and also been remade for
○ annual literary journals television through Sine Novela.
● University of the Philippines ○ Some of her literary works are the following:
○ Collegian - Huwag Mo Kaming Isumpa (1986)
○ The Diliman Review - Pinulot Ka Lang sa Lupa (1987)
○ The Literary Apprentice - Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig (1987)
● Silliman University - Huwag Mong Itanong Kung Bakit (1988) - Magkano ang Iyong Dangal (1988)
○ Sands and Coral - Babangon Ako at Dudurugin Kita (1989)
● Ateneo de Manila University
○ Heights and Philippine Studies E. Prominent Bands
● De la Salle University ● Rivermaya
○ Malate ○ Likha ○ Malay ○ Filipino alternative rock band. Formed in 1994, it is one of the several bands
● University of Santo Tomas who spearheaded the 1990s Philippine alternative rock explosion.
○ The Varsitarian ○ Rivermaya is currently composed of original members Mark Escueta and
Nathan Azarcon, together with longest serving guitarist Mike Elgar. Notable
B. Creative Writing Centers former original members include chief songwriter Rico Blanco and vocalist
1. Academic Institutions Bamboo Mañalac, who later formed the band Bamboo and later went on his solo
● part of the curricular offerings, and students majoring in Literature are able to career.
come in contact with elder creative writers/critics/professors ○ One well-known song the band made was “Awit ng Kabataan” which screams
○ Silliman University ○ University of the Philippines the pride of the youth. It also sounds more free; unrestrained passion.
○ Ateneo de Manila University ○ De la Salle University ○ San Carlos ● Eraserheads
University in Cebu ○ Filipino alternative rock band formed in 1989. With a line-up
2. Writers’ Organizations comprising Ely Buendia, Buddy Zabala, Marcus Adoro, and Raimund Marasigan,
● periodically sponsor symposia on writing and/or set up workshops for its the band became one of the most influential and successful in the history of
members and other interested parties Filipino music.
○ UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipino) ○ Panday-Lipi ○ Often dubbed as "The Beatles of the Philippines."
○ PANULAT (Pambansang Unyon ng mga Manunulat) ○ GAT (Galian sa Arte at ● Moonstar88
Tula) ○ Filipino rock band formed in Manila, Philippines in 1999.
○ KATHA ○ LIRA ○ As of April 2008, they had released four albums, Popcorn, Press
(Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo) to Play and Todo Combo. Later, “This Year” and a collaboration on "Pag-Ibig Ko Sa
○ GUMIL (Gunglo Dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano) ○ LUDABI (Lubas sa Iyo", found in RoK On! Music inspired by Ragnarok Online were released in 2012
Dagang Binisaya) and 2009 respectively.
○ P.E.N ● South Border
○ Filipino pop and R&B bands formed in the early 1990s who gained widespread
C. Characteristics recognition in the music scene in the mid 1990s to the 2000s.
1. There is in the academe an emerging critical orientation that draws its ○ Several awards were granted to the band including 8th Katha
concerns and insights from literary theorizing current in England and the United Music Awards (2002), 18th Awit Awards (2005), and was nominated at the MYX
States. Music Awards (2008).
2. It is marked by adventurousness, a willingness to gamble on “non-traditional”
projects. 21st CENTURY PERIOD
3. The declining prestige of New Criticism has opened a gap in the critical Characteristics
evaluation of literary works. ● A new reality blossomed in the post-war mind of the folk, and it included a
4. It has a development thrust towards the retrieval and the recuperation of personal cynicism and frustration that is truly common to this period.
writing in Philippine languages other than Tagalog. ● More complex characters, plot structure, and narrative techniques. ; Not
bound by any particular theme. ; Reflects current trends.
D. Prominent Authors B. Themes
● Chris Millado - Chris Millado is the vice president and artistic director of the ● societal issues ● personal problems
Cultural Center of the Philippines for the past two decades. ● rural life ● city life
○ He wrote “Buwan at Baril sa E Flat Major” which showed the stories of those C. Influences
who resisted or fell victims of the Marcos dictatorship in 1985. ● Filipino writers have become more conscious of their art with the proliferation
● Carlo Magno Jose Caparas - a Filipino comic strip creator and writer-turned of writers workshops here and abroad and the bulk of literature available to
film director and producer. Two of his literary works include both “Sandakot na them via the mass media including the internet.
Bala” and “Joaquin Bordado” (1988). ● The various literary awards such as the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
○ Sandakot na Bala cast Rudy Fernandez won Best Actor at the Catholic Mass for Literature, the Philippines Free Press, Philippine Graphic, Home Life and
Media Award. Ricky Lee and Jose N. Carreon won Best Screenplay at the PMPC Panorama Literary Awards encourage the writers to compete with his peers and
Star Awards for Movies. hope that his creative efforts will be rewarded in the long run
○ Joaquin Bordado earned 3 nominations from the 22nd PMPC Star Awards for D. Prominent Authors And Their Works
