Fluid Mechanics

DAC 22303
Chapter 1: Properties of Fluids
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
• Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the
engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics are used for the generation,
control and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range
through some part of science and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as
pipe flow, dam design, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow
measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.
• The two most commonly used systems of measurement are Metric System and British
System. The Metric System is based on decimal units and uses the meter as its base units for
length. The British System is not based on decimal units and uses foot as its base unit for
length.
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
Table 1.1 System of Measurement

Units
Name of System
Length Time Mass Force

Metric Absolute SI m S kg newton

Metric Gravitational m s kg kg force

Metric Absolute(cgs) cm S gm dyne
Metric Gravitational (cgs) cm S gm gm force
British Absolute ft S Ib poundal
British Gravitational ft S Ib Ib force
British Engineering ft S slug Ib force
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
• The base units are a group of seven units, consisting of arbitrarily assigned unit values of
physical quantities, which are independent of each other. Two other units defined in a
manner as set out for the base units are recognized in System International (SI). These are
supplementary units.
• All other units in SI are derived units, which are made up defining relationships between base
and supplementary units. The base units and supplementary units, together with some
commonly used derived units, recognized in SI listed in Table 1.2.
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
Table 1.2 SI System of Measurement Units
Physical Quantity Unit Symbol Physical Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter K Area square meter m2
Mass kilogram kg
Volume cubic meter m3
Time second s
Electric current ampere A Velocity meter per second m/s
Absolute Acceleration meter per second per m/s2
temperature kelvin K second
Amount of mole mol Rate of flow cubic meter per second m3/s
substance
Density kilograms per cubic meter kg/m3
Luminous intensity candela cd
Plane angle radian rad Unit weight newton per cubic meter N/m3
Solid angle steradian sr Power kilowatt-hour kWh
Force newton N
Pressure pascal P
Energy, work joule J
Power watt W
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
Table 1.3 Conversion factors for community used units in fluid mechanics
• It is necessary to convert values British Unit Operation Factor SI Unit
from one system of units to 25.4
in X mm
corresponding values of another
ft X 0.305
system. Table 1.3 is a listing of m
conversion factors, of some of gal (U.S) 3.8 L
X
the more commonly used units
in the SI and the British Systems gal (imp.) X 4.55 L
of units. Ib (mass) X 0.45 kg
Ibf (force,weight) X 4.45 N
Psi X 6.9 kPa
ft lbf X 1.36 J
hp (550 ft lbf/s) X 0.75 kW
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
• The symbols used are suggested in Manual of SI Units of Measurement and Symbols and
Abbreviations for Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, compiled by C. K. Jonys for the Canadian
Centre for Inland Waters, 1973. A list of these symbols and their meanings is shown in Table
1.4.
1.1 Concepts of Fluids Mechanics
Table 1.4 List of SI Symbols and their meanings

Mechanical Quantity Symbol SI Unit Comments Mechanical Quantity Symbol SI Unit Comments

acceleration,linear a m/s2 length L M

acceleration,angular rad/s2 mass m kg 1t=1000kg

α
angle,solid sr moment of force N.m

area A m2 1ha=10000m2 moment of inertia I kg.m2

momentum M kg.m/s

power P W
energy E J
pressure P Pa
force F N section modulus S m3
gravitational g m/s2 time t s
acceleration
1.2 Definition of Fluids
Ideal Fluid
• Known as “Perfect Fluid”.
• Four properties:
i. No internal friction (viscosity).
ii. The flow is steady i.e.: the velocity at a given point does not change over time.
iii. The flow is incompressible i.e.: the density is constant.
iv. The flow is irrotational i.e.: no angular momentum about any point.
• Although this fluid does not exist in reality, a lot of researchers used it in analysis and
calculation of fluid
1.2 Definition of Fluids
Real Fluid
• In real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or shearing forces always develop whenever there
is motion relative to a body, thus creating fluid friction.
• Newtonian fluid is a fluid for which the constant of proportionality (where, shear stress
proportional to the time rate of (angular) deformation) does not change with rate of
deformation.
• (Named after Isaac Newton) is the fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is linear and passes
through the origin.
• Constant proportionally is known as viscosity.
• Viscosity is depends only on pressure and temperature; also on chemical composition of the
fluid. (not on forces acting upon it).
1.2 Definition of Fluids
Real Fluid
• Water, air, gasoline, and oils (Newtonian fluids).
• Blood and liquid plastics (non-Newtonian fluids).
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Density ()
• Depends on temperature and pressure.
• Temperature increases, the density decreases, specific volume increases.
• Density = mass per unit volume or  = m/V
• SI Unit = kg/m3
• Example: density of water = 998 kg/m3 ≈ 1000 kg/m3
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Specific Weight ()
• Specific weight = weight per unit volume or
 = W/V N/m3 or
=g N/m3
• Example: specific weight of water
= 1000 x 9.81 = 9.81 kN/m3
where, accelaration of gravity = 9.81 ms-2
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity (s.g)
Specific gravity = specific weight of substance/specific weight of water at 4oC
s.g = substance / water at 4oC

where, specific gravity of water is 9.81 kN/m3

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1.3 Properties of Fluids

Example 1 :

A reservoir of glycerin as a mass of 1200 kg and a

volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerin’s weight
(W), mass density (), specific weight () and
specific gravity (s.g).

