PSD 15 - 0 Book1

Allegro PCB Layout System
Version 15.0
Training Manual Book 1 July 22, 2003
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Contents
Lesson 1: Allegro User Interface ...........................................................................................................1-1
Primary Allegro Programs.............................................................................................................1-2
Other Programs .......................................................................................................................1-3
Cadence PSD Tools .......................................................................................................................1-4
Course Directory Structure............................................................................................................1-5
Setting and Changing Your Working Directory............................................................................1-6
Allegro Editor and Workspace ......................................................................................................1-7
Toolbar ....................................................................................................................................1-8
Control Panel and World View Window ................................................................................1-9
Getting Help ................................................................................................................................1-10
Lab 1-1: Allegro Tour................................................................................................................1-12
Mouse Buttons.............................................................................................................................1-18
Controlling the Window Display.................................................................................................1-19
Navigating in the World View Window......................................................................................1-21
Zoom Control Using the Middle Mouse Button..........................................................................1-22
Default Aliases for Function and Control Keys ..........................................................................1-23
Running Commands with Strokes ...............................................................................................1-24
Controlling the Toolbars..............................................................................................................1-25
Drawing Parameters ....................................................................................................................1-26
Drawing Options: Display and Status...................................................................................1-27
Drawing Options: Line Lock and Symbol ............................................................................1-29
User Preferences ..........................................................................................................................1-31
Lab 1-2: Navigating the Allegro User Interface ........................................................................1-33
Lesson 2: Managing the Allegro Work Environment............................................................................2-1
Groups, Classes and Subclasses ....................................................................................................2-2
More Groups, Classes and Subclasses ....................................................................................2-3
Options Window of the Control Panel ..........................................................................................2-4
Controlling Color and Visibility....................................................................................................2-5
Controlling Etch Visibility......................................................................................................2-6
Graphics Dimming or Shadow Mode .....................................................................................2-7
Scripts ............................................................................................................................................2-8
Lab 2-1: Script Files and Controlling Visibility and Color .......................................................2-10
The Selectable Objects List .........................................................................................................2-16
Using the Find by Name Section ..........................................................................................2-17
Using Find by Property .........................................................................................................2-18
Highlighting Elements.................................................................................................................2-19
Using the Show Element Command............................................................................................2-20
Using the Display Measure Command........................................................................................2-21
Lab 2-2: Highlighting and Using the Find Filter .......................................................................2-23
Lab 2-3: Using the Find Filter with the Show Element Command ...........................................2-29
Lesson 3: Padstacks ...............................................................................................................................3-1
Anatomy of a Padstack ..................................................................................................................3-2
Padstack Details.............................................................................................................................3-3
July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System iii

Course Title Table of Contents
What is a Thermal Relief? .............................................................................................................3-4

Flash Symbols................................................................................................................................3-5
Lab 3-1: Creating a Flash Symbol ...............................................................................................3-7
What Does the Padstack Designer Do? .......................................................................................3-10
Padstack Designer - Parameters ............................................................................................3-11
Padstack Designer - Layers...................................................................................................3-12
Defining Pad Shapes/Sizes....................................................................................................3-13
Adding/Deleting/Copying Layers .........................................................................................3-14
Saving the Padstack...............................................................................................................3-16
Lab 3-2: Creating Padstacks for a Through-Hole Pin Device ...................................................3-18
Lab 3-3: Creating a Padstack for a Surface- Mounted Device ..................................................3-27
Lesson 4: Component Symbols .............................................................................................................4-1
Package Symbol Wizard................................................................................................................4-1
Drawing Parameters Form.............................................................................................................4-2
Drawing Origin..............................................................................................................................4-3
Moving the Drawing Origin....................................................................................................4-3
Allegro Symbol Types...................................................................................................................4-4
Example: a 14-pin DIP Package ....................................................................................................4-5
Adding Pins.............................................................................................................................4-7
Drawing Component Outlines.................................................................................................4-8
Adding Labels .........................................................................................................................4-9
Defining Area Constraints.....................................................................................................4-10
Saving Symbol Files .............................................................................................................4-11
Lab 4-1: Creating a DIP16 Package Using the Package Symbol Wizard..................................4-13
Lab 4-2: Creating a DIP14 Package Symbol .............................................................................4-17
Lab 4-3: Creating an SOIC 16 with the Symbol Editor (optional lab)......................................4-28
Lesson 5: Board Design Files ................................................................................................................5-1
Creating a Board Symbol...............................................................................................................5-2
Typical Board Outline.............................................................................................................5-3
Drawing a Board Outline ........................................................................................................5-4
Tooling/Mounting Holes.........................................................................................................5-5
Chamfers .................................................................................................................................5-6
Linear Dimensioning...............................................................................................................5-7
Defining Constraint Areas (Keepins/Keepouts)......................................................................5-8
Saving Board Symbol Files (.bsm and .dra) ...........................................................................5-9
Board Wizard...............................................................................................................................5-10
Lab 5-1: Creating a Board Mechanical Symbol ........................................................................5-12
Lab 5-2: Creating a Board using the Board Wizard ..................................................................5-31
Allegro Editors - Overview...................................................................................................5-34
Creating a Master Design File .....................................................................................................5-35
Defining Layer Stackup ........................................................................................................5-36
Lab 5-3: Creating a Master Design File (.brd)...........................................................................5-38
Lesson 6: Importing Logic Information into Allegro ............................................................................6-1
Design Layout Process ..................................................................................................................6-2
Concept-Integrated Logic Design with Physical Layout...............................................................6-3
Transfer Files (pst*.dat) ..........................................................................................................6-4
Importing Logic into Allegro from Concept...........................................................................6-6
Importing Logic Data..............................................................................................................6-7
iv Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Table of Contents Course Title
Engineering Changes—Placement ................................................................................................6-8

Importing Electrical Constraints....................................................................................................6-9
Engineering Changes—Routing ..................................................................................................6-10
Schematic-Driven Layout............................................................................................................6-11
Capture-Integrated Logic Design with Physical Layout .............................................................6-12
Capture Interface with Allegro .............................................................................................6-14
Capture-Allegro Logic Import ..............................................................................................6-15
Third-Party Logic Import ............................................................................................................6-16
Netlist Format .......................................................................................................................6-17
General Rules for Netlists .....................................................................................................6-18
Device Files...........................................................................................................................6-19
Package Properties in Device Files.......................................................................................6-20
Loading a Third-Party Netlist ...............................................................................................6-21
Netin Checking .....................................................................................................................6-22
Guidelines for Importing Logical Data.................................................................................6-23
Lab 6-1: Concept to Allegro ......................................................................................................6-25
Lab 6-2: Capture to Allegro.......................................................................................................6-30
Lab 6-3: Importing a Third-Party Netlist...................................................................................6-33
Lesson 7: Setting Design Constraints ....................................................................................................7-1
Introduction to Design Rules.........................................................................................................7-3
Setting Up Design Rules................................................................................................................7-4
Standard (default) Design Rules .............................................................................................7-4
Extended Design Rules..................................................................................................................7-5
Spacing Rule Set—Step 1..............................................................................................................7-6
Spacing Rule Set—Step 2 .......................................................................................................7-7
Spacing Rule Set—Setting Rules by Layer ............................................................................7-8
Spacing Rule Set—Step 3 .......................................................................................................7-9
Lab 7-1: Standard Design Rules ................................................................................................7-11
Lab 7-2: Extended Design Rules—Spacing ..............................................................................7-13
Physical Rule Set—Step 1...........................................................................................................7-18
Physical Rule Set—Step 2 ....................................................................................................7-19
Physical Rule Set—Etch by Layer........................................................................................7-20
Physical Rule Set—Step 3 ....................................................................................................7-21
Lab 7-3: Extended Design Rules—Physical..............................................................................7-23
Design Constraints.......................................................................................................................7-28
Property Assignments and Changes ............................................................................................7-29
DRC Marker Display...................................................................................................................7-30
Lab 7-4: Working with Properties .............................................................................................7-32
Lesson 8: Component Placement...........................................................................................................8-1
Prerequisites...................................................................................................................................8-3
Interactive Placement ....................................................................................................................8-4
Placement Grid........................................................................................................................8-5
Strategy..........................................................................................................................................8-6
Floorplanning with Rooms ............................................................................................................8-7
Creating a Room .....................................................................................................................8-8
Attaching Room Name Text ...................................................................................................8-9
Assign RefDes Command ...........................................................................................................8-10
July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System v

Lab 8-1: Floorplanning ..............................................................................................................8-12

Lab 8-2: Assigning Preplaced Packages ....................................................................................8-17
Placement-Related Properties......................................................................................................8-18
Tagging Parts for Placement........................................................................................................8-19
Placement Commands .................................................................................................................8-20
Manual Placement Commands ....................................................................................................8-21
Changing the Default Orientation................................................................................................8-22
Lab 8-3: Manual Placement .......................................................................................................8-24
Quickplace ...................................................................................................................................8-33
Deleting Components ..................................................................................................................8-34
Lab 8-4: Using Quickplace ........................................................................................................8-36
Lab 8-5: Removing Components from the Board......................................................................8-42
Lesson 9: Advanced Placement .............................................................................................................9-1
Ratsnest..........................................................................................................................................9-2
Automatic Swapping of Functions and Pins..................................................................................9-3
Automatic Swap ......................................................................................................................9-4
Running Automatic Swap .......................................................................................................9-5
Interactive Swap......................................................................................................................9-6
Selecting Alternate Packages.........................................................................................................9-7
Updating Symbols in a Design ......................................................................................................9-9
Updating Padstacks......................................................................................................................9-10
Modifying Padstacks ...................................................................................................................9-12
Creating a Library from a Design................................................................................................9-13
Cross Placement with Concept ....................................................................................................9-14
Cross Selection with Capture.......................................................................................................9-15
Cross Highlighting between Allegro and Capture.......................................................................9-16
Lab 9-1: Displaying Ratsnests ...................................................................................................9-18
Lab 9-2: Swapping Components, Pins, and Functions ..............................................................9-20
Lab 9-3: Advanced Placement with ALT_SYMBOL ...............................................................9-23
Lab 9-4: Using the Concept Schematic for Manual Placement .................................................9-26
Lab 9-5: Using the Capture Schematic for Manual Placement..................................................9-29
Lesson 10: Routing and Glossing .........................................................................................................10-1
Design Layout Process ................................................................................................................10-2
Accessing Interactive Routing Modes .........................................................................................10-3
Routing Grids: Fixed.............................................................................................................10-4
Routing Grids: Variable ........................................................................................................10-5
Finding Nets or Reviewing Rats..................................................................................................10-6
Adding Signal Connections .........................................................................................................10-7
Inserting Vias...............................................................................................................................10-8
Selecting Via Types ..............................................................................................................10-9
Pop-Up Menu Options...............................................................................................................10-10
Options Form .............................................................................................................................10-12
Options Form—Smooth ......................................................................................................10-13
Options Form—Bubble/Gridless ........................................................................................10-14
Lab 10-1:Defining Etch Grids ..................................................................................................10-16
Lab 10-2:Adding and Deleting Connect Lines and Vias..........................................................10-18
Accessing the SPECCTRA Router............................................................................................10-25
Autoroute Prerequisites .............................................................................................................10-25
Preparing for Automatic Routing ..............................................................................................10-26
vi Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Table of Contents Course Title
The Allegro-SPECCTRA Process .............................................................................................10-27

Lab 10-3:Preparing for Autorouting.........................................................................................10-29
Lab 10-4:Using the SPECCTRA Autorouter ...........................................................................10-33
Editing Existing Etch.................................................................................................................10-36
Moving Etch with the Slide Option...........................................................................................10-37
Editing Vertices .........................................................................................................................10-38
Changing the Layer or Width of a Connection..........................................................................10-39
Deleting Etch .............................................................................................................................10-40
Using the Cut Option.................................................................................................................10-41
Interactive Routing Properties ...................................................................................................10-42
Glossing the Design...................................................................................................................10-43
Lab 10-5:Checking for Unconnected Pins................................................................................10-46
Lab 10-6:Improving Routed Connections ................................................................................10-48
Lab 10-7:Replacing Etch and Using the Cut Option ................................................................10-51
Lab 10-8:Running Gloss...........................................................................................................10-54
Lesson 11: Copper Areas and Positive or Negative Planes ..................................................................11-1
Copper Area Images ....................................................................................................................11-3
Adding a Copper Area.................................................................................................................11-4
Global Dynamic Parameters - Shape Fill..............................................................................11-6
Global Dynamic Parameters - Void Controls .......................................................................11-7
Global Dynamic Parameters - Clearances ............................................................................11-8
Global Dynamic Parameters - Thermal Relief Connects......................................................11-9
Adding Copper Shapes........................................................................................................11-10
Editing Copper Shapes........................................................................................................11-11
Lab 11-1:Copper Areas.............................................................................................................11-13
Lesson 12: Preparing for Post Processing ............................................................................................12-1
Renaming Reference Designators ...............................................................................................12-3
Rename Reference Designators (Main Form) ......................................................................12-4
Rename Reference Designators (Setup Form)......................................................................12-5
Rename Reference Designators—Key Points.......................................................................12-7
Backannotation ............................................................................................................................12-8
Backannotation Examples ...........................................................................................................12-9
Backannotation—Concept Export Netlist...........................................................................12-10
Backannotation to Concept .................................................................................................12-11
Property Backannotation.....................................................................................................12-12
Capture Integrated Logic Design/Physical Layout .............................................................12-13
Allegro-Capture Backannotation ........................................................................................12-14
Third-Party Backannotation Process...................................................................................12-15
Third-Party Backannotation................................................................................................12-16
Lab 12-1:Renaming Components .............................................................................................12-18
Lab 12-2:Allegro to Concept Backannotation..........................................................................12-22
Lab 12-3:Allegro to Capture Backannotation...........................................................................12-24
Lab 12-4:Allegro Backannotation to a Third-Party Schematic Capture Tool..........................12-25
Lesson 13: Preparing the Board Design for Manufacturing .................................................................13-1
Creating Silkscreens ....................................................................................................................13-3
July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System vii

Creating Silkscreens—Menu ................................................................................................13-4

Incremental Update of Silkscreens........................................................................................13-5
Generating Reports ......................................................................................................................13-6
Lab 13-1:Creating Silkscreens....................................................................................................13-8
Lab 13-2:Creating Reports........................................................................................................13-11
Creating Checkplots...................................................................................................................13-12
Generating Artwork ...................................................................................................................13-13
Artwork Parameters ............................................................................................................13-14
Artwork Parameters—Device Dependent...........................................................................13-15
The Aperture File ................................................................................................................13-16
Film Control...............................................................................................................................13-17
Film Options........................................................................................................................13-19
Adding a Photoplot Outline .......................................................................................................13-20
Generating Gerber Files.............................................................................................................13-21
Viewing Gerber Files.................................................................................................................13-22
Lab 13-3:Creating Artwork Files..............................................................................................13-24
Lab 13-4:Viewing Gerber Files ................................................................................................13-30
Creating Fabrication Drawings..................................................................................................13-32
Drill Symbols and Legend Table ........................................................................................13-33
Generating an NC Drill File ......................................................................................................13-34
Creating the Parameters File ...............................................................................................13-35
Creating Assembly Drawings ....................................................................................................13-37
Lab 13-5:Creating a Drill Legend.............................................................................................13-39
Lab 13-6:Creating Fab and Assembly Drawings......................................................................13-41
Lab 13-7:Creating an NCDRILL File.......................................................................................13-43
viii Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

1
Lesson 1: Allegro User Interface
Learning Objectives
Identify the user interface (UI) components of Allegro.

Navigate within the Allegro Editor window and access UI
features.
In this section you will be introduced to the Allegro® PCB Layout System. You will
explore the Allegro graphical user interface as well as the various programs that comprise
the Allegro PCB Layout System. The different ways to get questions answered—through
online documentation, websites, or toll free telephone numbers—will be provided.
July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-1

Allegro User Interface Lesson 1
Primary Allegro Programs
When you install Allegro software on your computer, the installation

program automatically includes several tools, some of which are:
Allegro Editor
Padstack Designer (Padstack Editor)
You can access these tools through the Windows Start button.
Programs
Cadence PSD 15.0
Programs
Cadence PSD 15.0
Allegro Utilities
In UNIX you can enter the following commands:
allegro
pad_designer
The Allegro Editor lets you create printed circuit board designs and footprint symbols
required by those designs.
The Padstack Editor lets you create or edit library padstacks, including:
– Defining the parameters of your padstacks
– Creating through hole, blind and buried, and via padstacks
– Adding padstack layers
– Copying padstack layers
– Deleting layers in a padstack
1-2 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Lesson 1 Allegro User Interface
Other Programs
Windows UNIX
spif
batch_drc
DB Doctor
pad_designer
The following tools are available from your Allegro software installation directory. When
using a PC, you can create your own desktop shortcuts to these tools. On a UNIX
workstation, you type the commands into a terminal window.
Allegro to SPECCTRA®
The Allegro to SPECCTRA Interface tool lets you automatically prepare Allegro
design data for the SPECCTRA autorouter. The UNIX command is “spif”.
Batch DRC
Batch DRC lets you run a design rule check on your database without having to open
the Allegro Editor. The UNIX command is “batch_drc”.
DB Doctor
The DB Doctor utility lets you check the database integrity and automatically fixes file
corruption problems. The UNIX command is “dbfix_ui”.

Cadence PSD Tools
Top of the line product. Includes high speed

PCB Design Expert
design rules in both electrical and physical
Same as PCB Design Expert EXCEPT no
PCB Designer
electrical high speed rules
PCB Studio Performance Same “Allegro” tool as PCB Designer
Base line product. No high speed rules, some
PCB Studio
SKILL access.
If you purchased more than one type of Allegro tool, the Product Choices form will appear
when you invoke Allegro or one of the other PSD tools, such as Concept. You must select
from the list of Products which license you wish to use. If you do not enable the Use As
Default option, the Product Choices form will be redisplayed each time you use a PSD
tool. If you do enable the Use As Default option, you can still change the license you wish
to use from within Allegro by using the File > Change Editor command.

Course Directory Structure
c:\course_install_dir\ (c:\user1\… for Windows NT/2000 OS)
or /<course_install_dir>/.. (UNIX OS)
allegro
project1 project2 project3 advanced symbols play solutions
worklib devices
root
physical
symbols
Important
It is very important to understand and remember the directory structure presented,

especially when working with the labs. Since this course has been designed for use with
different schematic capture tools, several different directories have been established.
The project1 directory is the working directory for students who are taking the Concept-
to-Allegro front-to-back sequence. This project1 directory includes the following
subdirectories, in order of descending hierarchy: worklib, root, physical, worklib, and
symbols. This directory structure is typical of the standard Project Manager tool.
The project2 directory is for those using Capture as the front end schematic capture tool.
When working with Capture, you need a release.opj file for netlisting, as well as the
pst*.dat and *view.dat netlist and backannotation files.
Finally, project3 is for those netlisting and backannotating between Allegro and a third-
party tool. The devices subdirectory contains all the *.txt device files needed for importing
a third-party netlist.
Other directories that you will see within the course installation are:

advanced - This is the working directory for the advanced portion of the Allegro
course.
symbols - All the .psm. and .dra symbols used for Allegro .brd designs reside in this
subdirectory.
play - This is the working directory where you build library files and practice using the
Allegro tool.
solutions - This directory holds all the reference board files for the labs as backup files.
Setting and Changing Your Working Directory
All files that are created or

saved from within Allegro
are written to the current
directory by default.
When opening or creating
files, you can change the
directory to a new location
by browsing to the desired
directory.
Use this option to change to the directory selected.
When opening and saving files, you must pay attention to the directory that is set as your
Current Directory. This directory is displayed in the title bar of the Allegro window. When
you open or save files, you can change the Current Directory by using the standard
browser. If you browse to a different directory, you can make that directory the Current
Directory by selecting the Change Directory option at the bottom of the window.
The first time you invoke Allegro, the Current Directory is set to a location that is
specified during the software installation.

Allegro Editor and Workspace
Title Bar
Icons/
Menu toolbars
Bar
route tool set shape tool set
Status
Design Window Window
Console Window
There are several different areas that you need to become familiar with when using
Allegro.
Title bar - Located at the very top of the window. This specifies the Allegro product
that is currently running, the database that is currently opened, and the working
directory.
Menu bar - Located directly underneath the title bar. These menu items contain all the
commands required to create and modify a design. To execute a command, select with
the left mouse button on the menu, then select with the left mouse button again on the
command to be executed. For example, to execute the Open command, select the
File > Open option from the menu bar with the left mouse button.
Icon toolbar - Located immediately below the menu bar. This area will be discussed
shortly.
Design window - This is where you will do most of your work on the printed circuit
board design.

Console window - The bottom left portion of the Allegro window. This window has
two major functions. The first function is to display messages and prompts to you. The
second function is to allow you to type in Allegro commands.
Status window - Located to the right of the Console window. The Status window
contains the current command being executed. In this case, the word idle is displayed
because no command is currently active.
The Status window also contains the X and Y coordinates of your cursor location
when your cursor is placed in the Design window. The X and Y coordinates are
relative to the 0,0 point of the design. The Status window includes the Stop button,
which you can use to interrupt a current command. The Stop button is presently
grayed out or not available because there is no command currently active.
To the left of the CMD text string, there is a box that is colored green, yellow or red. If
the box is green, that means Allegro is ready for your command. If the box is yellow,
the system is working—but you can interrupt the system by using the Stop button,
hitting Ctrl-C, or hitting the Escape button. If the box is red, the system is working
and there is nothing you can do to interrupt it. You must wait until the box turns either
yellow or green again.
Toolbar
Toolbars are used to store common icons in a group. Toolbars

can be added, modified, or made invisible by using the
View > Customization > Toolbar command.
File Edit View Add Display Setup Place
Shape
Route Dimension
The icon toolbar is located immediately below the menu bar. Using icons is a faster way to
initiate some of the more common Allegro commands. For example, the second icon from
the left on the top row is the File Open icon.

Icons are further grouped into toolbars. As you can see in the second row of icons, the
seven icons to the left are grouped into a toolbar called ROUTE. Each toolbar can be
turned on or off by choosing the View > Customization > Toolbar option from the menu
bar.
Control Panel and World View Window
Options Folder Tab

Displays current parameters and values for
the active command
Contains fields that let you control the actions
performed by the current command
Find Folder Tab (Find Filter)
Controls which objects are found when
directly selecting objects
Can also select objects by entering their
name
Visibility Folder Tab
Controls visibility/invisibility of conductor/etch
elements in the design
World View Window
Allows you to display a particular section of
your design
Displays the current viewing area relative to
entire design
The area immediately to the right of the Design Window contains the Control Panel and
the World View Window. The Control Panel has three folder tabs titled Options, Find, and
Visibility. The Options folder tab contains parameters that are used to control the current
interactive command. The Find Folder tab is used to control what type of objects are
selected. This folder tab has options for use when selecting items with the mouse or when
selecting items by their name. Using the Visibility Folder tab is a quick way to control the
visibility of conductor elements in your design such as etch, pins, vias and so forth.
The bottom portion of the Control Panel is a graphical area titled World View Window.
Using the World View Window is another way that you can control panning, zooming, and
redrawing of your graphical area.
You can change the position of the Control Panel by selecting the
View > Customization > Display option from the menu bar.

Getting Help
CDSDoc, Cadence online HTML-based documentation system

Education Services training materials
SourceLink service (on the Internet): sourcelink.cadence.com
OR . . .
From within Allegro you can select Help>Web Resources>SourceLink
OR . . .
Go to the Cadence home page (http://www.cadence.com). Select the
Customer Support link.
You must have a maintenance contract to log in (authorization number)
Customer Response Center (CRC) 1-877-237-4911
Users Group
Methodology Services
Contact your sales representative for more information.
There are several ways to get help with your software from Cadence. Each tool has its own
HTML-based manuals that you can access by choosing Help > Manuals > User Guide
from the Allegro menu. This online information tool is called CDSDoc.
SourceLink is a Cadence website where users can search for known problems and
solutions, as well as find application notes written by Cadence application engineers. You
can get to SourceLink with your Web browser at www.sourcelink.cadence.com or by
selecting Help > Web Resources > SourceLink from the Allegro menu.
If you need to report a bug in the software or documentation, you can contact the Cadence
Customer Response Center by phone at
1-877-237-4911 or you can send an email to [email protected].
Cadence also has a team of engineers available to help customers in a variety of fashions,
ranging from customized live classroom training to printed circuit board and multi-chip
module design services.

Lab
Lab: Allegro Tour

Starting Allegro and other programs
Choosing a tool from the Allegro program suite
Traversing the course directory structure
Setting your working directory
Opening a board design
Touring the Allegro user interface
Accessing Allegro documentation, and properties information

Lab 1-1: Allegro Tour

Objective: Demonstrate how to log in and start Allegro, set your working
directory, view a printed circuit board design within the Allegro
editor, preview the menus, and access the online Help system.
■ If you are working in the Windows environment, you may see icons for starting Allegro
executables on the desktop display, but instructions in this book will refer to the Windows
Start button.
■ If you are working on a UNIX system, then you can type commands in a shell.
Note
The method you use for starting Allegro in this lab will be the same one you use in
later labs whenever you are instructed to start Allegro.
Logging on
Logging on requires that you issue a username and a password, which depends on whether
you are working in a Windows or a UNIX environment.
Windows NT/2000
1. To log onto a Windows system, press CTRL+ALT+DEL (all keys at the same time).
The Login Information dialog box displays.
2. Provide the following information in the Login Information dialog box, then click
OK:
Username user1
Password training
UNIX
1. To log onto a UNIX system, at the command prompt, enter the following:
user1
2. At the command prompt, enter the following:

training
3. To start X Windows and the Motif window manager, enter the following:
xwin

Several windows appear on your screen. One of the windows has the banner title
Cadence.
4. Place your cursor in the command line of the Cadence window and enter the
following:
cd ~/allegro/play
This changes your location to the play working directory, where you will perform
much of your work for the first few labs. The solutions directory is where the
reference files are stored.
At this point, you should be logged onto your system and ready to start Allegro.
Choosing Products and Starting Allegro

In this lab, you will open a routed PCB design in the Allegro Editor window, then explore
aspects of the design as well as the Allegro user interface.
1. Start Allegro in one of the following two ways, depending on whether you are
working in Windows or UNIX:
a. If you are working in Windows, start the Allegro Editor by clicking the Windows
Start button (bottom left of your screen) and choosing the
Programs > Cadence > PSD 15.0 > Allegro menu option.
b. If you are working in UNIX, type the following command at the shell prompt:
allegro &
If this is the first time you have launched Allegro, the Cadence Product Choices
dialog box may appear. Otherwise, the Allegro Editor window appears, as shown in
the following figure.
2. If the Cadence Product Choices dialog does not appear, choose File > Change Editor
from the top menu bar in the Allegro Editor.
The Change Product Choices dialog box appears.

3. Select PCB Studio and check the Use As Default option, then click OK.
This sets the PCB Studio version of Allegro as your default. This is the version we
will use throughout the course.
4. If the Help Topics: window displays, select Cancel to close this window. You will
investigate the help menus later.
Your window will look something like the following:

Setting Your Working Directory, Opening a Board Design,

and Viewing Tool Sets
1. From the top menu bar choose File > Open. An Open file browser window appears.
2. Navigate to the play directory, and select the cds_routed.brd file.

You will find the play directory under the allegro directory on your system.
3. Verify that the Change Directory box is checked.

This option sets your working directory to play.
4. Click Open.
The cds_routed.brd design file is displayed in your Allegro work area.
Note
You can also open a file by double clicking its name in the Open form.
Exploring the Allegro User Interface

In this part of the lab, you will explore various menus and buttons in the Allegro Editor
window to see how the user interface works.
1. Click Zoom > Fit to fill your screen with the Allegro Editor window, if it is not
already maximized.

2. Referring to the overview in the previous lecture, identify the following parts of the
Allegro Editor window:
– Menu bar organization and options
– Icon ribbon toolbar
– Toolbars for placement, route, analysis, and manufacturing
– Design window
– Console window (and command line)
– Status window with its “traffic light” and coordinate readouts
– Control panel: Options, Find and Visibility tabs
– World View Window
You will access all these features in more detail in later labs.
3. View the menu options. Click the File menu option and note the available options.
Slowly pass your cursor over the menu items (Edit, View, Add and so on) from left to
right. Note the various menu options available under each menu item.
4. Select any place in the Allegro work area to close your latest pull-down menu.
5. View the tool tips on the toolbar icons. Slowly drag your cursor across the toolbar
from left to right and read the tool tips that appear. DO NOT CLICK. When you come
to the Zoom Fit (F9) icon, click it.
The entire cds_routed.brd design is framed in your editor.
6. View the names of the commands associated with the toolsets for placement, route,
shapes, and manufacturing by slowly dragging your cursor across toolset icons from
left to right and reading the tool tips as they appear.
Accessing the Help System

1. From the top menu, choose Help > Manuals > Command Reference.
Cadence’s online product documentation, CDSDoc, appears in a new window. This is
the main page from where you access all the commands in Allegro, among other
tools.
2. Scroll down the page and find the alphabet links to view each Allegro command.
3. Select the letter P in the list of letters.

This brings up another page with all the commands that start with P.

4. Scroll down and click on the link for package_height.

Let’s look at the information about package_height.
This gives you the definition of package_height, and has links that describe the
Options Tab of the Control Panel as well as the Procedures of how to use the
command. Take a look at those links.
5. Scroll down farther on the page to get an idea of other commands that are described in
CDSDoc.
6. Experiment with the links in the documentation.
7. When you are finished experimenting with the documentation, select File > Close to
exit CDSDoc.
Do not exit out of Allegro. You will use this board in the following lab.
STOP End of Lab

Mouse Buttons
Three-button mouse:
Left mouse button (LMB) — Select design elements, menu buttons
and icons. Window selection available by dragging.
Right mouse button (RMB) — Open pop-up menus.
Middle mouse button (MMB) — Pan, zoom control.
Left Mouse Button
Use this button to select graphic elements in a design (such as lines, pads, and text).
The selected feature is highlighted. Must be used in conjunction with an active
command.
To select a group of items, you create a selection rectangle. To do so, first you click the
left mouse button to pick a corner for the rectangle, then you hold the left mouse
button and drag your mouse, creating a rectangle. All applicable items within the
rectangle are selected.
Use this button to select commands from menus or icons.
Some forms contain entry fields with a list of built-in options. To display and select
these options, use the left mouse button in the data field (for example, the Options tab).
Right Mouse Button

Displays a pop-up menu containing options associated with the current command.
This mouse button is also used with the control key (CTRL) to execute Allegro
“strokes.”
Middle Mouse Button
Press and hold the middle button while moving the mouse in the direction you want to
pan. If you click the middle mouse button, the system will either zoom in or zoom out,
based upon the direction you move your cursor. If you move from top left to bottom
right, the display will zoom out. If you move from bottom right to top left, the display
will zoom in. In both cases, you will see a rectangle that depicts the new zoom area.
Controlling the Window Display
View > Zoom … menu options
There are several commands available to change what is displayed in your current work
area or the Design window. By choosing the View pull-down menu in the menu bar, you
have the following options:

■ Zoom by Points specifies a new display area by letting you pick two diagonally opposed
points. After you pick the first point, a frame stretches from the first point to the cursor.
Picking a second point defines the size of the new work area.
■ Zoom Fit creates a view that includes, but is no larger than, the board.
■ Zoom In magnifies or zooms in to a smaller area of the drawing that remains centered
about the same point.
■ Zoom Out increases the displayed area of the drawing. This shows more data in your
Design window and makes objects become smaller.
■ Zoom World displays the entire extents of the drawing in the work area.
■ Zoom Center redisplays the drawing area with the center being a point that you select.
■ Zoom Previous displays the previous viewing area.
■ Color View Save allows you to save the current visibility settings.
■ Color View Restore last restores the previous color view.
■ Refresh simply performs a redraw of the current display area.

Navigating in the World View Window
Highlighted component
Whole design
Current display window
Board outline
Right mouse button popup
The World View window is located at the bottom of the Control Panel. It gives you quick
and convenient access to the panning and zooming commands. The World View window
has a representation of the board outline and also indicates the portion of the board where
you are currently zoomed in.
To display the World View window pop-up menu, first you left click and then right click
within the World View window. The pop-up menu appears.
■ The Move Display option moves the display to the location you specify in the World
View window. You can also accomplish this by clicking and holding the middle mouse
button and moving the cursor in the World View window.
■ The Resize Display option changes the work area display size. You can also accomplish
this by clicking and holding the left mouse button and dragging the cursor in the World
View window.
■ The Find Next option centers the work area view on the next highlighted object. You can
also accomplish this by clicking with the left mouse button in the World View window.

■ The Find Previous option centers the display on a highlighted object that is previous in
the list.
Zoom Control Using the Middle Mouse Button
Circle represents the original Arrows represent the direction in which the mouse
selection point made by the is moved.
middle mouse button select.
Zoom Prev
Zoom by Points Zoom by Points
Zoom Cancel Zoom Fit
Zoom Out Zoom Out
Zoom Out
If little-to-no mouse movement is made, and a second middle mouse button

select is made, a Zoom Center command will be executed.
The middle mouse button can also be used to zoom into and out of your display. You first
start by selecting a point inside your current work area. You do NOT want to hold the
middle mouse button as you would when you want to perform a dynamic pan. Based upon
the direction you move your mouse, the new area can be zoomed in (as notated by Zoom
by Points) or can be zoomed out (as notated by Zoom Out). Also, you can perform a zoom
fit (as notated by Zoom Fit) or a Zoom Previous (notated by Zoom Prev). If you start the
zoom and then want to cancel the zoom, move your mouse in the direction notated by
Zoom Cancel.
If you select close to the same point twice, the selected point will become the new center
of your work area (the Zoom Center command).

Default Aliases for Function and Control Keys
Key Command Key Command
F2 Done SF2 Grid

F3 Oops SF3 Hilite Pick
F4 Cancel SF4 Dehilite All
F5 Show Element SF5 Show Measure
F6 Add Connect SF6 Slide
F7 Vertex SF7 Move
F8 Zoom Points SF8 (available)
F9 Zoom Fit SF9 Grid Toggle
F10 Zoom In SF10 Zoom Previous
F11 Zoom Out SF11 Zoom World
F12 Property Edit SF12 Save_as Temp
CF2 Next CF6 Color Priority
CF5 Color SCF5 Status
The function keys on your keyboard are also aliased to Allegro commands. The table
shows the default function key aliases. For example, to invoke the Zoom Fit command,
you could either select View > Zoom Fit from the menu bar or simply press the F9 key on
your keyboard. To invoke the Move command, you could either select Edit > Move from
the menu bar, or use the Shift and F7 keys on your keyboard.

Running Commands with Strokes
Strokes are predefined patterns of mouse movements. The Allegro

tool interprets stroke patterns and activates commands.
Stroke Equivalent command Key combinations

Ctrl
Copy CTRL+C
+
Move SHIFT+F7
L MR Zoom In F10
Oops (Undo) F3
Zoom World —
Delete —
Some Allegro commands such as Zoom, Move, and Copy are aliased to mouse strokes. A
mouse stroke is a predefined mouse movement pattern that can be recognized by the
Allegro Editor and used to invoke an Allegro command.
To draw a stroke you must hold down the control (Ctrl) key on the keyboard, along with
the right mouse button. The X’s seen in the slide denote the starting point of the stroke. If
you move the mouse in one of the predefined patterns, Allegro invokes the associated
command. When you use strokes to run certain commands, the following conditions
apply:
■ The Zoom World stroke can be drawn anywhere on the design.
■ The Zoom In stroke zooms in to the area in which you draw the Z.
■ The Move, Copy, and Delete strokes select the object under the first point of the stroke.