Television 2008 including Best Drama Actor (Robin Padilla), Best New Female TV ● Lamberto Antonio — “Turno Kung Nokturno at Iba Pang Tiyempo ng Relyebo
Personality (Kylie Padilla), and Best Primetime Drama Series. sa Mga Berso”
● Gilda Olvidado
○ Lamberto E. Antonio is a Filipino writer who co-wrote the screenplay for Lino ○ He has also adapted and translated 20 foreign-language plays into Filipino
Brocka’s film Insiang, the first Philippine film to be shown at the Cannes Film such as Bertolt Brecht's Mother Courage and Her Children, William
Festival in 1978. Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Jean Genet's The Maids.
○ An 11-time Palanca awardee, who has also won the grand prize for the Epic ○ In 2019, he was conferred the Dangal ni Balagtas Award by the Commission
Narrative in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Literary Competition, and was on the Filipino Language for his contribution to Philippine literature.
hailed Makata ng Taon by the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa. He also received the ● Gwynette Saludes - writes fictional stories on Wattpad that, without a doubt,
Gawad Manuel L. Quezon and Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas. took every reader on an emotional roller coaster. She garnered much acclaim for
○ His works highlight the struggles of the poor Filipinos, particularly the plight her University Series.
of farmers and peasant workers. ● Bob Ong is an anonymous writer known for his conversational and humorous
○ His winning work, "Turno Kung Nokturno at Iba pang Tiyempo ng Relyebo sa writing techniques.
Mga Berso," which was read and performed by fellow Palanca winner Vim Nadera ○ ABNKKBSNPLAko?! is a 2001 autobiography by Filipino author
in the awards ceremony, contains commentary on various political and societal Bob Ong — his first and most popular work.
issues present today. He likens it to Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez’ first ○ Two of his works have been adapted into film:
novel "In Evil Hour," a story about a village with inhabitants plagued by paranoia - ABNKKBSNPLAko?!
brought by a malevolent presence that posts slanderous lampoons or notes on - Lumayo Ka Nga Sa Akin
house walls. Antonio’s collection also tackles the economic situation of OFWs ● Marcelo Santos III
through a love poem. ○ Most of his works involve comedic poems and short stories.
○ Antonio said they should master two areas: language and research. "Language ○ He is known for Para sa Hopeless Romantic (2015), Para sa Broken Hearted
is a writer’s weapon and it should be constantly refined but, unfortunately, I still (2018), and On the Job (2013).
see a lot of authors commit mistakes. It doesn’t matter if you write a lot, but it
won’t matter in the end if it has grammatical errors. Lastly, while it is important
to read, writers should also research about what they’re reading. They should
know the reason behind what they’re reading about, as this makes it easier to
interpret ideas. To write, you must invent and recreate, and in order to do that
properly, you must back it up with research.”
● Irma Adlawan (Queen of Independent Cinema)
○ She is a Filipino stage, television and film actress. She is dubbed
as the “Queen of Independent Cinema” for her acting prowess and exceptional
contribution to the Philippine film industry. Adlawan is a FAMAS Award winner.
She won "Best Actress" at the 9th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival.
○ In 2016, she won another "Best Actress" trophy at the Metro Manila Film
Festival, winning against the Superstar Nora Aunor.
○ The same year, she won "Outstanding Female Lead Performance in a Play" at Literary Elements
the 8th Philstage Gawad Buhay Awards. 1. Describe the SETTING of a Narrative/ Fictional story.
○ She is one of the prestigious judges of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards A literary device that establishes when and where its plot takes place. Also
for Literature. known as backdrop, a story setting can be drawn from imagination or based on
○ In 2020, she participated among the five entries for the European Philippine historic events, as well as geographical locations in the real world
International Film Festival (EPIFF).
● Alice Tan Gonzales - The writer of “In The Womb Of The Earth” is Alice Tan ● Round character - Realistic or complex. are lifelike figures with
Gonzalez, a regional literary artist. She has critically-acclaimed masterpieces complex, multifaceted personalities. They possess depth and
written in Hiligaynon and is among those in the roster of literary artists dimension, and often undergo personal development over the course
inducted to the Palanca Awards Hall of Fame in 2014. of a story.
○ Her goal is to continue being a regional writer and to author stories in ● Flat character a flat character is a one-dimensional character who
Hiligaynon, her native tongue. isn't layered or deep—rather, a flat character just has one or two
○ In 2014, she won her fifth Palanca first prize in Short Story – Hiligaynon traits that make up their whole personality. Stereotypical
