Primary Sources Vs Secondary Sources

MEMBERS: Lopinac, Patrick Ivan BSIE 1A

Carillo, Jenel
Roma, Carla
Quejano, Kio
Gavierez, Fionnah

PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

CATEGORIES MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL BY SANTIAGO REVOLT OF THE MASSES BY TEODORO
ALVAREZ a.k.a GEN. APOY) AGONCILLO
 Born in Imus (Cavite, Luzon) on July 25, 1872  Teodoro Agoncillo was born in Lemery, Batangas
and died in San Pablo (province of Laguna, on November 9, 1912
Luzon) on October 30, 1930  An eminent historian, poet, short story writer,
AUTHORS
 Also known as General Apoy editor, and professor
BACKGROUND
 Commander in Chief of Magdiwang faction  He earned the “Philippine Historical Associations
Award” for his outstanding books on history and
literature
 The author gives account to the success and as
well as the failures of the revolution
 The author showed how the meeting happened,
 Teodoro Agoncillo gives information about the
where the Magdalo cheated against Supremo
dispute between the Magdalo and Magdiwang
Andres Bonifacio
faction
OBJECTIVE OF THE  The author showed how the meeting is
AUTHOR  The life and as well as the attitude of Supremo
disorganized and full of chaos
Andres Bonifacio is given in the text. He is one
 General Alvarez wants to show the truth about
of the country’s important heros and his work
the revolution using his memoir and his role in
contributed to the Philippines to show the life of
the Revolution
Bonifacio

 First published during the 1920s in Sampaguita,  It was written on 1947, the authorʼs winning
DATE WRITTEN OR
a Tagalog weekly, the memoirs were reproduced
PUBLISHED entry in a national Bonifacio biography contest
in this volume together with the English
 translation by Paula Carolina Malay. It was held in 1948. The manuscript was published in
published again on January 1, 1992 1956 by the College of Liberal Arts of the
University of the Philippines

 (March 24, 1897) meeting was postponed.