Controlling the Toolbars
View > Customization > Toolbar
You can customize the toolbar by selecting View > Customization > Toolbar from the
menu bar. Under the Toolbars tab you can add or remove groups of icons from the toolbar.
You can also enable or disable display of Tooltips and Large Buttons or set a Cool Look.
Under the Commands tab you can control which icons are displayed in each of the toolbar
groups. The toolbar settings are stored in an Allegro initialization file and are read each
time you invoke Allegro. They are not stored in the Allegro database.

Drawing Parameters
Setup > Drawing Size
Virtually all design activity (symbol and layout creation) occurs within the context of a
“drawing.” To access the Drawing Parameters form, select Setup—Drawing Size from
the top menu bar.
User Units specifies the unit of measure used during the design process. The options
are Mils (default), Inches, Microns, Millimeters, or Centimeters.
Size specifies the size of the drawing area required. The standard sheet sizes are: A
(11x8.5), B (17x11), C (22x17), D (34x22), or Other (user-specified).
Accuracy sets the accuracy of the drawing database. This value (ranging from 0 to 2)
denotes the number of decimal places that can be used when defining feature sizes
(pad sizes, grid sizes, line widths, and so on), or when entering x, y coordinates at the
Allegro command line. If the user unit is mils, an accuracy of zero means sub-mil
values are either rounded up, or not accepted at all. Accuracy settings should be
compatible across all design processes to avoid rounding off problems.
Drawing Extents shows the height and width of the drawing, and the location of the
lower left corner with respect to the drawing origin (located in the lower left corner by
default).

Move Origin relocates the drawing origin (datum 0,0). The x, y coordinates for the
new origin are transferred into the Drawing Extents section. (Changes are indicated in
the Left X field and the Lower Y field in the Drawing Extents form.)
Note
You can change the above items at any time during the design process.
Drawing Options: Display and Status
Jogged
Drill Holes
Filled Unfilled
Straight
This menu displays current settings for various design operations. It is divided into five
categories: Display, Status, Line Lock, Text, and Symbol. The default settings are shown.
The Display Tab:
Connect point Size specifies the size of a connect point in user units. The default is
10.
DRC Marker Size determines the size, in user units, of the displayed DRC “bow tie.”
Rat T (Virtual pin) size allows you to control the graphical size of a Rat T.

Max rband Count is the maximum number of rubber bands displayed when placing
or moving a component. The default is 500.
Ratsnest geometry determines shape of ratsnest lines. Options are Jogged or Straight.
Ratsnest points lets you choose the closest distance on a line or between two pins.
Options are Closest endpoint or Pin to pin.
Filled Pads indicates whether pins and vias are filled or unfilled.
Thermal Pads displays the Thermal Relief Flash symbol or anti-pad size for negative
planes.
Display Drill Holes displays the drill hole along with the pad.
Grid displays the defined grid.
The Status Tab:
Unplaced symbols shows the current status of the components placed in the design.
Unrouted nets shows the current status of connections in the design.
Isolated shapes displays the number of shapes not associated with a net or
unconnected.
Out of date shapes displays the number of non-WYSIWYG dynamic shapes/ total
dynamic shapes. Out of date dynamic shapes prevent artwork output.
DRC errors indicates whether or not DRC markers are up to date. If there are DRC’s,
how many are currently in this drawing.
DRC Controls Section
On-Line DRC options are On or Off to let you toggle the online DRC error checking.
Default Symbol Height indicates the default height of all package symbols. To
override this default value, specify the height in the package symbol definition.
Update DRC displays the current total number of errors. Enabled when online DRC is
On.

Shapes (Dynamic Copper Pour) Section
Fill mode - controls auto voiding and edge smoothing for dynamic filled shapes that
are subsequently added. This is used while evaluating the status of dynamic shapes.
This setting defaults to the Global Parameters dialog box.
WYSIWYG option produces artwork quality shapes.
Rough option will void, fill and connect, but will not fully smooth the edges of the
autovoided shape. Artwork cannot be produced.
Disabled—when set, this option will not void or fill a shape. Used to speed
performance while editing etch, making ECO’s, or running batch programs like netin,
testprep, glossing, or replace via’s. These shapes are marked out of date to be filled
later. Artwork cannot be produced.
Update button is used to autovoid, fill and run DRC on all dynamically filled shapes
and bring them up-to-date. Sets the mode to WYSIWYG.
Drawing Options: Line Lock and Symbol
Line
90
45
Arc
Off
(solder side) 0
90
(as built in lib) (ccw)

The Line Lock Tab:
Lock Direction lets you specify whether orthogonal, diagonal, or any-angle lines can
be added. The available values are 45, 90, and Off.
Lock Mode specifies whether new lines will be added as straight segments or arcs.
Minimum Radius determines the minimum radius allowed for an arc.
Fixed 45 Length specifies the length, in user units, of 45-degree segments.
Fixed Radius specifies the radius, in user units, of arcs.
Tangent causes an added arc to lock on to the tangent of a line.
The Symbol Tab:
Angle specifies the initial rotation of package symbols during manual placement.
Mirror—during manual placement, the Allegro tool assumes the active side is the top
(default). Toggle this button ON to change that default setting to the bottom (or solder)
side.

User Preferences
Setup > User Preferences
Can be effective:
• Immediate
• Restart
• Next Command
Brief description of
variable
The User Preferences Editor allows you to set or unset the Allegro preferences, also
known as the Allegro environmental variables. All changes are written to the end of the
user’s “env” file. This section of the env file should NEVER be modified manually. If the
env file does not exist, it will be created upon successful completion of this command.
The major sections of the User Preferences Editor are as follows:
Categories
All preferences that can be set are grouped together based upon like functionality. All
available categories are listed on the left side of the form. Select the category name in
this section of the form to enable the setting of the preferences.

Category: <category name>
When you select a category from the left side, all the preferences in that category are
listed in the Category section, located on the right side of the form. Note that certain
variables can only be set or unset, while other variables require values to be entered.
This section contains the Preference name, the current Value, and the Effective period.
The Effective period can have several values, including Next Command or Restart.
Next Command specifies that the preference will take effect after the OK button has
been selected. Restart specifies the preference will not take effect until Allegro has
been terminated and restarted again.
Summary description
This section of the form displays a description of the preference selected.
Lab
Lab: Navigating the Allegro User Interface

Manipulating mouse buttons
Choosing options from a pop-up menu
Panning your view
Applying the View command and zoom options
Working in the World View window
Using strokes
Customizing your view and toolset by changing menus and toolbars
Setting drawing options
The following lab will teach you how to use the mouse, pan, zoom and use the World
View window to change your display area, use strokes, work with menus, and set the
drawing parameters.

Lab 1-2: Navigating the Allegro User Interface

Objective: Use the mouse buttons to navigate within the Allegro Editor
window to manage what you view and to customize some of the
features of the user interface.
Using a Pop-Up Menu and View Panning

1. Open Allegro Studio using the cds_routed.brd design in the play directory, if you do
not already have it running.
2. Select View > Zoom In to zoom into a smaller area of the board.
3. Choose the Route > Slide option from the top menu by using the left mouse button
(LMB).
4. Move your cursor into the work area window and right click.
A pop-up menu appears.
There are different pop-up menus associated with different tools. Pop-up menus are
very much context specific.
5. Select the Cancel option in the pop-up menu to exit the Route Slide command.
6. Place the cursor in the work area. Press (and hold) the middle mouse button down and
slide the mouse to the left, right, up, and down.
Notice how the design shifts in the direction of your cursor movement. This is
panning. Also notice how the view changes in the World View window at the bottom
right of the Allegro Editor window.
Using the View Command and Zoom Options

In this part of the lab, you will use the View command from the top menu.
1. Select View > Zoom By Points from the top menu.

The Allegro message area prompts you to pick the first corner of a new view window.
2. Click to place the first corner of the new window.

As you move your cursor, a rectangle with inscribed diagonals representing the new
window, is formed.
3. Click again to fix the size of the new window.

Your work area zooms to display only the area you just outlined within the rectangle.

You can also click this icon to use the Zoom by Points command:
4. Select the View > Zoom World menu item.

This command fits the entire extents of the drawing to your work area. There is no
icon for this zoom option.
5. Select the View > Zoom Fit menu item. This command fits the layout to the work
area.
You can also click this icon to use the Zoom Fit command:
6. Select the View > Zoom In menu item.

The view in the work area zooms in.
You can also click this icon to use the Zoom In command:
7. Select the View > Zoom Out menu item.
The view in the work area zooms out.
You can also click this icon to use the Zoom Out command:
Using the Middle Mouse Button to Zoom In and Out

The middle mouse button can also be used to zoom in and out of your display.
1. Place the cursor in the bottom right portion of the work area. Click, but do NOT hold,
the middle mouse button in the work area.
2. Move your cursor towards the top left portion of the work area.

Notice as you move your cursor that a rectangle is drawn. This represents what will
be the new display area.
3. Select again with the middle mouse button (or the left mouse button).
The area that was contained within the white rectangle now becomes your new
display area.
4. Select again with the middle mouse button somewhere towards the middle of the
display area. Remember not to hold down the middle mouse button.
5. Move your cursor SLOWLY towards the bottom right.

As you move your cursor, two white rectangles are drawn. The inside rectangle
represents the original display area. The outside rectangle represents a zoom out
magnification. The further the outside rectangle is away from the inside rectangle, the
greater the zoom out. As you move your mouse, you will see your work area
temporarily redisplay. This temporary redisplay represents what will be the new work
area.
6. Select again with the middle mouse button (or the left mouse button).
Your work area is redrawn to match the current zoom.
Using the World View Window

In the lower part of the Control Panel is the World View window. It displays a board
outline, as shown in the figure. The white rectangle defines your view relative to the board
outline.

To see how the World View window works, perform the following commands in this
window:
1. Place your cursor into the World View window and click left.
This “initializes” the World View window.
2. Right click in the World View window.

A pop-up menu appears.
3. Choose the Resize Display option.

The Allegro message in the Console window prompts you to click in the World View
window to enter the first point of a rectangle (similar to the Zoom By Points
command).
4. Left click in the World View window.

As you move your cursor, a white rectangle representing a new window forms.
5. Click again to complete the sizing of the outline for a new window.
The work area zooms to display just the area within the white rectangle you specified.
6. Repeat the Resize Display command and create a small rectangle within the board
outline.
The work area zooms to display that portion of the design you have outlined.
Note
There is a quicker way to resize the white rectangle in the World View window.
Place your cursor in the World View window, and click and hold the left mouse
button. As you move your cursor, a white rectangle representing the new window
is formed. Release the left mouse button to designate the size of the new window.
7. Right click in the World View window, and select the Move Display option from the
pop-up menu.
The Allegro message area prompts you to pick in the World View window to
reposition the white rectangle, currently attached to your cursor.
8. Click in the World View window to reposition the white rectangle somewhere else on
the design.
The work area zooms to display just the area within the white rectangle that you have
specified.

Note
There is a quicker way to move the white rectangle in the World View window.
Place your cursor in the World View window, and click and hold the middle mouse
button. The white rectangle snaps to your cursor location, and the content of the
work area changes accordingly when you release the middle mouse button.
9. Using the middle mouse button, drag the white rectangle to a new location, then
release the middle mouse button.
The work area zooms to display that portion of the design you specified.
Using Strokes
Allegro allows you to use strokes, or specific cursor movements, to perform common
commands. You can try these strokes on your own now:
1. Place your cursor in the work area, then press (and hold) the CTRL key on the
keyboard while you press (and hold) the right mouse button. This action is indicated
like this: CTRL+RMB.
2. Draw the letter W with the cursor.

This W stroke has been aliased to a command that zooms to fit the entire layout
drawing on the screen.
3. Use the same CTRL+RMB keystroke combination to draw the letter Z across an area
of the board.
This Z stroke has been aliased to a command that zooms in to an area of the design.
The extents of the zoom area are defined by the diagonal line connecting the upper
left tip to the lower right tip of the Z.
Customizing Your View and Toolset

1. From the top menu bar, choose View > Customization > Display.
The Display Option dialog box appears.

2. Experiment with the docking options that determine where the Control panel appears,
then click OK to close this dialog box.
3. Select the View > Customization > Toolbar menu item.

The Customize dialog box appears. Experiment by turning the various toolbars on
and off.

4. Click the Commands tab to bring it forward.
5. Click the Route category to display available route-related icons, as shown in the
following figure:
Notice that there are two SPECCTRA router-related icons. The last icon does not
appear in your Allegro Editor window.
– The first SPECCTRA icon will open the SPECCTRA autoroute parameter form, which
allows you to use the SPECCTRA autorouter without having to leave the Allegro Editor.
– The second SPECCTRA icon opens the SPECCTRA GUI.
6. Add the second SPECCTRA icon by clicking and dragging the icon from the
Commands tab to the toolbar area of the Allegro window. Place it next to the current
SPECCTRA icon.
7. Click OK to close the Customize dialog box.
8. Reset the options in the Display Option dialog box and the Customize dialog box to
their defaults.
Note
For purposes of this class, it is important to have your Allegro work match the
figures shown in the labs.

Choosing Drawing Options

1. Zoom into the area around the U7 component in the upper left part of the board, and
view the pads.
2. Choose Setup > Drawing Options from the top menu.

The Drawing Options dialog box appears. Notice the five tabs near the top of this
dialog box.
3. Click the Display tab to bring it forward.
4. Enable the Grid, Filled Pads and Display drill holes options, as shown in the figure,
then click OK.
.
The drawing now shows the U7 pin pads filled in, grid points, and the drill holes.
5. After viewing the changes on the U7 component, reset the Display options in the
Drawing Options dialog box to their previous disabled (unchecked) states and click
OK.
Changing the Cursor Display with User Preferences

1. Choose the Setup > User Preferences menu item.
The User Preferences Editor displays.

2. Select the UI folder in the Categories box.
3. Next to the pcb_cursor preference option, click the drop-down list and select Infinite.
Notice the Summary Description area states that this variable is used to change or set
the cursor type, and the Effective field states that this change will take effect
immediately.
4. Click OK to save the change and close the dialog box.
Notice the cursor has changed to a cross-hair and now spans the height and width of
your window.
5. Reverse your choices to change the cursor back to a cross.
6. Do not exit out of Allegro. We will use this board for the next lab.
STOP End of Lab


2
Lesson 2: Managing the Allegro Work
Environment
Learning Objectives
Control the color and visibility of objects.

Create and use scripts.
Apply the Find Filter (in the Control Panel) to select objects.
Locate board database objects and report information about
them.
In this section you will familiarize yourself with the user interface and understand how
you can streamline repetitive tasks. You will also view Allegro classes and subclasses,
work with setting colors and visibility of objects, and learn how to use the
Display > Element command to query design objects.

Managing the Allegro Work Environment Lesson 2
Groups, Classes and Subclasses
GROUPS CLASSES SUBCLASSES

Geometry Board OUTLINE, PLATING_BAR, ASSEMBLY_NOTES,
Geometry TOOLING_CORNERS, DIMENSION, PLACE_GRID_TOP,
PLACE_GRID_ BOTTOM, TOP_ROOM, BOTTOM_ROOM,
BOTH_ROOMS, SWITCH_AREA_TOP,
SWITCH_AREA_ BOTTOM, SILKSCREEN_TOP,
SILKSCREEN_BOTTOM, ASSEMBLY_DETAIL,
SOLDERMASK_TOP, SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM,
OFF_GRID_AREA, CONSTRAINT_AREA
Package ASSEMBLY_TOP, ASSEMBLY_ BOTTOM,
Geometry PLACE_BOUND_TOP, PLACE_ BOUND _ BOTTOM,
PIN_NUMBER, PAD_STACK_NAME, SILKSCREEN_TOP,
SILKSCREEN_BOTTOM, BODY_CENTER,
SOLDERMASK_TOP, SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM,
DISPLAY_TOP, DISPLAY_ BOTTOM
Manufacturing Manufacturing PHOTOPLOT_OUTLINE, NO_GLOSS_ALL,
NO_GLOSS_TOP, NO_GLOSS_BOTTOM,
NO_GLOSS_INTERNAL, NCDRILL_LEGEND,
NCDRILL_FIGURE, PROBE_TOP, PROBE_BOTTOM,
AUTOSILK_TOP, AUTOSILK_ BOTTOM,
NO_PROBE_TOP, NO_PROBE_BOTTOM
Drawing OUTLINE, TITLE_BLOCK, TITLE_DATA,
Format REVISION_BLOCK, REVISION_DATA
A design file is a composite of a number of drawing layers. The drawing elements of each
of these layers can be selectively colored and turned on or off as visible or invisible layers.
Allegro organizes drawing layers into a hierarchy of groups, classes and subclasses. Each
layer has its own color and visibility settings. Groups are classes that have been combined
together to aid you in controlling the color and visibility.

Lesson 2 Managing the Allegro Work Environment
More Groups, Classes and Subclasses
GROUPS CLASSES SUBCLASSES

Stack-up Pin TOP, BOTTOM,
Via SOLDERMASK_TOP, SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM,
DRC PASTEMASK_TOP, PASTEMASK_BOTTOM,
Etch FILMMASKTOP, FILMMASKBOTTOM, THROUGH_ALL,
Anti-Etch PACKAGE_TOP, PACKAGE_BOTTOM
Components Comp Value ASSEMBLY_TOP, ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM,
Dev Type SILKSCREEN_TOP, SILKSCREEN_BOTTOM,
Ref Des DISPLAY_TOP, DISPLAY_BOTTOM
Tolerance
User Part
Areas Route KO TOP, BOTTOM, THROUGH ALL
Via KO
Package KO
Package KI
Route KI
Display Grids Subclasses not applicable
Ratsnests
Temp Highlight
Perm Highlight
Background
All graphical items are stored in what is basically a two-level database scheme. The top
level is called a class. There are 20 classes defined inside the Allegro database. You cannot
delete or add classes.
Under each class there are many subclasses. These subclasses are the second level of the
database. Subclasses are often referred to as layers in the design. You cannot delete
predefined subclasses, although you can add and delete your own user-defined subclasses.
For example, when you want to create the outline for your printed circuit board, you draw
it on a class called Board Geometry, with a subclass called Outline.
All of the board routing will appear on the subclasses under the class called Etch. This
subclass has special DRC checking properties that other classes and subclasses do not
have. You need to create a subclass for each layer of the printed circuit board. Thus, if you
have a six-layer printed circuit board, you need to have six subclasses under the class
called Etch.
Note that under the Etch class there is a subclass called Top and a subclass called Bottom.
These names cannot be changed, nor can these two subclasses ever be deleted.

Options Window of the Control Panel
Edit > Change Route > Connect Add > Text
The Options folder tab of the Control Panel contains parameters that are used to control
the current interactive command. You will notice that the parameters change from
command to command.
The parameters and values you set in the Options window take effect immediately. They
override definitions for the same parameters and values that may exist elsewhere in the
Allegro software. For example, in the Add > Text command, the Allegro tool looks to the
Drawing Options dialog box, which was set using the Setup > Drawing Options
command for the rotation and text values. If you place a different value in the Options
window, however, the tool ignores the information in the Drawing Options dialog box.

Controlling Color and Visibility
or... Display > Color/Visibility

All On or All Off
Select a Group
Groups
Classes
Subclasses
Read/write palette settings

Custom color blending
You display the Color Visibility dialog box by selecting the Display > Color/Visibility
option from the top menu or by selecting the Color icon. You use this form to turn on or
off the visibility for layers, as well as to set colors for layers.
To turn on or off the visibility of a specific subclass, you simply click the box to the left of
the subclass. A check in this box indicates that the subclass is currently visible. If there is
no check in that box, that subclass is currently invisible. To change the color of a subclass,
first you select the desired color from the bottom portion of the Palette dialog box, and
then you select the color icon to the right of the desired subclass.
At the top right of this dialog box you see the Global Visibility pull-down menu. With this
menu you can make all subclasses visible or invisible in the design at one time. Remember
that in order to turn a subclass off or on, you must first select the appropriate group in the
top left pull-down menu labeled Group.
Information about colors assigned to individual layers, and which layers are visible and
invisible, are all stored in the Allegro database. There is no ASCII file that is used to store
the color information.

Controlling Etch Visibility
Include Plane Layers
Color View
Conductor
layer controls
Plane layer controls
Individual layer
controls
Individual element control
The Control Panel Visibility tab is a quick way to turn on or off layers or elements
contained in a design. You can separately control the etch routing layers from the plane
layers, as well as Etch, Pins, Vias and DRCS.
Conductor Controls
The Conductor check boxes let you individually turn on or off all etch, pin, via or
DRCs for all layers defined as conductor. By selecting the All check box, you can turn
on and off all etch, pins, vias and DRCs for all conductor layers.
Plane Controls
The Planes check boxes let you individually turn on or off all etch, pin, via or DRCs for
all layers defined as plane. By selecting the All check box, you can turn on or off all
etch, pins, vias or DRCs for all plane layers. If you check the Include Planes Box, you
will see all the plane layers listed in this visibility form.
Individual Layer Control
By selecting the check box under the All column in the individual layer row, you can
turn on or off all etch, pins, vias or DRCs for that layer.

Individual Element Control
You can turn on or off a single element (etch, pin, and so forth) by selecting the
element.
Graphics Dimming or Shadow Mode
Toggles on/off
Shadow Mode
The Graphics Dimming or Shadow Mode option gives you the ability to provide distinct
levels of visibility that are based on the importance of the object. The main control for
shadowing is located in the Color and Visibility window under the Display group. With
Shadow Mode turned on, the brightness slide bar controls the color intensity of the non-
important objects. The higher the brightness percentage, the less difference in color
between the important and the non-important objects. While you are using the brightness
slide bar, the color palette boxes will reflect the shadow version of each color. You use the
Shadow Toggle icon to turn on and turn off the shadowing feature.
Objects of importance are defined as follows:

– Items that have been highlighted using the highlight command
– Items that are highlighted by the current active command

– The current Active layer as defined in the Options Folder tab
The default is to have Shadow Mode disabled. When Shadow Mode is first enabled, the
default brightness is 40 percent.
Scripts
Step 1 -Start the Script

File > Script
Resulting Script
Step 2 - Execute the commands
View > Zoom By Points
Step 3 - Stop the Script
File > Script
With scripts, you can have the Allegro Editor save all your menu selections and mouse
picks in a text file. You initiate such script recording by clicking Record. Allegro will
save all your commands in a text file until you stop the recording. You can then replay the
file in the same design or a different design to quickly replay and execute repetitive
operations.
Macros are like scripts in that they let you perform repetitive actions, such as complex
geometric operations, on a drawing. The difference, however, is that scripts record from
absolute coordinates while macros record from relative coordinate positions in a drawing.
To start recording a macro, you enable the Macro Record Mode check box.

Lab
Lab: Script Files and Controlling Visibility and Color

Starting a script file recorder
Controlling visibility
Setting colors
Stopping the script file recorder
Testing the script file (colors.scr)
Using the shadow mode option

Lab 2-1: Script Files and Controlling Visibility

and Color
Objective: Combining the information we just learned about the subclasses
and scripts, set up a script file to control color and visibility of
graphical elements.
In this lab, you will change the default visibility and color assignments on each new layer
to suit your personal preferences. Changing layer visibility and assigning colors is a
procedure you will want to use over and over again. You can use script files to capture
repetitive procedures. From the time you enter recording mode until the time you stop the
recorder, all your activities are captured into the script file.
Starting a Script File Recorder

1. Open Allegro Studio using the cds_routed.brd file in the play directory, if you do not
already have it running.
2. Select File > Script from the top menu.

The Scripting dialog box appears.
3. Place the cursor in the File text field and type the following:
colors
Note
DO NOT press the ENTER key.
4. Click Record.
The Scripting dialog box disappears and you are ready to begin recording. Everything
you do from this point forward will be entered into the script file colors.scr. Notice
that the lower right corner of the Allegro window you will see the word Recording
while you are in record mode for creating a script. You will be instructed later when to
stop the recording.

Controlling Visibility
First you can set the visibility and color assignments for the design.
1. Click the Color icon.
The Color and Visibility dialog box appears.
2. Near the top right of the Color and Visibility dialog box, click on the Global
Visibility drop-down list and select All Invisible.
3. When an alert message appears asking if you want to change all classes to invisible,
click Yes.
This action resets all the colors to OFF, so you can begin setting them to whichever
colors you like.
4. In the Group drop-down list, select Components, as shown.
5. Under the REF DES class name, enable the visibility box for the subclass
ASSEMBLY_TOP. A check mark in the box indicates the subclass is turned ON.
6. Select Geometry from the Group drop-down list.

The Geometry groups are named BOARD GEOMETRY and
PACKAGE GEOMETRY.
7. Under the BOARD GEOMETRY group, enable the visibility for the OUTLINE
subclass.
8. Under the PACKAGE GEOMETRY group, enable the visibility for

ASSEMBLY_TOP.
9. Select Stack-Up from the Group drop-down list.

10. Enable visibility for subclasses in this group, as shown in the figure, then click Apply.
We will use the Palette drop-down list in the next section.
Controlling Colors
To change the colors of some of the subclasses in the Stack-Up group, follow these steps.

1. Click a color button in the Palette section of the Color and Visibility form, then select
the subclass color button next to Bottom for ETCH, PIN and VIA. (It is
recommended that these subclasses all be set to the same color.)
2. Click OK to apply and close the Color and Visibility menu.
Stopping the Script File Recorder

Notice the word Recording in the Status window (lower right corner of the work area
window). You are still in the script record mode.
1. Select File >Script from the top menu.

The Scripting dialog box appears.
2. Click Stop to stop the script file from recording.

All the visibility and color assignments you made have been captured in the
colors.scr file.
3. Click Cancel to close the Scripting dialog box.
4. View the colors.scr ASCII file by selecting File > File Viewer. The file should be
located in your play working directory. Be sure to change the file type in the browser
menu from (*.log) to All Files (*.*) so your colors.scr file will display.
5. Select colors.scr and click Open. Take a look at the file.
6. Close the colors.scr file when you’re done viewing it.

Testing the Script File (colors.scr)

2. Near the top right of the form in the Global Visibility drop-down list, select All
Invisible.
3. When a warning appears asking if you want to change all classes to invisible, click
Yes.
4. Click OK to close the Color and Visibility dialog box.

Because the visibility for all classes is turned off, nothing is displayed in the work
area.
5. At the Allegro command line, enter the following:

replay colors
This command replays the script file you created, and sets the visibility and color
assignments automatically.
Use the Shadow Mode Option

2. In the Group drop-down list, select Display.
3. Select On for the Shadow Mode option.
4. Select and drag the Brightness slide bar.

Notice as you move the slide bar in either direction, the colors in the color palette
change, giving you the opportunity to see how the changes will actually appear.
5. Click OK to apply and close the Color and Visibility menu.

Notice how the color of the current Active Class and Subclass as defined in the
Options folder tab is displayed at the normal color, while all others are drawn at the
dimmed color.

6. Change the Active Class in the Options folder tab to Board Geometry and the Active
Subclass to Outline.
Notice now that the board outline is drawn at the normal color and everything else is
displayed at the dimmed color. Select the Shadow Mode toggle icon to turn off
shadow mode.
STOP End of Lab

The Selectable Objects List
You use the Design Object Find Filter section of

the Find folder tab is used when selecting data
base elements with the mouse.
The “list” is searched, starting from the top left
(Groups) and proceeding to bottom right (Rat Ts)
The first “type” that is found with a check will be
used for the selection.
Challenge: Given the settings to the right, when the
Delete command is executed, what will be selected
for deletion in the following two scenarios (note the
cursor location)?
The Find tab is more commonly referred to as the Find Filter. This is one of the more
important forms used in Allegro. It is critical that you pay attention to and understand the
settings.
The top section of this form contains the Design Object Find Filter box. This section
determines what types of objects in the design are to be acted upon when you select
elements with the mouse.
When more than one item is checked, the system prioritizes selection by going from left to
right and top to bottom and finding the first checked item. In both instances of the
examples shown, the entire part would be deleted. This is because the Symbols item
would be the first check box found in the Find Filter.
Using the All On and All Off buttons is a quick way to turn on or off all the items in the
Design Object Find Filter box.

Using the Find by Name Section
Use the Find by Name section of the Find

Folder tab to:
Highlight a net name.
Locate a part placed in the design
by its ref. des.
1 Use the pull-down field to set which
type of a name you will enter.
2a Enter the name in the blank (>) field.
1
2b Use the More button to display a
scrollable list of all elements matching
the desired “type.”
NOTE: The check boxes selected in the
Design Object Find Filter have no affect
when using the Find by Name section, with
the exception of the Property pull-down
field. 2a
2b
The bottom section of the Find Filter contains the Find by Name box. You use the Find by
Name section to select elements by a name rather than graphically.
For example, if you wanted to highlight the net called GND, you would execute the
Highlight command, go down to the Find by Name section, click the down arrow and
select Net. Then in the blank field immediately below the Net pull-down field, enter GND,
and press ENTER. The net named GND would then be highlighted.
The More button in the lower right corner of the Find by Name section opens a scrolling
window that lets you choose from a list of all available net names, component names,
properties, and so forth. It should be noted that when you use the Find by Name section,
the check boxes in the Design Object Find Filter section are ignored, unless the Property
pull-down option is used.

Using Find by Property
1 2
Use the Find by Property option to select database elements with a

common property such as “FIXED”, “MIN_LINE_WIDTH”, and so forth.
As previously noted, the Property option under the Find by Name box uses the Design
Object Find Filter section. When you select the Property option and click the More button,
all properties are gathered that are attached to the checked items. A scroll list is generated
specifying all the unique properties that were found.
Remember that the Find Filter is only accessible after a command has been issued, such as
Highlight, Delete, Move and so forth.

Highlighting Elements
Display > Highlight
…or
Common sequence for highlighting

elements with the mouse is:
1 Start the command.

2 Activate the Find Folder tab.
3 Click the All Off button.
4 Toggle on desired elements.
5 Select the elements in the

design window to highlight.
The Highlight command is used to display a database element in a certain color. The type
of database element highlighted is based upon the Find Filter.
You have a choice of 24 different colors to choose from in the Options Folder tab. Once
highlighted, the elements remain highlighted until they are dehighlighted using the
Dehighlight command.

Using the Show Element Command
Display > Element
…or
Common sequence for using

Show Element with the mouse is:
1 Start the command.

2 Activate the Find folder tab.
3 Click the All Off button.
4 Toggle on desired elements.
5 Select the elements in the

design window.
You can use the Show Element command, also referred to as the Display Element
command, to ascertain information about an item in the design. Remember that the Find
Filter is used to determine what type of information will be displayed. Based upon the
Find Filter settings, you can determine a net name, a component’s reference designator,
which padstack a pin uses, and so forth.

Using the Display Measure Command
Display > Measure
Verify the settings in both the Find Folder tab and the Options Folder tab
Bottom
Pin
If the class and subclass settings are incorrect, the Display Measure
command may not return the desired results.
You use the Display > Measure command to determine the distance between two points.
After the two points have been selected, a window is displayed detailing information
about the distance between the two elements. Information displayed includes total
distance, manhattan distance, the delta X and delta Y, and the air gap. The air gap will only
be displayed if the two selected elements reside on the same class and subclass. Again, it
is important to remember that the Find Filter settings determine which database elements
will be selected by this command. If the selection point contains no items that match the
Find Filter settings, then the closest grid point will be used for determining the distance.

Labs
Lab: Highlighting and using the Find Filter

Using the Find By Name section
Using the Selectable Objects list
Finding items by property
Highlighting objects in a design
Lab: Using the Find Filter with the Show Element Command
Using the Find Filter with the Display > Element Command
Using the Find Filter with the Display > Measure Command
The following labs will teach you how to select elements in the Allegro database by
graphically selecting items, selecting items by their names, and selecting items by their
properties. You will also learn how to use the Highlight and DeHighlight commands.
The next labs will teach you how to use the Display > Element and the
Display > Measure commands.

Lab 2-2: Highlighting and Using the Find Filter

Objective: Use the Find Filter as a selection aid to highlight items.
Locate a Component Using the Find By Name Section

In this lab you will learn that the Find By Name section contains a data entry field and two
field description boxes. Here is how to use these options.
1. Open Allegro Studio using the cds_routed.brd file in the play directory, if you do not
already have it running.
2. Perform a View > Zoom Fit command to show the entire board.
3. Choose Edit > Move from the top menu.
4. If needed, change the setting in the Find By Name field to Symbol (or Pin) as shown,
and enter U3 in the > field.
5. Press the Enter or Return key.

Part U3 snaps to your cursor and the display is redrawn to be zoomed around this part.
Whatever you enter in the Find By Name field is selected for manipulation by the
active command—in this case, Move.
6. Right click and choose Cancel from the pop-up menu.

Part U3 snaps back to its original location as you exit the active command.
Using the Selectable Objects List

You will use the Selectable Objects list to select a particular type of object with the left
mouse button. You can toggle different objects either ON or OFF to prevent inadvertently
selecting something you don’t want to edit.
1. View > Zoom by Points into a window around U3.
2. Select Edit > Move from the top menu bar.
3. Click the Find tab in the Control Panel to bring the Find Filter to the front of the
display.

4. In the Find Filter, click All On.

This ensures that check boxes of all appropriate objects are toggled on, as shown in
the figure.
5. Click on the reference designator (text characters) U3.

Part U3 snaps to your cursor. In the selectable objects section of the Find Filter,
Symbols is checked, or toggled ON. The reference designator you selected is seen as
part of the package symbol. Because Symbols is higher in the selection hierarchy than
the reference designator Text, Allegro selects the item at the higher level.
6. With the cursor in the work area, right click.

A pop-up menu appears with options for the active Move command.
7. Select Oops from the pop-up menu.

Part U3 snaps back to its original location.
8. In the Find Filter, click All Off, then enable the Text check box.
All items in the Find Filter should be unchecked except for Text.
9. Select the reference designator text for U3 again.

This time, part U3 does not snap to the cursor. Instead, only the reference designator
text snaps to the cursor.

Because of the change you made in selectable objects, the reference designator you
selected is treated as a text object and the symbol is not selected.
Text U3 snaps back to its original location.
Finding Items by Property

You can find objects by specifying the properties attached to them. To do so, you use the
Property field under the Find By Name box in conjunction with the Highlight command.
When you click the More button, the Properties dialog box displays a list of properties to
help you select the object you want to edit or act upon. This list of properties is affected by
the button settings in the selectable objects section. To get a complete listing of available
properties, you must make sure all the buttons in the selectable objects section are toggled
ON.
1. Choose Display > Highlight from the top menu bar.
display.
3. Under the Find by Name field, select Property from the drop-down list if it is not
already selected.
4. Click All On.

This ensures that all relevant check boxes are toggled ON, limited to Symbols,
Functions, Nets, Pins, and DRC errors.
5. Click More... to display a browser menu of properties that exist in your design.

The Find By Name/Property dialog box appears, as shown in the figure, containing a
scrollable list of available properties.
6. Scroll down and select the MIN_LINE_WIDTH=15 property and click Apply.
You have just highlighted your special voltage nets. All nets with an assigned
MIN_LINE_WIDTH property of 15 are highlighted in the work area. The nets V12N,
GND_EARTH, AGND and V+12 in this design have a MIN_LINE_WIDTH property
attached to them.
7. Click Cancel to close the Find By Name/Property dialog box.
8. With the cursor in the work area, pan around to see the highlighted nets. You will also
see the highlighted nets in the World View window.

