READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Southern Luzon State University

Tiaong Campus

Name: DONES, PAUL MORRIS L.

Course and Section: BEED-1A

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Primary Source vs. Secondary Source

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The Katipunan and the Revolution: The Revolt of the Masses: The Story
Memoirs of a General By: Santiago of Bonifacio and the Katipunan by:
V. Alvarez a.k.a Teodoro A. Agoncillo (2002)
Gen. Apoy (1992)
Author’s ➢ Santiago V. Alvarez a.k.a ➢ Teodoro A. Agoncillo
Background Gen. Apoy ➢ Born: November 9 1912 in
➢ Born: July 25, 1872 in Imus, Lemery, Batangas
Cavite ➢ Died: January 14, 1985
➢ Died: October 30, 1930 in San ➢ He was a prominent 20th-
Pablo City century Filipino historian. He
➢ Santiago V. Alvarez was a and his contemporary Renato
revolutionary general and a Constantino were among the
founder and honorary first Filipino historians
president of the first renowned for promoting a
directorate of the Nacionalista distinctly nationalist point of
Party. He was known as "Kidlat view of Filipino. He was also an
ng Apoy" (Lightning of Fire) essayist and a poet.
because of his inflamed ➢ Agoncillo's "History of the
bravery and dedication as Filipino People" was first
commander of Cavite's published in (1960). To date, it
famous battles particularly remains a popular standard
that in Dalahican where the textbook in many Filipino
victory was crucial for the universities, as are many of
revolutionary cause, since it Agoncillo's other works.
prevented the Spanish send ➢ Some of his other well-known
reinforcements across the works include Revolt of the
isthmus from Cavite to Masses (1956), Malolos: The
reconquer the province, the Crisis of the Republic (1960),
main Philippine bastion. For the Fateful Years (1965), and
this reason, he was rejoiced in History of the Filipino People
the present-day Cavite City as (1960) which are all still being
the “Hero” of the Battle of used as textbooks in many
Dalahican. schools. For this outstanding
➢ Prior to the outbreak of the works as a historian, he was
revolution, Santiago was conferred as a National
already a delegado general of Scientist in (1985).
the provincial council of the ➢ Agoncillo obtained a
Katipunan in Cavite. He bachelor's degree in
became captain general and philosophy from the University
later, commander-in-chief, of of the Philippines in (1934) and
the Magdiwang forces and a master's degree in the arts
valiantly fought the Spaniards from the same university the
from 1896 to 1897. With his following year.
 father, Mariano Álvarez, and ➢ He became linguistic assistant
cousin, General Pascual at the Institute of National
Álvarez, they liberated Language and as an instructor
Noveleta from the Spaniards at the Far Eastern University
on August 31, 1896. and the Manuel L. Quezon
➢ In 1902 he was appointed University and a faculty
Chairman of the Commission member of U.P., chairing the
of the peace, an organization Department of History from
created by U.S. authorities to 1963 to 1969, until his
promote the material retirement in 1977
reconstruction of the country
and the reconciliation
between the two countries. In
this same line created in
1912the Association
Makabuhay.
Objective of ➢ In the prologue to his book, ➢ Agoncillo's book was written in
the Author Memoirs of a General, he 1947 in order to hook the
stated that his goal was to present onto the past. The
make the youth aware of the 1890s themes of exploitation
revolutionaries' fading battle and betrayal by the propertied
and the story of the class, the rise of a plebeian
revolution. He reconstructed leader, and the revolt of the
the story of the revolution as a masses against Spain, are
participant-eyewitness using implicitly being played out in
his notes. the late 1940s.
Date written ➢ According to Journal of ➢ The Revolt of the Masses: The
or published Southeast Asian Studies, the Story of Bonifacio and the
Original Tagalog text of Katipunan was written in 1947
General Alvarez’s memoirs as the author s winning entry
was published in 36 in a national Bonifacio
installments, from July 24, biography contest held in
1927 to April 15, 1928, in the 1948. Another focus of inquiry
Tagalog weekly, Sampaguita. is the publication of the
manuscript in 1956 by the
➢ The translation of “Ang College of Liberal Arts of the
Katipunan at University of the Philippines.
Paghihimagsikan” by Paula
Caroline Malay in English was
published in Quezon City,
Ateneo de Manila University
Press on 1992.