 (March 25, 1897) the assembly of Tejeros.
 (March 25, 1897) Afternoon, the Spaniards  (January 2, 1897) Supremo wrote to his uncle-
captured and occupied the town of Imus. in-law, Mariano Alvarez
 (March 27, 1897) eyewitness who had spied on  (January 1897) there is a town fiesta in San
the proceedings revealed that, indeed, a meeting Francisco de Malabon but it was disturbed by
had taken place at the Tanza parish house and series of rfle shots
MENTION OF
DATES that the Supremo's decisions regarding the  (Mid of March, 1897) the situation of rebels
election at the friar estate house were not was serious
respected.  (March 22, 1897) simultaneously the battle
 (March 28, 1897) they left Imus and marched raged and the assembly convened Tejeros
into the San Francisco de Malabon territory up to
the village of Bakaw.
 (April 3, 1897) the Supremo made a bid to
recapture Noveleta.
 (Tejeros Friar Estate House) The Magdiwang  (Cuba) the war in Cuba had sapped the
leaders were waiting for their Magdalo resourcse and manpower of Spain
counterparts.  (Truce of Biak na Bato) both sides temporarily
 (Tejeros Village in the Municipality of San lay by
Francisco de Malabon) The assembly was held.  (Zapote) Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona,
 (Tanza Parish House) A meeting was held by the and Edilberto Evangelista were on the hand to
MENTION OF
Magdalo, without the Magdiwang faction. Oath- meet Supremo
PLACES
taking ceremony was held.  (Mountains of Montalban and Mariquina) a
 (West of Bakaw along the seashores of Noveleta dlegate was sent off to look for Supremo
and Salinas) Spanish reinforcements began  (San Francico de Malabon) the fiesta in town
arriving in great numbers was disturbed by a series of rifle shots
 ( San Francisco de Malabon), artillery fire from  (Kawit,Bakood, and Imus) threatened by the
mountain cannons began battering the Spanish Army
 fortifications  (Estate House of Tejeros) the first important
 (Imust and Kawit) coming from this place the election is held under the authority of Katipunan
Spaniards took Noveleta government
 (Noveleta) Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio
attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang
rebels
 (House of Santos and House of Mrs. Estefania
Potente) where Andres Bonifacio stayed
 (Estate House of Salitran)
KEY  General Santiago Alverez nationalism and
PERSONALITIES patriotism prevails.
I. The meeting scheduled on March 24, 1897 was I. The katipunan of cavite was divided into two
postponed because of the death of Lt. General faction, the Magdiwang and Magdalo.
Crispulo Aguinaldo in the Battle of Salitran
II. Attempt was made by both faction to wear the
II. The assembly at Tejeros has finally took place same uniforms but it did not even go beyond the
on March 25, 1897. Representatives from paper stage. The reason was being financially
Magdiwang and Magdalo attended. Secretary unstability of the rebels.
Lumbreras of the Magdiwang council presided the
assembly and Mr. Severino de las Alas ask what III. Both group were responsible for victories,
kind of government they should establish. Mr neither would bow to the other. There was a silent
SEQUENCING OF
Bonifacio explained that “K” in the Katipunan flag
EVENTS conflict that threatened to wreck the unity and
symbolizes Kalayaan(Freedom) and Mr de las Alas
countered it by stating that the “K” in the flag does might lead the foe to win.
not indicate if the government is democratic or not.
IV. Magdiwang invited Bonifacio to check Cavite,
The Supremo replied that Katipunan stood for
peoples sovereignty and not a government led by and Bonifacio agreed on the third request.
only one or two. Mr Montenegro spoke for Mr de
V. Bonifacio left for Cavite on December 1897
las Alas and state that if they let the status quo
prevail they will be like bandits or wild mindless with his wife and two brothers. The supremo was
animals. General Apoy is hurt by the words of Mr welcomed by the Magdalo, but the latter saw
Montenegro orders to arrest him but Trining and Bonifacio's gestures as being the superior or
Josephine pleaded to let him stay in the estate. The boastful.
meeting was disrupted.
VI. Bonifacio stayed at the house of Juan Castañada
III. When the meeting is in order again Mr in Imus, and was visited by some of his allies and
Lumbreras refused to resume his role and Mr Vicente Fernandez. Bonifacio remembered
Bonifacio took place. It was agreed that the Fernandez as the man who broke his promise to
majority of the votes will decide the winner; it will
send people to attack the Spaniards in Laguna and
be final and will be respected no matter what his
situation in life and his educational attainment. Morong, this lead to a defeat and blamed
Fernandez. The supreme head ordered arrest for
IV. Emilio Aguinaldo won over Andres Bonifacio Fernandez but the Magdalo refused.
during the election of the presidency, and Mr.
Diego Mojica warned supremo that it was already VII. On January 2, Bonifacio wrote to his father in
canvassed for Aguinaldo to win against him, but he law asking to the latter to come and explain the
ignored the warning. doing of the Magdalo.
V. For the position of the secretary of the interior,
Bonifacio won over Mariano Alvarez. VIII. San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the
Unfortunately, Mr. Daniel Tirona objected and said demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in Novelita,
that Jose del Rosario is more applicable to be in the and the Supreme Head attended with some Magdalo
position for he is a lawyer. men. A parade was held ending at the Malabon
VI. Bonifacio was embarrassed and angrily asked
for Triona to apologize, but the latter refused. where Bonifacio stayed until April 1897.
Bonifacio took out his revolver but Tirona got lost
IX. Suspicions and jealousies took place that lead to
in the crowed and the convention secretary tried to
disarm Andres. the fall of several towns held by the rebels for the
VII. Supremo adjourned the meeting and declared attitude of non-cooperation by one faction when the
that all the matters discussed and approved are all other faction was harrased emerged. For this, a
null and void. convention was held.
VIII. Upon the request of Mr. Baldomero
Aguinaldo of the Magdalo faction, a meeting was X. Bonifacio entered and immediately occupied the
called out again at the same friar estate house in head of the table, and beckoned the Magdiwang
Tejeros but none of the Magdalo faction members ministers to his right side. The partiality was
came and the Magdiwang faction wait until five in resented by the Magdalo silently and so the
the afternoon. It was rumoured that the Magdalo Magdalo president uninvitedly sat on the left side.
hold their own meeting in that same date.
IX. On March 27, 1897, an eyewitness spied on the XI. The assembly was unsuccessful because both
proceedings and claimed that the decision of faction did not agreed on a decision. Magdalo
Supremo is not respected and still proceed to the wanted a new government and that the Katipunan
oath taking ceremony. government was no longer needed but the
Magdiwang says otherwise, but the suggested that
if a new government will be established, it is
rightful that Bonifacio will be the president and will
appoint the ministers. The Magdalo disagreed and
the assembly was adjourned without any
understanding.

XII. Suspicions and Jealousy continued that it

demoralized the soldiers. January 1897, the town
fiesta, celebrated at one of Magdiwang's held town,
was disturbed by shot coming from their own
Magdiwang man. It lead to a quarrel but late was
brought again together as comrades.

XIII.The Magdiwang planned to hold another

convention at the Tejeros. But at the time, the towns
of Magdalo was under attack. March 22, 1897, a
battle was happening and at the same time, the
assembly was convened. A lot of rebels came, and
Magdiwang leaders attended, while some of the
Magdalo leaders cannot atted because of the attack.

XIV. At the meeting, Lumberas acted as chairman

and stated that the meeting was called to adopt
defensive measures against Spaniards. De las alas
says otherwise, and claimed that a new kind of
government should be assembled to govern the
whole country. The meeting heated up to a
disagreement, making Lumberas call for a recess.

