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The Effect of Using Waste Glass [WG] as Partial Replacement of sand on

Concrete

Article · March 2017

DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145

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IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 2 Ver. II (Mar. - Apr. 2017), PP 41-45
www.iosrjournals.org

The Effect of Using Waste Glass [WG] as Partial Replacement of

sand on Concrete
K. I. M. Ibrahim
Construction Engineering Dept., College of Engineering at Qunfudha, Umm-Al-Qura University – KSA on
Sabbatical leave from higher Institute of Engineering and Technology of Kafr-EL-shiekh – Egypt

ABSTRACT:- WG produces big environmental problems, because of inconsistency of WG streams. With

increasing environmental stress to reduce WG and to recycle it as much as possible, the concrete industry has
adopted number of techniques to achieve this goal. The research aim is studying WG influence as Partial sand
Replacement on concrete. In this research ,sand was replaced by WG powder as 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%,20%,25%,30%,35% and 40% by weight. A constant water/cement =0.45 and a constant cement content
400kg/m3 are used. The samples of concrete were tested at age = 28 days to specify tensile strength,
compressive strength, water absorption and dry density . The research results illustrated that permissibility of
using WG as partial sand replacement until 40% by weight without reduction in tensile and compressive
strengths with comparison of control concrete. The best replacement dosage of WG is 15% which showed about
37% and 25% increasing in tensile and compressive strengths of concrete respectively.
Keywords: workability, tensile strength and waste glass[WG]

I. Introduction
Production of concrete requires many quantities of natural aggregates [1].Using the sand as a fine
aggregate will lead to exploitation of normal resources. If sand is replaced by WG by specific dosage, it will
decrease sand content and thus reducing the ill effects of sand so making concrete industry sustainable [2]. The
quantity of WG produced has increased through the recent years owing to growing requirements of glass
products. When WG reused in concrete industry , concrete cost will be decreased[3]. Recycling of WG by
transforming it to fine aggregate leads to save landfill place and reduces the extraction demand of natural raw
materials for construction sector [4]. Glass is transparent material and used in manufactured products as sheet
glass and container glass ,it is an perfect material for recycling and its uses save much energy. One of its
important contributions is concrete production[5].Because of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR), which causes
decrease in durability and also concrete strength, its application is still not common at present time[6]. Glass
aggregate is strong but brittle, it has angular shape and relatively smooth texture [7– 10]. It is low in shrinkage
and water absorption, and it is high in resistance to wear [9]. The using of WG causes the interaction between
alkalis in cement and the silica in aggregates which gives silica gel which may be swelled by absorbing water
and so the gel volume increases, this swelling generates internal stresses which introduce cracks [11].It was
found that the flexural, compressive, and tensile strengths of WG concrete had decreasing tendency with
increasing WG ratio [12], also incorporation of 30% glass powder could be done in concrete without any long
term effects [13].It was observed a clear improvement in the WG concrete mixes compressive strength , but the
workability reduced when the content of WG increased[14]. The pozzolanic influence of WG is more clear at
the later age [28 days] in concrete , the optimum % of WG which awards the maximum results of flexural and
compressive strengths equal to 20% and using WG powder decreases the ASR expansion[15]. the permissibility
of using WG powder as partial sand replacement until 30% of particle size ranges( 0-1.18)mm was observed ,
With increasing WG content to 40% the weight decreases by 5% and the workability increases with increasing
WG content[2]. Using WG enhanced sintering temperature, reduced water absorption. The addition of 30–50%
of WG produced high quality lightweight aggregate with lower density [16].

II. Materials
The materials which used in making concrete mixes were examined according to American Standard
of Testing Materials ASTM and Egyptian standard Specifications ESS. Basalt with maximum size = 25 mm and
approximately flaky particle shape was used. Natural sand was used in this study. cement was used and its
content equal to 400kg/m3 for all mixes . Supper-plasticizer was added to give the water/ cement = 0.45 with
slump equals to (6–11) cm. WG was collected and pulverized in apparatus of abrasion[Los Angeles] and then
was sieved through 4.75mm sieve .The properties of the cement , aggregates and WG used in this research are
illustrated in tables 1and

DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page

 The Effect of Using Waste Glass[WG] as Partial Replacement of sand on Concrete

Table[ 1 ] Properties of cement

Properties Results
Soundness [mm] 0.9
Initial setting time [min] 95
Finial setting time [min] 185
Compressive strength[kg/cm2] 3days 227

Compressive strength[kg/cm2] 28days 472

Table [2] Properties of basalt, sand and WG

Property Basalt Sand Waste glass
Specific weight 2.71 2.63 2.21
Density [t/m3] 1.76 1.71 1.42
Absorption % 0.61 - 0.47
Abrasion value % 9.25 - -
Impact value % 5.52 - -
.
III CONCRETE MIXES PROPORTION
Table (3) : Concrete Mixes Proportion
Mix no Waste Waste Cement Water Basalt Sand Super
Glass % Glass kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 plasticizer
3
kg/m kg/m3

1 0 0 400 180 1224 612 4.8

2 5 30.6 400 180 1224 581.4 4.8
3 10 61.2 400 180 1224 550.8 4.8
4 15 91.8 400 180 1224 520.2 4.8
5 20 122.4 400 180 1224 489.6 4.8
6 25 153 400 180 1224 459 4.8
7 30 183.6 400 180 1224 428.4 4.8
8 35 214.2 400 180 1224 397.8 4.8
9 40 244.8 400 180 1224 367.2 4.8

nine mixes were used as following , one mix without waste glass[WG] as a control mix, eight mixes with
different contents of (WG) to study the WG content effect on tensile and compressive strengths. These mixes
are similar except for WG content. For all mixes the cement quantity was 400 kg/m3 and the water/ cement =
0.45 by weight. Super-plasticizers per m3 were also used.

