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    Heats of Reactions LAB

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    Audrey Lac
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment to verify Hess's law using three reactions: 1) The heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water. 2) The heat of mixing solid NaOH and aqueous HCl. 3) The heat of mixing aqueous NaOH and HCl. The experiment involves using a temperature probe and software to measure the temperature changes of the reactions. Calculations are then done to determine the heat and enthalpy changes of each reaction in order to verify if the sum of the enthalpy changes of reactions 1 and 3 equal the enthalpy change of reaction 2, as Hess's law predicts. However, the results did not successfully verify Hess's law, as the

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    Heats of Reactions LAB

    Uploaded by

    Audrey Lac
    16 views17 pages
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment to verify Hess's law using three reactions: 1) The heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water. 2) The heat of mixing solid NaOH and aqueous HCl. 3) The heat of mixing aqueous NaOH and HCl. The experiment involves using a temperature probe and software to measure the temperature changes of the reactions. Calculations are then done to determine the heat and enthalpy changes of each reaction in order to verify if the sum of the enthalpy changes of reactions 1 and 3 equal the enthalpy change of reaction 2, as Hess's law predicts. However, the results did not successfully verify Hess's law, as the

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    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment to verify Hess's law using three reactions: 1) The heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water. 2) The heat of mixing solid NaOH and aqueous HCl. 3) The heat of mixing aqueous NaOH and HCl. The experiment involves using a temperature probe and software to measure the temperature changes of the reactions. Calculations are then done to determine the heat and enthalpy changes of each reaction in order to verify if the sum of the enthalpy changes of reactions 1 and 3 equal the enthalpy change of reaction 2, as Hess's law predicts. However, the results did not successfully verify Hess's law, as the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views17 pages

    Heats of Reactions LAB

    Uploaded by

    Audrey Lac
    The document describes a chemistry lab experiment to verify Hess's law using three reactions: 1) The heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water. 2) The heat of mixing solid NaOH and aqueous HCl. 3) The heat of mixing aqueous NaOH and HCl. The experiment involves using a temperature probe and software to measure the temperature changes of the reactions. Calculations are then done to determine the heat and enthalpy changes of each reaction in order to verify if the sum of the enthalpy changes of reactions 1 and 3 equal the enthalpy change of reaction 2, as Hess's law predicts. However, the results did not successfully verify Hess's law, as the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    AMSAT Chemistry

    Heats of Reactions LAB


    Mr. Brian Room 101
    SUMMATIVE 50 Points
    Names of everyone in group:
    Alexander Lac, Audrey Lac, Cameron Huang, Jayden Hong

    1
    AMSAT Chemistry Unit 7: Thermodynamics

    2
    Setup for the Lab
    This lab will require use of an software program called Loggerlite. Each group
    will need one device with the software on either a Chromebook or personal
    device (can uninstall afterwards).
    For Personal Device (not a Chromebook)
    1. Go to Vernier
    2. Follow the instruction for your device type.
    3. The thermometer for this experiment will run on this software via a USB A
    connection.
    For a Chromebook:
    1. Go to the Extension Store for Chromebook/Google OR CLICK ME
    2. Go to the Chrome symbol, click to download.
    Setup for Lab

    Once setup,
    you should
    have a screen
    that looks very
    similar to this.
    This is the
    Windows
    version.
    Setup for Lab

    To finish setup:
    1. Plug in the thermometer cord to the Go!Link.
    2. Plug the Go!Link USB A into the device.
    3. You have a connection when the green “Collect” appears:
    Equipment Setup

    For the actual experiment, this is the


    setup. Please note the example setup in
    the front of the classroom.
    LISTEN TO INSTRUCTIONS ON WHERE
    YOUR GROUP WILL PERFORM THE
    REACTIONS.
    Equipment Needed
    Supplies for the reactions:
    1. Coffee cup
    2. Stir rod.
    3. 1 x 1.0M HCl solutions & 1 x 1.0M NaOH
    solutions
    4. 2, 2.0g (approx) solid sample NaOH pellets
    5. 50.0 mL graduated cylinder. THESE CHEMICALS ARE
    6. Forceps/Tweezers (to handle NaOHs) DANGEROUS - YOU MUST
    WEAR SAFETY GEAR AT ALL
    TIMES. DO NOT TOUCH THE
    CHEMICALS WITH BARE
    SKIN!!!!
    FYI
    In case you haven’t noticed, we are using chemicals that are both
    corrosive & caustic. DO NOT TOUCH THE NaOH pellets with
    anything other than the tweezers, etc. Touching NaOH (solid)
    doesn’t seem like much initially, but it will BURN YOU (chemically).
    LIQUIDS: they will burn you too.