The Highlight command is no longer active.
Highlighting Objects in a Design

In this part of the lab, you will use the Highlight command to locate objects you want to
highlight.
You can highlight an object whose location is unknown (so you can see where it is placed
or how it has been routed). Highlighting is particularly useful on very large, densely
populated designs.

1. Zoom in to the area around the U3 part, located at the left side of the design near the
center.
2. Click the Highlight icon
or choose Display > Highlight from the top menu.
3. Click the Options tab in the Control Panel to bring the Options form to the front of
the display.
The Options form changes to display available colors, and the current active
permanent highlight color is displayed.
4. Click on the red color button to designate red as the active color for permanent
highlighting.
5. Click the Find tab to bring the Find Filter menu forward in the Control Panel.
6. Change the setting in the Find by Name field to Symbol (or Pin) as shown, and type
U3 in the > field.
U3 becomes highlighted. You can also see the highlighted part in the World View
window.

8. Click the Dehighlight icon
or select Display > Dehighlight from the top menu.
9. If the Find Filter is covered by the Options form, then click the Find tab to bring
forward the Find Filter.
10. Enter * in the > field under Find by Name in the Find filter.

You have just removed all the permanent highlights that were in your design.
12. Right click in the Allegro work area and choose Done from the pop-up menu.
You can use highlights for objects other than components. Use them for critical nets, pins,
properties or anything the Find Filter is capable of finding.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 2-3: Using the Find Filter with the Show

Element Command
Objective: Use what you have learned to display information about objects
in a design.
The Show command displays helpful information about selected objects. You can use this
command to evaluate net names, reference designators and pin numbers, line widths, wire
lengths, package types, padstack names, measured distances, assigned properties, DRC
errors, and more.
Remember, the Find Filter controls what is selected, and therefore the data that is reported
to you.
Using the Show > Element Command

1. Zoom in to a view area around the U2 component, which is a long DIP component
located just left of the board center, and to the right of the three SOICs at the left side
of the design.
2. Click the Show Element icon.

.
Note
The Show Element command can also be accessed from the Display > Element
menu or by pressing the F5 key.
display.
4. Click All On.

This ensures that the check boxes for all objects are toggled ON. Only the Group field
remains unchecked.
5. Select one of the pins on the U2 component that contains etch connected to the pin.
The Show Element report appears.
6. If your Show Element report window is covering the Find Filter, move it so you can
also see the Find Filter and the U2 component.

At the top of the Show Element form is a description of the type of object that is
selected, <COMPONENT INSTANCE>. The data in this report corresponds to a
description of the component instance of the Comps items in the Find Filter because
the Comps category is higher in the selection hierarchy than pins or etch.
7. In the Find Filter, disable the check box next to Comps.
8. Select the same pin on the same component again.

This time the Show Element form refreshes to display SYMBOL information for this
component package.
This report focuses on the characteristics of the physical package symbol, and
corresponds to the Symbols entry in the Find Filter. Symbols is now the priority item
in the Find Filter. If more than one item in the Find Filter is turned ON, then the
priority goes to the highest active item in the list.
9. In the Find Filter, disable Symbols and select the same pin again.
The Show Element form refreshes to display FUNCTION INSTANCE information
for this package. This information corresponds to the Functions entry in the Find
Filter. (The pin you selected is seen as part of a function or gate within this package.)
10. In the Find Filter, disable Functions and select the same pin again.
The Show Element form refreshes to display NET information for this pin. This
information corresponds to the Nets entry in the Find Filter.
Notice the information about etch length and any attached properties.
11. In the Find Filter, disable Nets and select the same pin again.
The Show Element form refreshes to display CONNECT PIN information. This
information corresponds to the Pins entry in the Find Filter.
Notice the padstack information.
12. In the Find Filter, disable Pins and select the same pin again.
The Show Element form refreshes to display CONNECT LINE information for the
connection to the pin. This information corresponds to the Clines (etch) entry in the
Find Filter.
13. Right click in the work area window and choose Cancel from the pop-up menu.
Selecting the same object generates different information, depending upon the settings in
the Find Filter. It is not just which item you select, but also the selection priority in the
Find Filter that matters.
When choosing the Display > Element menu item, disable all the objects in the Find
Filter. Then enable only the object(s) that will generate the information you want to see.

Using the Display > Measure Command

1. Click the Options tab in the Control Panel to bring the Options form forward.
2. Set the Active Class to ETCH and the Subclass to TOP, as shown.
3. Choose Display > Measure from the top menu bar.

The Allegro message area prompts you to:
Make two picks for calculator by selecting two adjacent conductor
lines.
4. Select two objects that you wish to measure the distance between. Remember to
check the settings in the Find Filter.
The Measure report appears, showing information about the objects (if any) selected,
the manhattan distance, and air gap information. An example of the measure output is
shown below. Yours will probably not match this display exactly.
5. To exit from the Display > Measure command, right click and choose Done from the
pop-up menu.
6. Choose the File > Exit menu item.

An Exit window appears, asking if you want to save any of the changes made to your
current design.
7. Click No.
The Allegro window closes.

STOP End of Lab

3
Lesson 3: Padstacks
Learning Objectives
Create a flash symbol used for thermal reliefs.

Use the Pad Designer to create padstacks for a number of typical
pins and device types:
Create a padstack for a through-hole pin.
Create a padstack for pin 1 of a through-hole pin.
Create a padstack for a surface-mounted device.
In this section you will create Allegro padstacks that will be used to model pins in Allegro
footprint symbols and vias on the printed circuit board. You will also learn how to create
Flash Symbols that are used to model Thermal Reliefs when designing negative planes.

Padstacks Lesson 3
Anatomy of a Padstack
Through-Hole Padstack Surface-Mount Padstack

mask paste
top mask
top
inner
anti - pad
thermal relief
inner
bottom
mask
drill size
You define the pad size and shape for all etch and non-etch layers in the Padstack Editor.
Default routing layers are BEGIN layer, DEFAULT INTERNAL, and END layer. The
DEFAULT INTERNAL padstack definition is used by default when you add more layers
in your design. When the padstack is placed in the footprint, the BEGIN layer is mapped
to the TOP layer, and the END layer is mapped to the BOTTOM layer.
You can define other internal padstacks with wildcards. In such a case, if a layer is added
to the design and the layer name is “matched”, this wildcard padstack is used instead of
the DEFAULT INTERNAL padstack. For example, if you add a layer to your padstack
named “SIG*”, and you add a layer into your design named “SIGNAL1”, the padstack
definition of “SIG*” will be used instead of the pad definition of “DEFAULT
INTERNAL.”
Non-etch layers include SOLDERMASK_TOP, SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM (for

soldermask artwork) and PASTEMASK_TOP, PASTEMASK_BOTTOM (for solder paste
artwork). An extra layer pair named FILMMASK_TOP and FILMMASK_BOTTOM is
available for use in whatever means you wish. These two layers are optional and do not
have to be used or defined.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Note
If you require sub-mil values to describe padstacks, set the accuracy of your
package symbol drawings to a minimum of the same sub-mil value as the
padstack, to avoid rounding of padstack features.
Padstack Details
Regular Pad: A positive pad with a regular regular

shape (circle, square, rectangle, oblong).
Flashed on positive layers only.
Thermal Relief, Positive: Used to connect
pins to a positive copper area; a combination
of the regular pad, thermal relief geometry,
and tie bars.
Thermal Relief, Negative: A flash used to
TR_80_60
connect pins to a negative copper area.
Anti-Pad: Used to disconnect pins from a anti - pad
surrounding copper area.
Shape: Irregularly shaped (custom) pad
created with the Symbol Editor.
When you are defining your padstack, you must remember that you are defining a
“generic” pad. The pad may be used on a routing layer OR it may be used on a plane layer.
For planes, based upon your design environment, the pad may be used on a negative plane
or on a positive plane.
Therefore, it is usually best to define all of the regular, thermal and anti-pad definitions for
the Begin Layer, Default Internal and End Layer when creating the initial padstack. For
each of these definitions, you must define the shape as circle, square rectangle, oblong or
shape. Shape is used for any definition that is not a circle, a square, a rectangle or an
oblong. A Shape symbol for the geometry of the pad must be manually created using the
Symbol Editor.

Padstacks Lesson 3
What is a Thermal Relief?
A thermal relief is a special pattern used where connections are

made to an embedded plane that allows heat to concentrate near a
pin or via during the soldering process. Usually a “spoked-wheel”
pattern.
Allegro supports both a “positive plane” thermal relief and a
“negative plane” thermal relief
Positive Plane Thermal Relief:
z A combination of the “positive pad”, void areas and line draws. The void areas
and line draws are defined in the “Shape Parameters” form which will be
described later
Negative Plane Thermal Relief:
z Defined by a Flash Symbol
Negative Plane Thermal Relief Positive Plane Thermal Relief
A thermal relief pad is used to connect a pad to a copper area. This usually occurs on plane
layers. However, the thermal relief definition is also used to connect a pad to a copper area
created on a routing layer, such as an external shield.
The decision to use either positive planes or negative planes is entirely up to you. Allegro
supports either of these technologies. The pictures shown define how Allegro represents a
thermal relief pad on a negative and a positive plane.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Flash Symbols
Flash symbols are only required if you are using negative planes.
You create flash symbols in the Allegro Symbol Editor.
Again, it is important to remember that you only need to define a flash symbol if you are
going to create a negative plane in your design. If you plan to use ONLY positive planes in
Allegro, you do not need to create flash symbols.
You can use the Add > Flash command to aid you in creating the negative thermal relief
flash. You specify the inner and outer diameter sizes, the spoke width, the number of
spokes, and the spoke angle. The center dot section can be used to create a filled circle that
will graphically locate the center point of the flash.
A thermal relief is created as a series of filled shapes located on the class Etch, subclass
Top. You do not have to use the Add > Flash command when creating your thermal relief.
You can manually draw any number, size and shape of filled shapes. Be sure to create all
graphics on the class Etch, subclass Top.

Padstacks Lesson 3
Lab
Lab: Creating a Flash Symbol

Start in the Symbol Edit mode.
Set drawing parameters.
Create a thermal relief pattern.
Save the symbol to disk.
Save the drawing to disk.
The following lab will teach you how to create a flash symbol for use with a negative
plane.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Lab 3-1: Creating a Flash Symbol

Objective: Create a flash symbol used for thermal reliefs.
This lab shows you how to create a flash symbol. The flash symbol you create here will be
used in the padstacks you create in subsequent labs. Flash symbols are only required if you
are going to use negative planes.
Starting in Symbol Edit Mode

1. Start the Allegro Editor using Allegro Studio.
The Allegro Editor appears.
Note
You learned how to start the Editor in the previous labs.
2. Select File > New.

The New Drawing dialog box appears.
3. Type the following name in the Drawing Name field:

tr_80_60
4. Select Flash Symbol from the scrolling list of Drawing Types, as shown below:
5. Click OK to close the New Drawing dialog box.

Padstacks Lesson 3
Setting the Drawing Parameters

Use the Drawing Parameters form to set the drawing size, units, and accuracy. Also use
this form to move the drawing origin from the lower left corner to a point inside the
drawing area.
Note
The origin of this flash symbol should be the center of the thermal relief flash. In
this manner, it will align with the center of the padstack.
1. Select Setup > Drawing Size.
2. Locate the Size section in the Drawing Parameters form. Change the size to A.
This will help you see the graphics while adding data to the symbol.
3. Change the drawing extents to have the lower left value of (X -2200.00, Y -2400.00)
appear as shown.
4. Click OK.
The Drawing Parameters form closes.
A default grid setting of 100 mils is displayed.
Creating the Thermal Relief

The Flash Editor has built-in routines to create most of your normal thermal relief flashes.
You can also create your own thermal reliefs by adding a series of filled shapes on the
Etch class, Top subclass.
1. Select Add > Flash from the top menu.

The Thermal Pad Symbol Definition form is displayed.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
2. Fill out the form as follows:

Inner Diameter: 60
Outer Diameter:80
Spoke Width:15
Num. of Spokes:4
Spoke Angle: 45
3. Select OK to close the form and create the thermal relief.
4. Select View > Zoom Fit to zoom in around just the newly created thermal relief.
Saving the Symbol to Disk

Caution
The first time the Allegro designer is opened, the default Allegro work directory
becomes the active workspace. This directory is defined during software
installation. It is therefore important to navigate to the proper directory when
saving files.
1. Select File > Create Symbol from the top menu.
A create symbol form appears, showing the name of the flash symbol as ‘tr_80_60’.
2. Navigate if necessary to the directory <course inst dir>/allegro/play.

Padstacks Lesson 3
3. Check the Change Directory box.
4. Click on Save to accept the current “tr_80_60” name.

The Allegro message area confirms symbol tr_80_60.fsm has been created on disk.
This file is used when creating your padstacks.
5. Select File > Save from the top menu.

The Allegro message area confirms tr_80_60.dra has been saved to disk.
6. Select File > Exit from the top menu to exit Allegro.
STOP End of Lab
What Does the Padstack Designer Do?
The Padstack Designer lets you create or edit library padstacks:

Define the parameters of your padstacks
Add padstack layers
Copy padstack layers
Delete layers in a padstack
A library padstack defines pad data for all layers.

Padstacks must be defined before you create package symbols.
You MUST create padstacks before they can be used. Therefore, you need to proceed with
this step before you can create your package symbols, which are the physical footprints.
A via must also be defined as a padstack before it is added to a board design. We will
cover how to add a via to a board design later in the course.
You define the pad size and shape for all etch and non-etch layers in the Pad Designer. As
previously discussed, you define the default routing layers (BEGIN LAYER, DEFAULT
INTERNAL, and END LAYER). When a padstack is added to the board it expands to
match the number of routing layers defined for the board.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Padstack Designer - Parameters

Padstack Designer - Parameters
Start > Programs > Cadence PSD 15.0 > Allegro Utilities >
Pad Designer
■ Type: Options are:
Through is a padstack between all layers.
Blind/Buried is a padstack spanning consecutive surface and/or internal layers.
Single is a surface-mount padstack on top or bottom layers only.
■ Internal Layers: specifies whether you can suppress unconnected internal pads during
Gerber generation. Options are:
Fixed: You do not have the option to suppress internal pads.
Optional: You can suppress internal pads.
■ Units: Mils, Inches, Millimeters, Centimeters, or Microns. Default is Mils.
■ Decimal Places: specifies number of digits after the decimal. Default is 0.

Padstacks Lesson 3
■ Multiple Drill: allows you to define more than one drill hole for a given padstack. All
drill holes MUST fit within all the pad definition sizes on ALL layers.
■ Drill Hole and Drill Symbol: Options are:
Plating Type: Options are Plated (default), Nonplated or Optional.
Size: A user-defined integer representing the drill size of the hole.
Offset x/y: Ability to offset the drill hole from the center of the padstack.
Figure: Marks each hole size with a geometric shape such as Circle, Square.
Character: Optional character, such as A-Z or 0-9.
Width: User-defined width of the figure.
Height: User-defined height of the figure.
Padstack Designer - Layers
Select Row to
modify

Lesson 3 Padstacks
You select the Layers folder tab in the Pad Designer to view and edit the layer definitions
for a padstack. The Begin layer defines the pad that will be used on the top layer of the
printed circuit board, while the End layer defines the pad that will be used on the bottom
layer of the printed circuit board. The Default Internal layer defines the pad that will be
used for all internal layers of the board.
Select a layer in the Padstack Layers section to display the pad information for the layer in
the fields at the bottom of the Pad Designer form, so that you can edit them. For through-
hole padstacks, you need to define a regular pad, thermal pad, and anti-pad for the top
layer, the bottom layer, and the default internal layer. Regular pads, thermal pads, and anti-
pads are described later. For surface-mount pads you only need to define a regular pad for
the top layer.
The Pad Designer also lets you enter soldermask pads that will determine the size of the
soldermask opening for the padstack on the printed circuit board. You will need a
soldermask top and soldermask bottom for through-hole padstacks, and only a soldermask
top for single or surface-mount padstacks. A single or surface-mount padstack may also
require a solderpaste top pad to allow for the application of solderpaste before the surface-
mount components are attached to the printed circuit board in the assembly process.
Defining Pad Shapes/Sizes
thermal relief anti - pad

regular
TR_80_60

Padstacks Lesson 3
For each copper layer of the padstack you can define a regular pad, an anti-pad, and a
thermal pad. In the printed circuit board design, Allegro uses the regular pad definition for
a padstack when the padstack does not pass though a copper plane on a layer. For a
negative plane, if the padstack passes through a plane and the pin or via using the padstack
needs to be connected to the plane, then the thermal definition is used. If the padstack
passes through a plane and the pin or via using the padstack does not need to be connected
to the plane, then the anti-pad definition is used.
For each type of pad definition you can enter a standard geometry of circle, square,
oblong, or rectangle, with a corresponding width and height. If a non-standard geometry is
required, then the Geometry field should be set to Shape. You then need to enter the name
of the shape in the Shape field of the pad definition. When this shape is used, Allegro
looks for a shape file whose name matches the string in the Shape field. The shape file is
created in the Allegro Symbol Editor and saved in a library with a .ssm extension.
The Flash field of the Thermal Relief column is used for negative planes. Planes will be
discussed in detail in a later module. The name entered here should be a flash symbol
defined as part of the library. This would be the same flash you created earlier.
Each pad definition can also have an x and y offset, which will offset the pad relative to
the placement of the pin or the via.
Adding/Deleting/Copying Layers
Select with right mouse button

here
Right Mouse Button pop-up

Lesson 3 Padstacks
You can create pad definitions on specific layer names using the Add, Delete, Copy,
Paste and Copy to All commands. In general, you will only need to define the top,
bottom, and default internal layers. The default internal layer definition will be used on
any layer of the board that is not defined in the padstack. If you use a padstack with a
specific layer defined, and that layer does not exist in the board, then the information for
the layer will be ignored.
By selecting with the right mouse button on the Bgn, “->”, or End buttons, you invoke a
pop-up menu that has the following options:
Insert lets you add a new layer in the padstack.
Copy to All invokes a form where you can copy any or all the Regular/Thermal
Relief/Anti-Pad shapes and sizes to any or all of the Regular, Soldermask, Pastemask
or Filmmask layers.
Copy takes a snapshot of the layer and copies the Regular/Thermal Relief/Anti-Pad
shapes and sizes into a copy/paste buffer.
Paste takes the previous copy buffer and pastes the Regular/Thermal Relief/Anti-Pad
shapes and sizes into the current layer.
Delete removes the current layer from the padstack. You cannot delete BEGIN
LAYER, DEFAULT INTERNAL, or END LAYER.

Padstacks Lesson 3
Saving the Padstack
After editing a padstack or creating a new padstack, you must save it in a padstack library.
You must navigate to a padstack library and then enter a name for the padstack in the
Name field of the file browser. A padstack library is simply a directory where you will
store common types of padstacks. The file will be saved with a .pad extension. Allegro
will find padstacks based on directories listed in the PADPATH variable that is set in the
Allegro environment file. If the same file name is used in multiple padstack libraries listed
in the PADPATH variable, Allegro uses the first padstack found.
The File pull-down menu has the following options:
New lets you begin editing a new padstack. It clears previous settings.
Open lets you edit an existing padstack, or start a new padstack. (Pad layer definitions
will reset to Not Defined if this is a new padstack.)
Save lets you save the padstack to disk without closing the form.
Save As lets you save the padstack to disk as a new file name without closing the
form.
Check checks the padstack and issues warnings if errors are found (no save).
Script lets you create (record and stop) or replay a script file.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Exit closes the Padstack Designer. If the padstack has not yet been saved, you are
prompted as to whether you want to save and exit, save and not exit, or cancel the exit
command.
The Reports pull-down menu lets you generate a Padstack Summary report. This report
documents all pad sizes and shapes on all layers. This file can be saved to disk using the
File > Save As pull-down menu in the Padstack Summary report window.
Labs
Lab: Creating Padstacks for a Through-Hole Pin Device

Create a padstack for a through-hole pin.
Create a padstack for pin 1of a through-hole pin.
Lab: Creating a Padstack for a Surface-Mounted Device
Create a padstack for a surface-mounted device.
The following labs will teach you how to:

– Create through-hole padstacks.
– Create surface-mount padstacks.

Padstacks Lesson 3
Lab 3-2: Creating Padstacks for a Through-

Hole Pin Device
Objective: Use the Pad Designer to create padstacks for a through-hole pin.
You will continue working in the play directory during this lab to create a padstack named
60c38d. This is a 60-mil-diameter circular pad with a 38-mil plated hole.
In the second part of the lab you will create a padstack named 60s38d. This is a 60-mil
square pad, with a 38-mil plated hole. The definition for the previous padstack is very
similar to the features needed for this next padstack.
Starting the Padstack Editor
WindowsNT
1. To start the Pad Designer from WindowsNT, select Start > Programs > Cadence
PSD 15.0 > Allegro Utilities > Pad Designer.
The Pad Designer form is displayed.
2. Continue with the next section.
UNIX
1. To start the Padstack Editor from UNIX, enter the following command in a UNIX
shell window:
pad_designer &
The Pad Designer form is displayed.
2. Continue with the next section.
Creating the Padstack in the Correct Directory

The first time Pad Designer is run by a user, the current working directory will be set to a
location defined by the software installation. The following steps will be used to create the
padstacks in the correct working directory. After this, all padstacks will be saved in the
correct working directory.
1. Select File > New from the Pad Designer main menu.
A file browser window opens.
2. Navigate to the <course inst dir>/allegro/play directory.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
3. In the File Name field, type the name for this padstack:
60c38d
4. Click the Change Directory box.

This causes the play directory to become your current working directory. The browser
window should look similar to this:
This causes your working directory

to become <course inst dir>/allegro/play.
5. Select Save to define the new padstack name and set the current working directory.
Describing the NCDRILL Requirements

1. Fill out the Drill Hole section of the form as follows:
Plating Type: Plated
Size:38
Offset X:0
Offset Y: 0
2. Fill out the Drill Symbol section of the form as follows:

Figure: Circle
Character: A

Padstacks Lesson 3
Width: 60
Height:60
Describing the BEGIN LAYER Pad

1. Select the Layers tab in the Padstack Designer form to bring the layer definition
section to the top of the form.
2. Select the BEGIN LAYER row in the Regular Pad column, as shown below:

Lesson 3 Padstacks
The bottom portion of the form displays the current definitions for the BEGIN
LAYER pad. Notice that all values are Null. Also, the CURRENT LAYER section
now specifies BEGIN LAYER.
3. Fill out the following values for the BEGIN LAYER row:
Note
In the Thermal-Relief section, when you enter the flash name, the Geometry
option will automatically be set to “Flash”. You must re-set the Geometry option to
Circle before you can modify the Width and the Height fields.
– REGULAR-PAD
Geometry: Circle
Width: 60
Height: 60
– THERMAL-RELIEF
Geometry: Circle
Width: 80
Height: 80
– ANTI-PAD
Geometry: Circle
Width: 80
Height: 80
The BEGIN LAYER pad is now defined.
Describing the DEFAULT INTERNAL and END LAYER Pads

Because the DEFAULT INTERNAL and END LAYER pads are the same size and shape
as the BEGIN LAYER, you will use the Copy command to save time.

Padstacks Lesson 3
1. To copy the BEGIN LAYER pad definition, select the Bgn button with the right
mouse button, as shown below:
A pop-up menu is displayed.
2. Select Copy to all from the pop-up menu.

The Copy to All pop-up menu is displayed. Make any changes required to match the
form as shown below:

Lesson 3 Padstacks
3. Select OK.
The Begin Layer pad is copied to the Default Internal Layer and the End Layer.
Defining the Thermal Flash

Next, you need to define the Thermal Flash for the Default Internal Layer.
1. Select the Default Internal row, as shown.
2. Define the Thermal Relief, by changing the drop down menu from Circle to Flash.
3. Select the Browse box in the Thermal Relief column and select the TR_80_60 Flash
symbol we recently created.
The results should appear as shown.

Next, define the soldermask requirements.
Describing the SOLDERMASK Pads

1. Select the SOLDERMASK_TOP row in the Regular Pad column.
The bottom portion of the form displays the current definitions for the
SOLDERMASK_TOP pad.
2. Fill out the following values for the SOLDERMASK_TOP Regular Pad in the bottom
section of the form:
Geometry:Circle
Width: 70
Height:70

Padstacks Lesson 3
You will now copy the top soldermask definition to the bottom soldermask.
3. With the right mouse button, select the button to the left of SOLDERMASK_TOP.
4. Select Copy from the pop-up menu.

The message area states “Copying from: SOLDERMASK_TOP” (at the extreme
bottom of the Padstack Designer form).
5. With the right mouse button, select the button to the left of
SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM.
6. Select Paste in the pop-up menu.

The message area states “Pasting to: SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM” (at the extreme
bottom of the Padstack Designer form).
7. Select File > Save from the top menu of the Padstack Designer form.
The padstack file (60c38d.pad) is saved to disk.
Note
It is important that you save ALL padstacks you create in this module in the play
directory. It is good design practice to use a padstack name that is descriptive.
“60c38d” refers to a 60-mil circular pad with a 38-mil drilled hole.
Note
DO NOT close the Padstack Editor at this point because you will use many of your
current settings to create your next padstack.
Describing BEGIN LAYER and END LAYER Pads for Pin 1

Typically pin 1 of a component is defined differently to show how the component will be
stuffed into a board. We just created a padstack to all the component pins, now we will
change the external pads to a different geometry. Because of the similarities between this
padstack and the last, all you need to do is change the Geometry field of the BEGIN
LAYER and END LAYER pads. The internal pad remains unchanged.
1. Select the Layers tab to bring it to the top of the form, if it is not currently on the top.
2. Select the BEGIN LAYER row in the Regular Pad column.

LAYER pad.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
3. Click the scroll button in the Geometry field and select Square for REGULAR-PAD,
THERMAL-RELIEF, and ANTI-PAD.
The BEGIN LAYER pad is now a square. The Regular pad will be the geometry on
the TOP layer. The Thermal Relief and Anti Pad will be the shape that is used to void
the pins on an external plane, described later in the course.
4. To copy the BEGIN LAYER pad definition, use the right mouse button to select the
Bgn button to the left of BEGIN LAYER.
5. Select Copy in the pop-up menu.

The message area states “Copying from: BEGIN LAYER” (at the extreme bottom of
the Padstack Designer form).
6. With the right mouse button, select the End button to the left of END LAYER.
7. Select Paste from the pop-up menu.

The message area states “Pasting to: END LAYER” (at the extreme bottom of the
Padstack Designer form).

Padstacks Lesson 3
Describing the SOLDERMASK Pads

Because of the similarities between this padstack and the last, all you need to change is the
geometry of the top and bottom soldermask pads.
1. To change the top soldermask to square, select the SOLDERMASK_TOP row in the
Regular Pad column.
SOLDERMASK_TOP pad.
2. Click the scroll button in the Geometry field of the Regular Pad and select Square.
3. To change the bottom soldermask to square, select the SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM

row Regular Pad column.
SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM pad.
4. Click the scroll button in the Geometry field of the Regular Pad and select Square.
Saving the Padstack to Disk

1. Select File > Save As from the top menu of the Padstack Designer form.
2. In the File Name field, type the name for this padstack:
60s38d
3. Click Save to save the file and close the browser menu.
The padstack file (60s38d.pad) is saved to disk.
There is no need to close the Padstack Editor until you have completed all your pad
editing work.
STOP End of Lab

Lesson 3 Padstacks
Lab 3-3: Creating a Padstack for a Surface-

Mounted Device
Objective: Define a padstack for a surface-mounted device.
In this lab, you will create a padstack named 76x24smd. This is a 76- by 24-mil
rectangular pad with no drilled hole (for surface mount devices). It is assumed that the
Padstack Editor menu is still open. To reopen it, use the steps you learned in Lab 2-1.
Naming the Padstack

Since the padstack you are now about to create has no similar features to the previous
padstack, use the following technique to remove all the information currently in the
Padstack Designer form, and create a new padstack.
1. Select File > New from the top menu of the Padstack Designer form.
2. In the File Name field, enter:

76x24smd
3. Click Save to close the browser menu.
4. Select the Parameters tab to bring it to the top of the form, if it is not currently on the
top.
5. Set the padstack Type to Single.
Describing the BEGIN LAYER Pad

1. Select the Layers tab to bring this section to the top of the form.
Notice that DEFAULT INTERNAL and END LAYER no longer appear. They are not
needed for single-layer padstacks.
2. Select the Regular Pad column of the BEGIN LAYER row.

LAYER pad. Notice that all values are Null. Also, the CURRENT LAYER section
now specifies BEGIN LAYER.
3. Fill out the following values for the BEGIN LAYER pad in the bottom section of the
form:
– REGULAR-PAD
Geometry: Rectangle

Padstacks Lesson 3
Width: 76
Height:24
– THERMAL-RELIEF
Geometry: Rectangle
Width: 96
Height:44
– ANTI-PAD
Geometry: Rectangle
Width: 96
Height: 44
Note
Thermal relief and anti-pad definitions are needed on surface- mount pads only if
you plan to use copper-filled areas on the external layers of the design. If you are
not going to have copper areas on the external layers, you do not need to define
thermal relief and anti-pad values for your surface-mount padstacks.
Describing the SOLDERMASK Pad

1. To define the top soldermask, select the Regular Pad column of the
SOLDERMASK_TOP row.
SOLDERMASK_TOP pad.
2. Fill out the Regular Pad section as follows:

Geometry: Rectangle
Width: 86
Height:34
Describing the PASTEMASK Pad

Because this is a surface-mount padstack, you will need to define a pastemask_top pad.
You do this by copying the BEGIN LAYER pad.
1. To copy the BEGIN LAYER pad definition, use the right mouse button to select the
Bgn button to the left of BEGIN LAYER.
2. Select Copy from the pop-up menu.

Lesson 3 Padstacks
The message area states “Copying from: BEGIN LAYER” (at the extreme bottom of
the Padstack Designer form).
3. With the right mouse button, select the button to the left of PASTEMASK_TOP.
4. Select Paste from the pop-up menu.

The message area states “Pasting to: PASTEMASK_TOP” (at the extreme bottom of
the Padstack Designer form). Even though the BEGIN LAYER pad had definitions
for thermal relief and anti-pad, these are not applicable to a solder paste layer, so
those definitions are not copied. Only the Regular Pad definition is copied.
Note
No SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM or PASTEMASK_BOTTOM pad definitions are
required. If a part is placed on the bottom side of the board, the system
automatically “moves” all definitions from the TOP layer to the BOTTOM layer.
For surface-mount padstacks, you only require the BEGIN LAYER,
SOLDERMASK_TOP and PASTEMASK_TOP pad layers. All others should read
“Null”.
Saving the Padstack to Disk

1. Select File > Save from the top menu of the Padstack Designer form.
The padstack file (76x24smd.pad) is saved to disk.
2. Select File > Exit from the top menu of the Padstack Designer form.
The Padstack Designer closes.
STOP End of Lab

Padstacks Lesson 3

4
Lesson 4: Component Symbols
Learning Objectives
Use the Package Symbol wizard to create a package symbol.

Use the Symbol Editor to create a surface-mount package.
In this section you will create Allegro footprint symbols that model the components that
are placed on the printed circuit board. You will learn how to use the Symbol wizard to
create footprints and also how to manually create footprints.
Package Symbol Wizard
Use the Package Symbol wizard to create a footprint:

Select the type of footprint to be created.
Select “Template” to be used.

Define units.
Define number of pins.
Select padstacks to be used.
Define origin of footprint.
The Package Symbol Wizard can create many different styles of footprints, including
DIP’s, SOIC’s, PLCC’s, BGA’s, QFP’s and so on. You can define information such as
design units, number of pins, pin spacing, padstacks to use, and so forth.
A template is a .dra file that contains basic information for the package symbol. Cadence
supplies a default template, or you can create your own template that contains basic
information on colors, text sizes, or documentation for your symbol.

Component Symbols Lesson 4
After running the Package Symbol Wizard, you can edit and modify any of the items
created by using the standard Allegro user interface.
Drawing Parameters Form
User Units specifies the unit of

measure used during the design
process.
Size specifies the size of the drawing

area required.
Accuracy sets the accuracy of the

drawing database.
Drawing Extents shows the height and

width of the drawing, and the location
of the lower left corner with respect to
the drawing origin (located in the lower
left corner by default).
Move Origin relocates the drawing

origin (datum 0,0). The X, Y
coordinates for the new origin are then
listed into the Drawing Extents
section.
Select the appropriate drawing parameters:
Project is the current directory path name.
Drawing specifies the name of the package symbol you are creating.
Type can be Package (.psm), Mechanical (.bsm), Format (.osm), Flash (.fsm), or Shape
(.ssm).
User Units can be Mils, Inches, Millimeters, Centimeters, or Microns. The default is
Mils.
Size can be A, B, C, D or Other (A1, A2, A3, A4 for metric units). The default is A.
Accuracy is the number of decimal places. Range is 0 - 2; the default is 1.

Lesson 4 Component Symbols
Drawing Origin
Drawing origin (0,0) is located in the lower left corner by default.

To set a package symbol origin, you must relocate the origin to a
point somewhere on the symbol (such as pin 1 or the body center).
You may want to move the drawing origin before placing the pins of
the device. If not, you can move the origin any time during the
creation process by selecting Setup > Drawing Size.
When you start a new symbol drawing, the origin (0,0) is located in the lower left corner
by default. This origin must be relocated to a point somewhere on the symbol (for
example, pin 1 or the body center), and will be used as the package symbol origin.
You may find it convenient to move the drawing origin before placing the pins of the
device. If not, you can move the origin any time during the creation process by selecting
Setup > Drawing Size.
Moving the Drawing Origin
new datum 0,0
y=0
x=0
default datum 0,0

There are two methods you can use to move the origin of the footprint. First you can use
the Move Origin section. You enter the amount that you want to move the origin based
upon the current origin. In this example, since you want to move the origin from the
default location to the new location, you would enter positive X and positive Y values.
Note
When you enter a value in the Move Origin section, use the Tab key to have the
value take effect. When you hit the Tab key, the Move Origin field will reset to 0
and the Left X or Lower Y field of the Drawing Extents section will be updated.
You can also use the Drawing Extents section to move the origin of the footprint. When
using this section, you enter in the new value of the bottom left or upper right of the
drawing area. Again, using the current example, you would enter in negative numbers for
the Left X and Lower Y fields. Use the Tab key to proceed to the next field.
Allegro Symbol Types
package mechanical
symbol symbol
(.psm) (.bsm)
shape
symbol flash symbol
format symbol
.fsm
(.ssm)
(.osm)
The Allegro Symbol Edit mode lets you create the following symbols:

■ Package Symbol (.psm)
Used for footprints such as dip14, BGA, QFP, and so on.
■ Mechanical Symbol (.bsm)
A generic card outline, mounting hole, tooling hole, board stiffener
■ Format Symbol (.osm)
A-D size page format, company logo, assembly/fab notes, cross section diagram, and
so on.
■ Shape Symbol (.ssm)
Creates a filled polygon (shape) used for custom pads.
■ Flash Symbol (.fsm)
A symbol used to represent a thermal relief connection on a negative plane.
Example: a 14-pin DIP Package
Silk Ref
Padstacks Package
Boundary
Assy Ref
(mandatory)
Assembly Device Type Silkscreen

Outline Outline
Minimum/Maximum Package Height

A typical dip package contains pins (padstacks), an assembly and silkscreen outline, and
placeholder labels for assembly/silkscreen reference designators and device types.
To create an Allegro package symbol:
■ Add pins (padstacks).
■ Draw component outlines for assembly and silkscreen layers.
■ Add the placeholder labels for assembly and silkscreen designators (at least one is
mandatory).
■ Define constraint areas (routing and via keepouts, package boundary and height
information).
■ Assign Minimum Package Height or Maximum Package Height, or both, using the
Setup > Areas > Package Height command.
■ Create a symbol file (.psm). This is a binary file, used during placement only. It cannot be
read by the Allegro Symbol Editor. Use File > Create Symbol to generate this file.
■ Save the drawing file (.dra). This is a graphics file; it can be used for editing purposes
only. Use File > Save to generate this file.
Note
It is important to keep the symbol (.psm) and drawing (.dra) files synchronized by
saving the drawing file each time you create the symbol file.