Mention of ➢ March 25, 1897 - A convention ➢ Middle of December 1896 -
Dates was held in Tejeros in order to Bonifacio with his wife and two
settle the dispute between the brothers, Ciriaco and Procopio,
two councils, The Magdalo and left Cavite because Bonifacio
The Magdiwang group, and to accept the request of Mariano
decide on what type of Alvarez his uncle-in-law.
government should be ➢ January 2, 1897 - Bonifacio
installed. wrote from San Francisco de
➢ March 27, 1897 - Those Malabon to Mariano Alvarez.
elected at the Tejeros Written in that letter was
convention secretly gathered "President Mainam: Don't fail
in the Tanza parish house. to come this very moment for I
They knelt before a crucifix want to talk to you privately
and solemnly took their office about what happened to me in
despite the Supremo, Andres Magdalo and so that you might
 Bonifacio’s claim of the votings explain their organization to
as null and void. me."
➢ January 1897 - The feast of San
Francisco de Malabon and is
when the rebels enjoyed the
fiesta and relaxed.
➢ March 22,1897 - General
Emilio Aguinaldo's Birthday.
Also, it is when the battle
raged between the Spaniards
and the Magdalo soldiers and
the assembly convened the
Tejeros.
Mention of ➢ Tejeros - The place where the ➢ Cavite - The Tejeros
Places assembly took place. Convention was the meeting
➢ San Francisco de Malabon - held on March 22, 1897
The place where the election between the Magdiwang and
for the new government took Magdalo factions.
place. ➢ Mountains of Montalban &
➢ Tanza (Santa Cruz de Malabon) Mariquina -A delegate was
- (parish house of the Catholic sent in the mountains to look
Church) many attested seeing for the Supremo to apprise to
Messrs. Mariano Trias. Daniel him of the urgent necessity of
Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, mediating of the widening rift
Santiago Rillo and others, and between the two popular
that they were conferring with councils.
the priest, Fr. Cenon ➢ Noveleta - The place where
Villafranca. The former Esteban San Juan invited
summer resort of the friars Bonifacio to attend the
that witnessed the first demonstration of the
important election held under Magdiwang rebels.
the auspices of the Katipunan ➢ Estate house of Tejeros - The
government place where the leaders of the
Towns under the sovereign power of Magdiwang planned to hold
each function: another convention.
➢ Kin Batangas and other towns ➢ Town of Kawit, Bakood, and
(Magdalo) Imus – The place where the
➢ Nasugbu, Tuwi and Look, in Spanish army seriously
the same province threatened it for battle.
(Magdiwang) ➢ Barrio between the towns of
➢ Mountains of Montalban and Imus and Dasmarinas - General
Mariquina - The search for Emillio Aguinaldo lead the
Supremo, to apprise him of the Magdalo Soldiers to face the
urgent necessity of mediating Spaniards.
of the widening rift between ➢ Santa Cruz de Malabon - The
the two popular councils. place where a bridge is
➢ Zapote - Emilio Aguinaldo, connected to San Francisco de
Candido Tirona and Edilberto Malabon and is the place
Evangelista were on hand to where the former summer
meet the Supremo and his resort of the friars, that
entourage witnessed the first important
➢ Imus (house of Juan election held under the
Castaneda) - Bonifacio was auspices of the Katipunan
brought by the rebel leaders government.
where he was visited by ➢ San Juan del Monte/Laguna -
Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel The place where they were
Tirona, Vicente Fernandez and going to attack the Spaniards.
 others. Bonifacio ordered the
arrest of Fernandez.