    There’s a reason
    the Xenomorph has
    HCl in its blood.
    Lab Overview & Procedure:
    The lab will consist of 3 portions :
    1. Heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water.
    2. Heat of solid NaOH + HCl(aq)
    3. Heat of NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
    In order to:

    a. Find the temperature change of the liquid.


    b. The heat absorbed by the solution. (Assume that the solution has a the same density and
    specific heat of water)
    c. The number of moles of sodium hydroxide present.
    d. The amount of heat evolved per mole of sodium hydroxide used. This final value is the heat
    of reaction (ΔH).
    e. Compare the experimental ΔH value with the accepted value and calculate
    the experimental error. This is rxn 1 + rxn 3 = rxn 2
    Rationale for Experiment
    The 3 different reactions will be used to verify
    Hess’s Law where the sum of two reaction
    enthalpies should be equal to the third. In this
    scenario, rxns 1 & 3 enthalpies should add to
    rxn 2’s (via manipulation). We are verifying that
    through % error: the difference between the
    calculated (enthalpies of rxn 1 + rxn 2) vs what
    rxn 2 measures out to be.

    Rxn 1: NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    Rxn 2: NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O

    Rxn 3: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O


    Procedure: Reaction #1
    1. Place a Styrofoam cup into a 250-mL beaker as shown in demo (front of classroom)
    2. Measure out 100.0 mL of water into the Styrofoam cup. Lower the Temperature Probe into the
    solution.
    3. Use a utility clamp to suspend a Temperature Probe from a ring stand as shown in the demo.
    Weigh out about 2 grams of solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and record the mass to the nearest
    0.01 g. Since sodium hydroxide readily picks up moisture from the air, it is necessary to weigh it
    and proceed to the next step without delay. CAUTION: FOR THE 1000th time: Handle the NaOH
    and resulting solution with care.
    4. Click on Collect to begin data collection and obtain the initial temperature, t1. It may take
    several seconds for the Temperature Probe to equilibrate at the temperature of the solution.
    After three or four readings at the same temperature have been obtained, add the solid NaOH
    to the Styrofoam cup. Using the stirring rod, stir continuously for the remainder of time second
    until the temperature maximizes. As soon as the temperature plateaus & has begun to drop
    after reaching a maximum, you may terminate the trial by clicking Stop . Take a
    picture/screenshot of reading to insert into end slides.
    5. Examine the initial readings in the Table window to determine the initial temperature, t1. To
    determine the final temperature, t2, click the Statistics button, . The maximum temperature is
    listed in the statistics box on the graph. Record t1 and t2 in your data table.
    6. Rinse and dry the Temperature Probe, Styrofoam cup, and stirring rod. Dispose of the solution
    as directed by your instructor (beaker marked NaOH by the hood).
    Procedure: Reactions #2 & 3
    Reaction #2
    Repeat Steps 3-6 using 100.0 mL of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, HCl, instead of water.
    CAUTION: Handle the HCl solution and NaOH solid with care.
    Disposal: pour down the sink drain

    Reaction #3
    Repeat Steps 3-6, initially measuring out 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl (instead of water) into the
    Styrofoam calorimeter. In Step 5, instead of solid NaOH, measure 50.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH
    solution into a graduated cylinder. After t1 has been determined for the 1.0 M HCl, add the
    1.0 M NaOH solution to the Styrofoam cup. CAUTION: Handle the HCl and NaOH
    solutions with care!
    Disposal: pour down the sink drain
    Data: All 3 Reactions
    Rxn # 1 2 3