III. Description Of Tested Specimens

27 cubes of 15cm length and 27 cylinders (15 cm diameter ,30cm height) were cast for compression and tension
strengths . Mixes were poured and mechanically compacted inside the forms. The samples were tested by using
compression machine which its capacity equals to 2000KN.

Test Results

Compressive strength
The compression strength of all mixes are illustrated in figure1 and table 4. From the results , it can be
noticed that ,with increasing of WG content ,the compressive strength is increasing with comparison to control
concrete [without WG] and the increase is so great at the dosage = 15%. The maximum concrete compressive
strength measured was about 25% more than control mix at 15% WG ratio. the increase of concrete compressive
strength was 2.07%, 3.79%,24.47%,17.13%,13.11%,12%,6.89%and5%for5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%
and 40% WG dosage respectively.

DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page

 The Effect of Using Waste Glass[WG] as Partial Replacement of sand on Concrete

Table [4] Compressive strength [kg/cm2] of concrete after age= 28 days

Waste glass content % Compressive strength [kg/cm2]
0 358.07[control]
5 365.48[+2.07%]
10 371.68[+3.79%]
15 445.68[+24.47%]
20 419.23[+17.13%]
25 404.89[+13.11%]

30 401[+12%]
35 382.74[+6.89%]
40 376[+5%]

500
400
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

300
200
100
kg/cm2

WASTE GLASS %

Fig. [1] Compressive strength [kg/cm2] of concrete after age = 28 days

Tensile strength
The results are illustrated in table 5 and figure 2. Increasing in tensile strength was observed until 40%
replacement of waste glass with comparison to control concrete [without WG] . The maximum tensile strength
measured was about 37% more than control mix corresponding to concrete mix containing 15% waste glass.
From the results , it can be noticed that ,with increasing WG content ,the tensile strength increases and the
increaseisso great at ratio= 15%.theincreaseof tensile strength was
8.5%,12.02%,36.92%,32.66%,20.8%,16.57%,12.43%and8.04%for5%10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35% and 40%
WG dosage respectively.

DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page

 The Effect of Using Waste Glass[WG] as Partial Replacement of sand on Concrete

Table [5] Tensile strength [kg/cm2] of concrete after age = 28 day

40

STRENGTH
20

TENSILE

kg/cm2
0

WASTE GLASS %

Fig. [2] Tensile strength [kg/cm2] of concrete after age = 28 days

Slump
Values of all mixtures slump are represented in fig. 3. The slump increased gradually with increasing the
content of WG. Absorption of WG particles is less as compared of sand and thus enhancing the concrete
workability. For 40% WG content, slump was maximum.

15
THE SLUMP cm

10
5
0

WASTE GLASS %

Fig. [3] The values of slump [cm]

Water absorption
Table[6] illustrates the percentage absorption for all mixtures. From the table,
water absorption percentage decreased with increase of WG content. The lowest value of absorption was found
for 40% WG content.
Table[ 6] Water absorption results
WG % Water absorption %
0 1.80
5 1.08
10 0.87
15 0.80
20 0.75
25 0.68
30 0.61
35 0.53
40 0.50
Dry density of each mixture was calculated and it was observed that the density decreased with increase in WG
content. The results showed about 4% reduction in dry density of concrete for mix with 40% WG content as
compared to control mix. Table [7] gives the results of dry density and variation in it with respect to control

Table [7 ] Dry density results

WG % Dry density kg/m3
0 [control]2530
5 [-0.44%]2519
10 [-0.6%]2515

DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page

 The Effect of Using Waste Glass[WG] as Partial Replacement of sand on Concrete

15 [-1.9%]2482
20 [-1.98%]2480
25 [-2.02%]2479
30 [-3%]2454
35 [-3.44%]2443
40 [-3.95%]2430

IV. Conclusions
1. WG can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement.
2. Sand can be replaced by WG until 40% by weight without reduction in tensile and compressive strengths with
comparison of control concrete.
3. 15% replacement of WG showed about 25% increase in compressive strength.
4. 15% replacement of WG showed about 37% increase in tensile strength.
5. water absorption percent of concrete decreases with increasing WG content.
6. The best replacement dosage of WG is 15%.
7. Using WG not change the color of concrete.
8. 40% WG content reduces density by about 4%.
9.At constant super-plasticizer, the workability increases with increasing the WG content.

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DOI: 10.9790/1684-1402024145 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page

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