Key ➢ Andres Bonifacio - Leader of ➢ Andres Bonifacio - Supreme
Personalities the Katipunan - Magdiwang Head of the Katipunan
president elected as the ➢ Artemio Ricarte - Magdalo's
Secretary of the Interior military commander brigadier-
➢ Emilio Aguinaldo - Elected as general
President of the Katipunan ➢ Mariano Alvarez -
➢ Baldomero Aguinaldo - Magdiwang's chosen President
Magdalo President ➢ Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo -
➢ Mariano Trias - Elected as Vice Leading the Magdalo Soldiers,
President faced the Spaniards inSalitran
➢ General Vibora - Elected as ➢ Candido Tirona - Magdiwang's
Captain General minister of war
➢ Emiliano de Dios - Elected as ➢ Edilberto Evangelista -
Secretary of War Magdalo's elected Lieutenant
➢ Daniel Tirona - He went General
against the result of the ➢ Baldomero Aguinaldo - Made
voting’s when Andres the proposal to establish a
Bonifacio was elected as revolutionary government
Secretary of the Interior ➢ Daniel Tirona - Magdalo man
➢ Ariston Villanueva - Previous ➢ Esteban San Juan - Invited
Secretary of war Bonifacio to attend the
➢ Apoy - Previous Captain demonstration of the
General- He was insulted by Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
Antonio Montenegro’s remark ➢ Ariston Villanueva -
about the revolution and Magdiwang's Minister of War
made an order to arrest him who stood up and said that if
➢ Antonio Montenegro - He was new government was to be
arrested by General Apoy established, Andres Bonifacio
because he compared the who had organized and
revolution to a pack of bandits planned the entire
or of wild, mindless animals if revolutionary movement,
they did not agree on the kind must of right occupy
of revolutionary government, presidency without any
they were to have election
➢ Trining & Josephine - Pleaded ➢ Santiago Alvarez - Magdalo's
with Apoy not to arrest commander in chief
Montenegro but to let him ➢ Pascual Alvarez - Magdalo's
stay at the estate house executive secretary
➢ Jacinto Lumbreras - Previous ➢ Luciano San Miguel -
Chairman of the Katipunan Magdiwang representative
➢ Fr. Cenon Villanueva - ➢ Mariano Trias - Magdalo's
Officiated the oath taken by minister of grace and justice
the newly elected officers ➢ Severino de las Alas -
➢ Severino de las Alas and Daniel Magdiwang representative
Tirona- Witness of the oath ➢ Santos Nocon - Magdiwang
taking representative
➢ Cayetano Topacio -
Magdiwang's minister of
finance
➢ Antonio Montenegro -
Magdiwang representative
➢ Jacinto Lumbrera - Acting
president of magdiwang in the
meeting
Sequencing ➢ In the Philippine Revolution of ➢ The Katipunan of Cavite,
of Events 1896, there was a conflict that divided into two factions, the
 emerged between Andres Magdiwang and the
Bonifacio, the supremo of the Magdalo,and each factions
Katipunan, the secret society exercised sovereign power
that launched the uprising over a number of towns.
against Spain in August 1896, Leaders of each council never
and Emilio Aguinaldo, a leader got together to elect their
of the Filipino forces in Cavite leader; they proceeded
province who replaced independently their elected
Bonifacio as head of the leader. Both factions
revolutionary movement in attempted to make their
March 1897. uniform to recognized their
➢ In hopes of uniting the council, however the plan did
conflicting factions and not go beyond the paper stage
establishing a new due to lack of budget.
government of the Katipunan, ➢ When Cavite led by its two
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio factions, successfully rose in
Aguinaldo agreed to hold the their revolt, disputes arises
Tejeros Convention. The between the leaders of rival
assembly at Tejeros took place factions for their desire to
on March 25, 1897, which was control the other faction. But
initially pres Lumbreras of the neither both sides would bow
Magdiwang Council. nor allow the other faction to
➢ Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras rule the other faction, and this
announced the main topic of led to rebel's defeat at the
discussion, which was how to hands of Polavieja and the
bolster the defenses in the Spaniards. The Magdiwang
areas under Magdiwang men initiated to invite Andres
control. Severino de las Alas Bonifacio to visit Cavite and
interrupted and announced intervene in the conflict of the
that the major issues should two factions. A delegate was
be tackled first such as what sent to look and inform him,
kind of government should we but he refuses to heed the
have and how should we request.
establish it. Secretary ➢ Periodic exchanges of
Lumbreras emphasized that communication between
the Katipunan now holds Bonifacio and Magdiwang
authority over the island that chieftains led to accepting the
has a government of law and a third invitation written to
definite program. Severino de Bonifacio. Bonifacio left for
las Alas disagreed otherwise. Cavite in the middle of
➢ A disorder ensued between December 1896.A
General Apoy and Antonio misunderstanding arose
Montenegro, which disrupted between Magdalo leaders and
the assembly. Antiono Bonifacio at the preliminary
Montenegro said the they who meeting, that they regarded
were in the Revolution would Bonifacio's behavior and
be no better than a pack of "acted as if he were a king".
bandits or of wild, mindless After the meeting, Bonifacio
animals. Hurt by the words of met Fernandez, who was his
Montenegro, General Apoy comrade in the battle of San
emphasized that they are true Juan, promised to help him,
revolutionaries fighting for the but didn't carried out his
freedom of the native land and promise had led to their
they are not bandits who rob defeat, ordered his arrest. But
others of their property and Magdalo chieftains, whom
wealth. General Apoy then Fernandez had run for shelter,
ordered the arrest officed by refused to give him up and
Bonifacio concluded that he
 Secretary Jacinto Antonio had little influence in Magdalo
Montenegro. area.