Adding Pins
or...
Layout
Layout — Pins
> Pins
1 14
100
2 13
3 12
4 11
5 10
6 9
7 8
Allegro will search the padstack directories defined by your PADPATH variable for the
padstack you specify. This variable is defined in the “env” file. If the padstack or any part
of the padstack (such as a flash symbol) cannot be found, an error will be reported.
Padstack: Enter the padstack name (not case sensitive—looks for lowercase file on
disk) or use the Padstack browser.
X: the number of pin columns to be added.
Y: the number of pin rows to be added. For multiple rows and columns, the array
expands in the X, or column, direction first (horizontally), followed by Y, or rows,
second (vertically).
Spacing: used to specify pin-to-pin spacing within the column(s) and row(s).
Left/Right: (toggle field) used to specify direction of column expansion (from start
point).

Up/Down: (toggle field) used to specify direction of row expansion (from start point).
Rotation: can be 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, or user-defined angle. The default
is 0.
Pin #: shows the next pin to be added. Alphanumeric pin names are okay (not case
sensitive). Last character of pin name is incremented first (A1->A2, 1A->1B, 1AZ-
>1BA).
Inc: specifies pin number increment. The default is 1.
Text Block: Each pin you add includes a visible pin number. This parameter
determines the size of the pin number (text). Enter text block number 1-16. See the
Define > Text command for more information.
Offset X/Y: offsets the pin number text with respect to the pin center. The default is -
100, 0 (left of pin center).
Drawing Component Outlines
Add > ...

Add > 3pt Arc
Add > Line

You create the Assembly Outline of your symbol using the Add Line command. Set the
class and subclass in the Options form to PACKAGE_GEOMETRY and
ASSEMBLY_TOP, and define the outline of the component using lines and arcs.
You create the silkscreen for the component in the same fashion, by adding lines and arcs,
but the silkscreen outlines will be added on the SILKSCREEN_TOP and
SILKSCREEN_BOTTOM subclasses. Be sure to set the Line Width field to an
appropriate value when adding lines and arcs on the silkscreen subclasses. The line width
will define the line width of the silkscreen line on the actual printed circuit board.
Adding Labels
Silk Ref
Layout > Labels >

Refdes
Assy Ref
Device Type
Layout > Labels >
Device
Labels are placeholders for component data such as assembly/silkscreen reference

designators and device types. The location of the label determines where the data is
displayed. You must define at least one label in order to successfully create a footprint.
When adding a label, use the Options form to specify the text block size. This controls the
size of the displayed data (for example, assembly refdes).
What you type can be used by automatic renaming later. Up to (but not including) the last
character of the reference designator name you use will be retained by the automatic
rename feature, if you wish.

Use the Options form to specify the drawing layer (class/subclass) for your text label.
Depending on which command you select, the Options form will default to an appropriate
class/subclass setting. If you are creating silkscreen text labels, you will need to toggle the
Subclass field to Silkscreen_Top.
Defining Area Constraints
Setup > Areas Silk Ref
Assy Ref
Device Type
.050
.150
To define areas, use the pull-down menu from the Setup > Areas command.
Route Keepout is a user-defined polygon that prohibits conductors.
Via Keepout is a user-defined polygon defining an area that prohibits vias.
Package Boundary defines a two-dimensional area that is used to check for package
overlap. It is a filled polygon. If none exists, one is automatically created for you with
the Create Symbol command.
Package Height defines the package height (z dimension) information that is attached
to the package boundary. The height is a range: bottom of package (Min Height), top
of package (Max Height). If only one value is specified, it assumes the package starts
from the board surface and extends to the given Max Height.

Use the Options form to specify the drawing layer (class/subclass) for your constraints.
Depending upon which command you select, the Options Class/Subclass fields show
certain default settings.
To add a package height restriction to a component, first you must define the Package
Boundary using Setup > Areas > Package Boundary. Then use
Setup > Areas > Package Height and select the package boundary area just created. Fill
in the Options tab with the desired height restrictions and press Done to exit the command.
Saving Symbol Files
Saving the .psm file

This file is the binary equivalent of your drawing file, and is the file
used during placement to represent a component’s physical layout.
The Create Symbol command automatically checks the drawing for
common errors. This step is also known as “compiling” the symbol.
Saving the .dra file
The binary package symbol file (.psm) cannot be viewed or edited, but
you can open the drawing file (.dra). Therefore, the drawing file must
also be saved to disk, and kept in the library directory in the event you
need to make a revision.
Saving the .psm File
Once your drawing is complete, you must make a package symbol file (.psm). This file
is the binary equivalent of your drawing file, and is the file used during placement to
represent a component during physical layout.
The Create Symbol command automatically checks the drawing for common errors.
For example, it checks to make sure you have at least one refdes label. It also checks
for package boundaries. If your package symbol has no package boundary defined,
this command automatically creates one either by using the Package Geometry/
Assembly_top graphics or by surrounding all the device pins with a rectangle (tangent
to the pin edges), whichever is larger. This step is also known as “compiling” the
symbol.
Saving the .dra File

The Allegro Editor can only read a .dra file. It does not read the .psm file. Therefore, it
is important to save this version of the footprint along with the compiled symbol
(.psm).
Note
Save both the .psm and the .dra files. You can extract these files from an archived
design, but you should keep both files available during the current project.
Labs
Lab: Creating a DIP16 Package Using the Package Symbol Wizard

Use the Package Symbol wizard to create a DIP16 symbol
Lab: Creating a DIP14 Package Symbol
Add pins
Add the silkscreen/assembly outlines
Add the Reference Designator labels
Add Package Height
Save the footprint
Lab: Creating an SOIC 16 with the Symbol Editor (optional lab)
The following lab will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process of creating a DIP
package using the Package Symbol Wizard. The wizard can create several different styles
of footprints including DIP’s, SOIC’s, PLCC’s, QFP’s and so on.
You will then create, from scratch, footprints for a through-hole part and a surface-mount
part.

Lab 4-1: Creating a DIP16 Package Using the

Package Symbol Wizard
Objective: Use the Package Symbol Wizard to create a through-hole
package symbol.
This lab shows you how to create a package symbol for a 16-pin, dual in-line package
(DIP) using the Package Symbol Wizard. You will use the through-hole padstacks you
defined earlier.
Naming the Symbol

1. Start the Allegro Editor.
The Allegro Editor appears.
Note
You learned how to start the editor in the previous labs.
2. Select File > New from the top menu.


dip16
4. Select Package symbol (wizard) from the scrolling list of drawing types, as shown
below:

The Package Symbol Wizard form is displayed. This form is used to specify the type
of Package Symbol Wizard to be used.

Using the Package Symbol Wizard

1. Select DIP as the type of Package Symbol Wizard to be used (if this option is not
currently selected).
2. Select Next> to use the DIP wizard and continue to the next form.
The Template form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the drawing template to be used when creating the
symbol. The drawing template “seeds” such items as color of classes and subclasses,
units of the drawing, accuracy of the drawing, and so forth.
3. Select Default Cadence supplied template if this option is not currently selected.
4. Select Load Template to load the default template.
5. Select Next> to continue to the next form.

The General Parameters form is displayed.
This form is used to specify some of the drawing parameters, as well as the reference
designator labels. The values for Units and Accuracy are obtained from the drawing
template specified in the previous form.
6. Set the values of Units to Mils and Accuracy to 2 for both Units used to enter
dimensions in this wizard and Units used to create package symbol, if these values are
not currently set.
7. Set the Reference Designator Prefix to U* if this value is not currently set.

The DIP Parameters form is displayed.
This form is used to specify DIP-specific parameters. This includes items such as pin-
to-pin spacing, spacing between columns, and the overall package dimensions used to
create the assembly and silkscreen outlines.
9. Modify the form as required, to match the following values:

Number of Pins(N): 16
Lead Pitch(e): 100
Spacing between two terminal rows (e1): 300
Package Width(E): 220
Package Length(D):785

The Padstacks form is displayed.

This form is used to specify the padstacks to be used for the pins. You can specify a
different padstack for pin 1 from the rest of the pins.
11. Select the “...” button next to the empty field for Default Padstack to Use for Symbol
Pins.
A Package Symbol Wizard padstack browser appears.
12. Select the padstack 60c38d (case is unimportant).
13. Select OK to use the 60-mil round pad you created earlier, and close the Padstack
browser form.
14. Select the “...” button next to the field for Padstack to Use for Pin 1.
15. Select the padstack 60S38d (case is unimportant).
16. Select OK to use the 60-mil square pad you created earlier and close the padstack
browser form.

The Symbol Compilation form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the location of (0,0) relative to the rest of the pins, as well
as whether to compile the symbol or not.
18. Select Pin 1 of symbol as the location of the symbol origin (if this option is not
currently selected).
19. Select Create a compiled symbol for whether or not the Package Symbol Wizard
should generate a compiled symbol (if this option is not currently selected).

The Summary form is displayed.
This form is used to verify that the correct files are to be created. This is also your last
chance to go “backwards” through any previous form to change any data or
specifications.
21. After verifying that the files dip16.dra and dip16.psm will be created, select Finish to
complete the Package Symbol Wizard and create the dip16 symbol.
The dip16 drawing (dip16.dra) and symbol (dip16.psm) are created and the footprint
is opened in the Symbol Editor. At this point you can make any changes that you
require. If you do make changes, be sure to create the symbol and save the drawing.

STOP End of Lab

Lab 4-2: Creating a DIP14 Package Symbol

Objective: Use the Package Symbol Editor to create package symbols.
This lab shows you how to create a package symbol for a 14-pin dual inline package
(DIP). You will use the padstacks you created to represent the pins of the device.
Starting in Symbol Edit Mode

1. Select File > New.

dip14
3. Select Package Symbol from the scrolling list of drawing types, as shown below:
Setting the Drawing Parameters

Use the Drawing Parameters form to set the drawing size, units, and accuracy. Also use
this form to move the drawing origin from the lower left corner to a point inside the
drawing area.
Note
The origin of this package symbol drawing will become the package origin when
you are in the component placement phase of your design.
1. Select Setup > Drawing Size.

All of the parameters should match the previous “dip16” package symbol.

2. Modify the form as required to match the following values:

Type: Package
User Units: Mils
Size: A
Accuracy: 2
Left X:-5000
Lower Y:-5000
3. Click OK.
The Drawing Parameters form closes. The drawing origin is now near the center of
the work area.
Adding Pins
The first pin you will place is pin 1. This is typically a square pin. The rest of the device
pins will be round.
1. Click the Add Pin icon from the top menu.
The Options form displays fields for adding pins.
2. In the Options form, click in the Padstack field and enter:

60s38d
You will use this padstack to represent pin 1 of this device.
3. Press the Tab key to enter the padstack name.

The Allegro message area states:
Using ‘60S38D.pad’
This means that the Allegro program was able to locate the padstack you specified in
the Options form. The padstack is now attached to your cursor.
4. To place pin 1, click the Allegro command line to activate it, then enter the following
command:
x 0 0

The padstack for pin 1 is placed at the drawing origin (0,0) near the center of your
work area.
5. Zoom in to the area around pin 1.
6. In the Options form, double click in the Padstack field and enter:
60c38d
This is the padstack that you will use to represent the remaining pins of this device.
7. Press Tab.
Using ‘60C38D.pad’
This means that the Allegro program was able to locate the padstack you specified in
the Options form. The padstack is now attached to your cursor.
8. To add pins 2 through 7 in a column (under pin 1), double click in the Qty field for the
Y direction, and enter:
6
9. Press Tab.
The Options form is now ready to place an array of 6 pins (1 column of 6 rows). The
spacing between the rows is 100 mils. The first pin of the array will be pin 2 (see Pin
#), followed by pin 3, and so on, in a downward direction (Down).
The Allegro tool is waiting for a location for the array of pins.
10. At the Allegro command line, enter:

x 0 -100
Note
The cursor must be in the Allegro window to enter data at the command line.
Since pin 1 is located at the drawing origin (0,0), the starting point for the array is (0,
-100).
The array of 6 pins is placed, starting with pin 2, and progressing in a downward
fashion.

11. To add another column of pins (8 through 14), double click in the Quantity field of the
Y direction, and enter:
7
The Options form is now ready to place an array of 7 pins (1 column and 7 rows). The
spacing between the rows is still 100 mils. The first pin of the array will be pin 8 (see
Pin #), followed by pin 9 and so on, but the direction needs to be in an upward
fashion.
12. To change the direction that the array expands, locate the Order box to the right of
the Spacing fields (currently set to Down). Click the scroll button and change the
order to Up.
The Allegro program is waiting for a location for the array of pins.
13. Click on the Allegro command line and enter:

x 300 -600
Since pin 1 is located at the drawing origin (0,0), the starting point for the array is
(300, -600).
The array of 7 pins is placed, starting with pin 8, and progressing in an upward
fashion.
Notice the pin numbers for pins 8 through 14 (to the left of their respective pins).
14. To make the pin numbers appear on the right side for pins 8 through 14, place the
cursor in the work area and click right to select Oops from the pop-up menu. (Use the
Oops command to undo a step when you make an error.)
Pins 8 through 14 are removed.
15. In the Options form, double click left in the Offset x: field and type:
100

You have changed the text position from -100 to a positive 100.
16. Press the Tab key to enter the new data from the Options form.
The Allegro tool is waiting for a location for the array of pins.
17. Click the Allegro command line and enter the location of pin 8.
x 300 -600
Notice the pin numbers for pins 8 through 14 (now on the right side of their respective
pins).
18. Click right and select Done from the pop-up menu.
Adding an Assembly Outline

For the purposes of this lab, assume a typical silkscreen outline is a polygon that exists
between the two columns of device pins. To make the assembly graphics easier to draw,
reduce the grid size in the work area (currently set to 100 mils).
1. Select Setup > Grids from the top menu.

The Grids Display form appears.
2. Locate the Non-Etch section at the top of the form. This is where you will make the
grid spacing changes.
3. Double click in the Spacing: x: field and enter:

25
4. Double click in the Spacing: y: field and enter:

25
5. Click OK at the bottom of the form.

The work area now displays a 25-mil grid.
6. Click Add > Line from the top menu.

Notice that the Options form states that the active class and subclass are PACKAGE
GEOMETRY and ASSEMBLY_TOP. You add assembly graphics to this layer of the
symbol drawing, as shown.
A typical assembly outline is a polygon drawn inside the pads that has an orientation
arc at one end to show where pin 1 is located. You may want to use the
Add > 3pt Arc command.
7. Click to specify the corners of the rectangle.
8. When your assembly outline is complete, click right and select Next from the pop-up
menu.
Since you need to create the Silkscreen as a series of lines, you do not need to exit the
Add Line command.
Adding a Silkscreen Outline

Notice that the Options form states that the active class and subclass are PACKAGE
GEOMETRY and ASSEMBLY_TOP. You do not want to add silkscreen graphics to this
layer of the symbol drawing.
1. Click Add > Line from the top menu, if you are not already in this command.
2. In the Options form, click the scroll button to show the available subclasses and
change ASSEMBLY_TOP to SILKSCREEN_TOP.

3. Click to specify the corners of the rectangle.

A typical silkscreen outline is a rectangle that surrounds all the pins of the device and
contains some kind of “notch” showing part orientation.
As you move the cursor, you see the attached line. If you want to add a notch on the
corner showing pin 1, be sure the line lock is set to 45.
4. To exit the Add Line command, click right and select Done from the pop-up menu.
Setting Colors
By default, all objects in a new drawing are set to the same color. To help differentiate
between the assembly and silkscreen outlines, assign each of them a different color.
The Color and Visibility form appears.
2. Set the Group field to Geometry.

Next you will change the ASSEMBLY_TOP subclass to green.
3. Click a color (green) in the Palette area of the menu, and assign it to the
ASSEMBLY_TOP subclass, under the PACKAGE_GEOMETRY class.
4. Click another color (white), and assign it to the SILKSCREEN_TOP subclass.
5. Click on OK in the Color and Visibility form.

The menu closes, and the symbol drawing displays the new color assignments.
Adding Labels
Use labels to display logical information about a device (reference designator, device type,
value and tolerance data if applicable). The label is simply a location placeholder.
1. Select Layout > Labels > RefDes from the top menu.
You can also use the refdes icon to add labels.

Notice the Options form states that the active class and subclass are REF DES and
ASSEMBLY_TOP. You want to add text to this layer.
Pick text location
2. Click under the device (inside the assembly outline).

Enter text string.
3. Enter:
U*
When entering a designator text string, remember these three important
characteristics:
Location
Orientation
Text Size
Control these characteristics using the Rotate and Text Block fields in the Options
form.
5. Select Layout > Labels > Device from the top menu.
6. Click under the device (near the refdes label).
7. Enter:
devtype

This is where the reference designator and device type will appear during board
layout. This data will appear in the orientation and size represented by these
placeholder labels. The actual text used for this string is insignificant and will be
replaced when logic data is imported.
You now have reference designator and device type labels for the assembly layer. You
should add a reference designator label for the silkscreen layer also.
Notice that the Options form shows that the active class and subclass are REFDES
and ASSEMBLY_TOP. You do not want to add the text to this layer of the symbol
drawing.

10. In the Options form, change the subclass to SILKSCREEN_TOP.

Notice the prompt on the Allegro command line that says:
Pick text location.
11. Click above the device outline so that the silkscreen text will be in a visible location
after the components are installed.
12. Enter:
U*
This is where the silkscreen reference designator will appear. The Allegro software’s
automatic silkscreen optimization may move this location slightly, but you have
designated a starting point for this text.
Creating a Package Boundary

The DRC program uses the package boundary to make sure a package does not overlap
another package or any other objects that can cause a problem (package keepout areas, and
so forth).
If you do not create the package boundary, it will be created for you when you use the
Make Sym command.
1. Select Setup > Areas > Package Boundary from the top menu.
2. Set the Class and Subclass fields in the Options form to

PACKAGE GEOMETRY and PLACE_BOUND_TOP if necessary.
3. Click to draw a polygon representing the area required for placement. Most
commonly, this is an outline that is outside all of the pins.
When you close the polygon, it is automatically filled solid.
Defining the Package Height

The DRC program uses package height to make sure a package does not violate a height-
restricted area of the board.
It is not necessary to define the package height for every device. The Allegro tool uses the
Drawing Options form to define a default package height for all symbols. To override this
default package height, you need to create a package boundary, then attach a height value
to the boundary.
1. Select Setup > Areas > Package Height from the top menu.

2. Set the Class and Subclass fields in the Options form to

PACKAGE GEOMETRY and PLACE_BOUND_TOP if necessary.
Notice the prompt in the Allegro message area that says:
Select or add package shape.
3. Click on the package boundary you just created (filled polygon).

The package boundary is highlighted. The Allegro message area prompts:
Enter package PACKAGE GEOMETRY/PLACE_BOUND_TOP height.
4. In the Max height: field of the Options folder tab, enter:

180
The package height is 180 mils.
5. To exit the Package Height command, click right in the Allegro workspace and select
Done from the pop-up menu.
The package boundary is a 2-D polygon. When height data is attached to this
polygon, the DRC program evaluates the package boundary as if it were three
dimensional.
This package now contains explicit height information that will override the default
height specification contained in the Drawing Status form.
Saving the Symbol to Disk

A create symbol form appears, showing the name of the package symbol as ‘dip14’.

2. Click on Save to accept the current name.

The Allegro message area confirms symbol dip14.psm has been created on disk. This
file is used in the design process during component placement.

The Allegro message area confirms that dip14.dra was saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 4-3: Creating an SOIC 16 with the Symbol

Editor (optional lab)
Objective: Use the Package Symbol Editor to create a surface-mount
package symbol.
This lab shows you how to create a package symbol for a 16-pin small outline package
(SOIC). You will be using the surface-mount padstack you created to represent the pins of
this device.
Naming the Symbol


soic16
3. Select Package Symbol from the scrolling list of drawing types, as shown below:
5. Select Setup > Drawing Size

The Drawing Parameters form appears.
Notice that all the previous settings have been retained.
6. Click OK to close the New Drawing form.

Setting the Grid

Because device pins are on 50-mil centers, change the grid from its default setting of 100
mils.
1. Select Setup > Grids from the top menu.

2. Locate the Non-Etch section at the top of the form. This is where you will make the
grid spacing changes.
3. Double click in the Spacing: x: field and enter:

25
4. Double click in the Spacing: y: field and enter:

25
5. Click on OK at the bottom of the form.
Adding Pins
This device contains two columns of 8 pins. The spacing between the pins in each column
is 50 mils. You will place pins 1 through 8 as one array (column), followed by pins 9
through 16 in a second array.
1. Click the Add Pin icon in the top menu.
2. In the Options form, select the “...” button next to the empty field for Padstack.
3. Select the padstack 76x24smd (case is unimportant). This is the padstack that will
represent the pins of this device.
4. Click OK.
Using ‘76X24SMD.pad’

This means that the Allegro tool was able to locate the padstack you specified in the
Options form. It is now attached to your cursor.
5. To add pins 1 through 8 in a column, double click in the Qty field for the Y direction,
and enter:
8
6. Press Tab.
The Options form is now ready to place an array of 8 pins. But the spacing between
the rows is set to 100 mils by default. This needs to be changed.
7. Double click in the Spacing field for Y. (The X field is the spacing for columns, and
the Y field is the spacing for rows.)
8. In the Y spacing field, enter:

50
9. Press Tab.
The first pin of the array will be pin 1 (see Pin #), followed by pin 2, and so forth, in a
downward direction (Down).
10. Set the Y order to Down.
The Allegro program is waiting for a location for the array of pins.
11. Click the Allegro command line and enter:

x 0 0
The array of 8 pins is placed, starting at the drawing origin and progressing in a
downward fashion.
12. Zoom in to the area surrounding the pins you just placed.
13. To add another column of pins (9 through 16), change the direction for rows
(currently set to Down), by setting the Y order field to Up.

14. To set the pin number text to the right of the respective pins, double click in the
Offset X: field and enter:
100
15. Press Tab.

The Allegro tool is waiting for the start point for the array.

x 225 -350
Remember that pin 1 is located at the drawing origin (0,0). The starting point for the
array with respect to the drawing origin is (225, -350).
The array of 8 pins is placed, starting with pin 9, and progressing in an upward
fashion.
Notice the pin numbers for pins 9 through 16 (to the right of their respective pins).
17. To exit the Add Pin command, click right and select Done from the pop-up menu.
Adding an Assembly Outline

For this part of the lab, we will add an assembly outline that looks like a rectangle that
encloses all the pins, as shown.
1. Click on Add > Line from the top menu.

The Options form states that the active class and subclass are PACKAGE
GEOMETRY and ASSEMBLY_TOP. You add the assembly graphics to this layer.
A typical assembly outline will be a rectangle that surrounds all the pins of the device.
2. Click to draw the corners of the rectangle.
3. To continue adding the Silkscreen, click right and select Next from the pop-up menu.
Adding a Silkscreen Outline

For this part of the lab, assume a typical silkscreen outline is a polygon that exists between
the two columns of device pins.
1. In the Options form, click the scroll button to show available subclasses and change
ASSEMBLY_TOP to SILKSCREEN_TOP.
2. Click to draw the corners of the rectangle.
A typical silkscreen outline is a polygon that contains some kind of “notch” showing
part orientation.
3. To exit the Add Line command, click right and select Done from the pop-up menu.
Adding Labels
Before you add the label, we will change the orientation and text size.
2. In the Options form, change the setting in the Rotate field to 90.
3. In the Options form, change the Text Block field to show a size of 2.
Note
There are 16 text blocks, each corresponding to a different text size. You can select
Setup > Text Sizes to see a table showing this information.
The label is oriented vertically, and the text size is slightly larger.
4. Click inside the device (within the silkscreen outline) to define a location for the text.

U*

7. Select Layout > Labels > Device from the top menu.
8. Click inside the device (near the refdes label).

devtype
Now add a silkscreen label.
12. In the Options form, change the subclass to SILKSCREEN_TOP. You might want to
also change the rotation back to 0.
13. Click outside the assembly outline to designate a text location.
14. Enter:
U*

This is where the silkscreen reference designator will appear. The Allegro tools’s
automatic silkscreen optimization may move this location slightly but you have, at
least, designated a starting point for this text.
Creating the Package Symbol and Drawing Files (.psm and

.dra)
A create symbol form appears, showing the name of the package symbol as soic16.
2. Click on Save to accept the current soic16 name.

The Allegro message area confirms that symbol soic16.psm has been created on disk.
This file is used in the design process during component placement.

The Allegro message area confirms that soic16.dra was saved to disk. This drawing
file is stored in a library.
STOP End of Lab

5
Lesson 5: Board Design Files
Learning Objectives
Use the Symbol Editor to create board mechanical

symbols.
Use the Layout Editor to create master board designs.
In this section you will learn how to create board outlines or board mechanical symbols.
Creating mechanical symbols can save you time when your designs use the same outline.
Mechanical symbols will also improve the quality of the design, since the outline only
needs to be checked once. After the outline has been verified, all designs using that outline
will be correct.

Board Design Files Lesson 5
Creating a Board Symbol
File > New
To create a board symbol, select Mechanical Symbol as the drawing type.
Next, use the Drawing Parameters form to define the following:
Project is the current directory path name.
Drawing specifies the name of the mechanical symbol you are creating.
Type is mechanical (.bsm).
User Units can be Mils, Inches, Millimeters, Centimeters, or Microns. Default is Mils.
Size can be A, B, C, D or Other. (A1, A2, A3, A4 for metric units). The default is A.
Accuracy is the number of decimal places. Range is 0 - 2. The default is 1.
Move Origin section can be used to place the drawing origin inside the drawing area
(to establish a mechanical datum point).

Lesson 5 Board Design Files
Typical Board Outline
package keepin mounting holes
via keepout
route keepin
chamfer
outline
This is an example of a card outline with keepins, keepouts, and mounting holes.
To create an Allegro mechanical outline symbol:
1. Define the card outline.
2. Define mounting holes (added as pins).
3. Define package and routing keepin/keepout areas.
4. Create (save) the symbol file (.bsm).
5. Save the file (.dra).

Drawing a Board Outline
ix -4100
ix -850
(0, 4100)
iy -200 iy 4500
Add > Line

Start here
x –1000 0
iy -4100
ix 850
drawing origin (0,0)

center of mounting hole
(3800,0)
iy -200 ix 4100
You define the card outline using the Add Line command to add lines and arcs on the
OUTLINE subclass of the BOARD GEOMETRY class. You can select line endpoints
with the left mouse button or by typing in coordinates at the Allegro command line. When
you select line endpoints with the left mouse button, the selection will snap to the nearest
grid point. When you type coordinates on the command line, you can enter them in either
absolute coordinates by using the “x” command, or incremental coordinates by using
either the “ix” or “iy” command.
You can use the “x”, “ix” or “iy” commands at any time with any other command, such as
routing, when adding vias, and so on.
You will probably use a mechanical drawing as your source of data. It might contain both
absolute (reference to datum point) and relative dimensions. Use the Allegro command
line to enter X, Y coordinates for line endpoints in absolute (x 1900 1800) or incremental
(ix -900) mode.

Chamfering and radius corners can be performed with the Dimension > Chamfer and
Dimension > Fillet commands to redefine the corners while in the Geometry toolset.
Dimensioning utilities are also available from the top menu bar while in Mechanical
Symbol mode.
Tooling/Mounting Holes
Layout > Pins or Drill Symbol

(square)
Soldermask Drill hole

(outer circle) (inner circle)
You add tooling holes and mounting holes into your board outline using the same
command as adding pins into your footprints. However, when adding mounting holes and
tooling holes, you will notice that in the Options folder tab there is no field for the pin
number. You cannot assign pin numbers to these types of holes. Since you cannot add pin
numbers, you cannot assign a net name to these holes either.
If you wish to assign a net name to a tooling hole or mounting hole—possibly for
grounding reasons—you will have to create the mounting hole as a one-pin package
symbol and have it added to the board through a schematic or netlist.

Chamfers
Dimension > Chamfer

Before
After
Even though the Chamfer command is located under the Dimension menu, you can still
use this command to chamfer the corners of your board outline.
The Options Tab lets you do one of the following:
■ Set the distances of the chamfer endpoints from the intersection along each segment. If
you use this method, set chamfer angle to 0.
■ Set the distance of the specified chamfer. If you use this method, set distance for only one
of the segments and set the chamfer angle.
Trim Segments
■ First - Value used to move the vertex location along the first segment length.
■ Second - Value used with the original vertex location value to add another vertex on the
second segment length.
■ Chamfer - Angle value relative to either the first or second segment length
If you need rounded corners, use the Fillet command located in the same pull-down menu.

Linear Dimensioning
Dimension > Linear Dim

or
There are MANY different options available for dimensioning your design. The main
menu option Dimension contains all of the dimension commands. The Parameters option
allows you to set what type of dimensioning you will be doing, how the dimensions will
look, and so on. By default, all dimensions are created on the BOARD GEOMETRY
class, DIMENSION subclass.

Defining Constraint Areas (Keepins/Keepouts)
Setup > Areas…

Edit > Z-Copy Shape
route keepin
(offset 50 mils)
package keepin
(offset 70 mils)
outline
mounting hole
You define the keepin and keepout areas using the selections in the Setup-Areas pull-down
menu. There are many different keepin and keepout areas that can be defined. Some of
these are:
Route Keepin - User-defined route keepin, drawn as a polygon, defines the allowable
area for routing. Defined for all etch layers at once.
Route Keepout - User-defined route keepout, drawn as a polygon, defines the

avoidable area for routing. Defined for any etch layer or all at once.
Package Keepin - User-defined package keepin, drawn as a polygon, defines

allowable area for placement. Defined for all placement layers at once.
Package Keepout - User-defined package keepout, drawn as a polygon, defines the

avoidable area for placement. Defined for top, bottom, or both layers at once.
Via Keepout - User-defined via keepout, drawn as a polygon, defines the avoidable
area for vias. Defined for any etch layer or all at once.

Package Height - Attached to a Package Keepout area. Converts the 2D area into a
3D keepout. If only one value is given, DRC assumes Max Height value is infinite.
Defined for Top, Bottom, or All.
Saving Board Symbol Files (.bsm and .dra)
.bsm
File >
+
.dra
IMPORTANT: Save as both types of file.
Saving the .bsm File
Once your drawing is complete, you can make a board symbol file (.bsm). This file is
the binary equivalent of your drawing file. Use this file to represent the mechanical
layout of your design (outline, restricted areas, and mounting holes).
It is not mandatory to create a board symbol for every design, but if board outlines are
similar from one design to the next, using a board symbol can eliminate duplication of
work. You may want to maintain a library of board symbols if several types are used
repeatedly.
Use File > Create Symbol to generate the .bsm file.
Saving the .dra File
The binary board symbol file (.bsm) cannot be viewed or edited. You can only open
the drawing file (.dra). Therefore, you must save the drawing file to disk, and keep it
in the library directory in the event you need to make a revision.
Use File > Save to generate the .dra file.

Note
Save both the .bsm and the .dra files. You can extract these files from an archived
design, but you should keep both files available during the current project.
Board Wizard
Use the Board Wizard to create a starting board:

Define the drawing units, size and origin.
Define either a rectangular or round board outline.

Define the grid spacing.
Define the layer stackup.
Define the initial constraints.
The Board Wizard can be used to quickly create a starting point for your design. You can
define the standard drawing parameters such as units, drawing size and so forth. You can
also define the cross section of the design, which consists of routing layers and plane
layers. The initial design constraints of minimum line width, line-to-line spacing, line-to-
pad spacing, and pad-to-pad spacing—along with the default via padstack—can also be
defined.
The supported board outline shapes are square, rectangular and round.
After running the board wizard, you can edit and modify any of the items created by using
the standard Allegro user interface.

Labs
Lab: Creating a Board Mechanical Symbol

Name the symbol.
Set the grid.
Create the board outline.
Change your working directory.
Add tooling holes.
Chamfer corners.
Include linear and chamfer dimensions.
Add placement and routing keepin and keepout areas.
Add via keepout areas.
Create and save the mechanical symbol (.bsm) and
drawing (.dra) files.
Lab: Creating a Board using the Board Wizard
Use the Board Wizard to create a simple starting board.
The following lab will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process required to create
a board mechanical symbol. Items covered include creating the board outline, adding
tooling and mounting holes, and adding keepins and keepouts. You will also do a lab that
will familiarize you with the process of creating a starting board using the Board Wizard.

Lab 5-1: Creating a Board Mechanical Symbol

Objective: Given the mechanical data, use the Mechanical Symbol Editor to
create a board outline symbol.
In this lab you will create a mechanical symbol to match the following design and
dimensions.
Naming the Symbol

1. If you don’t already have Allegro software running, start Allegro.
2. Choose File > New from the top menu.

3. In the Drawing Name field, type the following name:

outline
4. Choose Mechanical Symbol from the scrolling list of drawing types, as shown
below.
6. Choose Setup > Drawing Size from the main menu.

The Drawing Parameters form appears.
Notice that all your previous settings are retained. If you typed a value in the Move
Origin section, it would cause cumulative results. An easier method for setting the
origin point for this instance is to change the coordinates in the Drawing Extents
fields.

7. Change the Drawing Extents fields to match the values in the following figure.
These settings cause the drawing origin to be placed 2 inches (2000 mils) up and to the
right of the lower left corner of the drawing.
8. Click OK to close the Drawing Size form.
Setting the Grid

1. Choose the Setup > Grids item from the top menu.
2. In the Non-Etch section at the top of the form, make the following spacing changes.
a. Click in the Spacing: x field and enter: 25
b. Click in the Spacing: y field and enter: 25

Creating the Board Outline

As indicated in the mechanical drawing at the beginning of this lab, the datum (0,0) point
for this outline is the center of the lower left mounting hole.
1. Choose Add > Line from the top menu.
2. In the Options form, set the active class and subclass to BOARD GEOMETRY /
OUTLINE if necessary.
3. At the Allegro command line, type each of the following sets of values and press
Enter after each entry. You might want to use the following series as a checklist to
keep track of which line segments you have entered:
x -1000 0
ix 850
iy -200
ix 4100
iy 4500
ix -4100
iy -200
ix -850
iy -4100

4. Right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu. Your outline should look like the
outline in the figure.
First point of outline placed here (-1000,0)
Adding Tooling Holes

In this part of the lab, you will add three holes. To define these tooling and mounting holes
within a mechanical symbol drawing, you must add them as pins (padstacks).
1. Click the Add Pin icon in the top menu.
2. In the Options form, click the Browse button in the Padstack field, and from that form
select:
Hole110
This is the padstack that will represent the mounting holes on this board.
Using 'HOLE110 pad'.
This means that the Allegro tool was able to locate, in the solutions directory, the
padstack you specified in the Options form. The hole110 padstack is now attached to
your cursor.

3. In the Allegro command line, enter the following data:

x 0 0
x 3800 0
x 0 4100
4. Right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu.

Three tooling holes are now placed within the board outline. Your outline should look
like the figure shown.
Three tooling holes placed
Chamfering Corners
You will now use a drafting process to add 45-degree chamfers to the corners of the board
outline. Then you will add dimensions to the mechanical part.
1. Zoom to display the lower left corner of the board outline, then choose the
Dimension > Chamfer menu option.
The Options form changes to show trim segment and chamfer angle settings. The
drawing at the beginning of this lab showed a requirement for 50-mil chamfers.