category for her “Balay sang Monyeka '' and her 11th win in the prestigious ● Dynamic character - Emotional and progressive. He/ she develops
literary contest. because of a conflict. A dynamic character is one who changes over
○ She is a professor of English Communication and Literature at the University the course of the story. As such, a dynamic character makes the best
of the Philippines Visayas in Miag-ao, Iloilo. protagonist. By contrast, some dynamic protagonists do not change
○ She won her first Palanca award in 1997 and clinched the second time for her until actions in the story force that change.
short story entitled “Ang Likum Sang Isla San Miguel,” two years after her first ● Static character - shallow, and preserves the story line in a text. A
win. static character does not noticeably change over the course of a
○ Her other winning pieces include “Sa Taguangkan Sang Duta” (2002), story.
“Esperanza” (2003) and “Lanton” (2012).
● Rodolfo C. Vera - Rodolfo C. Vera, commonly known as Rody Vera, wrote more Differentiate the following INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION:
than 25 original plays, 10 of which have won Palanca Awards. “Nana Rosa,” is a. through WORDS - The character makes statements that imply or
one of his original plays and it is based on the life of Maria Rosa Luna Henson, suggest something about themself, usually in dialogue. What does
the “first Filipino to publicly come out as a comfort woman and her experiences the character say and how does he/she speak?
after her revelation.” b. through THOUGHTs- The character thinks or feels in a way that
reveals something about who they are. Unlike speech, thoughts are
observed only by the reader and the character themself. What is
 shown about the character through his/her private thoughts and Second-person narration is a little-used technique of narrative in which the
feelings? action is driven by a character ascribed to the reader, one known as you. The
c. through ACTION - The character’s own actions demonstrate what reader is immersed into the narrative as a character involved in the story. The
kind of person they are. This is often the most powerful form of narrator describes what "you" do and lets you into your own thoughts and
indirect characterization, but also one of the hardest to pull off background.
because it’s more nuanced.What does the character do? How does c) Third Person of View (Omniscient, Limited Omniscient, Objective)
the character act in different situations? In third-person narration, the narrator exists outside the events of the story, and
relates the actions of the characters by referring to their names or by the
What is a THEME of a story? third-person pronouns he, she, or they.
The term theme can be defined as the underlying meaning of a story. It is the Omniscient
message the writer is trying to convey through the story. Often the theme of a Omniscient means "all-knowing," and likewise an omniscient narrator
story is a broad message about life. The theme of a story is important because a knows every character’s thoughts, feelings, and motivations even if
story's theme is part of the reason why the author wrote the story. that character doesn’t reveal any of those things to the other
characters.
What is a "conflict" of a narrative? Give the four kinds of Conflict. Limited
A conflict is a literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing In third-person limited narration, the narrator still exists outside the
forces. Conflict provides crucial tension in any story and is used to drive the events of the story, but does not know the motivations or thoughts of
narrative forward. It is often used to reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative all the characters. Rather, one character is the driver of the story,
while highlighting characters’ motivations, values, and weaknesses. and the reader is given a closer peek into that character’s psyche
than the others.
PLOT Third-person objective
Exposition is the beginning of the story and prepares the way for upcoming Narrator reports the events that take place without knowing the
events. motivations or thoughts of any of the characters. We know little
- Author introduces the major characters, establishes the setting and about what drives them until we hear them speak or observe their
reveals major conflicts in the story. actions. The resulting tone is often matter-of-fact, not colored by any
- Discusses the characters' backstory, so readers gain insight as to why opinions or commentary, nor of knowledge of what takes place
characters act or respond as they do. outside the scene.
Rising Action
- Occurs when the main problem or conflict is addressed with a form Literary Techniques:
of action. The rising action always leads up to the climax. During the Imagery: It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of
rising action, the protagonist often encounters some sort of crisis actions, objects and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our
that creates tension. physical senses.
Climax or Turning Point Irony: It is the use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is
- Pivotal point in the story when the protagonist deals with the completely opposite to their literal meaning.