➢ When order was restored, ➢ Bonifacio was invited to attend
Andres Bonifacio presumed an event in Noveleta. A parade
the chairman of the assembly, took place and Emilio
for he is the Father of the Aguinaldo, a Magdiwang,
Katipunan and the Revolution. observed the parade, while
Secretary Lumbreras thought having a plan to nominate
Bonifacioto be the rightful Edilberto Evangelista, with the
chairman because the as the intention of his faction to
leader of the Katipunans, he propose an establishment of a
was responsible for the spread revolutionary government.
of the revolutionary Bonifacio knowing the plan of
movement throughout the Aguinaldo was hurt for the
Philippines. presidency must be given to
➢ An election took place for the him for heist the founder of
following positions: President, Katipunan. After, an assembly
Vice President, Minister of was opened with Bonifacio as
Finance, Minister of Welfare chairman. And both factions
and Justice, and Captain have different sides that never
General. The Supremo come to understanding.
Bonifacio emphasized that all Magdalo proposes to have a
decisions discussed and government with the
approved in the meetings Katipunan for it was no longer
should be respected and all necessary, and Magdiwang
should abide by the wished of opposes the proposal. At the
the majority, no matter what end the assembly was
his station in life or his adjourned, but as tension
educational attainment. The between the Magdiwang and
Magdiwang secretary of the Magdalo continues to rise.
treasury warned Bonifacio ➢ The leaders held another
that the ballots were convention at the estate-
tampered and some were house in Tejeros. This was
already filled out, however, during Aguinaldo’s birthday
Bonifacio ignored this and March 22,1987 and when he
proceeded with the election. was facing the Spaniards in
➢ In the voting for the Salitran. The convention was
presidency position in the mostly attended by
revolutionary government, Magdiwang soldiers. The
Emilio Aguinaldo prevailed convention was opened by
over Andres Bonifacio. The Jacinto Lumbreras, however
next most important posts Severino de las Alas took the
went to members of the floor and wanted to discuss on
Magdiwang: Mariano Trias what kind of government
was elected Vice President, should be set up. Andres
Artemio Ricarte, and Emiliano Bonifacio explaining that the K
Riego de Dios was elected in the Katipunan flag already
Secretary of War. Andres identified the type of
Bonifacio was elected to a government but de las Alas
position, the Secretary of the was not satisfied. The tension
Interior. After that, an was heated up as Antonio
argument broke out between Montenegro insulted the
Bonifacio and Daniel Tirona, Katipunan which was not taken
where the later insisted that lightly by Santiago Alvarez.
the position of Secretary of the Lumbreras then proceeded to
Interior should be entrusted to give the seat to Andres
a lawyer and elect Jose del Bonifacio in spearheading the
Rosario instead. Bonifacio convention.
 adjourned the meeting, ➢ An election was held where
announcing that all matters whoever elected was to be
approved in the meeting are recognized and respected
null and void. regardless of social status and
➢ Baldomero Aguinaldo, the education. Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo president, convinced was elected President,
the Magdiwang leaders to Mariano Trias as Vice
reconvene the disrupted President, Ricarte as Captain
meeting at the same friar General, Emilio R. de Dios as
estate house in Tejeros the director of war and Andres
following day to continue and Bonifacio as Director of
revalidate the proceeding of Interior. The position of
the election; however, the Bonifacio was opposed by
Magdalo members did not Daniel Tirona, which offended
came. It was rumored that a the Supremo, that led him to
meeting had taken place at the call the assembly off and all
Tanza parish house and that was discussed as null.