2. In the Trim Segments section of the Options form, change the First segment trim size
to 50, as shown.
The Allegro message area prompts:

Pick first segment to be chamfered.
3. Click on the lower left vertical edge of the board outline, as shown in the figure:
Click on this edge first
Click on this edge second

Pick second segment...
4. Click on the lower adjacent horizontal edge of the board outline.

The lower left corner (where the two line segments you selected intersect) is trimmed,
as shown in the figure. It is not important which edge you select first.
50-mil chamfer completed
5. Continue adding chamfers to the remaining outside corners of the outline, as shown in
the mechanical drawing at the beginning of the lab.Your outline should have a total of
six chamfers.

Note
The procedure for adding fillets (“rounded corners”) is the same as for adding
chamfers.
6. When you are finished making the chamfers, right click and choose Done from the
pop-up menu.
Adding Linear Dimensions

To ensure extension lines don’t run into each other (extension lines are the ones that
contain the dimension value in the example shown), you first need to set dimension
parameters, then place the dimension boxes.
1. Choose the Dimension > Parameters menu item.

The Drafting dialog box appears.
2. Click Extension Lines and complete the Extensions dialog, as shown in the figure.
3. Select OK to close the Extension Line form.
4. Select OK to close the Drafting form.

5. Pan to view the bottom half of the board, then click the Dimension Linear icon from
the toolbar.
The message window prompts you to pick a point or element to dimension. Notice
that the Active Class and Subclass in the Options form have changed to BOARD
GEOMETRY and DIMENSION.
Note
You may want to set the color of the DIMENSION subclass to white or some other
bright color.
6. Click on the left edge of the outline, near the chamfer corner, as shown below.
A marker is placed at the vertex on the left edge, as shown.
Marker placed here after first click
Note
As long as you click within a grid point spacing of a vertex, dimensioning will
snap to the vertex. If you click more than a grid point spacing away from a vertex,
Allegro assumes you want to dimension the entire segment between vertices.
The message window prompts you to pick a location for the dimension value.
7. Click anywhere on the right edge of outline. Make sure you select on the board
outline. You may want to zoom in to make sure you get the board outline and not a
grid point.
The message prompts you to indicate X or Y direction first. This is the direction in
which you want to lay out the dimension extension lines.

8. To display the dimension box, move your cursor down and to the left, to a location
just outside the board outline and centered between both edges of the outline, as
indicated in the figure below, and click.
First click
(next to chamfer corner) Second click
on right edge
Third and fourth clicks

below and mid-way between edges
As you do so, notice the extension lines and dimension box highlighted in white.
When you click, the value 4.95 is automatically calculated and appears. The message
prompts you to pick a location to place the dimension value.
9. Click to place the dimension box.

The dimension 4.95 inches, with arrows to the left and right, is placed at the point
where you have clicked.

10. Following the same procedure as you used in steps 2 through 5, place the following
dimensions, as shown in the figure.
11. When you are finished, right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu.
Dimensioning a Chamfer
1. Zoom in to the chamfer at the upper right corner.
2. Choose Dimension > Chamfer Leader from the top menu.
3. Click on the 45-degree chamfer line.

The dimension text is attached to your cursor.

4. Pull the cursor up and to the right, then click to create a leader line.
The leader line is the line between the dimension text and the 45-degree chamfer. Be
sure to pull the text away from corners on the leader line. The line is automatically
shortened by half the width of the text.
5. Right click and choose Done.
Your chamfer dimension should look like the figure.
6. To place the final note text specifying the number of chamfers on the board, choose
the Add > Text menu item. Fill in the text parameters to match those in the figure:
Pay close attention to the command line for prompts as to which action to perform.

7. Place the text as shown in the figure, then right click and choose Done from the pop-
up menu.
Note
You can view the Drafting and Dimensioning section of the online help files for
more information about this and related topics.
Adding Placement and Routing Keepin Areas

In this part of the lab, you will create package and route keepin areas to define the
available board areas that you can use for part placement and signal routing.
1. Zoom Fit to view the entire board.
2. Choose Edit > Z-Copy Shape from the main menu.

The message window now prompts you to enter a selection point.
3. In the Options form, set your Active Class and Subclass to PACKAGE KEEPIN and
ALL.
4. Under Shape Options, set the Offset to 70 and enable the Contract option.
5. Select on the board outline.

A package keepin is drawn 70 mils inside the boundary of the board outline.
6. In the Options form, this time set your Active Class and Subclass to ROUTE
KEEPIN and ALL. Under Shape Options, set the Offset to 50 and make sure the
Contract option is enabled.
7. Select a point on the board outline.

A route keepin is drawn 50 mils inside the boundary of the board outline. Your board
outline should resemble the following figure.
Adding Placement and Routing Keepout Areas

In this part of the lab, you will use package and route keepouts to exclude areas of the
board for part placement or tracks. Generally, this would include areas inside the
previously created keepins (such as holes or cutouts in the board).

You use the Setup > Areas > Package Keepout and Setup > Areas > Route Keepout
commands from the top menu to create the keepout areas (closed polygons). During this
exercise you will create some temporary keepouts for demonstration purposes only. You
will then delete them.
Note
The Allegro tool recognizes keepins and keepouts as shapes. Keepins are unfilled
shapes, while keepouts are filled.
1. Choose Setup > Areas > Package Keepout from the top menu.
2. Click to define the corners of a polygon shape in the center of the board (anywhere
will do).
When the polygon is closed, it is automatically filled with a dot pattern. Remember,
you are only defining this temporarily. You will be instructed to delete it later in this
lab.

This filled polygon represents an area that must be free of parts, a package keepout.
The process for creating a route keepout areas is very similar.
4. Zoom into the area around the mounting hole at the bottom left of the board.
5. Choose Setup > Areas > Route Keepout from the top menu.
This command sets up the Active Class and Subclass properly. The Allegro message
area prompts you to enter a shape outline.

6. Check the parameters in the Options tab to appear as shown in the figure.
7. Click to draw a rectangle around the mounting hole.
9. Choose Edit > Delete from the top menu.
10. Be sure that only Shapes is checked in the Find Filter, then click twice on both the
keepout shapes you just created. Zoom in and out as needed.

The package keepout and route keepout are deleted. No package or route keepout
areas are required for this mechanical symbol.
Adding Via Keepout Areas

In this design, you create a via keepout area to prevent vias from being routed in the region
of the plug-in connector.
1. Choose Setup > Areas > Via Keepout from the top menu.
The Allegro message area prompts you to enter a shape outline.
2. In the Options tab, set the Segment Type option to Type Line Orthogonal.
This will add only horizontal and vertical line segments.
3. At the Allegro command line, enter each of the following sets of values:
x -900 200
iy 3700
ix 450

The polygon fills with a dotted pattern and closes automatically. The complete board
outline is shown in the figure.
Note
The Allegro tool considers keepout areas as filled shapes. When you choose Done,
the tool creates a shape boundary line from your last specified point back to the
start point (in order to automatically close the polygon).
Creating the Mechanical Symbol and Drawing Files

1. Choose File > Create Symbol from the top menu.
A Create Symbol form appears, showing the name of the package symbol as
outline.bsm.
2. Click Save to accept the current symbol name.

The Allegro message area confirms that the symbol outline.bsm has been created on
disk.

This file is used in the design process during component placement.
3. Choose File > Save from the top menu.

The Allegro message area confirms that outline.dra has been saved to disk. You can
also choose to store this drawing file in a library.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 5-2: Creating a Board using the Board

Wizard
Objective: Use the Board Wizard to create the starting point of a design.
This lab shows you how to create a board mechanical symbol for a rectangular board
outline that is 5 inches by 7 inches. The routing keepin will be 50 mils inside the outline,
and the placement keepin will be 100 mils within the outline. A default trace width of 5
mils will be used, and all clearances will be set to 5 mils.
Naming the Symbol


testmech
3. Select Board (wizard) from the scrolling list of drawing types, as shown below:

The first Board Wizard form is displayed. This form is an introductory form to the
wizard.
5. Select Next> to start the Board Wizard.

The Template form is displayed.
Using the Board Mechanical Wizard

1. Select No to the question “Do you have a board template that you would like to
import in this board?” if this option is not currently selected.

2. Select Next> to not use a board template and continue to the next form.
The Tech File form is displayed.
3. Select No to the question “Do you have a tech file that you would like to import in
this board?” if this option is not currently selected.
4. Select Next> to not use a tech file and continue to the next form.
The Board Symbol form is displayed.
5. Select No to the question “Do you have a board symbol that you would like to import
in this board?” if this option is not currently selected.
6. Select Next> to not use a tech file and continue to the next form.
The General Parameters form is displayed.
This form is used to specify some of the drawing parameters, as well as the origin of
the drawing.
7. Set the values of Units to Mils, drawing size to B, and the location of the origin to At
the center of the drawing if these values are not currently set.

The General Parameters (Continued) form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the Grid Spacing, number of etch layers, and whether or
not to create the default artwork films.
9. Set the values of Grid Spacing to 25.00, Etch layer count to 4, and the generation of
artwork films to Generate default artwork films if these values are not currently set.

The Etch Cross-section details form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the layer names for each etch layer, excluding Top and
Bottom, and for specifying whether the layers are for routing or for planes.
11. Change Layer2 to GND and Layer 3 to VCC. Set the Layer type to Power plane for
these two layers. Set Generate negative layers for Power planes if this option is not
currently set.

The Spacing Constraints form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the default constraints for the board.

Minimum Line Width: 5

Minimum Line to Line spacing5
Minimum Line to Pad spacing: 5
Minimum Pad to Pad spacing: 5
14. Enter in the padstack name via for Default via padstack.

The Board Outline form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the shape of the outline.
16. Select Rectangular Board if this option is not currently set.

The Rectangular Board Parameters form is displayed.
This form is used to specify the rectangular board outline details.

Width(W): 5000
Height(H):7000
No Corner cutoff will be used.
Route keepin distance: 50
Package keepin distance: 100

The Summary form is displayed.
This form is used to verify that the correct file will be created. This is also your last
chance to go “backwards” through any previous forms to change any data or
specifications.
20. After verifying that the file testmech.brd will be created, select Finish to complete the
Board Wizard and create the starting design.
The drawing testmech.brd is created and is opened in the Allegro Editor. At this point
you can make any changes that you require. You will not save this Allegro database.
STOP End of Lab

Allegro Editors - Overview
Flash Symbol Editors

Package
.psm
.fsm
.dra
Padstack Editor U*
.pad Allegro PCB Editor
Design Layout
Shape Mechanical .brd
.bsm
.dra
U*
.ssm U*
.dra
Format
.osm
.dra
Manufacturing
outputs
Now that we have completed creating library files, let us take a look at this overview of
the Allegro editors. As you can see, the flow of the work is pretty basic. First, you create
the flashes or shapes that will be added to the padstacks. Second, you define the padstack
in the Padstack Editor adding flash or shape symbols, as needed. The Package,
Mechanical and Format symbols are then created in their respective editors. Those
symbols are added to the resulting board design either by a netlist or by placing the
symbols from the library. All data finally gets processed when it is time to produce the
manufacturing outputs.

Creating a Master Design File
Allegro (.brd)
(.osm)
(.bsm)
(.psm)
design rules cross – section
(stackup)
When you have the same basic board used many times, it is common to build a master
design file as a starting point. The master design file will have the board outline placed,
the cross section defined, the design rules set, and optionally may have common
components such as connectors already placed. The master design file is simply a started
board file that is saved in a library so that it can be used as a starting point for multiple
designs. Using this method saves time and also ensures the accuracy of the design.
The Allegro design (board layout) database is created and saved in a design file format
known as a board, or .brd file. It can be created initially as a mechanically correct (but
logically non-intelligent) starting point for all designs using the same physical board
configuration. Schematic connectivity information is loaded later (see the lesson titled
Logic Import).
The advantages of creating a master design file are:
■ It ensures that all physical layouts with a common geometry start from a “template” that
has been thoroughly checked and approved (for example, mechanical dimensions,
location/rotation of IO devices, LEDs, and so on).

■ It provides a way to control the consistency of the end product (for example, drawing
formats, fab and assembly notes, drawing size and accuracy settings, and datum points).
■ You can read a “technology file” into this master design to establish board cross section
information (layer stackup) and design rules (spacing and physical rule sets). See the
lesson titled Design Rules for more information.
Use Place > Manually to insert package, mechanical, and format symbols into the design
database.
Defining Layer Stackup
Setup > Subclasses > Etch
The Setup > Subclasses > Etch command opens the Define Etch Subclass form. Use this
form to define your cross section (layer stackup) for the design. You define your routing
layers and plane layers in this form. The first time this form is opened on a design, the
stackup is simply TOP and BOTTOM.
By selecting from the Layer Type pull-down fields, you define the type of function for the
selected layer. These fields include such types as conductor (used for routing layers),
plane (used for embedded planes), and so forth. All the types are predefined.

The Etch Subclass Name field is used to define the layer name. As implied, this is the
subclass name that will appear under the Etch class, Pin class, Via class, and so forth. Each
name MUST be unique. If you have a single plane used multiple times (such as many
occurrences of a Ground plane), you can define the layer names as GND1, GND2, and so
on.
Lab
Lab: Creating a Master Design File (.brd)

Set drawing parameters.
Place the mechanical symbol.
Add format symbols.
Add package symbols.
Set color and visibility.
Define the cross section (layer stackup).
Save your board template.
a master design file. Items covered include placing the board mechanical symbol, adding
common footprints, defining the cross section, and so on.

Lab 5-3: Creating a Master Design File (.brd)

Objective: Given the symbols previously created in the labs, use the Layout
Editor to create a design template.
In this lab, you will create an Allegro design (.brd) file. This design file will contain only
mechanical data; no logical (schematic) data will be loaded.
This design file serves as a master template, or starting point, for all layouts that require its
mechanical specifications. This ensures that all physical layouts with a common geometry
start from a mechanical template that has been thoroughly checked and approved for use.
1. Choose File > New from the top menu.
2. Select No to not save the changes just made.


master
Setting Drawing Parameters

All designs created from this mechanical template will have the same drawing size,
accuracy, and datum point.
1. Choose Setup > Drawing Size.

The Drawing Parameters dialog box appears.

2. Change the settings in the Drawing Parameters dialog box to match those in the figure
shown.
These settings cause the drawing origin to be placed 3.5 inches up and 3 inches to the
right of the lower left corner of the drawing.
3. Click OK to close the Drawing Parameters form.
Adding the Mechanical Symbol

1. Choose Place > Manually from the top menu.
The Placement dialog box appears.
2. Click the Advanced Settings tab and enable both the Database and Library options
under the Display definitions from: heading.

3. Click the Placement List tab, expand the Mechanical symbols directory, and check
the OUTLINE symbol, as shown in the figure.
Notice the graphics representation displayed in the Quickview window. This is the
outline.bsm symbol you completed in previous labs.
4. Click Hide in the Placement form.

The mechanical symbol is attached to your cursor and the Placement form disappears.

x 0 0
The outline is placed at the drawing origin.

You will now verify that you have actually placed the same outline.bsm symbol that
you created.
7. Choose the Tools > Reports menu item.
8. In the Reports dialog box, select Symbol Library Path and click Report.
A report opens listing the play directory as the location of outline.bsm.

9. Close the Symbol Library Path Report form and the Reports form and zoom out to
view the entire design, including the dimensioning text.
10. Click the Color icon. Under the Geometry group and the Board Geometry class, reset
your colors to toggle Dimension off.
11. Select OK to close the Color and Visibility form.

The dimension text disappears, but the board outline remains visible.
Adding Format Symbols

In this part of the lab, you will add a drawing format and fabrication notes.

The Placement dialog box appears.
2. Click the + box next to Format symbols to expand this branch of the symbols tree.
A list of format symbols appears in the dialog box.
3. Click the symbol name BSIZE in the list, as shown in the figure.
The format symbol, which is a B size, horizontal drawing format, is now attached to
your cursor.

4. Click to place the drawing format. Use your zoom functions as needed.
The board should be surrounded by the drawing format outline, but leave some space
to the right of the board outline, as shown in the figure below.
5. To add notes, in the Placement dialog box, enable the check box next to the name for
the ASSYNOTES symbol.
6. Click to place the notes where you want them (on the right side of the board outline,
within the format borders), as shown in the figure.
Adding Package Symbols

You can add any mechanically constrained devices that are common to all designs. By
placing these into a master file, you ensure a consistent level of accuracy, which helps
reduce error checking and corrections. Types of devices that should be preplaced in a
master design .brd file include connectors, LEDs, switches, and any standard part that has
a fixed placement.
1. Click the - box next to the Format symbols folder to collapse the list of format
symbols.

2. Click the + box to the left of the Package symbols folder to expand the folder.
3. Scroll through the list of library symbols and enable the check box next to the symbol
DIN64.
This is a 64-pin connector symbol. When you move your cursor into the Allegro
workspace, a connector symbol is attached to your cursor.
4. Select in the Allegro command line and enter:

x -700 500

The connector is placed.
6. Zoom in to the lower left corner of the connector area.

Since a master design file is simply a mechanical template with no logical (schematic)
database, the edge connector you placed has a generic reference designator (J*).
7. Choose View > Zoom Fit (F9) from the top menu to see the entire board.
8. Click the Advanced Settings tab and Disable the Autonext option.
9. Click the Placement List tab.
10. In the Placement List, scroll through the list of Package symbols and enable the check
box next to the symbol BNC.
11. Select in the Allegro command line and enter the following coordinates:
x 3700 350
x 3700 1100
Both BNC connectors are placed on the right edge of the board.
Setting Color and Visibility

In Lesson 1, you created a script file that sets color and visibility for various layers of a
drawing. You will use that script file now.

replay colors
The colors.scr file sets the color and visibility automatically.

2. Choose View > Zoom World from the top menu.

Notice that the drawing format, fab notes, and board dimensions have been turned off,
leaving just the board elements on.
3. Choose View > Zoom Fit from the top menu to zoom into the entire board.
Defining the Cross Section (Layer Stackup)

By default, all new design files are created with just two layers, top and bottom. In this
part of the lab, you will learn how to add more layers to the stackup. This process is
significantly different, depending on which Allegro Editor you are using.
1. Choose the Setup > Subclasses menu item.
The Define Subclass dialog box appears.
2. Select the ETCH subclass.

The Define Edit Subclasses dialog box appears.
Notice that a TOP and BOTTOM layer are already defined by default as conductor
layers.
3. Click Insert to the left of the BOTTOM layer.

A new layer is inserted in the stackup. The default values of the Subclass Name,
Layer Type, and Film Type are those of the layer just below the added layer.
Note
New layers are always inserted above the layer you selected. You change the layer
parameters after the layers are inserted.

4. Repeat step 3 until there are four layers in between TOP and BOTTOM.
5. Set up your stackup to match the layer specifications shown in the figure.
Note
The GND and VCC planes are both negative. Later, in the lesson that covers
copper areas, you will change one of these to positive. We will set one to positive
and the other to negative so that you can gain experience creating one of each type.
In this master design file you have added a power and a ground plane and two inner
layers for routing. All designs created from this mechanical template would start as
six-layer boards. However, for this design, only a four layer board is required.
Deleting Layers from a Stackup

1. Select the Delete button to the left of layers IS1 and IS2 to delete these layers from
the stackup.
The layers are deleted from the design leaving a four layer design. This is the stackup
you will use for the rest of the design.
2. Click OK to close the Define Etch Subclass dialog box.
3. Click OK to close the Define Subclass dialog box.

Saving Your Board Template

You have learned how to add internal plane and wiring layers. You can now save the board
template so it can be used again and again.
Important
It is necessary, at this time, to save your master.brd file in the directory where you
will be working while designing the board. Be aware of which schematic capture
tool you’re typically working with. This will determine where you will be
performing your work in the upcoming labs.
1. Choose File > Save As from the top menu.

A Save_as browser window opens.
2. Navigate to your working directory.

– If the schematic capture tool you want to use with Allegro is Concept, then your working
directory is ../project1/worklib/root/physical.
– If the schematic capture tool you want to use with Allegro is Capture, then your working
directory ../project2.
– If the schematic capture tool you want to use with Allegro is a third-party tool other than
Concept or Capture, then your working directory is ../project3.
3. Enable the Change Directory box.
4. Click Save to save the master.brd file in the correct directory.

The master.brd file is saved to disk. It is important to save the .brd to this directory
and to use the Change Directory check box.
5. Choose File > Exit from the top menu to exit the Allegro software.
You have completed the library development section of this course.
Note
The master.brd file may be saved in the company’s library directory for future use.
STOP End of Lab

6
Lesson 6: Importing Logic Information into
Allegro
Note
The labs in this lesson demonstrate how to bring schematic data from the Concept
tool, Capture tool, or a third-party front-end tool (such as ViewLogic). Do NOT do
all labs. Choose the lab that best matches your in-house needs.
Learning Objectives
Understand the key choices to be made when importing

logic information from a schematic tool into the Allegro
layout environment.
Set up and import logic information into Allegro from one of
the these three schematic environments:
Concept-HDL
Capture
Third-party
In this section you will learn about Logic Import, which is the process of importing logic
from your schematic capture tool into the Allegro database. You will learn how to import
from Concept into Allegro, from Capture into Allegro, and from a non-Cadence schematic
tool, known as a third-party netlist.

Importing Logic Information into Allegro Lesson 6
Design Layout Process
HDL/schematic Define board Set/check CBD

design capture mechanical Load logic data rules and
stackup constraints
YOU ARE Arrange/place

HERE components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
aperture files analysis
Gerber data
Interactive and
NC drill data automatic
silkscreens route signals
Assembly
drawings
fabrications
drawings
reports Generate Define Power/ Gloss/auto
Autorename manufacturing GND planes cleanup for
backannotation output manufacturing
This design flow is used throughout the entire course. Each box in this flow represents a
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. As indicated in the flow, the Load
Logic Data box will now be discussed.

Lesson 6 Importing Logic Information into Allegro
Concept-Integrated Logic Design with Physical

Layout
1 2
Concept Packager XL
1
2 U1 3
4
5 U1 6
5 Import
Logic
Export
Logic 3
4
Allegro
The following several pages cover the transfer of logic from Concept HDL into Allegro.
Loading of Capture and a third-party netlist will be covered later.
The diagram illustrates the front-to-back integration between Concept and Allegro tools.
■ Concept Front End
Concept: All Concept HDL drawings for the project are contained in the worklib
directory.
Packager-XL: The Packager converts the logic devices into physical packages,
assigning a reference designator and physical pin numbers to each symbol in the
schematic. The packaged parts and their connections are written into transfer files.

■ Allegro
Import Logic: In the physical directory, the design now contains connection
information.
Allegro: Places, routes, pin and gate swaps for optimum routing results; generates
manufacturing output.
Export Logic: This program generates backannotation files the Concept tool uses to
update the schematic.
Note
From the Concept or Project Manager point of view, Export Physical is the same as
the Allegro Import Logic command. Likewise, Import Physical means the same as
the Allegro Export Logic command.
Transfer Files (pst*.dat)
pstxprt.dat
FILE_TYPE=EXPANDEDPARTLIST;
pstxnet.dat
{ Packager-XL run on
{ Packager-XL
03-May-2002 AT 12:52:52 } run on
09-May-2002 AT pstchip.dat
12:18:55 }
DIRECTIVES
NET_NAME FILE_TYPE=LIBRARY_PARTS;
ROOT_DRAWING='MY HEX';
'INT5' primitive '74LS00';
SOURCE_TOOL='PACKAGER_XL';
pin
ABBREV = 'MYHEX''INT5':
;
'B'<0>:
END_DIRECTIVES; C_SIGNAL='/:LOGIC.1.INT5';
ROUTE_PRIORITY=’2’, INPUT_LOAD='(-0.4,0.02)';
PART_NAME PIN_NUMBER='(13,10,5,2)';
U10 '74LS00':; MIN_LINE_WIDTH=’10’; PIN_GROUP='1';
ROOM=’HEX’; NODE_NAME U17 6
'A'<0>:
SECTION_NUMBER 1 '(STOP F00.18P)': INPUT_LOAD='(-0.4,0.02)';
'-Y'<0>:;
'(STOP LS00.23P)':
NODE_NAME U19 12 PIN_NUMBER='(12,9,4,1)';
C_PATH='/LOGIC.1.1.23P', PIN_GROUP='1';
PATH_NAME='(STOP'(STOP F74.20P)':
LS00.23P)', '-Y'<0>:
PATH='23P', 'D'<0>:;
NET_NAME OUTPUT_LOAD='(8.0,-0.4)';
ABBREV='LS00',
'MIN0' PIN_NUMBER='(11,8,6,3)';
BODY_NAME='LS00', end_pin;
'MIN'<0>:
PART_NAME='74LS00', body
C_SIGNAL='/:LOGIC.1.MIN<0>';
PART_NAME='74LS00';
JEDEC_TYPE='SOIC14';

You use the transfer (pst) files generated by the Packager program to transfer information
from the schematic to an Allegro design. These files are:
File Description
pstxprt.dat This is a parts list file. It lists each physical package

(created by the packager) in the schematic, along with
its reference designator and device type. For
packages comprised of multiple logic gates, this file
identifies which gate was placed in which section of
the physical package.
This file may also contain some properties attached to
parts in the schematic, such as ROOM=’IF’,
VALUE=’4.7K’.
pstxnet.dat This is a netlist file. It uses keywords (net_name,

node_name) to specify the reference designators and
pin numbers associated with each net in the
schematic.
This file may also contain some properties attached to
nets in the schematic, such as ROUTE_PRIORITY,
ECL, and so forth.
pstchip.dat This is a device definition file. It contains electrical

characteristics (for example, pin direction and
loading), logical-to-physical pin mapping, and voltage
requirements. It defines the number of gates in a
device, including gate and pin swapping information.
This file also contains the name of the package
symbol that represents this device type in the physical
layout (such as JEDEC_TYPE=’DIP14_3’,
ALT_SYMBOLS=’(T:SOIC14)’).

Importing Logic into Allegro from Concept
.../worklib/root/packaged/ .../worklib/root/physical/
Packager-XL
master.brd
pstxprt.dat netrev.lst
eco.txt
pstxnet.dat
pstchip.dat
Netrev is the program that reads the transfer files into the Allegro design. It performs the
following operations:
■ Searches the library for the package symbols specified in the pstchip.dat file (including
all alternate symbols). The Allegro program also searches the library for any padstacks
required by each package symbol. If it is unable to locate a package symbol, warning
messages are generated, but the program continues. Remember, the variable PSMPATH as
defined by the env file tells the program where your libraries are located.
When the required package symbol(s) is found in the library, it is compared to the
device definition file (pstchip.dat). The pins in the package symbol must match the
pins specified in the device definition file. Any mismatches will generate error
messages.
■ Establishes an “association” between the sch_1 and physical directories. This association
lets you cross-probe between Concept and Allegro tools.
■ Creates log files (netrev.lst and eco.txt) indicating whether the process was successful. All
errors and warnings will be listed in the netrev.lst file.

Importing Logic Data
From Concept:
File > Export Physical
From Allegro:
File > Import > Logic
Use either of the menus shown to transfer logic data from Concept to Allegro programs.
File transfer from Concept to Allegro can be accomplished through any of the following
methods:
– From the Concept top menu, select File > Export Physical.
– From the Allegro top menu, select File > Import> Logic.
– From the Project Manager, click Design Sync.
Data that was in Concept programs created prior to version 5.0 must use the SCALD logic
type option, whereas data created in version 5.0 and later must use the HDL-Concept type.

Engineering Changes—Placement
With an ongoing design, schematic changes are incorporated (ECO) with the netrev
process, which brings in the transfer files from the edited schematics. If the Allegro design
has not been placed or routed, the new transfer files simply replace the original Allegro
database. If placement has already occurred, the following function and options apply:
Place Changed Component in Allegro: Determines how placed parts are treated in the
ECO process. When a part in an edited schematic has a reference designator that matches
a placed part in the Allegro layout, parts are compared to determine if there are any
changes. If the part has not changed, it maintains its location in the Allegro layout. If the
part has changed, you can select one of the following options:
Always replaces the old part in the Allegro layout with the changed part from the
edited schematic, regardless of the type, value, or package symbol change (at the same
x/y location and rotation as the old part).
If Same Symbol replaces the old part in the Allegro layout with the changed part from
the edited schematic if the package symbol has not changed (type/value change, but
same package symbol). If the package symbol has changed, the old part is removed
from the layout, and the changed part is added to the Allegro database (unplaced).
Never removes the old part from the layout and adds the changed part to the Allegro
database (unplaced).

Note
Parts in the edited schematic with no matching reference designator in the Allegro
layout are added as unplaced parts. Parts in the Allegro layout with no matching
reference designator in the edited schematic are deleted.
Importing Electrical Constraints
If you wish to import Electrical Constraints defined by the Constraint Manager, you must
first toggle on the Enable import field. When this option is enabled, you have the choice of
one of the following two options:
Import changes only - This option compares the current Constraint Manager database
against the baseline Constraint Manager database and will only import the constraints
that are different in the current database.
Overwrite current constraints - This option specifies to read the current Constraint
Manager database and import ALL constraints in the current constraint database.
There is one constraint file that is used to read in the constraints (with an optional second
file). These files are as follows:
pstcmdb.dat - Contains definitions of electrical constraints in the schematic as

defined and created in the Constraint Manager database. This file must be present in
order to import electrical constraints.

pstcmbc.dat - An optional file that defines the electrical constraint baseline in the
schematic data.
Engineering Changes—Routing
If routing has already occurred, you may choose to select the following option:
– Allow Etch Removal During ECO: This function automatically resolves any
conflicts between the edited schematic and any existing connections on the board. These
conflicts can be due to wiring changes in the schematic, as well as part changes (see
previous discussion regarding the handling of changed parts).
When an existing board connection conflicts with the new schematic data, it is flagged
with a DRC error marker. You can then evaluate each error marker, and manually edit the
connections in question in order to resolve the problems.
Rather than editing the conflicting connections manually, you can select an automatic edit
process to resolve the problems. In this case, the Allegro tool will remove any wiring
segments that do not match the edited schematic (shorted signals at component pins).
Once the connection at the shorted pin is broken, all dangling wire segments are
eliminated.
When completed, the Allegro layout will be free of all conflicting wiring. You are left with
unrouted connections, which represent the schematic changes. You can then route these
missing connections manually or automatically.

All part and connectivity changes made to the Allegro layout during the ECO process are
documented in a report (eco.txt).
Schematic-Driven Layout
Packager-XL capabilities include:

Component definition properties
Component instance properties

Schematic instance properties
Pin instance properties
Net properties (compiler input buffer limit of 255 characters)
Electrical rules
1P
You can use the
Attributes command
to add part and net
U1 U2 properties to the
schematic.
Logical World Physical World
It is possible to use the schematic to communicate your physical layout requirements. You
can use properties attached to nets and parts in the schematic to affect component
placement and signal routing.
Component Definition Properties are usually contained in the chips_prt or PPT files.
These properties carry information about the type of physical package required (such as
JEDEC_TYPE, ALT_SYMBOLS, PINCOUNT). You can also assign these properties to
parts right in the schematic (to specify physical part requirements for the Packager).
Schematic values for these properties will override values found in library files.
Use Comp_Name or Comp_Name_Suffix properties to control type names for new

physical parts. These new physical parts (types) are shown in the pstxprt.dat and
pstchip.dat files.

Component Instance Properties are properties related to the actual layout process (for
example, ROOM, TERMINATOR_PACK, NO_PIN_ESCAPE, NO_MOVE, FIX_ALL,
COMPONENT_WEIGHT). These properties appear in the pstxprt.dat file for passage to
the Allegro tool. Use the COMP_INST_PROP directive (pxl.cmd file) to specify
component instance properties that are included in the pstxprt.dat file.
Schematic Instance Properties control the packaging of functions (gates).
Pin Instance Properties address signal routing requirements.
Electrical Rules address signal integrity requirements created by the Constraint Manager.
Net Properties control signal routing and analysis (such as line sizes and clearances, layer
restrictions, high speed, priority, length requirements and crosstalk thresholds). These
properties appear in the pstxnet.dat file for passage to the Allegro tool.
Capture-Integrated Logic Design with Physical

Layout
1 2
Capture Annotate/Netlist
1
2 U1 3
4
5 U1 6
Import
5 Logic
Export 3
Logic
4
Allegro
The diagram illustrates the front-to-back integration between Capture and Allegro tools.

Capture Front End
Capture: It is not required that the Capture schematic reside in the same directory as
the Allegro design. However, it is recommended that the two be kept together. The
minimum values required on a Capture schematic library part are Value, Class, and
Footprint (package symbol).
Annotate: The Annotate program converts the logic devices into physical packages,
schematic.
Allegro Netlister: The Allegro Netlister creates the transfer files used by Allegro. By
default, these files are created in a directory named allegro.
Allegro
Import Logic: After this step has been completed, the design contains connection
information.
Allegro: Places, routes, pin and gate swaps for optimum routing results; generates
Export Logic: This program generates backannotation files that the Capture tool uses
to update the schematic.

Capture Interface with Allegro
PXLlite.ocx Contains dialog boxes used for

exporting to and importing from Allegro
Capture
Design Netlisting
Database Reads Capture data to
generate PST*.DAT files
Allegro
Netrev board file
Create Netlist PST*.DAT <DESIGN>.BRD
netlist
Capture
files
Genfeed
Graphical User
Interface (GUI)
Backannotation
Backannotation
<DESIGN>.SWP
*VIEW.DAT
PXLlite provided process files
Output file
Generate design
Existing utility, used in the differences between
Concept-Allegro flow board and schematic
The Allegro Netlister (PXLlite) reads the Capture database and creates the same format
pst files as the Concept Packager XL routine. Therefore, the same program (netrev) can be
used by Allegro to read in either a Capture schematic or a Concept schematic.
For Backannotation, the same Allegro program (genfeed) is used to create the Allegro
output files. These files are then read by Capture and used to update the schematic to
reflect any changes made to the design by Allegro (pin and gate swapping, reference
designator changing and so on).
When you develop the Capture schematic libraries, the minimum value information is
Class, Value, and Footprint (Allegro Package Symbol).

Capture-Allegro Logic Import
From Capture:
Tools > Create Netlist
From Allegro:
File > Import > Logic
After you have annotated your schematics, you must use the Allegro Netlister to create the
input files for Allegro. Use the Tools > Create Netlist option from the Project menu in
Capture or the Allegro tab to create the three “pst” files. These are the same three files
(pstchip.dat, pstxnet.dat, pstxprt.dat) created and used in the Concept-to-Allegro transfer
process.
At the same time you are creating the Allegro interface files, you can also “push” these
files into Allegro by using the Create or Update Allegro Board (netrev) option. This
option will run the Allegro netrev program that will read the interface files and create a
new Allegro design or update an existing one.
If you do not want to run the netrev program from the Allegro Netlister inside Capture,
you can import the interface files from within Allegro. Use the File > Import > Logic
command from the top menu in Allegro and choose the Capture option. Use the Import
From field to point to the three interface files created by the Capture-Allegro Netlister
program.

Third-Party Logic Import
External Front End
From Allegro:
netlist.txt File > Import > Logic
Allegro
device.txt
devpath
Netin
<design>.baf
netin.log
netin.brd Backannotate
If you have not used the Concept or Capture front-end tools to generate the schematic, you
must use a netlist and device files.
The netlist contains the part and connectivity data. Device files are library files that
describe the parts in the netlist (one device file per device type). The netlist is read into an
Allegro design using the Netin process. A log file (netin.log) lists any errors found in the
netlist or device files.
You can also generate a backannotation file to return data back to the third-party system.
The Allegro tool looks at the DEVPATH environment variable to locate the device files
required during the Netin process. Device files will be covered shortly.