culmination of events. The climax often centers on the protagonist's ● Dramatic irony is an important stylistic device that is commonly
most difficult challenge or bleakest moment. found in plays, movies, theaters, and sometimes in poetry.
Falling Action Storytellers use this irony as a useful plot device for creating
- The falling action occurs immediately after the climax and details the situations in which the audience knows more about the situations,
consequences -- good or bad -- that the characters must deal with the causes of conflicts, and their resolutions before the leading
after the turning point of events. It leads up to the resolution and characters or actors. That is why readers observe that the speech of
sets the stage for the final chapter of the story. actors takes on unusual meanings.
Denouement ● Situational irony, as a literary device, is a form of irony in which
- tells us what happens to the characters after the conflict is resolved. something takes place that is different or the opposite of what is
All the loose ends are tied up, unless the author plans to write a expected to happen. When writers create an ironic situation in a
sequel and purposely leaves room for further plot developments. literary work, it allows the reader to understand the difference
Some stories have happy endings; others have sad endings. The between appearance and reality within the confines of the literature.
resolution leaves readers with a sense of closure, so they understand This experience often leads the reader to a better understanding of
the fate of the protagonists and antagonists. the work’s central theme or purpose.
● Verbal irony occurs when a speaker speaks something contradictory
Points of View: to what he intends to say. It is an intentional product of the speaker
a) First Person Point of View and is contradictory to his/her emotions and actions. To define it
In first-person narration, the narrator is a person in the story, telling the story simply, it occurs when a character uses a statement with underlying
from their own point of view. The narration usually utilizes the pronoun I (or we, meanings that contrast with its literal meaning; it shows that the
if the narrator is speaking as part of a group). The character who tells the story writer has used verbal irony. Writers rely on the audience’s
might be in the middle of the action or more of a character who observes the intelligence for discerning the hidden meanings they intend to
action from the outer limits, but in either case you are getting that character’s convey. Writers also use ironic similes to convey exactly the opposite
recounting of what happens. of what they intend to say, such as “soft as concrete.”
innocent eye
Stream of consciousness Symbolism is a literary device that refers to the use of symbols in a literary
b) Second Person Point of View work. A symbol is something that stands for or suggests something else; it
represents something beyond literal meaning. In literature, a symbol can be a
 word, object, action, character, or concept that embodies and evokes a range of Supernatural fiction: sci-fi stories about secret knowledge or hidden abilities
additional meaning and significance. including witchcraft, spiritualism, and psychic abilities.
Flash-forward, or “prolepsis,” is a literary device in which the plot goes ahead Space opera fiction: a play on the term "soap opera," sci-fi stories that take
of time; meaning a scene that interrupts and takes the narrative forward in time place in outer space and center around conflict, romance, and adventure.
from the current time in the story. Generally, a flash-forward represents Urban fantasy fiction: fantasy stories that take place in an urban setting in
expected or imagined events in the future, interjected into the main plot, the real world but operate under magical rules.
revealing important information to the story that has yet to be brought to light.
It is the opposite of a flashback, or “analepsis,” which reveals past events. Flash Fiction
Foreshadowing is a literary device that writers utilize as a means to indicate Flash fiction is a genre of fiction, defined as a very short story. While there is no
or hint to readers something that is to follow or appear later in a story. set word count that separates flash fiction from more traditional short stories,
Foreshadowing, when done properly, is an excellent device in terms of creating flash fiction stories can be as short as a few words (while short stories typically
suspense and dramatic tension for readers. It can set up emotional expectations run for several pages). Flash fiction is also known as sudden fiction, short-short
of character behaviors and/or plot outcomes. This can heighten a reader’s stories, micro fiction, or micro stories.
enjoyment of a literary work, enhance the work’s meaning, and help the reader
make connections with other literature and literary themes. Speculative Fiction
Deus ex machina refers to the circumstance where an implausible concept or Utopian fiction: stories about civilizations; the authors deem to be perfect;
a divine character is introduced into a storyline, for the purpose of resolving its ideal societies.

