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    Electron Configuration

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    Holofa Andrea Lemana
    The document discusses electron configuration and the structure of atoms. It explains that atoms have different sublevels (s, p, d, f blocks) that electrons occupy according to specific rules. The noble gas configuration is introduced to simplify writing electron configurations. Orbital diagrams are described as representing the orbitals that electrons occupy within each sublevel. Various principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill these orbitals. Ions are discussed along with how to write their electron configurations. Key discoveries in atomic structure from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and others are summarized.

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    Electron Configuration

    Uploaded by

    Holofa Andrea Lemana
    2 views7 pages
    The document discusses electron configuration and the structure of atoms. It explains that atoms have different sublevels (s, p, d, f blocks) that electrons occupy according to specific rules. The noble gas configuration is introduced to simplify writing electron configurations. Orbital diagrams are described as representing the orbitals that electrons occupy within each sublevel. Various principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill these orbitals. Ions are discussed along with how to write their electron configurations. Key discoveries in atomic structure from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and others are summarized.

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    electron configuration and atomic structure

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    The document discusses electron configuration and the structure of atoms. It explains that atoms have different sublevels (s, p, d, f blocks) that electrons occupy according to specific rules. The noble gas configuration is introduced to simplify writing electron configurations. Orbital diagrams are described as representing the orbitals that electrons occupy within each sublevel. Various principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill these orbitals. Ions are discussed along with how to write their electron configurations. Key discoveries in atomic structure from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and others are summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views7 pages

    Electron Configuration

    Uploaded by

    Holofa Andrea Lemana
    The document discusses electron configuration and the structure of atoms. It explains that atoms have different sublevels (s, p, d, f blocks) that electrons occupy according to specific rules. The noble gas configuration is introduced to simplify writing electron configurations. Orbital diagrams are described as representing the orbitals that electrons occupy within each sublevel. Various principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule govern how electrons fill these orbitals. Ions are discussed along with how to write their electron configurations. Key discoveries in atomic structure from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and others are summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Electron Configuration

     There are 4 “Blocks” in the Periodic Table:


    s-block, p-block, d-block, & f-block.

     Remember the special rules for the d- and f- blocks:


    d – n-1
    f–n–2

     These refer to the sublevels within the principal quantum level (n).

     So, for n = 1, there is only one sublevel, s.

     n = 2, there are 2 sublevels: s & p

     n = 3, there are 3 sublevels: s, p, & d

     So, within each level, there are n sublevels.


    (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p)

     The superscript is the total number of electrons in the sublevel

     Sometimes an electron configuration will end with 4 or 9 electrons in the d-sublevel; these are
    unstable

     Will steal electrons from the s-sublevel before it to stabilize. Ex. Chromium:

     1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4  1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5

    The Noble Gas Configuration


     The Noble Gases are:
     He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

     Notice that each noble gas finishes a row, or energy level.

     Noble gas configurations take advantage of this by condensing what you have to write:
     Ex. He : 1s2
     Ex. C : 1s2 2s2 2p2
    Noble Gas Configuration for C: [He] 2s2 2p2

    Orbital Diagrams
     Orbitals
     Each sublevel (s, p, d, f) contains orbitals.
     Remember, orbitals are electron-clouds that hold the electrons 90% of the time.
     Each orbital can hold TWO electrons, so

     s - 2 electrons, 1 orbital

     p – 6 electrons, 3 orbitals

     d – 10 electrons, 5 orbitals

     f – 14 electrons, 7 orbitals

    The Aufbau Principle


     Each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital
     Electrons are Lazy!!!

     All orbitals related to an energy level are of equal energy.


     Ex. The three 2p orbitals are the same energy level.

    Pauli Exclusion Principle


     A maximum of two electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite
    spins.
     Spin -- Electrons has an associated “spin,” either one way or the other, like a top.
     These spins are called “spin up” and “spin down.”

     Box = orbital

     Arrow = electron

    Hund’s Rule
     Single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional
    electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals.
     Electrons are UNFRIENDLY

    The order of Things…


    Electrons, being unfriendly, fill up the empty orbitals before sharing orbitals.
    Similar to seats on a bus – on a bus, you sit alone, rather than with a stranger, if there is
    an option.

    F-Orbitals!
     Do not bother sketching these—just notice how STRANGE they are!

    e- Config. and Orb. Diag. for Ions


     What is an ion?

     When writing electron configurations or orbital diagrams for ions it’s a little harder because it can
    look like a different atom.

     Just subtract the missing electrons or add the extra electrons (highest energy level)

     Examples of ions:
     Na+
     Mg2+
     Fe3+
     Cl-
     S2-
    EXAMPLE
     Na+ : 1s22s22p6
     Mg2+ : 1s22s22p6
     Fe3+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
     Cl- : 1s22s22p63s23p6
     S2- : 1s22s22p63s23p6

    Atomic Structure
    Democritus 460 BC
    • Greek Philosopher
    • Suggested world was made of two things – empty space and “atomos”
    • Atomos – Greek word for uncuttable
    • 2 Main ideas
    • Atoms are the smallest possible particle of matter
    • There are different types of atoms for each material

    John Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1804


    1. All matter is made of atoms.
    2. Atoms of one element are all the same.
    3. Atoms cannot be broken down into smaller parts
    4. Compounds form by combining atoms

    Dalton’s Early Atomic Model


    • “Billiard Ball” model
    • he envisioned atoms as solid, hard spheres, like billiard(pool) balls, so he used
    wooden balls to model them

    J.J. Thomson
    1897
    Discovered the electron
    He was the first scientist to show the atom was made of even smaller things

    Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model

    Ernest Rutherford – 1913


    • discovered the nucleus of a gold atom with his “gold foil” experiment
    • Using J.J Thomsons Plum Pudding atomic model, Rutherford predicted the alpha particles would
    pass straight though the gold foil. That’s not what happened.

    Gold Foil Experiment Results


    most alpha particles go straight through the gold foil
    A few alpha particles are sharply deflected
    Rutherford’s Conclusion
    • The atom is mostly empty space.
    • There is a small, dense center with a positive charge.
    • Rutherford discovered the nucleus in atoms

    Rutherford’s Contribution to the Atomic Theory


    • The atom is mostly empty space.
    • The nucleus is a small, dense core with a positive charge.

    Rutherford’s Atomic Model

    Structure of the Atom


    • Atom – smallest particle of an element that can exist alone
    • Two regions of an atom
    • Nucleus
    • Center of atom
    • Protons and neutrons
    • Electron “cloud”
    • Area surrounding nucleus
    containing electrons
    • Proton – Positive charge (+), 1 atomic mass unit (amu); found in the nucleus
    • amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a neutron
    • Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu; found in the nucleus
    • Electron – Negative charge (-), mass is VERY small

    Counting Atoms
    • Atomic Number
    • Number of protons in nucleus
    • The number of protons determines identity of the element!!
    • Mass Number (Atomic Mass)
    • Number of protons + neutrons
    • Units are g/mol
    • Isotopes
    • Atoms of the same element with varying number of neutrons
    • Different isotopes have different mass numbers because the number of neutrons is
    different

    Let’s Practice
    • Aluminum (Al) (no periodic table)
    • Protons = 13
    • Electrons =
    • Neutrons = 14
    • Atomic Number =
    • Atomic Mass =

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