Netlist Format
(NETLIST)
(Wed Dec 25 12:25:53 2001)
$PACKAGES
CAP400 ! ’CAP-22UF’ ! ’022UF’ ; C21 C22 C23 C24 C25,
C26 C27 C28
parts list CONN140 ! ’CONN140’ ; J1
section CRYSTAL ! ’OSC’ ; Y1
DIP24_4 ! ’MEMORY’ ; U15
SMDCAP ! ’CAP-.01UF’ ! ’01UF’ ; C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6,
C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19,
C20
SMDCAP ! ’CAP-1UF’ ! 1UF ; C29 C30 C31 C32 C33
SMDRES ! ’PRES0’ ! 10 ; R1
SOIC16 ! ’74F153’ ; U10 U11 U12 U13
(optional) $A_PROPERTIES
ROOM BUFFER; U10 U11 line continuation
ROOM ONE; C8 C9 R1 character (comma)
$NETS
A1 ; J1.2 U13.10 U12.10 U11.18 U10.10
pin/signal A2 ; J1.3 U13.6 U12.9 U11.5 U10.9
section A3 ; J1.4 U11.10 U12.8 U13.5 U10.8
$END
The netlist contains two main sections. The first is the PACKAGES section. The line
$PACKAGES starts this section, which is basically a parts list. Each reference designator
in the design MUST be identified here. See the Help files for the exact syntax of this
section.
The second area of the netlist is the NETS section. The line $NETS starts this section,
which contains all the nets in the design and the pin connections for those nets. See the
Help files for the exact syntax of this section.
If you wish to add properties in your netlist, use the $A_PROPERTIES section. If you
want to add component or part level properties, then the line $A_PROPERTIES should
appear after all the parts have been defined in the $PACKAGES section. If you want to
add net or signal level properties, then the line $A_PROPERTIES should appear after all
the nets have been defined in the $NETS section.

You use the $SCHEDULE section to define specific pin order connection. It must appear
after the $NETS section. An example of a schedule section to describe a “T” connection is
shown.
U1.1 U2.1 U3.1 $NETS

$SCHEDULE
CLK; U1.1 U2.1 U3.1; U2.1 U4.1
U4.1
General Rules for Netlists
Field name length Acceptable characters

package name 27 A to z, 0 to 9, dash (-) and underscore
(_)
device type 30 All except ! and '
function designator 30 All except ! and '
reference designator 30 All except ! and '
pin number 30 All except ! and '
pin name 30 All except ! and '
net name 30 All except ! and '
property value 30 All except ! and '
tolerance 30 All except ! and '
user part number 30 All except ! and '
The table shows the maximum field width and allowable characters for each data field in
an Allegro netlist.
Other rules to remember:

– Data fields are not case-sensitive.
– Each data record must have no more than 78 characters on a line. Extend records by
adding a comma after the last instance in a line. The comma acts as a continuation mark.
– You can include comments in parentheses; they are ignored by the Netin process. (Do
not include comments inside a data field.)

Device Files
filename = 7400.txt
(Netlist contains device type 7400)

PACKAGE DIP14_3
CLASS IC
Slot G1
PINCOUNT 14
PINORDER 7400 A B -Y Slot G4
PINUSE 7400 IN IN OUT
PINSWAP 7400 A B
FUNCTION G1 7400 1 2 3
FUNCTION G2 7400 4 5 6 Slot G2
FUNCTION G3 7400 9 10 8
FUNCTION G4 7400 12 13 11 Slot G3
POWER +5V; 14
GROUND GND; 7
END
Things to remember:
Device file names must be lowercase, with a .txt extension.
Contents of device files are not case sensitive.
Use parentheses for comments.
A device file must exist for each different part type used in the netlist. The device file disk
file name must be the part type as it appears in the netlist, with the extension .txt. The path
used for locating the device files will be determined by the Allegro environmental variable
DEVPATH, which is defined in the env file. See the Help files for the exact syntax of the
device files.
You must use device files if you import third-party netlist data into the Allegro software.
Cadence Concept and Capture schematic tools provide electrical component descriptions
along with connectivity data. Third-party netlists do not contain electrical component
descriptions and therefore necessitate the use of device files. Similar to symbol files,
which provide physical component descriptions, device files provide electrical
descriptions. Where physical descriptions include pin spacing, body size and padstack
information, electrical descriptions define input and output pins, power pins, and gate
assignments.
Things to remember when creating device files:

– Device file names must be lowercase, with a .txt extension.
– Contents of device files are not case-sensitive.

– Use parentheses to enclose comments.

– The only mandatory line in a device file is:
PINCOUNT
Package Properties in Device Files
Syntax:
PACKAGEPROP <property_type> <property_value>
For example:
PACKAGEPROP alt_symbols '(T:soic14;B:soic14_pe)'
PACKAGEPROP terminator_pack
PACKAGEPROP value 50ohm
If you wish to have properties associated with a device, use the PACKAGEPROP
command in the device file. The syntax is the keyword PACKAGEPROP, followed by the
property name and then followed by the value of the property. The following are common
examples:
alt_symbols defines alternate package symbols that you can substitute for the primary
package symbol during manual placement.
terminator_pack is used by the terminator assignment program to match the correct

terminator with the appropriate ECL net. No additional value is needed. When this
PACKAGEPROP appears, it flags the ECL scheduler that the device is a terminator.
value is used by the terminator assignment program to create a match between an ECL
net and an appropriate termination package. (The ECL net must have a
LOAD_TERM_VALUE property.)

Loading a Third-Party Netlist
You cannot create a board by transferring design logic to Allegro software. Rather, you
update an existing board displayed in the Allegro tool.
1. Before loading the design logic, set up the cross section and the board outline first.
2. Select File > Save (or File > Save As, where appropriate).
3. Select File > Import > Logic.
4. In the Logic Type section, select Third Party.
5. Enter or browse for the netlist filename.txt in the Import netlist field. (The file name
shown in the illustration is an example.)
6. If the netlist is not in the Allegro working directory, specify a complete path.
7. Determine which (if any) third-party operating parameters to use (these are located in
the Other folder tab):
Syntax Check Only
Supersede All Logical Data
Append Device File Log

Allow etch removal during ECO

Ignore FIXED property
8. Click Import Other.
The tool uses the information from the Import Logic form to read and compile the netlist
and generate the netin.log file.
Netin Checking
Netlist Device File
(Netlist) (Netlist contains device type 7400)

$PACKAGES PACKAGE DIP14_3
! 7400 ; U1 U2 CLASS IC
! 54als244 ; u3 u4 u5 PINCOUNT 14
PINORDER 7400 A B -Y
$NETS PINUSE 7400 IN IN OUT
clock ; u1.1 u2.20 PINSWAP 7400 A B
enable ; u3.1 u5.19 FUNCTION G1 7400 1 2 3
signal1 ; u4.3 u5.6 FUNCTION G2 7400 4 5 6
signal3 ; u4.5 u2.9 FUNCTION G3 7400 9 10 8
FUNCTION G4 7400 12 13 11
$END POWER +5V; 14
GROUND GND; 7
END
Aside from checking the syntax of the netlist and device files, the Netin process checks the
following:
– netlist content: Reference designators in $NETS section must be in $PACKAGES.
– device file content: Compares physical pin numbers in function, power/ground, and NC
statements against the pincount statement.
– netlist to device file: Compares reference designator pin numbers in the netlist against
pin counts for associated device types. In the above example, the following error
message would be generated:
pin number U1.20 not in device file for 74f00.txt ... pin ignored.
– Also compares power, ground and NC statements against the netlist.

The pins in the package symbol must match the pins you specify in the device file. Any
mismatches will generate error messages.
Guidelines for Importing Logical Data
To import, choose File > Import > Logic.

Browse to the location of your Allegro netlist file; if your netlist
does not have a .txt extension, set the Files of Type to All
Files (*.*)
Allegro reads and compiles the netlist and also updates the
current board file (.brd) from the third-party format netlist.
Be sure to set up device and net properties completely in the
schematic environment so you can generate an Allegro-
compatible netlist.
Property names are case-sensitive. All Allegro property
names attached to parts and nets in Capture or Capture CIS
should be in upper case letters.
These are good guidelines to follow when importing a schematic netlist into Allegro.
Labs
Lab: Concept to Allegro

Start the Project Manager.
Open the master.brd design.
Export schematic information from Concept to Allegro.
Save the new .brd design containing both physical and netlist information.
Lab: Capture to Allegro
Set up the logic import from Capture in the project2 directory.
Import logic and save the new .brd design containing both physical and netlist
information.
Lab: Importing a Third-Party Netlist
Set up the logic import for a third-party .txt file in the project3
directory and device files in the devices directory.
Import logic and save the new .brd design containing both physical and netlist
information.

The following labs will allow you to:

– Familiarize yourself with the process required to import a Concept schematic into
Allegro. You should only perform this lab if you do not plan to perform either the
Capture to Allegro lab or the Third-party to Allegro lab.
– Familiarize yourself with the process required to import a Capture schematic into
Allegro. You should only perform this lab if you have NOT performed the Concept to
Allegro lab and you do not plan to perform the Third-party to Allegro lab.
– Familiarize yourself with the process required to import a Third-party netlist into
Allegro. You should only perform this lab if you have NOT performed either the
Concept to Allegro lab or the Capture to Allegro lab.
Note
Do only one of the following labs. Do not perform all three labs. Perform the lab
that most closely represents your design philosophy at work.

Lab 6-1: Concept to Allegro

Objective: Given the supplied Concept schematic, read the physical and
netlist information into an Allegro design file.
Library preparation work has already been completed for you. You are now ready to begin
the layout process. The first step is to read a logical (schematic) database into a master
design file (mechanical template).
Cadence has integrated schematic capture systems for use with Allegro software. This lab
shows you how to use the Project Manager and work with data from the Concept tool.
Starting the Project Manager

A project configuration has been set up for you that defines schematic file libraries, and
layout files associated with your project. Use one of the following methods to start the
Project Manager on your platform.
Windows
1. Choose Start > Programs > Cadence PSD 15.0 > Project Manager.
The Project Manager Product Choices window may appear.
2. If the Product Choices window appears, click the box labeled Use As Default, select
PCB Design Studio, and click OK.
The Project Manager form opens.
UNIX
1. In a UNIX shell window, enter the following command:
projmgr
2. If the Product Choices window appears, click the box labeled Use As Default, select
PCB Design Studio and click OK.
The Project Manager form opens.

Opening the Project

Before the schematics were created, a project configuration was created that defined
schematic and library paths and established a directory for the layout portion of the project
in which you will be working. This directory, called physical, is situated in your classroom
directory structure as follows:
<course inst dir>
allegro/
project1/ project1.cpm
worklib/
root/
physical/
master.brd
1. Click the Open Project button in the middle of the form.

When you click Open in the Project Manager form, a file browser window appears.
2. Navigate to the project1 directory, as shown in the previous diagram. Select

project1.cpm, then click Open.

The Project Manager form changes and other large buttons appear.
3. Click Design Entry.

The Concept tool starts and a schematic appears. You will export data from this
schematic into your layout, but first take a look at the schematic. Click OK if you get
any warnings to proceed.
DO NOT alter or make changes to the schematic.
4. Use the Zoom In and Zoom Out icons to explore the schematic pages.
Zoom Zoom
in out
There are two pages to this schematic. You can use this group of icons as well as the
previous page and next page icons to see the pages.
previous next
page page

Synchronizing the Schematic Logic with the Physical

Board
1. Select File > Export Physical from the Concept main menu.
The Export Physical form appears.
2. Set the options in the Export Physical dialog box to match the figure.
3. If the Input Board File does not display master.brd, click Browse next to the Input
Board File field. In the Select Input Board File dialog box, select master.brd and click
OK. This fills in the Input Board File field.
Note
If you did not complete the previous lab (Creating a Master Design File), which
saved the board file master.brd into this directory, then use the cds_master.brd file
that is provided.
4. In the field labeled Output Board File, enter the following board name:
unplaced
This will be the resulting file after reading in the schematic data.

5. Click OK.
The schematic data is read into the master.brd file. The design is then written out as
unplaced.brd. A message appears, asking if you want to check the results.
6. Click Yes to view the results.

The Progress dialog box appears. In this dialog box, you can scroll to view a report
for the entire packaging and netlisting process. Also, from this dialog box, you can
click View Results and access many other reports.
7. Close the Progress dialog box when you are finished viewing the report.
8. Select File > Exit to close Concept.
9. In the Project Manager, select the Layout icon to start Allegro.

Allegro opens the unplaced.brd design. This design looks exactly like the master.brd
file you created in the previous lesson, except this one now has logical data in it and is
ready for further processing and placement.
10. If the SigNoise Errors/Warning window appears, click Close to close this window.
11. Select Tools > Reports and scroll down to select Bill of Materials.
12. Select Report.

The report shows which components are currently in the database. This will verify
your success with loading the netlist into Allegro.
13. At this point you can exit from the Allegro program by choosing File > Exit.
You don’t need to save the database. The Export Physical process saved the file.
14. End the Project Manager by selecting File > Exit from the Project Manager main
window.
Note
When you exit from the Allegro program, files are saved that record your current
working directory settings, as well as configuration settings and the last file you
were working on. If you exit from the program at this point in the lab, you will find
that when you restart Allegro it will automatically open the unplaced.brd file in the
<course inst dir>/allegro/project1/worklib/root/physical directory.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 6-2: Capture to Allegro

Objective: Given the supplied Capture schematic, read the physical and
netlist information into an Allegro design file.
1. If Allegro is not currently running, start the Allegro tool using PCB Studio.
2. Open the master.brd design (if is not already open) from within the project2 directory,
as shown:
Note
that is provided.
<course inst dir>
allegro/
play/ solutions/ project2/
master.brd
3. Choose File > Import > Logic.

The Import Logic menu appears.
4. In the Logic Type section, click Capture.
5. In the Import directory field, navigate to the project2 directory (see previous
diagram).

Your Import Logic dialog box should look similar to this:
6. Click Import Cadence.

The Capture schematic is checked and imported. If there are errors or warnings, the
netrev.lst file automatically displays in a report window when the importing is done.
If netrev.lst does not appear, select File > Viewlog to open this file.
7. Close the log file window.

Next you will save this design in the project2 directory.
8. Choose File > Save As.


unplaced
10. Click Save to save the unplaced.brd file in the project2 directory.
The Capture schematic data has been combined with the master design file
(mechanical template) to create a new Allegro design file called unplaced.brd. Use
this design file to proceed to the next layout phase.

11. At this point you can either exit from the Allegro program by selecting File > Exit, or
you can leave this design open, ready to begin lab exercises for the next lesson.
Note
working directory settings as well as configuration settings and the last file you
were working on. If you exit from Allegro at this point in the lab, when you restart
Allegro it will automatically open the unplaced.brd file in the <course inst dir>/
allegro/project2 directory. This is what you want for the next lab.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 6-3: Importing a Third-Party Netlist

Objective: Given the supplied third-party schematic database, read the
physical and netlist information into an Allegro design file.
Opening the master.brd File

1. If Allegro is not currently running, start the Allegro tool using PCB Studio.
2. Open the master.brd design (if is not already open) from the project3 directory, as
shown:
Note
that is provided.
3. Choose File > Import > Logic.

The Import Logic menu appears.
4. Select the Other folder tab.
5. In the Import Netlist field, enter:

3rdparty.txt
or browse to the files using the browse button.

6. Click Import Other.

The third-party netlist data is checked and imported.
7. To view the log file that was created, choose File > Viewlog.
A log file window appears.You may find some gate assignment warnings. These
assignments will be taken care of during placement.
8. Scroll the log file to view it further.
9. Click Close to close the log file window.

The third-party netlist data has been combined with the master design file
(mechanical template) to create a new Allegro design.
Next you will save this design in the project3 directory.
10. Choose File > Save As.


unplaced
12. Click Save to save the unplaced.brd file in the project3 directory.
The third-party schematic data has been combined with the master design file
(mechanical template) to create a new Allegro design file called unplaced.brd. Use
this design file to proceed to the next layout phase.
13. At this point you can either exit from the Allegro program by selecting File > Exit, or
you can leave this design open, ready to begin the next lab exercises.
Note
working directory settings as well as configuration settings and the last file you
were working on. If you exit from Allegro at this point in the lab, when you restart
Allegro it will automatically open the unplaced.brd file in the <course inst dir>/
allegro/project3 directory. This is what you want for the next lab.
STOP End of Lab

7
Lesson 7: Setting Design Constraints
Learning Objectives
Assign standard design rules.

Assign extended design rules for spacing.
Assign extended design rules for physical dimensions.
Attach, change, and delete properties of components and
nets.
In this section you will learn about setting your design rules. Design rules are known as
Constraints in Allegro and are the rules that must be followed while routing your design.
Typical constraints are the line width to be used during routing, line-to-line spacing, line-
to-pad spacing, and so on.

Setting Design Constraints Lesson 7

stackup constraints
YOU ARE
HERE
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
Gerber data
NC drill data Interactive and
silkscreens automatic
route signals
Assembly
drawings
fabrications
drawings
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. As indicated in the design flow, the
Set/check CBD (Correct By Design) rules and constraints step will now be discussed.

Lesson 7 Setting Design Constraints
Introduction to Design Rules
There are four types of design rules:

Spacing Rule Set: Clearances between lines, pads, vias, and
copper areas (shapes)
Physical Rule Set: Line width and layer restrictions
Design Constraints: Package checks, soldermask checks and
negative plane island checks
Electrical Constraint Sets: Performance characteristics (crosstalk
and propagation delay). Not available in PCB Studio.
There are two levels of detail for design rules:
Standard rules: Describe the majority of nets in a design. These
global rules are applied to all nets (all nets are created equal).
Extended rules: Are performance related, and are assigned on a
net-by-net basis. Some rules not applicable in PCB Studio.
Timing and speed considerations (net length and propagation delay)
Noise and distortion concerns (crosstalk, reflection, impedence).
The Allegro tool has a set of predefined rules, such as Line-to-Pin Spacing, or Minimum
Line Width. You can define values for each rule within the context of a rule set. A rule set
is a group of rules that have been bundled together to make value assignments easier for
the user.
This rule ‘bundling’ is based upon the type of rule set.

– Spacing Rule Set - constraints govern the spacing between objects on different nets
(for example, line-to-thru-pin spacing).
– Physical Rule Set - constraints govern physical construction of a net (for example,
minimum line width and allowed etch layers).
– Design Constraints - setting or unsetting of package DRC checking; Negative Plane
Islands constraints; Soldermask constraints.
– Electrical Constraint Sets - constraints govern electrical behavior and performance of
an entire net (for example, maximum propagation delay). This constraint set is not
available in the Studio product.

Setting Up Design Rules
Setup > Constraints or
To set your design rules, use the Setup > Constraints command from the top menu, or
select the Constraint icon. The Default Values Form, which is the initial form opened, is
where you set the Standard Rules. You can access and create Extended Rules by selecting
the More button from the Default Values Form.
Standard (default) Design Rules

In the Default Values Form, you can define:

– Line to Line Spacing defines the clearance between two routing lines (edge-to-edge
clearance or air gap).
– Line to Pad Spacing defines the clearance between a routing line and a pad. In this
case, a pad represents both a component pin and a routing via (edge-to-edge clearance or
air gap).
– Pad to Pad Spacing defines the clearance between any two pads. In this case, a pad
represents both a component pin and a routing via (edge-to-edge clearance or air gap).
– Line Width defines how wide a routing line should be.
– Default Via defines which padstack should be used when a via is used in the design.
Extended Design Rules
Step 1: Create a "net

class." (Which nets are
special?)
Step 2: Create a rule set.

(Why are they special?)
Step 3: Apply rule set to

net class.
As your designs become more complex, you will need to specify which nets require
special consideration, and differentiate their requirements from the default rules. To do
this, you select the More button in the Default Values Form, which will display the
Constraints System Master form.

The first step is to identify which net(s) is special or different from the default rules. This
is done with the Attach Property, Nets button in the Spacing or Physical Rule Set section
(depending upon the type of constraints you need to define).
Once you have identified which net(s) is special, the next step is to specify why or how
they are different. This is done with the Set Values button in the Spacing or Physical Rule
Set section (depending upon the type of constraints you need to define).
The final step is to apply the new rule set created in step two to the net(s) you identified in
step one. This is accomplished with the Assignment Table button.
Spacing Rule Set—Step 1
If your extended design rules require a different spacing requirement for special nets, the
Attach Property, Nets option in the Spacing Rule Set section lets you attach a property that
identifies these nets.
Use the Find Filter to specify the net(s) involved, and select the NET_SPACING_TYPE
property from the Edit Property form. The value you assign to the NET_SPACING_TYPE
property is then applied to the selected nets. Apply a value that represents a group or class
of nets that is meaningful (such as clock, data, address, critical, high speed, ecl and so on).

By attaching the NET_SPACING_TYPE property, you identify which net(s) require

special consideration.
Now that you have identified which net(s) require special consideration, use the Set
Values command to create the corresponding rule set that defines those requirements.
– Section A: Type in the name of the spacing rule set you want to create (be descriptive),
and click Add. In this section you can also delete or copy rule sets. The maximum length
is 31 characters. All special characters are allowed except ! @ ? ‘. Be careful using the
asterisk (interprets * as a wildcard).
– Section B: Specify the line, pin, via, and shape spacing values as required, by typing
their values in the field to the right of each element pair.
The Same Net DRC: On or Off option checks spacing constraints between connect lines
having the same net name.

Spacing Rule Set—Setting Rules by Layer
Click here …
… for these options
You can specify the same clearances for all routing layers in the design by selecting the
ALL ETCH value in the Subclass field. If you require different clearances on different
routing layers, use the scroll button in the Subclass field to select a specific layer and enter
the required spacing values. The spacing values you enter apply only to the current layer
selected. The layers available are based upon the current design layer stackup.

When a “clock” net routes next to

another “clock” net, the
10_MIL_SPACE rules are used.
Now that you have created a net class and a rule set, you must assign the rule set to the net
class using the Assignment Table.
The Assignment Table displays all current net class combinations. NO_TYPE stands for
the default class (see Standard Design Rules). Use this form to correspond a spacing rule
set to a specific combination of net classes.
In the example shown, there are three table entries. Each entry represents a unique
combination of the default and clock net classes. The first entry (NO_TYPE to
NO_TYPE) means that if two nets belonging to the default net class are adjacent, then the
default spacing rule applies (see Standard Design Rules).
The second entry (CLOCK to NO_TYPE) represents two adjacent nets; one belongs to the
clock class and the other belongs to the default class. In this case, the 10_MIL_RULE rule
applies because the clock nets are sensitive to noise (crosstalk).
The third entry (CLOCK to CLOCK) means that if two nets belonging to the clock class
are adjacent, then the 10_MIL_RULE rule applies. (Optionally, you can apply the default
spacing, or any other existing spacing rule set.)
Use the scroll button in the Net Spacing Constraint Set field to select from a list of existing
spacing rule sets.

Labs
Lab: Standard Design Rules

Learn how to set up standard (default) constraints.
Define basic constraints:
z Line to line
z Line to pad
z Pad to pad
z Line width
z Default via
Lab: Extended Design Rules—Spacing
Create a spacing net group.
Define the spacing rules.
Set up the assignment table.
The following labs will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process and steps
required to set the Standard or Default design rules in your design.
Then the lab will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process required to create
extended spacing design rules. You will learn how to identify the special nets, create new
design rules, and apply the new design rules to the special nets.

Lab 7-1: Standard Design Rules

Objective: Define a basic set of constraints in your design. In this lab, you
define standard rules for all nets in the design.
Defining Basic Constraints

1. If you don’t already have the Allegro tool running, start Allegro.
2. Choose File > Open and open the unplaced.brd design file you saved previously if it
is not currently open.
3. Choose Setup > Constraints from the top menu.

The Constraint System Master form appears.
4. Select Set Standard Values on that form.

The Default Values Form appears.
5. Complete the form to match the following figure, if required:
6. Click OK to exit from the Default Values Form.

The Default Values form closes. If changes have been made, design rule checking
(DRC) is automatically invoked.
7. Click OK to exit out of the Constraint System Master form.

You just defined your standard rules for this design. For line-to-line, line-to-pad, and
pad-to-pad you will be using 6-mil spacing. Also you defined the line width of 6 mils
that is going to be used for all nets, and on all etch layers.

These standard rules will now be referred to as the DEFAULT rule set. Unless
otherwise specified, all nets will use these rules for routing.
8. Continue by choosing File > Save As.

A browser form appears.
9. Rename this drawing by entering the following in the File Name field:
constraints
10. Click Save to save the constraints.brd file.

The constraints.brd file is saved to disk.
Note
DO NOT exit from Allegro. The next lab will continue from this point.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 7-2: Extended Design Rules—Spacing

Objective: Given the rules for the board, define design rules for special nets.
You use the Extended Design Rules section when you need to specify design rules on a
net-by-net or layer-by-layer basis. The Extended Design Rules section is divided into two
basic areas:
■ Spacing Rules
■ Physical (Lines/Vias) Rules.
In this lab, you will use the Spacing Rule Set section of the Constraints System Master.
Creating a Spacing Net Group

Assume two nets called VCLKA and VCLKC require more clearance than the default
spacing defined in the previous lab.
1. Choose Setup > Constraints from the top menu.

The Constraints System Master dialog box appears.
2. In the Spacing Rule Set section, click Attach property, nets.
3. If the Find By Name section is not set to Net, use the Find By Name drop-down list to
set the field to Net.
4. Place the cursor in the blank Find By Name field, and enter:
vclk*
When you press the Enter key, the Edit Property form appears. The Edit Property
form displays a list of spacing-related properties that are also available for
attachment.
5. In the Edit Property dialog box, click on NET_SPACING_TYPE.

This property now appears to the right of the table.

6. In the blank field next to NET_SPACING_TYPE property, enter this name for the
spacing net class:
sync
7. Click Apply.
In the Show Properties dialog box, the property may look as follows. Notice the
NET_SPACING_TYPE is added to both nets and may look like this.
8. In the Edit Property form, click OK to exit.

The Show Properties window also closes.
You have just created a special net class called sync. Both the nets called VCLKA and
VCLKC are members of this class. If there were other nets that required the same
special clearance, you would need to add them to this net class also.
Note
The property LOGICAL_PATH will not be seen if you are working with Capture
or Third Party front end tools.
Defining the Spacing Rules

Now that you have identified the nets that need more clearance, you need to define how
much clearance is required.

1. In the SPACING RULE SET section of the Constraints System Master form, click on
Set values.
The Etch Spacing Values form appears. At the top of the form is the Constraint Set
Name field (set to DEFAULT).
The form currently displays the spacing rules for the default rule set (defined in the
previous lab). All nets that do not have an assigned NET_SPACING_TYPE property
belong to this rule set by default.
2. To generate the spacing rule set required for net class sync, click in the blank field to
the right of the DELETE button, and type:
8_mil_space
Note
DO NOT press the Enter key.
3. Click ADD.
The new spacing rule name appears in the Constraint Set Name field.
4. Change the values in the Spacing fields as shown, from 5 mils to 8 mils. In the form,
put your cursor where the 5 mils is and type 8, then hit the Tab key. It will
automatically fill in MILS and go to the next entry in the form.

5. When complete, click OK.
Setting Up the Assignment Table

Now that you have identified the nets requiring additional clearance (Net_Spacing_Type
sync), and you have defined the spacing rules (rule set 8_MIL_SPACE), you need to
assign the rule set to the net class.
1. In the SPACING RULE SET section of the Constraints System Master form, click
Assignment Table.
The Assignment Table form appears listing all the spacing net classes that exist in the
design, in all possible combinations. These net class combinations are shown as pairs
of Net Spacing Type Properties. The NO_TYPE net class represents all the nets that
have no special spacing requirements (nets that obey the default rules).

2. Change settings in the Net Spacing Constraint Set field, as shown in the figure:
When two default nets route next to each other, they will obey the default spacing
rules (5 mils). When a sync net routes next to a default net, or two sync nets route next
to each other, they will obey the 8_MIL_SPACE rule set (8 mils spacing).
3. Click OK to close Assignment Table form.
4. Click OK to close the Constraints System Master form.
5. Save the drawing and continue by clicking File > Save.
6. Click Yes to confirm the overwrite.

The constraints.brd file is once more saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Physical Rule Set—Step 1
If your extended design rules require a different line width requirement for special nets,
different via padstacks for special nets, and so on, the Attach Property, Nets command in
the Physical Rule Set section lets you attach a property that identifies these nets.
Use the Find Filter to specify the net(s) involved, and select the
NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE property from the Edit Property form. The value you assign to
the NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE property is then applied to the selected nets. Apply a value
that represents a group or class of nets that is meaningful (such as clock, data, address,
critical, high speed, ecl and so on).

Now that you have identified which net(s) will require special consideration, the Set
Values command lets you create the corresponding rule set to define those requirements.
– Section A: Type in the name of the physical rule set you want to create (be descriptive),
and select the Add button to the left. In this section you can also delete or copy rule sets.
The maximum length is 31 characters. All special characters are allowed except ! @ ? ‘.
Be careful using the asterisk (interprets the * as a UNIX wildcard).
– Section B: Specify the minimum line width value as required.
Constraint Description
Min Line Width Specifies the width of conductor traces.
Min Neck Width Specifies neckdown trace width (interactive routing

only).
Max Neck Length The maximum length of a neckdown trace segment.
Pad/Pad Direct Options are All Allowed, Via/Pin Allowed, Via/Via

Connect Allowed and Not Allowed. Determines whether
connections are allowed to occur without the need for
traces.

Constraint Description
Via List Property Displays a list of all padstacks in your design. Click on
a padstack name to move it from the Available
Padstacks list to Current Via list.
Physical Rule Set—Etch by Layer
Click here …
… for these options
You can set separate (different) line width values for each ETCH layer. Use the scroll
button in the Subclass field to select a specific layer. The values you enter apply to the
current layer only.
The ALL ETCH selection sets physical values for all ETCH subclasses. Use this setting if
all (or most) of your layers have the same physical rules.

Now that you have created a net class and a rule set, you assign the rule set to the net class
using the Assignment Table.
The Assignment Table displays all physical net classes. NO_TYPE stands for the default
class (see Standard Design Rules). Use this form to correspond a physical rule set to a
specific physical net class.
The first entry (NO_TYPE) means that the default net class is governed by the DEFAULT
physical rule set (see Standard Design Rules).
The second entry (POWER) means the power net class is governed by the 12_MIL_LINE
physical rule set.
Use the Purge button to remove unassigned physical net classes from the table.

Lab
Lab: Extended Design Rules—Physical

Create a physical net class.
Define the spacing rules.
Set up the assignment table.
extended physical design rules. You will learn how to identify the special nets, create new
design rules, and apply the new design rules to the special nets.

Lab 7-3: Extended Design Rules—Physical

Objective: Given the data, define design rules for special nets.
This lab uses the Physical (Lines/Vias) Rule Set section of the Constraints System Master.
Creating a Physical Net Class

Besides more spacing, assume the nets VCLKA and VCLKC also require a larger line
size.
1. If the Constraints System Master form is closed from the previous lab, choose
Setup > Constraints.
The Constraints System Master form appears.
2. In the Physical (Lines/Vias) Rule Set section of this form, click Attach property,
nets.
3. Click the scroll bars in the Find By Name section and select the Net and Name
options, if these are not already selected.
4. Place the cursor in the blank Find By Name field, and enter:
vclk*
The Allegro command line message tells you that both nets have been selected. Also
the Edit Property and the Show Properties forms appear.
5. In the Edit Property form, from the list of properties, click on

NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE.
This property appears to the right of the table.

6. In the blank field next to the NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE property, enter the name of the
physical net class:
sync
7. Click Apply.
In the Show Properties window, the property NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE is added to
the net VCLKA and VCLKC.
8. In the Edit Property form, click OK.

The Edit Property and Show Properties forms close.
Note
The property LOGICAL_PATH will not be seen if you are working with Capture
or Third Party front end tools.
Defining Physical Rules

Now that you have identified the nets that need a special line size, you need to define what
that line size is.

1. In the Physical (Lines/Vias) Rule Set section of the Constraints System Master form,
click Set values.
The Etch Values form appears. At the top of the form is the Constraint Set Name field
(set to DEFAULT).
The form currently displays the physical rules for the default rule set which you
defined in the first lab of this lesson. By default, all nets that do not have an assigned
NET_PHYSICAL_TYPE property belong to this rule set.
2. To generate the physical rule set required for net class sync, click in the blank field to
the right of the DELETE button, and type:
8_mil_line
Note
DO NOT press the Enter key.
3. Click ADD.
The new physical rule set name appears in the Constraint Set Name field above.

4. Change the details in the Etch Values form as shown in the figure:
5. Click OK to close the form.
Setting Up the Assignment Table

Now that the nets requiring larger lines have been identified (net class sync), and the
physical rules have been defined (rule set 8_MIL_LINE), you need to assign the rule set to
the net class.
1. In the Physical (Lines/Vias) Rule Set section of the Constraints System Master form,
click Assignment Table.
The Assignment Table form appears. It lists all the physical net classes that exist in
the design under the Net Physical Property column. The NO_TYPE net class
represents all the nets that have no special physical requirements (nets that obey the
default rules).

2. Set the options under the Physical Constraint Set field to reflect the following:
3. In the Assignment Table form, click OK.
4. Click OK to close the Constraints System Master form.
5. Save the drawing and continue by choosing File > Save.
6. Click Yes to confirm overwrite.

STOP End of Lab

Design Constraints
The Design Constraints form is used to set part placement checks, soldermask checks and
negative plane island checks. All of these rules are checked at the global level. This means
these checks are run on the entire design. You can set these to be checked in only the batch
mode or turn checking off by toggling the buttons.
The constraints Package to Package, Package to Place Keepin and Package to Place
Keepout check the package boundary of a footprint (defined as a shape in the Allegro
Symbol Editor) against other footprint package boundaries, against the placement keepin
shape, and against placement keepout shapes. A DRC will be generated if there is any
overlap between the appropriate type of shapes.
In order for DRCs to be generated for the constraint Package to Room, you must also
attach the property ROOM_TYPE with the value of HARD to the room.
The constraint Negative Plane Islands is used to check for isolations when using a
negative plane. These islands are usually formed by a series of overlapping thermal reliefs
and/or anti-pads creating a disconnect between two or more pieces of copper. The
Oversize value is used to increase the pad geometry before the checks for shape islands is
done.
The Soldermask Alignment constraint checks regular pad to soldermask pad clearance and
part soldermask clearance (checks shape/frectangle on PACKAGE GEOMETRY,
SOLDERMASK Top or Bottom against the place bound shape/frectangle).

The Soldermask To Soldermask constraint checks for a minimum spacing between any
type of soldermask defined in the design (pin/via/part soldermask).
Property Assignments and Changes
Edit > Properties
Properties to delete
or change
List of available
properties
It is important to understand that there is overlap between properties and constraints.

