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    Slide Earthing

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    The document discusses earthing systems and protection in low voltage systems. It explains the need for earthing to protect from electrical shock. It describes the TNS and TT earthing systems used in Malaysia, which use separate neutral and protective conductors. It discusses components of an earthing system including earth electrodes and circuit protective conductors. It also covers earthing loop impedance, sizing circuit protective conductors, and protection methods like residual current devices.

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    Slide Earthing

    Uploaded by

    Scalper
    134 views18 pages
    The document discusses earthing systems and protection in low voltage systems. It explains the need for earthing to protect from electrical shock. It describes the TNS and TT earthing systems used in Malaysia, which use separate neutral and protective conductors. It discusses components of an earthing system including earth electrodes and circuit protective conductors. It also covers earthing loop impedance, sizing circuit protective conductors, and protection methods like residual current devices.

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    The document discusses earthing systems and protection in low voltage systems. It explains the need for earthing to protect from electrical shock. It describes the TNS and TT earthing systems used in Malaysia, which use separate neutral and protective conductors. It discusses components of an earthing system including earth electrodes and circuit protective conductors. It also covers earthing loop impedance, sizing circuit protective conductors, and protection methods like residual current devices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    134 views18 pages

    Slide Earthing

    Uploaded by

    Scalper
    The document discusses earthing systems and protection in low voltage systems. It explains the need for earthing to protect from electrical shock. It describes the TNS and TT earthing systems used in Malaysia, which use separate neutral and protective conductors. It discusses components of an earthing system including earth electrodes and circuit protective conductors. It also covers earthing loop impedance, sizing circuit protective conductors, and protection methods like residual current devices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    REKABENTUK SISTEM

    PENGAGIHAN BEKP 4783

    Chapter 4: Earthing
    Earthing System
    „ Why need earthing?
    „ Protection from electrical shock
    1. Direct contact
    2. Indirect contact
    Earthing System

    Direct Contact Indirect Contact


    Earthing : Low Voltage System
    Methods of System Earthing

    1. Resistance Earthed Systems


    1. Low resistance- Current range from 100 -2000A
    2. High resistance- Current limited to 5A
    2. Reactance Earthed Systems
    3. Solidly Earthed Systems
    1. Widely used in Malaysia
    Earthing : Low Voltage System
    Earthing System in Malaysia
    „ In Malaysia, only the TNS and TT system may be used in public electricity
    supply.

    „ TNS system where there are separate neutral and protective conductors
    throughout the system. A TNS system is where the metallic path is
    continuous between the installation and the source of energy.

    „ TT system where the source of energy is directly earthed but the


    exposed and conductive parts of the installation are connected to a local
    earth. The local earth is electrically independent of the earth source.

    „ TT system is widely used in Malaysia, where the installation’s earthing


    terminal is connected by an earthing conductor to an earthing electrode.
    Earthing : Low Voltage System

    TNS System TT System


    Earthing : Low Voltage System
    Earthing in Low Voltage System
    „ The coordination of characteristic of protective devices, earthing
    arrangement and the relevant impedance to the circuit during an earth fault
    is very important for earth fault protection.
    „ The touch voltage: occurring anywhere in the installation shall be of such
    magnitude and duration as not to cause danger.
    „ Terms:
    1. Expose conductive part
    2. Extraneous conductive part
    3. Equipotential bonding
    4. Earthing conductor
    5. Earth electrode
    6. CPC (Circuit protective conductor)
    Earthing Components
    Earthing : TNS System
    Protection in TNS System
    „ In TNS system, the source of supply is directly earthed (T) and the exposed
    conductive parts connected to the installation’s earthing terminal is earthed
    at neutral point (N) of the supply source through a separate (S) protective
    conductor.
    „ One or both of the following two types of protective devices shall be used:

    1. An over-current protective devices- MCB, MCCB, VCB


    2. A residual current devices RCDs. – RCCB, ELCB, E/F Relay

    „ During an earth fault, automatic disconnection of supply will occur within


    specific time.

    1. 0.4 sec for socket outlet or hand held Class 1.


    2. 5 sec for fixed equipment.
    Total value of loop impedance ZEFL
    VL−L 3 V 3
    I F ,TNS = = L−L
    Z S + Z E + R1 + RCPC + R PC Z EFL
    Earthing : TT System
    Protection in TT System
    „ In TT system, the source of supply is directly earthed (T) and every exposed
    conductive parts shall be connected to the main earthing terminal to a
    common earth electrode.
    „ One or both of the following two types of protective devices shall be used:

    1. A residual current devices RCDs. – RCCB, ELCB, E/F Relay


    2. An over-current protective devices- MCB, MCCB, VCB

    „ In the TT system, the earth fault loop impedance is usually higher than TNS
    system.
    „ The earth fault current not enough to over-current protective devices. Thus
    RCCB is preferred to use.
    VL−L 3 V 3
    I F ,TNS = = L−L
    Z S + Z E + R1 + RCPC + R PC + R B + R A Z EFL
    Earthing : Loop Impedance
    Earthing : Loop Impedance
    „ The low impedance path for fault current, the earth fault loop path,
    comprises that part of the external to the installation, i.e. the impedance of
    supply transformer, distributor and service cable, Ze, and the impedance of
    the phase conductor Z1, and CPC Z2, of the circuit concerned.

    „ Provided that this value ZEFL does not exceed the maximum value given for
    the protective device in Table 41B1, 41B2 or 41D of the regulation, the
    protection will operate within the prescribed time limits.

    ZEFL = Ze + (Z1 + Z2)


    Earthing : Loop Impedance
    Earthing : RCCB Protection
    RCCB protection
    „ If the protection is provided by a RCCB, the following condition shall be satisfied:
    ZEFL * I∆N ≤ 50V

    „ In the TT system, the earth fault loop impedance is usually higher than the TN system
    and thus, the earth fault current may not be high enough to operate the over-current
    protective device in time to disconnect the circuit.

    „ In addition, the touch voltage shall be limited to not more than 50V by satisfying the
    following conditions:

    RL * IA ≤ 50V

    „ RL = the sum of the resistances of the earth electrode and the CPC connecting to the exposed-
    conductive part.
    „ IA = the current causing the automatic operation of the protective device within 5 seconds. If the
    protective device is RCCB, IA is the rated residual operating current, I∆N.
    Earthing : Circuit Protective Devices
    Circuit Protective Conductors (CPC)
    „ The circuit protective conductor (CPC) is part of the earth fault loop
    and connects together all exposed conductive parts to the main
    terminal. Its purpose is to convey the earth fault current without
    damaging the core insulation.

    „ Regulation 413-02 states that the earth loop impedance value should be
    such as to initiate disconnection of the fault within 0.4 to 5.0
    seconds for socket outlets and fixed equipment respectively.
    Earthing : Circuit Protective Devices

    I 2t
    S=
    K
    S = cross sectional area in mm2.
    I = fault current in amperes.
    t = disconnecting device operating time in seconds.
    K = thermal capacity constant of the CPC.

    „ Regulation 543-01-03 stipulates that the cross-sectional area of every


    CPC shall be calculated in accordance to this formula:
    „ Regulation 543-01-04 shows an alternate method of sizing the CPC from
    Table 54G.
    „ Some design engineers calculate the size of the phase conductor but not
    the CPC and enter a note on the drawing. This leaves it open to the
    contractor to size the CPC without considering the disconnection time.

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