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1.3 Properties of Fluids
Answer 1:
W = mg = (1200)(9.81) = 11772 N or 11.77 kN
 = m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m3
 = g = (1261)(9.81) = 12370 N/m3 =12.37 kN/m3
 = W/V = 11772/0.952 = 12.37 kN/m3
s.g = substance / water at 4oC = 12.37 kN/m3 / 9.81 kN/m3
= 1.26

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 1.3 Properties of Fluids
Relative Density (rd)
The relative density of a substance /liquid is defined as the ratio of its mass density to the mass
density of water taken at atmospheric of 4C.

Density of substance 
= sub
Density of water  water

(Formula for rd and sg are similar if gravity’s value is same)

1.3 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
• A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity”.
• The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction
is called the drag force, and the magnitude of this force
depends on viscosity.
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
• Property which determines the amount of its resistance to a
shearing forces.
• It is due primarily to interaction between fluid molecules.
• To obtain a relation for viscosity, consider a fluid layer between
two very large parallel plates (or equivalently, two parallel plates
immersed in a large body of a fluid) separated by a distance.
Figure 1.1 Two layers of fluid
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
• Now a constant parallel force F is applied to the upper plate while the lower plate is held
fixed. After the initial transients, it is observed that the upper plate moves continuously under
the influence of this force at a constant velocity V.
• The fluid in contact with the upper plate sticks to the plate surface and moves with it at the
same velocity.
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
• Force which are needed to make a constant flow is
Au where  is dynamic viscosity,
F =
y

F/A shear stress

= =
u y shear stress rate

• The shear stress acting on this fluid layer is ( = F/A) where A is the contact area between
the plate and the fluid. Note that the fluid layer deforms continuously under the influence of
shear stress.
1.3 Properties of Fluids
du
• The shear stress can also shows as  = 
dy

• SI Unit = Ns/m2 or kg/ms or Pa.s or Poise

• (10 Poise = 1Ns/m2).

• Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density,

 dynamic viscosity
= =
 density

• SI units : m2/s or stokes (10,000 stokes = 1 m2/s).

Example A.1
A plate separated by 0.5 mm from a fixed plate moves at 0.5 m/s under a force per unit area of
4.0 N/m2. Determine the viscosity of fluid between the plates.

0.5 m/s
du
 =
dy
4.0 N/m2 0.0005 m

dy 0.0005
 = = (4.0) = 0.004 Ns / m 2

du 0.5
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Vapor Pressure (pv)
• The evaporation of liquids is caused by the fact that molecules in the liquid, which are in
constant motion, escape into the space above the surface of the liquid. If the space above
the liquid's surface is confined, as in a closed container, the evaporation will continue until
saturation by the molecules of this space reached. The units of vapor pressure, pv are N/m2
= Pa.
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Surface Tension (σ)
• Molecular attraction in liquids causes a film to form at the interface between a liquid and a
gas, or two immiscible liquids. This film is apparently capable of resisting tensile forces. The
capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their surface is called surface tension. The units
of surface tension, σ, are N/m.

• For interior of liquid cylinder, P =


R
2
• A spherical droplet, P =
R

4
• The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of soap bubbles, P =
R
Example A.2
An atomizer forms water droplets 45 μm in diameter. Find the excess pressure within these
droplets for water at 30 oC.

2 2(0.0712)
P = = −6
= 6329Pa
R (45 x10 ) / 2
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (K)
If a liquid with volume V is subjected to an increase in pressure of ΔP, the volume of that
liquid will decrease by a small volume ΔV. The bulk modulus of elasticity, K, is the ratio K =
ΔP/ (ΔV/V). Consequently, K is expressed in units of pressure, or Pa.
Example A.3
A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a volume of 995
cm3 at 2 MN/m2. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (K)?

− p 2 −1
K= = = 200MPa
V V (995 − 1000) / 1000
1.3 Properties of Fluids
Table 1.5 Physical Properties of Certain Liquids

Specific Dynamic Kinematic

Temp. Mass Density
Fluid Weight Viscosity Viscosity
°C kg/m3
N/m3 Pa.s m2/s

Water 0 999.8 9805 179.4 x 10-5 0.179 x 10-5

Seawater 25 1030 10101

Alcohol 25 787 771.8 109.6 x 10-5 0.139 x 10-5

Carbon
25 1590 15593 90.97 x 10-5 0.057 x 10-5
tetrachloride
Gasoline 25 721 7071 44.77 x 10-5 0.062 x 10-5
Glycerin 25 1263 12386 94803 x 10-5 75.06 x 10-5
Linseed oil 25 930 9123 3309 x 10-5 3.566 x 10-5
Mercury 25 13630 133665 153.3 x 10-5 0.011 x 10-5
Example 1.1
Determine the total mass and weight of the fluid in the container of Figure 1.2 if the fluid is
(a) water, (b) mercury, with relative density =13.6.

Figure 1.2 Fluid in a container

Example 1.2
If the total weight of the liquid in Figure 1.2 is 505 kN, determine the height of liquid if it is
(a) water, (b) oil, with relative density = 0.85.

Figure 1.2 Fluid in a container

Example 1.3
Determine the dynamic viscosity of an oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.352 x 10-5 m2/s and a
relative density of 0.88.
Example 1.4
A fluid has a specific weight of 9.345 kN/m3 and a dynamic viscosity of 3.31 X 102 Pa.s.
Determine its relative density, mass density and kinematic viscosity.
Example 1.5
The fluid in the container of Figure 1.2 has a total weight of 319 kN and a dynamic viscosity
of 91 x 10-5 Pa.s. Determine its relative and mass density and kinematic viscosity.