Properties override constraint values. For example, a design contains a special net class
with an assigned physical rule set. This rule set calls out a Minimum Line Width of 8 mils.
If the property min_line_width is set to 10 and is assigned to one or more nets from that
group, those nets will obey the property value rather than the physical rule set value.
Therefore, in this case, the net will be routed at a 10-mil line rather than an 8-mil line.
When you select the Edit > Property command, you must first identify the elements for
property assignment. Use the Find Filter form to select elements either by pick or by
element type plus name or list. Use the Find By Name/Prop section of the Find Filter to
identify elements with existing properties. The Allegro tool then displays the properties
available for that element type. Two examples of element types and their properties are:
– Components and component properties
– Nets and net properties

Once an element is identified, the Edit Property form appears. The Edit Property form lets
you assign properties to design elements, or delete or modify the current values of an
assigned property.
Select the properties you want to attach from the scroll list and click on the Apply button.
Some properties require values (for example, min_line_width) while others do not. To
modify existing property values, follow the same process. To remove an existing property,
click the Delete button next to the selected property before applying.
DRC Marker Display
DRC markers store the following

information about a design rule
violation:
DRC class, subclass, and location

Type of constraint set (spacing, physical, or electrical)
Name of constraint set
Constraint type being violated (for example, Line to Thru Pin Spacing)
Data concerning first element in violation (type of element, location,
refdes, if a package/part, and so on)
Data concerning second element (if there is one) in violation (type of
element, location, refdes, if a package/part, and so on)
DRC markers have two characters, one in each side of the ‘bow-tie’, that identify the type
of constraints violation being marked. Each character is a key as to what type of violation
exists. In the example shown, the “L” represents a “Line.” The “K” represents a
“Keepout” (such as a routing keepout). So therefore, in this case, this is a line to routing
keepout violation. In other words, a piece of etch exists in an area that has been identified
as a routing keepout area.
To display the DRC filled, as shown in the example, enter on the Allegro command line
“set display_drcfill” or use the User Preferences Editor. The display_drcfill option can be
found under the Display category.

Lab
Lab: Working with Properties

Learn to use the Edit Properties form to add, delete, and change
property-value assignments.
z Attach properties to components.
z Add a ROOM property.
z Attach properties to components.
z Show existing properties on design elements.
z Delete properties.
The following lab will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process required to work
with the design constraints and add, modify and delete properties. You will learn how to
modify the design constraints, attach properties to nets, components and areas, show
existing properties, and delete properties from database elements.

Lab 7-4: Working with Properties

Objective: Given the rules, attach, display, and delete properties in a design.
Attaching Properties to Components

In this section, you will attach properties to components and nets.
1. Start the Allegro tool and open the constraints.brd file in your working directory if it
is not already the open design.
2. Choose Edit > Properties from the top menu.
3. In the Find By Name section of the Find Filter, click the scroll button to set the field
description box to Comp (or Pin).
4. Click in the text entry field, and enter:

j1
When you press the Enter key, the Edit Property and the Show Properties forms
appear. Notice that the J1 connector has no properties attached to it.
5. In the Edit Property form, select the HARD_LOCATION and FIXED properties
from the scroll list.

These properties appear on the right.
6. Click Apply.
In the Show Properties window, the properties HARD_LOCATION and FIXED are
added to component J1.
Note
The FIXED property prevents the component from being moved. The
HARD_LOCATION property prevents the component reference designator from
being changed during the automatic rename process.
7. Click Close to close the Show Properties window.
8. Click OK to close the Edit Property form.

Adding the ROOM Property

description box to Comp (or Pin), if this is not already set.
3. Click More.
The Find by Name/Property form appears.
4. Scroll through the list of component names and select D1, D2, D3, and D4. (Or you
could set the Name Filter to d* and just these reference designators will appear.)
When you select each name, it disappears from the list on the left and is added to the
list of Selected Objects on the right of the form, as shown:
5. Click Apply in the Find By Name/Property form.

Four components are now selected for editing.
6. In the Edit Property form, select the ROOM from the list of Available Properties in
the scroll list.
7. In the blank Value field next to the ROOM property, enter the room name:
LED
You want to add this in uppercase letters since property names are case sensitive.

8. Click Apply.
In the Show Properties window, the ROOM property is added to all four components.
10. Click OK to close the Find By Name/Property form.
Attaching Properties to Nets

In this section of the lab you will attach a property to several nets in the design.
description box to Net.
2. Click in the blank field under Net, and enter:

vcc
When you press the Enter key, the Edit Property and the Show Properties forms
appear.
Note
Pre-existing properties in this net were added.
3. Scroll the list in the Edit Property form and click on MIN_LINE_WIDTH.
This property now appears in the right side of the table.

4. In the blank field next to MIN_LINE_WIDTH property, enter the value of the line
width:
15
5. Click Apply.
In the Show Properties window, the MIN_LINE_WIDTH property is added to the net
VCC.
6. Follow the same steps (2 through 5) to attach the MIN_LINE_WIDTH property to net
GND, and set the value to 15 MIL.
8. Right click and choose Done to exit from the Edit > Property command.
Showing Existing Properties on Elements in the Design

There are several ways to display properties attached to elements in the design. The Edit >
Property command lets you identify the parts or nets in which you are interested. The
Show Properties window lets you identify the properties in which you are interested.
1. From the top menu, choose Edit > Properties.

2. Click in the blank field under Net, and enter:

*
The Show Properties window displays all of the nets in the design, and the properties
attached to each net. The GND and VCC nets where you just added properties show
up at the end of the report.
3. In the Show Properties window, choose File > Save As.

4. Enter the following name to save the file:

netprops
5. Click Save in the browser form.

The file netprops.txt is written to the current working directory. This file contains the
same information as the Show Properties window, and can be used to check property
assignments for the design.
6. Click Close in the Show Properties form.
8. Choose Display > Property from the top menu.

The Show Property form appears. It contains a scrollable list of properties.
9. Select the ROOM property.
10. Click the Show Val button.

The Show window displays a list of functions and components with the ROOM
property attached.
11. Click Close in the Show window.
12. Click OK in the Show Property form.
Deleting Properties
description box to Comp (or Pin).
3. Click in the blank field under Comp, and enter:

j1

The Edit Property dialog box appears and the Show Properties window displays all of
the properties attached to J1.
4. In the Edit Property form, select the HARD_LOCATION property from the scroll
list.
The property appears to the right of the table. Notice the Delete check box to the left
of the property name.
5. Enable the box on the left side of the property named HARD_LOCATION, as shown,
then click Apply.
The property disappears from the Show Properties window. These steps can be used
whenever you need to delete a property from an element.
7. Right click and choose Done to exit the Edit > Properties command.

A Save window appears, prompting you to decide whether you want to overwrite the
existing constraints.brd file.
9. Click Yes.
10. Choose File > Exit from the top menu of Allegro to exit the Allegro software.
STOP End of Lab

8
Lesson 8: Component Placement
Learning Objectives
Use floorplanning to organize the placement of components

with the same ROOM property.
Assign reference designators to preplaced parts.
Learn how to use various placement commands to
interactively place components on the board.
In this section you will learn how to place components on your board. You will learn how
to create Rooms and assign components to rooms, how to assign reference designators to
preplaced symbols, and how to quickly place components. You will also learn the
interactive commands available when working with placement.

Component Placement Lesson 8

stackup constraints
YOU ARE
HERE
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
Gerber data
silkscreens automatic
route signals
Assembly
drawings
fabrications
drawings
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. As indicated in the flow, the
Arrange/place components box will now be discussed.

Lesson 8 Component Placement
Prerequisites
1
package symbols 2 U1 3
4
5 U1 6
netlist
loaded
/your/company/lib
symbols
env file set properly

(psmpath, padpath)
It is important to remember how Allegro determines where the footprints and padstacks
are located on disk. The variables PSMPATH and PADPATH are used to determine the
locations on disk of the footprints and padstacks, respectively. These variables are defined
in the env file and can also be set and modified using the User Preferences Editor.
The prerequisites for manual placement are:

– Symbols: The package symbols and padstacks required for parts in the netlist must
exist. Point to the location of the package symbols in the library search path. You can
define these paths in the env file.
– Netlist: You must load a schematic database into an Allegro design file (.brd). See the
lesson titled Importing Logic Information into Allegro for more details.
– Alternate Package Symbols: If you plan to select alternative package symbols during
manual placement, the alternate symbol definitions must be contained in the appropriate
part definition files.

– Floorplanning: You can create a “block diagram” of the logical functions that need to
be arranged on the board by using Rooms. Specify this part property within the Concept
or Capture schematics, or you can add it to a third-party netlist before the database is
read in.
– Package Keepouts: If your master design file did not contain package keepouts, add
them before you begin placing components, by selecting Setup > Areas > Package
Keepout.
Interactive Placement
Place > Manually
Manual placement can be used to place parts by reference designator, place all parts, place
IC components, place IO components, and place discretes, as well as other options.
Components are defined as IC, IO or discrete, using the CLASS property as defined in the
device file for third-party netlists, or in the chips.prt file for Concept. For Capture, you
will need to manually add the CLASS property to the parts in your library.
You also use the Place > Manually command to place package symbols (spare
footprints), mechanical symbols (board outline or board mechanical) and format symbols
(company formats).

Placement Grid
Setup > Grids
The placement grid is a Non-Etch grid (it is not the grid used for routing connections). The
origin of the package symbol (defined during symbol creation) locks on to the Non-Etch
grid.
Select Setup > Grids to set the spacing for manual placement on the Non-Etch grid. The
origin of the placement grid is the origin of the Allegro design file (x 0, y 0). Use the Grid
form to toggle the grid visibility ON or OFF.
You can use the Grid Toggle icon to turn the grid display ON or OFF.
It is not unusual to attempt to keep all through-hole components on a 100- or 50-mil

placement grid (this facilitates bareboard and in-circuit testing). For dense or surface-
mount designs, a 25-mil placement grid (or less) is not uncommon.
Also consider the route grid for completing pin-to-pin connections. Keeping the
placement grid compatible with the route grid will reduce the number of “off-grid” pins.

Strategy
Create rooms for floorplanning.

Assign reference designators to "preplaced" devices.
Place I/O bound devices.
Place critical logic functions.
Evaluate and revise placement.
Place bulk decoupling and bypass caps.
Use reports to aid placement process.
memory Create a block

diagram
ecl
clock
analog
Assign 'P1'
1. Floorplanning: You can create a “block diagram” of the logical functions through the
use of Rooms.
2. Assign fixed IO devices: Use the Assign command to correlate any connector
package symbols (mechanically placed within the master or template file) to
reference designators in the database (such as P1, J2). This process also applies to any
mechanically constrained devices preplaced in the master design file (such as LEDs).
3. Place IO bound devices: Place any parts that send or receive nets from backplane
connectors to minimize overall net length.
4. Place critical logic functions: Place clock circuits, memory arrays, buffers,
controllers, and address buses. (See Floorplanning on the next page.)
5. Place less critical circuits: Place data buses and random logic, interactively or
automatically.
6. Evaluate and revise placement: Use ratsnest display, net highlighting, interactive or
automatic gate and pin swapping, density evaluations, interactive net scheduling,
DFA, and Signal Analysis tools.

7. Place bulk decoupling caps: Perform this step last. If embedded split planes are
required for multiple voltages, group filter caps and associated ICs accordingly.
Note
Some database reports may be useful during the placement process (for example,
nets list, components list, bill of materials, and placed or unplaced components
list). Also, you can use ECL length reports to flag potential net length problems
prior to routing.
Floorplanning with Rooms
Rooms are confinement areas that provide a useful method of grouping components. You
can force automatic placement to occur with specific components and cause them to be
placed within specific rooms. You can attach a room property to components during
schematic creation, netlist creation, or at any time while in the Allegro design. Room
boundaries are recognized as being closed polygons on the TOP_ROOM,
BOTTOM_ROOM, or BOTH_ROOMS subclasses of the BOARD GEOMETRY class.

Creating a Room
Add
Add
Rectangular
Line
Line
Arcw/Radius
Arc w/Radius
3pt Arc
3pt Arc
Circle
Circle
Rectangle
Rectangle
Frectangle
Frectangle
Text
Text Polygon
or use
Shape
Shape
Polygon
Polygon
Rectangular
Rectangular
Circular
Circular
Rectangular Rooms
Select Add > Rectangle.
Make sure that the Options form reflects the following settings:
– Class = BOARD GEOMETRY
– Subclass = TOP_ROOM, BOTTOM_ROOM, or BOTH_ROOMS
Polygon-Shaped Rooms
To create a non-rectangular room boundary, select Shape > Polygon. Use the same
settings in the Options form as documented for Rectangular rooms. The difference in
this command is that there is a shape fill setting. You want to leave it set to Unfilled.

Attaching Room Name Text
Add
Add (1)
(2) Attach text to
Line
Line
Arcw/Radius
Arc w/Radius
3ptArc
3pt Arc
Circle
Circle
Rectangle
Rectangle
Frectangle
Frectangle (4)
Text
Text MEM_BUF
Done
Done
Oops
Oops
Cancel
Cancel
(3) Pick location
To add the room name to the polygon, use the Add > Text option from the top menu.
Select the polygon you have drawn, select a point where the text should appear, and enter
on the Allegro command line the name of the room. The room name you add must match
the property you attached to your components. The room name is NOT case-sensitive. In
order to have DRC’s appear when the part is NOT placed inside the room, attach the
property ROOM_TYPE with a value of HARD to the room.

Assign RefDes Command
Logic > Assign RefDes
Use the Tools > Assign RefDes command to correlate any package symbols
(mechanically constrained and preplaced within the master or template file) to reference
designators in the database (for example, P1 and J2).
Enter the reference designator you want to assign into the Options form or select the
“browser” button to bring up a list of all the Reference Designators that still require
placement. Then select a part from the list, and select the corresponding package symbol.
If you entered a reference designator that cannot be found within the database, an error
message is output to the Allegro message area.
The specified reference designator is automatically incremented by 1 (default). For

example, after you assign refdes ‘J1’, the next package symbol you select is assigned the
refdes ‘J2’ designation (unless otherwise specified in the Options form).

Labs
Lab: Floorplanning
Organize areas of the board to place component parts with the
same ROOM property together on the board.
z Start in the work directory.
z Set the non-etch grid.
z Add rooms.
z Add room text.
Lab: Assigning Preplaced Packages
Associate a preplaced component with a logical part from the
netlisted database
■ Familiarize yourself with the process required to create rooms within your design.
■ Familiarize yourself with the process required to assign reference designators to preplaced
packages.

Lab 8-1: Floorplanning

Objective: Create a floorplan for component placement.
Each design has unique placement requirements. For this reason, floorplanning is
performed after the logic has been loaded into the master design file.
Starting in the Work Directory

Later in this module, you will perform pin and gate swapping. Pin and gate swapping is an
operation that can change your design, making it no longer synchronous with the original
schematic. In this case, you will need to run backannotation. We cover backannotation
later.
1. Start Allegro.
2. Choose File > Open and open the constraints.brd design (if it is not the current
design).
3. Use the View > Zoom Fit command or strokes (W, Z) to fit the board to your work
area.
Setting the Non-Etch Grid

During placement, components you move will lock to this grid.
1. Toggle the grid points to ON, if they are not currently displayed, by clicking the Grid
icon in the top menu.
2. Choose Setup > Grids from the top menu.
The Grids Display menu opens.

3. Locate the Non-Etch section at the top of the form and set the X and Y Spacing to 25
mils, as shown in the figure:

You might see the following message:
“Grids are drawn at 100.0, 100.0 apart for enhanced viewability.”
In this case, you need to zoom in to actually see the 25-mil grid points.
Adding Rooms
In the following exercise, you first turn on the layers that display the room information.
Once you have added four rectangular rooms, you will give them each a name. Each set of
coordinate points you enter becomes the diagonal corner of a rectangle.
The Color and Visibility form appears.
2. Select the GEOMETRY group.

The Geometry group contains two classes, BOARD GEOMETRY and PACKAGE
GEOMETRY.
3. Use the scroll bar on the right side of the form to find the TOP_ROOM subclass
under the BOARD GEOMETRY column.
4. Toggle the TOP_ROOM layer ON. If you prefer a different color for this subclass,
you can also set the color at this time.
5. Click OK to close the Color and Visibility form.

6. Choose Shape > Rectangular from the top menu.

The Options form displays two fields for Active Class and Subclass. The top box is
the Class, and the lower box is the Subclass. Set the Class and Subclass fields as
shown:
7. You want to make sure the Shape Fill, Type field is set to Unfilled. This is necessary
when adding a shape that will be used for a placement room.

x 1900 4200
x 3800 2200
x 1400 2200
x 3900 1500
x 1300 1500
x 3900 700
x 1300 700
x 3900 -100
Four rectangles appear on the board.

Adding Room Text

1. Choose Add > Text from the top menu.
Pick an element to attach text to.
2. Click someplace on the topmost rectangle that you just created.

The rectangle appears highlighted. The Allegro message area prompts:
Pick text location.
3. Set the values in the Options form to match those in the figure:
4. Click somewhere inside the highlighted rectangle, and enter:

MEM
5. Press the Return key.

You have attached the name for this room. Now you will attach the names for the next
rooms.
6. Click the next lower rectangle and name it LED following the prompts you receive
from the Allegro command line.

7. Name the next two rectangles CHAN1 and CHAN2, as shown in the figure:

You have just created four rooms—the MEM, LED, CHAN1 and CHAN2 rooms.
Parts that have an attached Room property equal to these name values be placed
according to the room they belong in.

A window appears and warns you that the constraints.brd file already exists. It asks if
you want to overwrite the file.

The file constraints.brd is written to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 8-2: Assigning Preplaced Packages

Objective: Associate preplaced connectors to the logical database.
The mechanical template used to create this design file (master.brd) contained preplaced
package symbols. In order for a preplaced part to have connectivity, it must be assigned a
reference designator that exists in the design database.
1. From the top menu, choose Logic > Assign RefDes.
2. Click the Options form to bring it to the front. Click in the Refdes field and enter:
j1
3. Click on any graphics associated with the edge connector symbol. You may want to
zoom in on J1.
J* has changed to J1.
4. Zoom out to include just the board by selecting the F9 function key.
Notice in the options tab J1 has incremented to J2.
5. Click on the upper BNC connector at the right side of the board.
J* has changed to J2.
6. Click on the lower BNC connector at the right side of the board.
J* has changed to J3. Both BNC connectors now have reference designators assigned,
as shown in the figure:

7. Right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu. You might see some ratsnest
lines if they are toggled ON.

A window appears and warns you that the constraints.brd file already exists, asking
you whether you want to overwrite the file.

The file constraints.brd is written to disk.
STOP End of Lab
Placement-Related Properties
PLACE_TAG
ROOM
NO_SWAP_GATE
NO_SWAP_GATE_EXT
NO_SWAP_PIN
FIX_ALL
FIXED
■ PLACE_TAG — Indicates that the component is to be placed during the next automatic
or interactive placement session.
■ ROOM — Indicates that the component is to be located in a particular location, identified

by the room name, during automatic placement.
■ NO_SWAP_GATE — Indicates that functions within components cannot be swapped.
■ NO_SWAP_GATE_EXT — This function cannot be swapped with a function from

another component (only swapped among slots within its current component).
■ NO_SWAP_PIN — Indicates that pins on this component or function cannot be

swapped, either interactively or automatically.

■ FIX_ALL — Declares that components having this property will not be eligible for any
pin or gate swapping.
■ FIXED — Component cannot be moved or deleted.
Tagging Parts for Placement
Edit > Properties
filename = cpu.lst
U17
U15 name or list toggle
The PLACE_TAG property lets you create a special group of critical parts for placement.
Once you have attached the PLACE_TAG property to the preferred parts, you can request
parts from this group using the Place > Manually command and setting the Type Filters to
Place_tag.
To use the PLACE_TAG property in manual placement, you attach the property using the
same methods available for attaching any properties. In the example shown, the name of
an ASCII file containing the preferred parts is specified (create multiple files, each
representing a different group or function). Note that if you don’t specify an extension, the
.lst extension is assumed.

Placement Commands
Place > … or
Manual
placement
Automatic
placement
Symbol Library
utilities
Allegro placement commands include the following types:

– Manual placement commands are used to select components individually or by groups,
and interactively determine their location. The Quickplace command will place parts
outside the board outline, whereby the parts can then be placed interactively to determine
their final location.
– Automatic placement commands include both Allegro and SPECCTRA automatic tools.
– A placement analysis tool is used to determine areas of high density and high signal
crossing counts.
– Component symbol utilities include methods of accessing new library data to update
your design.

Manual Placement Commands
Place > Manually

Right mouse button
pop-up menu
The Manual Placement command lets you specify a component or a group of

components. Allegro attaches a component from that group to your cursor. Click to place
the attached part to a point on the placement grid. The following options are available
when you select Place > Manually from the top menu.
– Components by RefDes lets you specify one or more reference designators.
– Package Symbols lets you place package symbols in the design WITHOUT containing
any logical information.
– Mechanical Symbols lets you place mechanical symbols in the design.
– Format Symbols lets you place format symbols in the design.
The Selection Filters section lets you further refine the elements that are available for
selection. The following two sections are available:
– Alphanumeric Filter lets you select the elements that match the name you enter. You
may use the wildcard character of “*” to select a group of components, such as “U*.
– Type Filters lets you select the elements that match a certain CLASS as defined in the
device file, part(s) that have the Place Tag property, or parts of a certain device type.

While a part is attached to the cursor, click right to access options for rotating the part, or
mirroring the part to the opposite side.
By default, the Manual Placement form will be displayed at all times. This may take up
too much space in your work area. To hide this form, you can either select the Hide
button, or enable the AutoHide option available in the Advanced Settings folder tab. In
either case, make sure you select the components to place first before hiding the form.
Changing the Default Orientation
Setup > Drawing Options
Orientation for
back of board
When you place parts manually, they are by default placed on the top side of the board
(this is the default when you create your package symbols). However, certain times you
may want to place a series of parts on the bottom or back side of the design (such as
standard surface-mount decoupling capacitors). To have Allegro place each part on the
bottom side of the board, WITHOUT manually using the right mouse button pop-up
“mirror” option, set the Mirror toggle in the Symbol Folder tab under Setup > Drawing
Options. After setting this toggle, all parts that are manually placed will by default be
placed on the bottom side of the board.

Lab
Lab: Manual Placement

Learn to use interactive commands to place components on the
board.
z Place parts by reference designator.
z Change default orientation.
z Use the Move and Rotate commands.
z Move groups of parts.
z Place groups of components in a room.
z Place a component by type.
The following lab will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process required to
manually place parts on the board. You will learn how to rotate parts, mirror parts, move
parts and other manual placement options.

Lab 8-3: Manual Placement

Objective: Select, place, and move components interactively.
Placing Parts by Reference Designator

1. From the top menu, choose Place > Manually.
The Placement browser window appears.
2. Click the Placement List tab to bring it forward if it is not visible.
3. Click on the + icon to expand the Components by refdes folder.
4. Scroll through the list and enable the check box to the left of U5.
An outline view of the footprint is displayed in the Quickview window, and the
Allegro message area states:
Placing U5 / EPF8282A_LCC / PLCC84.
5. Move the cursor into the main Allegro window. You will probably have to move the
Placement browser window to see the board location.
U5 is attached to your cursor. Before placing U5, you need to rotate it.
Note
When a part is attached to your cursor for manual placement, it is not rotated (0-
degree rotation by default). This is the orientation of the part when it was created.
6. Right click and choose Rotate from the pop-up menu.

A “handlebar” extends between the part and your cursor.
7. Use the handlebar to spin the component.

Notice that the angle of rotation appears in the status area at the lower right of your
window.
8. Spin U5 to 180 degrees.

Notice the angle reading in the Status area of your screen (lower right corner).
9. When the Status area shows that U5 is in a +180-degree rotation, click left to accept
the current orientation.
You are no longer in rotate mode, but you are still in move mode. U5 is still attached
to your cursor.

10. Click to place U5 in the design at the location shown in the figure.
12. Click OK to exit the Placement form.
Changing the Default Orientation

Rather than using the Rotate command from the pop-up menu each time you place an
individual component, you can override the default orientation using the Drawing Options
form.
1. Choose Setup > Drawing Options in the top menu.
The Drawing Options form appears. In the upper right is a tab labeled Symbol.
2. Click the Symbol tab to bring it forward.

3. Set the Angle field to 180, as shown:
4. Click OK to exit from the Drawing Options form.

Now the default orientation is 180 degrees (instead of zero).

The Placement form appears.
6. Select the Placement List tab to bring it forward if it is not visible.
7. Expand the Components by refdes folder.
8. Scroll through the list and enable the check box to the left of U1.
U1 appears in the Quickview window.
9. Move your cursor into the Allegro window.

U1 attaches to your cursor in a 180-degree rotation. The dynamic ratsnest lines appear
between the component on your cursor and any currently placed component.

10. Click to place the U1 component on the board at the location indicated in the next
figure.
Place U4 here.
Place U3 here.
Place U2 here.
Place U1 here.
11. Place components U3, U4, and U2 using the method you just tried. Refer to the above
figure for where to place the components.
12. Right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu to complete the command.
Moving Parts
When you are using the Place Manually command and no part is selected in the
Placement form, you are by default in the Move mode. You can also at any time initiate
the Move mode by using the right mouse button and choosing Move.
1. Choose Edit > Move from the main menu.

2. Click to select a part to move, and click to place it in a new location.
Important
When selecting parts to move, you must click anywhere on the symbol graphics to
identify which one to move. Be sure the find filter is toggled correctly to move
symbols.
3. Practice this Move command with other parts.
Moving Groups of Parts

1. Choose Edit > Move.
2. In the Find Filter, toggle everything OFF except Symbols.
3. Click and hold the left mouse button as you drag the mouse to stretch a frame around
the desired group of components you want to move.
Note
The graphics of these parts do not need to be entirely within the window to be
selected. Do not include any part of the board outline in your selection window.
The board outline, keepins, and keepouts were created as one board symbol, so this
symbol should NOT be moved.
If you make a mistake creating the selection window, right click and choose Oops
from the pop-up menu. Then use the left mouse button to stretch a frame around the
desired components.
4. When the parts you want to move are highlighted, click left (but do not hold) to define
an origin, or reference point, for the group to move.
The group is attached to the cursor.
5. Move the group around and click on a new grid location to place the group.
Assigning the PLACE_TAG Property

You can specify a group of parts you want to place by attaching a PLACE_TAG property
to them.

2. In the Find filter, select All Off, then enable Comps. Make sure the Find by Name
field is set to Comp (or Pin) as shown in the figure:
3. Click the More... button.

A Find By Name/Property window appears.
4. In the Name Filter type u1* and hit Tab.

This changes the left column selection to narrow down our choices to display only
selected components.
5. Select components U10 through U17 from this list and click Apply.
The Edit Property dialog box and a Show Properties report appear.
6. Scroll down the Show Properties report and identify that these components have the
ROOM = MEM property. You should see eight components: U10 through U17.
7. In the Edit Property form, select the PLACE_TAG property, and click Apply.
The PLACE_TAG property is now attached to all the parts in the group you defined.
You will see this in the Show Properties report.
9. Click OK to close the Find by Name Property form.
Placing Groups of Components in a Room

1. Select Setup > Drawing Options > Symbol to change the rotation of components to
be placed to 90 degrees in order to place the next components, as you did previously.
2. Click OK to exit the Drawing Options form.

4. In the Type Filters field of the Selection filters area, select the Place tag option, as
shown in the figure.
.
Part U10 is attached to your cursor.
5. Place parts U10 through U17 in the MEM room, using the Rotate and Move
commands to arrange all the parts in 4 x 2 row-column matrix, as shown in the figure:

6. Click OK in the Placement form to end the manual placement command.
Placing a Component by Type

2. Select the Placement List tab to bring it forward if it is not visible.
3. Under Selection Filters/Type Filters, select IC.
4. Do not click or select anything, but move your cursor into the Allegro window.
An IC component appears, attached to your cursor as you move it. The Allegro
command line will report the reference designator, component type, and symbol type.
5. Move your cursor into the Allegro window and place the IC attached to your cursor.
Continue to place the IC components. The figure that follows shows a suggested
placement for these.

Note
You can use the Move, group Move, and Rotate commands to rearrange the
locations and orientation of the ICs as needed.
6. When you are finished placing all the IC components, choose Done to end the
placement command.
7. Click OK to exit the Manual Placement form.
8. Save the board as partplaced.brd.

STOP End of Lab
Quickplace
Place > Quickplace Components placed along the

right side and bottom of board
The Quickplace command will place unplaced parts outside the board outline, but will not
place any parts outside the drawing extents. Parts that are already placed in the design will
not be affected by the Quickplace command.
By using the Edge section and Side section of the form, you can control whether parts are
placed outside the left, right, top or bottom of the board outline and whether the parts are
placed on the top or bottom side of the design. The options can be changed at any time and
the command rerun multiple times to achieve almost any desired placement pattern.
Place by Part Number - Place components in groups by part number around the board
outline (i.e. 74act32, 74fct244s).
Place by Net Name - Place components that have a common net name between them.
Useful for boards that have multiple voltages and will need to set up placement for a
resulting split plane.

Place by Schematic Page Number - When you have a Concept (only) schematic, you can
place components by page. This instantly aids visualization of the flow of the design by
just placing the components that are logically clustered together on the schematic page.
The Place all components option will attempt to place all currently unplaced parts in the
next execution of the command. If this option is not set, the Filters section of the form is
enabled.
You use the Place by refdes section to refine the parts for placement. You can use the
filters to specify only IC, IO or Discrete components, or any combination of the three.
Remember, these three classifications of parts are controlled by the library definition in
Concept or Capture and by the device files for third-party netlists.
The Symbols placed field displays the number of components placed, as well as the
number of available components for placement, as determined by the Filters settings.
The Undo last place button will remove only the most recent parts placed, as specified by
the Filters setting. The Unplace button will repeatedly remove parts placed for as many
times as a place option was run during the current session.
The Unplaced symbol count field displays the current number of parts remaining to be
placed.
Deleting Components
Step 1
Edit > Delete or
Step 2
Select the component to delete
(check the Find Filter)
Step 3
Select in an open area
or select another component
Step 4
Right Mouse Button Oops is
Still available to Undelete

You use the standard Edit > Delete command to delete components from the board.
However, components are not really deleted, but merely unplaced in the design. You can
never delete logical parts from within Allegro.
You can delete individual parts from the board or delete a group of components by
dragging the mouse and forming a rectangle around a series of parts. Also remember that
parts that have the FIXED property will not be deleted.
Note
Make sure to check your Find Filter when attempting to delete parts from your
design. If Symbols is not checked, you will not be able to delete the parts desired.
Lab
Lab: Using Quickplace

Use the Quickplace command to place parts outside the board
outline so they can be viewed before placement
Lab: Removing Components from the Board
Learn how to use the Delete command to remove and replace
board components.
■ Familiarize yourself with the process required to use Quickplace. You will also use the
placement skills you have already learned to place the design.
■ Work with the process required to remove and then replace parts in your design.

Lab 8-4: Using Quickplace

Objective: Use the Quickplace command to place the rest of the
components outside the board outline so they can be viewed
before placement.
The Quickplace command can be used to place parts outside the board outline. You can
then start moving parts onto the design to create your final placement. You will place all
Discrete components to the right of the board outline so you can see them all at once.
1. Be sure you are working on the board file partplaced.brd. It is the board we saved in
the previous lab.
2. Choose View > Zoom World to display the entire extents of the drawing.
3. If the grids are displayed, turn them off by clicking the Grid Toggle icon.
Quickplacing Discretes by Reference Designator

1. Choose Place > Quickplace from the top menu.
The Quickplace form is displayed.
Caution
Set your options as shown in the figure. You will have to change several of the
default settings.

Notice that you set Top for the side on which the components will be placed. In the
Place by ref des section, under Refdes > Include, you add d*. This will place the
components with a reference designator starting with D outside the board.
2. Click Place at the bottom of the form.

Four discrete LEDs are placed to the right edge of the board outline.
3. In that same form, change the Refdes > Include filter from d* to l*.
4. Click Place at the bottom of the form.

Six discrete Inductors are placed to the right edge of the board outline.
5. Click OK at the bottom of the form to close the Quickplace form.
6. Zoom in closer.
7. Choose the Edit > Move command to relocate the LEDs and Inductors that were just
Quickplaced to match this picture.

8. .
9. Select Zoom Fit to see the entire board.
Quickplace the Remaining Capacitors and Resistors

1. Select Place > Quickplace.

2. Set the form to appear as follows. You will change the Side from Top to Bottom and
make sure that Discrete is toggled ON.
This places the remaining discrete components on the right side of the board outline.
3. Choose Edit > Spin in the top menu.
4. Click and drag a window to select all the components you have just placed (to the
right of the board) and spin them 90 degrees, so they are oriented vertically. This is
the orientation for which you want to place most of them on the board.
5. Complete the placement of components on the board, using all the commands you
have already practiced, including: Edit > Move, Edit > Spin, Edit > Mirror, Place >
Manually, and Edit > Delete.
Note
While moving the components, view the information in Allegro command line to
see which component is attached to your cursor.
To see which refdes values go with which component, you can open the
placed_con.brd file in the solutions directory for reference.
6. Click the Show Element icon to select a component and determine which room, if
any, the component may be assigned to.

Below is a table of the rooms defined and the parts that should be placed in each
room:
Room List of components (by RefDes)
MEM U10, U11, U12, U13, U14, U15, U16, U17,

C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, C20, C21, C22
LED U6, D1, D2, D3, D4, R1, R2, R3, R4
CHAN1 U8, U18, U19, U20, J2, L1, L3, L4, C5, C23,
C24, C25, R15, R16
CHAN2 U9, U21, U22, U23, J3, L2, L5, L6, C6, C26,
C27, C28, R14, R17, R18
7. When you have completed manual placement, choose File > Save As from the top
menu.
8. Rename this drawing by entering the following in the File Name field:
placed
9. Click Save to save the placed.brd file.
Generating Reports
1. To create a report of placed components, choose Tools > Reports.
A Reports form appears.
2. Use the scroll bar in the Report field to view all the available types of reports that you
can generate.
3. Select the Placed Component report, then click Report.

A Report window appears with a list of all placed components. In this case, the report
should show you have placed all 82 components.

4. Click Close to exit from the Report window.
5. To create a report of unplaced components, select Unplaced Components from the

scroll list.
6. Click Report.
The Unplaced Component Report form appears.
7. Exit from the Report window by clicking on Close.
8. Exit the Reports form by clicking on Close.

If there were any components that appeared in the Unplaced Components report, be
sure to place them before continuing.

A window appears and warns you that the placed.brd file already exists, and asks you
if you want to overwrite the file.

The file placed.brd is written to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 8-5: Removing Components from the

Board
Objective: Demonstrate the delete command to remove and replace board
components.
To give you an idea of how easily components may be placed, you’re going to first delete
a component, then place it back again onto the board.
2. Click on one of the ICs you have already placed.

The component is highlighted, giving you a chance to verify that this is a component
you really want to delete. If you made a mistake, at this point you could choose Oops
from the pop-up menu.
3. Click again anywhere on the board to delete it.

The component is deleted from the board, but not from the component database.
4. Choose Done from the pop-up menu to end the Delete mode.
5. Use the Place > Manually command to place the part back in its original location.
Once you have completed the replacement, choose Done from the pop-up menu.
6. Choose File > Exit from the top menu.
7. When asked whether you want to save changes, click NO to exit your design.
STOP End of Lab

9
Lesson 9: Advanced Placement
Learning Objectives
Turn ratsnests on and off to selectively place components.

Use interactive and auto swapping for pins and gates.
Apply advanced placement techniques to place
components.
Update symbols and padstacks that have changed.
Perform cross selection or cross placement between
Allegro and Concept or Capture.
In this section you will learn some advanced placement techniques that can be used to aid
you in the placement and ultimately the routing of your design. These techniques include
controlling the display of ratsnests, swapping pins, components and gates, and cross
probing between Concept or Capture and Allegro. You will also learn what steps are
required when a physical library part is modified.

