PSD Speed CNTRL

1.
By Changing The Applied Voltage:

From the torque equation of induction motor,
Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then (sX 2)2 is so small that it can
be neglected. Therefore, T ∝ sE22 where E2 is rotor induced emf and E2 ∝ V
Thus, T ∝ sV2, which means, if supplied voltage is decreased, the developed torque
decreases. Hence, for providing the same load torque, the slip increases with
decrease in voltage, and consequently, the speed decreases. This method is the
easiest and cheapest, still rarely used, because
1. large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in
speed.
2. large change in supply voltage will result in a large change in flux
density, hence, this will disturb the magnetic conditions of the motor.
2. By Changing The Applied Frequency

Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of an induction motor is given by,
where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.

Hence, the synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency. Actual
speed of an induction motor is given as N = Ns (1 - s). However, this method is not
widely used. It may be used where, the induction motor is supplied by a dedicated
generator (so that frequency can be easily varied by changing the speed of prime
mover). Also, at lower frequency, the motor current may become too high due to
decreased reactance. And if the frequency is increased beyond the rated value, the
maximum torque developed falls while the speed rises.
3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor

This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction motor. As
in above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the rated supply
voltage, the air gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause excessive stator current
and distortion of the stator flux wave. Therefore, the stator voltage should also be
reduced in proportional to the frequency so as to maintain the air-gap flux
constant. The magnitude of the stator flux is proportional to the ratio of the stator
voltage and the frequency. Hence, if the ratio of voltage to frequency is kept
constant, the flux remains constant. Also, by keeping V/F constant, the developed
torque remains approximately constant. This method gives higher run-time
efficiency. Therefore, majority of AC speed drives employ constant V/F method (or
variable voltage, variable frequency method) for the speed control. Along with wide
range of speed control, this method also offers 'soft start' capability.
4. Changing The Number Of Stator Poles

From the above equation of synchronous speed, it can be seen that synchronous
speed (and hence, running speed) can be changed by changing the number of
stator poles. This method is generally used for squirrel cage induction motors, as
squirrel cage rotor adapts itself for any number of stator poles. Change in stator
poles is achieved by two or more independent stator windings wound for different
number of
Poles
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 RPM
ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000
RPM
Speed Control From Rotor Side:

1. Rotor Rheostat Control
This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor. But
this method is only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external resistance
in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.
2. Cascade Operation
In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on a same
shaft so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase supply and
the other motor is fed from the induced emf in first motor via slip-rings.
3. By Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit

In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a voltage in
rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected must have same
frequency as of the slip frequency. However, there is no restriction to the phase of
injected emf. If we inject emf which is in opposite phase with the rotor induced emf,
rotor resistance will be increased. If we inject emf which is in phase with the rotor
induced emf, rotor resistance will decrease. Thus, by changing the phase of injected
emf, speed can be controlled. The main advantage of this method is a wide rage of
speed control (above normal as well as below normal) can be achieved. The emf
can be injected by various methods such as Kramer system, Scherbius system etc.

PSD Speed CNTRL

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1.

By Changing The Applied Voltage:

2. By Changing The Applied Frequency

where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.

3. Constant V/F Control Of Induction Motor

4. Changing The Number Of Stator Poles

Speed Control From Rotor Side:

3. By Injecting EMF In Rotor Circuit

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