Bonifacio’s decision regarding ➢ Bonifacio believed that that he
the election being null and should have been given the
void were not respected. At presidency but was not due to
the gathering in the Tanza the dirty work of the Magdalo
parish house, those elected at men. In his letter to Mariano
the Tejeros Convention took Alvarez he also said that he
their oaths office, which was would not recognize the chiefs
officiated by Fr. Cenon elected during the Imus
Villafranca. Unknown to the Convention and should not be
Magdiwang Council, the recognized by the people
Magdalo posted troops to either
guard the Tarzan parish house
and not to admit any
unwanted Magdiwang
partisans.
Difference ➢ Date of the Tejeros ➢ According to historian Teodoro
between the Convention: Revolutionary Agoncillo, the Tejeros
two leader, Santiago Alvarez stated Convention occurred on March
accounts that the Tejeros Convention 22, 1897, which was
occurred on March 25, 1897. Aguinaldo’s birthday.
➢ Alvarez’s version focused on ➢ Agoncillo’s version included
how the election went on and the small details including the
the events that took place in emotions that every
Tejeros. personality had exhibited. The
complete list of attendees was
added. It is much more
detailed and more information
was added to prove or debunk
claims by historians.
Probable ➢ Primary sources provide raw ➢ Agoncillo’s version, as a
reason why information and first-hand secondary source already had
the evidence. Alvarez had nothing the primary source to guide
differences to rely on in writing and based the writer on what more he
entirely on what he observed could add and what he can
as an attendant of the said learn more about.
convention.
Thematic ➢ The President-Supremo of the ➢ Upon arrival of Bonifacio and
motivation KKK assumed the his company, the tense was
of chairmanship of the assembly being raised as their concerns
authors and he presided. He began contradict. Two in the
elaborating that the attendees afternoon of 22nd of March
 should respect whatever the 1897 at Tejeros, the meeting
results would be. When it was formally opened. Mr.
comes to election proper, he Jacinto Lumberas took the
spoke again that the nominee chair and opened the meeting.
who would get the largest The meeting continues until
number of votes despite his Bonifacio took as the presiding
station of life and their officer by being the President
educational attainment, of the Supreme Council of
would still be the winner of a Katipunan. He said that the
respective position. winner of any position in the
➢ Although he wasn’t able to get election will be proclaimed
the Presidency since despite of his life status. As the
Aguinaldo go the place. The election was happening, he
Supremo was being elected as was elected as the Director of
the Secretary of Interior but the Interior. Mr. Daniel Tirona
Daniel Tirona says that the added that the position should
position should be given to the be given to the one who is a
educated lawyer Jose del lawyer and he as pointing to
Rosario. Because of this, Jose del Rosario. Bonifacio felt
Bonifacio took offense in this insulted and he turned crimson
and pulled out his firearm and with anger. Appointing him to
took aim to Mr. Tirona. The such position should be
latter then slid away and got respected by everyone
lost in the crowd. Bonifacio because they agreed in the
then declared null and void all condition. He insisted that
matters approved in the Tirona give satisfaction for his
meeting defamatory words and Tirona
tried to lose himself in the
crowd. In such anger, Bonifacio
whipped out his pistol to for at
Tirona but Ricarte grabbed his
hand. Bonifacio said that he
annuls all that has been
approved and resolved as the
chairman of the assembly and
the President of the Supreme
Council of Katipunan then left
the hall, followed by his men.

Sources:
Quirino, Carlos. Who's who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
Original Title: Memoirs of a General Uploaded by Jm Silva Date uploaded on Sep 07, 2021
https://www.wikipilipinas.com/KEY-PERSONALITIES-PRIMARY-SOURCES-SANTIAGO-ALVAREZ-
MEMOIRS-OF-A-GENERAL/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7ksabqf/KEY-PERSONALITIES-PRIMARY-SOURCES-
SANTIAGO-ALVAREZ-MEMOIRS-OF-A-GENERAL/
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-st-la-salle/readings-in-philippine-
history/comparative-analysis/9454632
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-the-east-ramon-magsaysay/bs-medical-
technology/comparison-of-gen-alvarez-and-teodoro-agoncillos-accounts-for-the-tejeros-
convention/12265265
Readings in Philippine History Handouts (Readings on Tejeros Convention – 1897)
Author’s Background:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1245/today-in-philippine-history-july-25-1872-
santiago-alvarez-was-born-in-imus-cavite
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/737/today-in-philippine-history-november-9-1912-
teodoro-a-agoncillo-was-born-in-lemery-batangas