conflict and procuring an interesting outcome. Dystopian fiction: stories about societies deemed problematic within the
Plot twist is an unexpected development in a literary work or film. The term world of the novel, often satirizing government rules, poverty, and oppression.

plot twist comprises a combination of two words, plot, which is an autonomous Apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place before and during a huge disaster
term with, twist, having separate meanings. Yet, it is not a compound word that wipes out a significant portion of the world's population. The stories center

Surprise Ending - happens near the end of a story, where an unexpected around characters doing everything they can to stay alive-for example, running

ending occurs from zombies or trying to avoid a deadly plague.

Deus ex Machina - person or thing that is introduced into a situation suddenly Post-apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place after an apocalyptic event
and unexpectedly and provides an artificial or contrived solution to an and focus on the survivors figuring out how to navigate their new

apparently insoluble difficulty circumstances-for example, emerging after a global nuclear holocaust or

Flashing Arrow focuses on the subject, audio, visual cue used in films and surviving a total breakdown of society.

similar visual media to bring the attention of the audience to a particular object Alternate history fiction: stories that focus on true historical events but are
or situation, which will later be referred to or used in the advancement of plot. written as if they unfolded with different outcomes.

Reverse chronology a method of storytelling whereby the plot is revealed in Superhero fiction: stories about superheroes and how they use their abilities
reverse order to fight supervillains.

Frame Story a narrative that frames or surrounds another story or set of

stories Graphic Novels

Cliff Hanger a component of a story ends unresolved, usually in a A graphic novel, as its name suggests, is a novel that tells a complete story via

suspenseful or shocking way illustrations. A graphic novel will offer the type of resolution that one expects

In Medias Res technique of jumping straight to the heart of the action, literally from a novel, even if it is part of a series. Effectively, this makes a graphic novel

"in the middle of things. longer and more substantive than a comic book, which is a serialized excerpt
from a larger narrative.
21st Century Literature Genre Speculative Fiction
Speculative fiction is a literary "super genre," which encompasses a number of Types of Graphic Novels
different genres of fiction, each with speculative elements that are based on Superhero stories: Graphic novels focused on protagonists with superhuman,
conjecture and do not exist in the real world. Sometimes called "what-if" books, paranormal, or magical or technological powers (like Spider-Man, or Batman).

speculative literature changes the laws of what is real or possible as we know • Non-superhero stories: These are graphic novels which are grounded in the
them in our current society, and then speculates on the outcome. realities of the real world.
• Personal narratives: These are graphic novels that tell a story from their
The term "speculative fiction" was used for the first time by Robert Heinlein in author's life, ranging from focused memoir to full autobiography.

1947. The term was largely associated with only the science fiction genre in the Manga: Graphic novels conforming to the aesthetics of Japanese comic culture
late twentieth century, as science fiction is a widely read genre that contains are called Manga

speculative elements. The term expanded in the twenty-first century to

encompass more subgenres beyond just science fiction, like fantasy and
dystopian literature. Today, speculative fiction is a blanket term for the stories
that take place beyond our known world.

Speculative Fiction
Most speculative fiction novels fall under at least one of the following genres.
Some may fall into multiple genres depending on the story structure:
Science fiction: stories with imagined technologies that don't exist in the real
world, like time travel, aliens, and robots.
Sci-fi fantasy fiction: sci-fi stories inspired by mythology, folklore, and fairy
tales that combine imagined technologies with elements of magical realism.