    Mass NaOH (g) 2.0 g 2.0 g 2.0 g

    Total volume solution 100mL 100 mL 100 mL

    Mass Total (all components) (g) 102.0 g 102.0 g 102.0 g


    H2O = 1g/mL

    Final Temp (℃) 27.6 33.5 28.0

    Initial Temp (℃) 23 23.7 23.4

    qrxn (calculated) -1.963 -4.182 -1.963

    Notes
    Data: All 3 Reactions
    Rxn # 1 2 3

    Moles of NaOH 2g NaOH(1 mol NaOH/40g 2g NaOH(1 mol NaOH/40g 2g NaOH(1 mol NaOH/40g
    consumed NaOH)=0.05 mol NaOH NaOH)=0.05 mol NaOH NaOH)=0.05 mol NaOH

    𝜟H/mol NaOH -39.26 kJ -83.64 kJ -39.26 kJ


    (experimental)

    Rxn1: NaOH(s)->Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)
    𝜟H/mol Rxn 2 using
    Hess’s Law
    x x Rxn2: NaOH(s)+HCl(aq)-> NaCl(aq)+H2O
    R1: NaOH(s)->NaOH
    R2: NaOH(s)+HCl(aq)-> NaCl(aq)+H2O
    R1+R2:NaOH(s)+NaOH(s)+HCl(aq)->NaCl(aq)+H2O+NaOH
    R3: NaOH(s)+HCl(aq)->H2O+NaCl(aq)

    Error Calculations:
    |-78.52-(-57.46)|=21.06
    See next slide for calculation instructions. 21.06/(-78.52)=-0.26821
    -0.26821*100=-26.821
    Data: Calculations Needed- Do On Paper (insert a photon on next slide or type out, use units).
    Note: use the heat capacity of water (4.184 J/gxC). Mass of NaOH(aq) use MxV = moles & moles x molar
    mass = grams NaOH. Total mass includes the mass of water & HCl (rxns 2 & 3)

    1. NaOH mass (each rxn) - rxn #3, calculate mass via M x V x molar mass
    2. Total Mass (solution + NaOH, HCl)
    3. 𝜟T each rxn
    4. Calculate the heat (qrxn) for each reaction. qrxn = -qcal = m x Cp x 𝜟T
    a. Convert to kJ from J
    5. Calculate moles of NaOH used in each reaction. In Reactions 1 and 2, this can be found
    from the mass of the NaOH. In Reaction 3, it can be found using the molarity, M, of the
    NaOH and its volume, in L.
    6. Use the information from 5 (above) to calculate the 𝜟H/mol NaOH for each of the three
    reactions.
    7. Manipulate rxns 1 & 2 so they add up to the reaction desired (rxn 3). Be sure to adjust
    the 𝜟H value if there’s a flip, etc.
    8. Compare the 𝜟Hrxn2 achieved experimentally with the result via Hess’s Law above (7).
    Using -57.46 kJ/mol as “accepted”, calculate the % error: (Rxn #2 - Accepted)/Accepted
    x 100; note the top is absolute value.
    Questions
    1. Discuss possible sources of error during the experiment:

    Possible sources of error that occurred during the experiment included inaccurate measurements in
    terms of grams when measuring the solid version of NaOH.

    2. Did the results obtained with this experiment verify Hess’s Law? Why or why not? Be specific why
    your reasons.

    This did not verify Hess’s Law because the overall calculations of enthalpy were not equal in reaction 2
    and through Hess’s Law.

    3. Write a net ionic equation for each of the 3 rxns (here or on a sheet of paper; insert photo on next
    slide).

    Rxn 1: NaOH(s)-->Na+(aq)+OH-(aq)

    Rxn 2: NaOH(s)+HCl(aq)-->NaCl(aq)+H2O ------> NaOH(s)+H++Cl--->Na++Cl-+H2O ------> NaOH(s)+H+-->Na++H2O

    Rxn 3: NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) -->NaCl(aq)+H2O ------> Na++OH-+H++Cl--->Na++Cl-+H2O ------> OH-+H+-->H2O


    Photos

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