XV. The meeting resumed, Lumberas refused to

take the chair because he believed that what the
majority wanted to do is not his purpose in making
this meeting. Bonifacio took the chair and agreed to
start the election for it is what the majority desired
according to him. He then said that whoever gets
the majority of votes will get the position regardless
of his social and educational status, and this was
approved.

XVI. The presidency was given to Emilio

Aguinaldo and the election proceeded. In the
middle of the election, the process of voting
changed from ballots to standing on a side when
their candidates was called. The election happened
smoothly not until the election for the Director of
Interior happened.

XVII. When Bonifacio won over Mariano and

Pascual Alvarez, Daniel Tirona (Magdalo man)
stood up and objected. According to him, the
position must be given to Jose del Rosario for he is
a lwayer and more capable for the position. This
lead to Bonifacio being embarassed and angrily
 asked Tirona for an apology and when Tirona
refused and got lost himself in the crowd, the
supremo took out his pistol. But Ricarte prevented
Bonifacio from shooting and stopped a supposed
tragic event.

XVIII. Bonifacio being frustated and deeply hurt,

he claimed that all that has been agreed and
happened is null and void while dissolving the
assembly.

XIX. Andres Bonifacio send a letter again to his

uncle-in-law Mariano Alvarez stating that
everything agreed upon the meeting is void or
nulled.

 Teodoro Agoncillo’s information is very

 Compared to the secondary source the Memoirs detailed and even the floor plan of the estate
of a General information is few and not detailed house in Tejeros is shown
 In this text Andres Bonifacio appears to be the  In the work of Agoncillo, Andres Bonifacio
DIFFERENCES
victim because in the election it is already appears to be boastful because of his actions. It
BETWEEN THE TWO
canvassed that Emilio Aguinaldo will win over also appears that Bonifacio wants the position
ACCOUNTS
Bonifacio of president because he is the founder of
 It is stated that the assembly was held on March Katipunan and it will be served as his reward
25, 1897  In this text the assembly was held on March 22,
1897
General Santiago Alvarez is an eyewitness of the Teodoro Agoncillo a Historian is a secondary
revolution and he is part of the first important source, completely different from General Santiago
PROBABLE REASON
election of the Philippines. Basically, he is a Alvarez but this book will not be published across
WHY THE
primary source, he experience those events first the country if he did not conduct a thorough
DIFFERENCES
hand. In contrast, the text is only about the point of research. Before a historical book is publish it is
view of General Alvarez and there are some examined by critics. He did not only focus on one
 discrepancies. First, he might misinterpreted some resources but critically examined other documents.
events or situations. Second, there might be a bias He compile different sources and give different
in the authors text, especially he is in Magdiwang point of views which is why his work is more
faction and the Magdalo faction in his text are detailed than General Alvarez.
portrayed to be disrespectful. Personal bias is hard
to tract down especially on ego documents like this.
Memoirs are collection of memories about the past
events happened to an author. Third, it is not stated
if General Alvarez actually write this text after the
meeting or assembly. If he wrote this after a year or
two, he might not recall everything and
misinterpreted it.
EXPLORATIVE BEHAVIOUR: The author
explores and investigate everything up to the most
little detail he can extract. The behaviour of each
participant in the revolution, the dispute between
the Magdalo and Magdiwang faction, and the time
and date the event took place
CONSTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR: Even though
some of the dates are not exactly stated, the author
THEMATIC tries to write the chronological order of the
MOTIVATION OF revolution as he can. The text was written to show
AUTHORS(WHY  the life of Andres Bonifacio and it was very
THE TEJEROS informative. Both sides has jealousy and doubt to
MEETING FAILED) each other which lead to a disorganized meeting
and failures.
PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOUR: It was shown in
the text that Andres Bonifacio was belittled and the
agreement of majority vote was not respected.
PRESENTATIVE BEHAVIOUR: The mention
of dates and places helps the readers to follow all
the important information, especially it is abundant
to it. It was well presented and both sides of
 Magdao and Magdiwang faction are written. Both
faction has a point and have a strong resolve which
is good for a faction but this is also the key reasons
why misunderstandings occur.

The factors that could affect the text are the

identity, competence, and experience of the
participants of the event. Andres Bonifacio does not
have credentials and educational attainments but he
has experience in the battle field and identity as the
Supremo or the founder of Katipunan. We all know
that not all Katipuneros are educated individuals
and when the Katipuneros with educational
attainment and the latter meet, the clashed between
different ideas, views, and opinion took over. The
social, mental, and physical state of the participants
are also a big factor. The lack of officer creates
distrust to each member and the meeting became
disorganized. Not all the Katipuneros joined the
meeting for some reason and it may cause
misinterpretation.

DIAGRAM:
 “THEMATIC MOTIVATION DIAGRAM”

REFFERENCES:

University of the Philippines Press (2017). The Revolt of the Masses Retrived from
Southeast Asian Studies (2011). Reflections on Agoncilloʼs The Revolt of the Masses and the Politics of History Retrieved from
https://kyoto-seas.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/490306.pdf