Advanced Placement Lesson 9
Ratsnest
Display > Show Rats > All

Components
Display > Blank Rats > Nets
Ratsnests are lines displayed between the pins of an unconnected net. They show a
relationship between pins having the same netname.
Ratsnest lines can be very useful placement aids. Displaying ratsnests can help identify
congested areas. Ratsnests can also help evaluate the ‘flow’ within and between functional
blocks of logic.
To display ratsnests, select Display from the top menu. The following sub-menus are
available:
– Show Rats
• All displays ratsnest lines for all nets, except those nets having a NO_RAT property
attached (such as VCC, GND).
• Components displays all ratsnest lines to pins on the part(s) you select. Select the
part(s) with your left mouse button, or use the Find by Name section of the Find Filter
to enter a reference designator or a file of reference designators.
• Net displays all ratsnest lines to pins on the net(s) you select. Select a pin(s) with your
left mouse button, or use the Find by Name section of the Find Filter to enter a
netname or a file of netnames.
– Blank Rats

Lesson 9 Advanced Placement
• All blanks all ratsnest lines currently displayed.

• Components removes ratsnest display for specified part(s).
• Net removes ratsnest display for specified net(s).
Note
Power nets automatically receive a NORAT property when the netlist is read in.
That is why you typically will not see ratsnests appear for your VCC and GND
nets. To turn the ratsnest back on, delete the NORAT property on these nets.
Automatic Swapping of Functions and Pins
Gate swapping Pin swapping
A
Y
After component packages are placed on your board design, you can use Allegro’s
automatic pin and gate swapping features to further reduce signal lengths and improve
connectivity. By allowing these swapping processes to occur, you improve the chances for
a complete automatic route.
As shown, swapping features include the following possibilities:

– Gates and functions can be swapped within a package.
– Gates and functions can be swapped between packages of like type.
– Swappable pins within a gate or function can be swapped.
You can perform pin and gate swapping on devices that meet at least one of the following
requirements:

– The device is described in Concept or Capture and contains pin and/or gate information.
– An associated device file with a third-party schematic has been used that contains pin
and/or gate information.
Note
Devices that have been loaded into your design through a third-party netlist must
use device files that contain pin and/or gate information, or else swapping will not
be available for these devices. You can find more information in CDSDoc, the
online documentation.
Automatic Swap
Place > Autoswap > Parameters
Click OK to start autoswapping
Before running automatic swap you must set the swap parameters. You access the swap
parameter by selecting Place > Autoswap > Parameters from the top menu. The Swap
form lets you define parameters for ten swapping passes. For each pass, you can set the
time limit and indicate whether inter-room swaps are permitted. Both function and pin
swaps can occur in each pass. By default, the Allegro tool allows two passes with a time
limit of 60 minutes each, although it is likely that most passes will not require 60 minutes.
Allegro completes each swap pass by running the function swap first, then the pin swap. It
is recommended that you set a high number for each swap time so the Allegro tool will
have enough time to perform the necessary swaps. Allegro automatically moves to the
next pass when it has completed all appropriate swaps for the given pass.
There are several component and net properties that affect how functions are swapped and
how swappable pins are changed. These properties are explained later in the chapter.

Note
Function or gate information, as well as swappable pin information, must be
present in order for swapping to occur. You can enter this information in your
design through the schematic or through device files.
Note
The OK button starts execution. If you want to close the form without running
automatic swap, use the Close button.
Running Automatic Swap
1. Define the area to considered:

Design
Room
Window
2. Click OK in the Parameters menu to run automatic swap.
3. View changes to the ratsnest display.
4. Use File > Viewlog to view the swap.log file for
information on swapping improvements.
5. Choose Tools > Reports to generate and view the
following swap-related information:
Function report
Function pin report
Spare function report
Execute
When you click OK in the Swap parameter window, the Allegro tool examines all
function pairs that can be swapped, then all pin pairs that can be swapped. The program
tool continues to search for eligible swaps that shorten the total design wire length until it
either runs out of time or finds no more suitable swap candidates. When swapping pins on
ECL nets, automatic swap maintains the correct ECL scheduling.
Evaluate
– View the swap.log file for information on swapping improvements. (Use File >
Viewlog.)
– Select Tools > Reports for the following swap-related placement reports:

• Function report
• Function Pin report
• Spare Function report
Interactive Swap
Place > Swap > … Pins

Pins
Functions
Functions
Components
Components
Component Pins and Functions
When displaying ratsnests, you may discover gate-to-slot or pin-to-net assignments that
create unnecessary congestion. Manual gate and pin swapping can reduce such congestion
and allow the ratsnests to flow in a more organized manner, which helps routing. See the
lesson titled Importing Logic Information into Allegro for more details on which part
definition statements are required in order to support gate and pin swapping.
– Pins lets you select two equivalent pins for swapping (for example, inputs on a nand2, or
inputs on a resistor pack).
A
Y
B

– Functions lets you select two equivalent gates for swapping.
– Components trades locations of two entire packages.
Selecting Alternate Packages
ALT_SYMBOLS = '(TOP: SOIC14; BOTTOM: SOIC14_PE)'
Alternate 1
Alternate
Primary
Alternate
(solder side)

It is important to remember that you will only be able to use Alternate symbols when they
are defined by your schematic capture tool. You cannot add the ALTERNATE_SYMBOL
property inside Allegro. If this property is not defined as part of the schematic part or in
the device file, you will not be able to use Alternate symbols when placing your parts. A
good candidate that works well for Alternate symbols is when you have larger sized pad
capacitors to be placed on the solder size of the board for solder reflow.
When you place a part, the primary package symbol is attached to your cursor by default.
This primary package symbol is contained in the part definition file (pstchip.dat for
Concept or Capture, or a device file for Third Party).
To select an alternate package symbol for the part being placed, click the right mouse
button and move to the Alt Symbol option. All available Alternate symbols will be
displayed in a separate pop-up menu for the side of the board currently active. (If no
alternate symbol statement exists in the part definition file, the Alt Symbol option will
appear “greyed out” in the right mouse pop-up menu.)
You can specify alternate packages for the top and bottom of the board (see example).
When placing a part on the top side, the Alt Symbol option displays the package symbols
listed for the top. When alternate symbols are defined for the bottom side, the Mirror
command also changes the package symbol popup accordingly (else the current package
is mirrored). Setting the Mirror switch in the Drawing Options form also allows access to
any alternate symbols for bottom side placement.
Alternate symbol functionality lets you toggle between through-hole and surface-mount
package styles. It also lets you adjust pad sizes for surface-mount discretes to
accommodate different assembly processes for the top (vapor phase or infrared reflow) or
bottom (wave solder). To specify multiple alternate symbols per side, use a comma to
separate them. For example:
alt_symbols=‘(T:soic14,soic14_pe; B:soic14_pe)’

Updating Symbols in a Design
Place > Update Symbols…
Reads padstack data

from the library
When you place a part in your design, a copy of the package symbol is stored in the
Allegro database. This means that any changes made to the footprint library after
placement are NOT reflected in the design. When you execute the Update Symbols
command, the shown form is displayed. You specify through the different symbol folders
which type of symbols need to be updated, such as package symbols, mechanical symbols,
and so forth.
When you select the Refresh button, the update symbol routine is run. This routine will
update the requested symbols from the library into your current design, resulting in the
board design now matching the library.
After placing parts in a design, you might discover an error in a package symbol (for
example, wrong pin spacing, wrong padstack name assigned to pins, inaccurate device
outline, and so forth). The following method is recommended for correcting the problem:
– Use the Symbol Editor to edit the package symbol, and fix the mistake at the library
level (so the same problem will not be experienced by other users).
– Move pins to the proper location.

– Use Replace Padstack to reassign the proper padstack name to symbol pins.
– Edit the assembly and/or silkscreen outline, refdes label location, and so forth.
Correcting the package symbol in the library has no effect on the design file (the design
still contains copies of the incorrect package symbols). You must “swap” the package
symbols in your design with the newer versions stored in the library.
– Use Place > Update Symbols to replace the package symbols in your design with
updated copies from the library. This method ensures that the parts in your design match
the library parts. Various options let you control which symbols get updated.
Use the Update Symbol Padstacks option to replace padstacks in your design with
padstacks found in the library.
Updating Padstacks
Tools > Padstack > Refresh

When you place a part in your design, a copy of the padstack is also stored in the Allegro
database. This means that any changes made to the padstack library after placement are
NOT reflected in the design. By using the Refresh Padstack option from the top menu, the
shown form is displayed. You specify to update all padstacks in the design, or only
padstacks whose names appear in a disk file you must create. When you select the Run
button, the Refresh Padstack routine is run. This routine will update the requested
padstacks from the library into your current design, resulting in the board design now
matching the library.
Use the Refresh Padstacks dialog box to update any or all padstacks in a design to agree
with the library padstacks.
Refresh All Padstacks indicates you want to update all padstacks in the design to agree
with the library padstacks.
Padstack List indicates you want to update only the padstacks in the named list to agree
with the library padstacks. The padstack list can be stored in an ASCII text file that has a
.lst file extension.

Modifying Padstacks
Tools > Padstack > Modify Design Padstack
Entire design or Individual pin(s) Update the design
When you create a library padstack, you can specifically define internal layers (SIG2), or
interpret them from any wildcard (SIG*) or DEFAULT_INTERNAL layers. Once the
padstack is used in a design file, the layers in the library padstack are mapped to the cross
section of the design. For example, BEGIN_LAYER and END_LAYER become Top and
Bottom. (If layers in the library padstack have no match in the design cross section, they
are not used.). You can modify the padstack within the design if the original values need to
be modified/changed for any reason. The standard Padstack Designer forms are used to
update the padstack within the design.
Definition - You edit the padstack description within the context of the entire design.
Every occurrence of this padstack found in the design is modified.
Instance - You edit the padstack description for a certain pin(s) within the design.
Wildcards may be used in any/all of the Symbol/Pin/Ref Des fields. The New Name field
will contain a new padstack name automatically generated by the software. This is to
differentiate the new padstack definition from the original padstack definition.

After modifying the padstack, you save the changes. Use the File > Update to Design
command from the top menu in the Padstack Designer form. This saves the modified
padstack “inside” the design only. To save the modified padstack to disk, use the File >
Save or File > Save As command from the Padstack Designer form.
The Tools > Padstack > Modify Library Padstack command is used to update the
library padstack. A browser is presented for choosing which padstack to be modified. You
must have write permissions for the library in order to update the padstack.
Creating a Library from a Design
File > Export > Libraries
Select File > Export > Libraries to create library definitions from a layout drawing.
The Export Libraries feature creates mechanical symbols, package symbols, format
symbols, shape symbols, flash symbols, device files, and padstack files. It also creates all
symbol-related drawing files.
Caution
All files are written into your current working directory; therefore, it is to your
advantage to move to an empty directory just prior to invoking this command. To
change your current working directory, type cd directory_name on the Allegro
command line.

Cross Placement with Concept
Place > Manually
Place the part in Allegro
Select the part in Concept
You can cross probe between Concept and Allegro at any time. In order to have this
ability, you must initiate BOTH Concept and Allegro from within the Project Manager.
You can place a part in Allegro by selecting the part in Concept, you can highlight parts in
both Allegro and Concept by selecting the part in either system, and so on. Make sure you
execute the Allegro command first (such as Place > Manually or Display > Highlight)
before selecting the parts, nets, and so on in Concept.

Cross Selection with Capture
Options > Preferences

Launch Allegro after
netlisting
If you use Capture to create your schematics, you have the ability to cross-probe with
Allegro. There are two methods by which you can perform cross-probing between the two
systems.
First, when you run the Capture netlist program, you enable the Open Board in Allegro
option. After the netlist has been successfully created, Allegro will automatically be
launched and you can perform the cross-probing commands such as placement,
highlighting, and so forth.
The second method to perform cross-probing is to use Intertool Communication. You can
launch both Allegro and Capture manually using this mode. To enable Intertool
Communication, from Capture, select Options > Preferences, select the Miscellaneous
tab, and check the Enable Intertool Communication option.
Important
Remember that you must first start an Allegro command, such as place, delete and
so forth, BEFORE selecting the object in the Capture schematic. If no Allegro
command is active, and you select an object in Capture, the default command is
the Allegro “highlight” command. If the object selected is not yet available, you
will get an error message on the Allegro command line.

Cross Highlighting between Allegro and

Capture
Display > Highlight
Highlight this part in Allegro… …this component is selected in Capture
Once the link has been made as previously described, you can work with these tools in
close relationship. It helps when troubleshooting problems to locate specific components
or nets on the schematic or board.

Labs
Lab: Displaying Ratsnests

Turn ratsnests on and off to view and hide selected nets and
components.
Lab: Swapping Components, Pins, and Functions
Use manual swapping to exchange components, pins, functions.
Lab: Advanced Placement with ALT_SYMBOL
Use the ALT_SYMBOL property to place alternate versions of a
component.
Lab: Using the Concept Schematic for Manual Placement
Use cross placement to place components between Concept and
Allegro.
Lab: Using the Capture Schematic for Manual Placement
Move parts using cross selection and cross highlighting between
Capture and Allegro.
The following labs will allow you to familiarize yourself with:
■ The process required to display and blank ratsnests in your design.
■ The process required to swap components, pins and functions (or gates) in your design.
■ The process required to use alternate symbols when placing parts in your design.
Remember, you can only use alternate symbols if they have been set up correctly in your
front end library.
■ The process and steps required to cross probe between either Concept or Capture and
Allegro. Remember, you can only perform these steps if you used Concept or Capture as
the front-end tool when you imported your schematics into Allegro.

Lab 9-1: Displaying Ratsnests

Objective: Turn ratsnests on and off to selectively view and hide nets. Use
this application while interactively routing individual nets.
1. Start Allegro and open the placed.brd file if it is not the current design.
2. To blank all ratsnest lines, choose Display > Blank Rats > All.
3. To display rats by component, choose Display > Show Rats > Components.
4. Click on a component.
Ratsnest lines appear for all signals that exist on the component you picked. The
appearance of the ratsnests is cumulative as you select more components.
5. Choose Display > Blank Rats > All from the top menu.
Note
You can also use the Unrats All and Rats All icons for turning ratsnests on and
off.
Unrats All Rats All
6. To display ratsnest lines for a particular signal, choose Display > Show Rats > Net.
7. If necessary, click the Find tab to bring the Find Filter to the front.
8. In the Find By Name section, select NET from the drop-down list, make sure the next
field is set to Name, and enter aen (not case sensitive) in the > field, as shown in the
figure:
The AEN rat is displayed and the window will zoom around the ratsnest. You could
have also clicked on a pin if you knew the location of the net.
10. Choose Display > Blank Rats > All from the top menu.

STOP End of Lab

Lab 9-2: Swapping Components, Pins, and

Functions
Objective: Use manual component, pin, and gate swapping to improve
routing.
When placing components, you can achieve better routing results downstream by
minimizing signal crossings, roughly indicated by the ratsnest lines between pins. You can
always swap placed components, which is especially effective when the components are
of similar size and shape. By swapping pins and gates you can have a cleaner arrangement
of conductors.
Swapping Components
At this point, you can turn on the ratsnests to see how the pins for each net are arranged.
1. Turn all the ratsnests on by choosing Display > Show Rats > All from the top menu.
2. Zoom In to the MEM room area.
3. Choose Place > Swap > Components from the main menu.
4. Click two parts for swapping, such as adjacent IC’s in the MEM room at the upper
right of the board.
The two parts are swapped.
5. Try swapping several other pairs of components and see whether you can reduce the
complexity of the ratsnest.
6. When you are through swapping, right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu.
7. Practice this command with other pairs of parts.
Note
IC’s U10 through U17 have a ROOM property of MEM and should therefore be
placed in the MEM room. Check the room properties of the IC’s you place to
verify they are in their proper rooms.

Swapping Pins or Functions (Gates)

After swapping physical package locations, you can further optimize your placement
through gate and pin swapping. To demonstrate this, you will work with U4, an SOIC48
designated with an FCT16245 function. Not all components are defined for pin or gate
swapping, but U4—a component you have already placed—does have definitions for
function (gate) swapping.
1. Zoom in to the area of your design where U4 has been placed.
2. Click the Rats All icon to display all ratsnest lines.
3. Choose Place > Swap > Functions from the top menu.
4. Select a pin on U4 that has a ratsnest line.

If the pin you selected belongs to a function that can be swapped, the pins of other
similar functions that can also be swapped are highlighted.
5. Select a second pin from the highlighted choices.
Before Function Swapping After Function Swapping

The ratsnest lines from the two gates are swapped. The changes are subtle, so you
need to watch carefully.
7. If you are interested, you can select Display > Element, be sure Functions is toggled
on in the Find Filter, and select a pin on U4.
This describes the functionality of the gates that reside in this component and what
swapping is. Notice there are only two gates in this part, G1 and G2.
8. Choose File > Exit from the Allegro menu.
9. Select Yes to save the placed.brd design.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 9-3: Advanced Placement with

ALT_SYMBOL
Objective: Use ALT_SYMBOL for placing alternative parts.
This exercise shows how you can use the ALT_SYMBOL property to select alternate
package styles during interactive placement. This lab also shows you how to “tag” parts
for interactive placement.
Note
This lab is optional. DO NOT SAVE the results.
Opening a Previous Design

1. Choose File > Open from the Allegro top menu.
2. Enter or click on the name of an unpopulated version of this design:

unplaced
3. Click Open to close the browser form.
Using the ALT_SYMBOL Property

The component specified in this exercise has an ALT_SYMBOL property attached to it.
First let’s make sure that the bottom-side objects will be visible.
1. Click the Color icon and use the Color and Visibility form to turn ON the following
classes and subclasses. (You can also change the bottom-side to be a different color, if
you wish.)
GROUP CLASS SUBCLASS
Components REF DES ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM
Geometry PACKAGE GEOMETRY ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM

Stackup ETCH BOTTOM
Stackup PIN BOTTOM
3. From the top menu, choose Place > Manually.

4. Select the Placement List tab to bring it forward if is not already there.
5. Expand the Components by refdes folder.
6. Scroll through the list and click the box to the left of U2.
An outline view of the footprint is displayed in the Quickview window. The Allegro
message area states something like this:
Placing U2 / 20L10_DIP-BASE / DIP24
This part currently appears as a 24-pin DIP. The physical package is attached to your
cursor for placement. Before placing U2, you must first change the package type.
7. Right click and choose Alt Symbol and SOIC24 from the pop-up menu.
The package style changes to a surface-mount SOIC24.
8. Right click and choose Mirror from the pop-up menu.

The part is mirrored to the bottom side of the design and the package style changes to
an SOIC24_PE, a surface-mount part with pin escapes built into the footprint.
9. Click left to place U2 on the bottom side of the board.
11. Choose Display > Property from the top menu.

The Show Property form appears.
12. Select the ALT_SYMBOLS property from the scroll list.
13. Click Show Val.

The Show window displays a list of part types that have alternate package styles in
the current board design.
14. Click Close in the Show window.
15. Click OK in the Show Property form.
16. Select File > Exit from the Allegro menu.
17. Select No to NOT save the design.

STOP End of Lab

Lab 9-4: Using the Concept Schematic for

Manual Placement
Objective: Use the Concept schematic to select and place components in
the physical layout. This lab is optional—do not save the results.
This section requires that you have loaded logic data from a Concept schematic. You will
select components from the Concept schematic window to be placed in the Allegro design
window. To assure communication between Concept and Allegro schematics, both
software tools should be opened from the Project Manager.
Note
If you have loaded your data from the Capture schematic tool, you should skip this
lab and move to the next lab, Using the Capture Schematic for Manual Placement.
If you have loaded your data as a third-party netlist, skip this lab and move on to
the next lesson, Routing.
Starting the Project Manager

A project configuration (.cpm file) has been set up for you that defines schematic files,
libraries, and layout files associated with your project. Use one of the following methods
to start the Project Manager on your platform.
1. To start the Project Manager, do one of the following:

a. From Windows, choose Start > Programs > Cadence PSD 15.0 > Project
Manager.
b. In UNIX enter the following command in a UNIX shell:
projmgr
The Project Manager form opens or the Project Manager Product Choices dialog box
displays.
2. If the Project Manager Product Choices dialog box displays, select PCB Design
Studio and click OK.
3. Click the Open Project button in the middle of the Project Manager.
Opening the Project

When you click Open in the Project Manager form, a file browser window appears.

1. Navigate to the ~/allegro/project1 directory. Select project1.cpm, then click Open, as

shown in the figure:
The Project Manager form changes and other large buttons appear.
2. Click Design Entry.

The Concept program starts and a schematic appears.
3. Resize the Concept schematic window to fill most of the left half of your screen.
4. In the Project Manager form, click Layout.

The Allegro program starts and your most recent design, placed.brd, appears.
5. Resize the Allegro window to fill the right half of your screen.
You are ready to use both the Concept and Allegro windows from the same screen.
Placing Components Between Concept and Allegro

1. In the Allegro window, choose Place > Manually.
2. Click the Advanced Settings tab in that form and toggle Library on, to access
symbols from the defined symbol library path.
3. Move the cursor to the Concept window and click on one of the components.
The Concept tool acknowledges your selection by drawing a dashed- line rectangle
around the component.

4. Move your cursor back to the Allegro window and notice that you are dragging a
physical component package.
5. Click anywhere in the Allegro design window to place the component.
6. Repeat the previous three steps to place a few more components.
7. Click Cancel from the Placement form in the Allegro window.
8. In preparation for the next lab, you can free some system resources by using the
following steps:
a. Choose File > Exit to close the Concept window.
b. Choose File > Exit to close the Allegro window. Do not save the results of this lab.
c. Choose File > Exit to close the Project Manager window.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 9-5: Using the Capture Schematic for

Manual Placement
Objective: Use the Capture schematic to select and place components in
the physical layout.
In this lab, you will use the Capture schematic to place and move components in the
Allegro design. This lab is optional. Do not save the results.
Opening Capture
1. To start the Capture tool, choose Start > Programs > Cadence PSD 15.0 > Capture.
2. The Studio Suite Selection form will appear, prompting you for which tool you want
to check out. Select Capture Studio and press OK.
The Capture window displays with no projects open.
3. Choose File > Open > Project.

4. Navigate to the ~/allegro/project2 working directory, select release.opj, and click

Open.
5. Choose Options > Preferences.
6. In the Miscellaneous tab, make sure the Enable Intertool Communication option is
checked, then click OK.
7. Click the + symbol on the left side of release.dsn to expand the design.

8. Click the + symbol on the left side of Release Root Schematic to expand the
drawings in the design.
9. Double click Page 1 of the Root Schematic to open that drawing.
Cross Selecting Between Capture and Allegro

1. Start Allegro and open the unplaced.brd file in the project2 directory, if it is not the
active design.
2. Arrange Capture and Allegro so that they each occupy half of your screen, one on the
left side, the other on the right.
3. In the Allegro window, choose View > Zoom Fit to see all of the Allegro board.
4. In the Allegro window, choose Place > Manually.
5. Click the Advanced Settings tab in that form and toggle Library on, to access
symbols from the defined symbol library path.
6. Move the cursor into the Capture Page 1 schematic window and select one of the FCT
components.
7. In Capture, after you have selected a component, click the right mouse button. In the
pop-up menu, click on Allegro Select.
The component you selected in Capture is attached to your cursor in Allegro.
If the components were previously placed on the board, you can delete them from the
board and replace them.
8. Practice cross selecting components in Capture and moving them in Allegro. When
you are finished, right click and choose Done from the pop-up menu in Allegro.
Cross Highlighting and Dehighlighting Between Allegro

and Capture
1. In Allegro, choose Display > Highlight.
2. Click on a part in Allegro.

The corresponding component in Capture is selected.
3. Click on several more parts in Allegro.

The corresponding components in Capture are selected. The selection in Capture is
cumulative. If a different schematic page contains the component you’ve selected in
Allegro, the page opens in Capture.

4. In Allegro, choose Display > Dehighlight.
5. Click one of the previously highlighted parts in Allegro.

The corresponding component in Capture is unselected.
6. Continue dehighlighting parts in Allegro until you have unselected all the selected
components in Capture.
7. Exit Capture and Exit Allegro. Do not save these designs.
STOP End of Lab


10
Lesson 10: Routing and Glossing
Learning Objectives
Define and display etch grids used for routing.

Add and delete connect lines (clines) and vias.
Prepare for autorouting by creating preliminary embedded planes.
Route net connections with SPECCTRA.
Use Slide and Replace Etch to improve routing.
Learn techniques for replacing etch and how to use the Cut option
in conjunction with other etch editing commands.
Gloss the routed etch in the design
In this module you will learn how to interactively route your printed circuit board. You
will learn how to add etch to make signal connections and will also learn the commands
used to edit existing etch on the board.
You will use the SPECCTRA router to autoroute your design. However, this is not meant
to be a course on how to use SPECCTRA. If you wish to learn the details of SPECCTRA,
you should take the SPECCTRA courses available which are:
– SPECCTRA AutoRoute Basics
– Advanced SPECCTRA Autorouting Techniques

Routing and Glossing Lesson 10

stackup constraints
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
Gerber data
automatic
silkscreens route signals
Assembly YOU ARE
drawings HERE
fabrications
drawings
At this point in the design process, the logic has been loaded, the board mechanical has
been defined, the design rules or constraints have been set, and the components have been
placed. You will now route the design using both interactive and automatic techniques.

Lesson 10 Routing and Glossing
Accessing Interactive Routing Modes
SPECCTRA
Rats All Slide Edit Vertex GUI
UnRats Add Custom AutoRoute

All Connect Smooth Param/Route
Use a route command to access interactive route mode simply. When you use routing
commands, the etch grid is displayed.
Icons associated with routing are:

– UnRats All turns off all ratsnest lines.
– Rats All turns on all ratsnest lines.
– Route Connect is used to make electrical connections between pins.
– Slide is used to move existing traces.
– Custom Smooth is used to smooth or gloss individual nets while interactively routing
traces.
– Edit Vertex is used to add or remove vertices from existing traces.
– AutoRoute opens an autorouting parameter form and lets you start the SPECCTRA
router, but it does not access the SPECCTRA interactive user interface.
– SPECCTRA GUI translates the current Allegro design and opens it in the SPECCTRA
interactive user interface. By default, this icon is NOT part of the route toolbar. It must
be added manually.

Routing Grids: Fixed
Setup > Grids

Visibility
Grid toggle icon
Scroll
bar
All etch layers
Individual layers
The etch grid is automatically displayed, if grids are visible, whenever a route command
such as Route Connect is executed. This is the snap grid that is used when you
graphically add route into your design using the left mouse button to select point. If you
set the routing grid and your grid is displayed, but you still cannot see the routing grid, set
the Active Class in the Options folder tab to Etch.
Note
Remember to use the Tab key to move from one line of the Grid form to another,
not the Return key. The Return key will close the form.
Select Setup > Grids from the top menu to access the Grids Display form.
The form shows a fixed routing grid on all layers. A fixed grid system uses a consistent
increment or spacing between grid lines in the x and y direction (usually defined with a
single number, such as 25). This grid starts from the origin (0,0) of the layout drawing.
– The Grids button at the top left of the form controls the visibility of the grid point
display.

– The All Etch section of the form is always blank. Entering the route grid here defines all
the etch layers at once (so you don’t have to enter a grid for each individual layer).
– If you want to use a different route grid on a certain layer, enter it into the individual
layer’s section.
– Use the scroll bar on the right side of the form to see all the individual layers.
Routing Grids: Variable
y3
8
y2
9
y1
8
y0
8 9 8
x0 x1 x2 x3
A variable grid is noticeable by the series of large and small grid points in the display area.
Each large dot represents where the variable grid starts. In the example, notice there is a
large dot, followed by an 8-mil space, a 9-mil space, and another 8-mil space. Then
another large dot appears, representing where the pattern starts again.
The form shown depicts a variable 8, 9, 8 routing grid. A variable grid system uses a
repetitive sequence of increments to define the grid spacing in the x or y direction.
– Variable routing grids help to maximize available “real estate” by optimizing the number
of potential routing channels.
– Variable routing grids adapt well in mixed technology designs (boards with through-
hole, surface-mount, and fine-pitch components).

– Try to create a variable grid that will keep most of your component pins on a route grid.
(For example, your grid should accommodate parts with 100-, 50-, and 25-mil pin pitch.)
Finding Nets or Reviewing Rats
Highlight Rats
Use highlighting or ratsnest lines to find missing connections.
Highlighting Nets
To select elements to be displayed in the permanent highlight color, choose

Display > Highlight. To dehighlight elements that are currently highlighted, use
Display > DeHighlight.
Viewing Ratsnests
Rats are imaginary lines drawn between the unconnected pins of a net. Use the
Display command to display or blank (remove from display) ratsnest lines.
To display or blank (remove from display) all rats, or only by component or net,
choose Display > Show Rats or Display > Blank Rats.
When a net contains dangling trace endpoints, the ratsnest lines are drawn to the end of
the dangling connection and not to the pins.

Adding Signal Connections
1 Route > Connect or
2 Check "active" layer
3 Select start point
4 Click left to enter the projected wire path
5 Click left to continue path to target
6 To exit Connect mode, choose the Done command
It is very important to check the settings of the Active and Alternate layers in the Options
Folder tab when adding etch. If the routing does not appear on the etch subclass that you
expected, it is probably due to an incorrect Active layer setting. However, with the Allegro
Smart Start feature, this problem is eliminated. If you select on a surface-mount pin, or a
piece of etch, and the Active layer does not match the subclass of the element selected, the
Active layer will be automatically changed to match the selected element.
To add signal connections, first select Route > Connect from the top menu, or use the
icon. This puts you into connect mode, ready to add connect-lines (or clines). Clines differ
from other graphic lines in that they have signal name intelligence and adhere to design
rules for width and spacing.
Next, verify that all settings are correct in the Options and Visibility forms. We will give a
detailed description of these settings later in this lesson.
When you are sure that all Options form settings are appropriate, you can begin selecting
points, or drawing the line.

Once you have selected a start point, a projected wire path follows your cursor. This is the
wire segment or connection that will be added to the design.
Between your cursor and the target pin is a target line that acts as a directional guide that
shows you where you must go to complete the connection.
Inserting Vias
1 Route > Connect or 6 Right-click to select

menu options
2 Check "active" layer
3 Add etch on TOP layer
4 Double click to insert a via
5 Add etch on BOTTOM layer
This section explains how to use the Connect option to add vias to a design.
1. Select Route > Connect from the top menu. Notice that the Options form changes.
2. Verify all settings in the Options form.
3. Begin adding the connection by picking vertex points, using the left mouse button in
your Allegro work area.
4. To add a via, check the Alternate layer in the Options form (and change if necessary).
Then, double click the left mouse button.
5. Notice that the Active and Alternate layers have swapped. You can continue adding
your connection on the currently active layer.

6. Click right and select Done to complete the Connect command.
Remember that the via padstack that is used will be the via you defined as the default via
in the Physical Constraints form of the Default Rules.
Selecting Via Types
thru-hole via
blind via
buried via
When adding vias, Allegro attempts to use the most “conservative” via. When using blind
and buried vias, this means Allegro will attempt to use the blind or buried via before using
a through-hole via. In the case shown, since the Active layer was set to Top, the Alternate
layer was set to Sig2, and there was a buried via defined between these two layers, Allegro
will by default select this via. However, you can always override the selected via by
selecting in the Via pull-down section and choosing a different via.
There are two types of vias: through-hole or blind/buried. You can add either type as part
of a connection.

A through-hole via is a plated hole that passes through all layers of your design. It
provides a means of connection from one etch layer to any other. Through-hole vias are
the most common. They are easier and cheaper to manufacture than blind or buried vias,
but they block routing grid channels on all layers each time one is used.
In order to add vias that differ from the default via padstack you defined, you must add
them to the list of available vias in the physical constraint rules.
A blind via is a plated hole that starts from an external layer but is not drilled through all
layers. This provides a means of connection between an external layer and one or more
internal layers. A buried via is a plated hole that starts from an internal layer and extends
to another internal layer but never reaches the external surface of the fabricated board.
Blind and buried vias do not block routing channels on all layers and thus allow more
connections to be made on very compact designs. These types of vias require separate
drilling files for the various drill stages required by manufacturing, and are therefore more
expensive to produce.
In order to use blind or buried vias, you must define the layer pairs by selecting Setup >
Vias > Define B/B Via from the top menu. Choose from the list of available padstacks you
can use in the form.
Pop-Up Menu Options
Before you select After you select

a start point a start point
Immediately after selecting Route > Connect, you view a pop-up menu:
Swap Layers interchanges the Active and Alternate layers in the Options form.
During the process of adding segments, different options are available:

Done exits the Route > Connect command.
Oops lets you undo or take back the last added point in the wire path (can be used to
repetitively remove all wire segments and vias for the current connection).
Cancel cancels all selections and exits from the command.
Next lets you start on a new connection without exiting from connect mode.
Reject applies if multiple objects are stacked on top of each other. It lets you reject a
currently selected object and select another object from a window.
Add Via is used to add through-hole, blind, or buried routing vias.
Finish completes the connection using an automatic router. This routing is performed
on the active layer only. No autorouting licensing is needed for this feature.
Neck Mode changes the line width for the next segment to the Neck Width specified
in the Physical Rule Set for the Minimum Neck Width.
New Target lets you select a new rubberband target pin (defaults to closest pin).
No Target eliminates the rubberband line from the cursor to the target pin.
Snap Rat T enables you to move a Rat T connection to the last pick. Note that this
option is not available with PCB Studio.
Toggle lets you switch the initial direction of the projected wire path.

Options Form
Line
TOP
SIG2 Arc
Off
GND
VCC 45
SIG3 90
BOTTOM
When you select Route > Connect, the Options form changes. You can change the data in
most fields by moving the cursor into the field and pressing the left mouse button. The
diagram shows the choices available through the various pop-up menus.
■ Act and Alt
The Active and Alternate subclass fields determine which layer will be used for the
current connection. The Active and Alternate layers are interchanged if you select
Swap or add a via. Remember, when selecting a surface-mount pin or a piece of
existing etch, the Active layer will automatically switch to the appropriate subclass.
■ Line Lock
These settings control the type of line, either Line or Arc, and the angles allowed for
turns. Off implies that “any-angle routing” is allowed.
■ Line Width
The line width value is based on the Design Rules. When you select a pin for routing,
the Allegro program recognizes the net, and automatically loads the Net Name field
and required line size into the Options form. You can also type a value into this field. If
you type in a value, the Reset button becomes available which, when selected, will
change the value back to what Allegro determines should be the width.

Options Form—Smooth
Off
Minimal
Full
■ Smooth
This feature automatically smooths or cleans routing as it is being added. This is

required, since the interactive router performs real-time push and shove of existing
etch. Smooth is only available if Hug Preferred or Shove Preferred is enabled. The
Smooth option offers three choices:
Off means this feature is disabled. Existing etch affected by the current route may end
up with undesirable angles and bubbles. Using this option is a method for creating
shielded etch.
Minimal will eliminate only a few short and/or extra segments.
Full will eliminate more segments similar to the Custom Smooth command.
■ Snap to Connect
This option lets you connect to the center of off-grid pads, vias, or dangling endpoint
etch.

■ Replace Etch
Replace Etch lets you change the path of an existing trace, without extra delete and
add steps. When you add a loop into an existing trace, the older portion of the loop is
recognized and automatically deleted.
Options Form—Bubble/Gridless
gridded Off
Hug preferred
Off
Hug Preferred
Shove Preferred
gridless
Shove
preferred
■ Bubble
The Bubble field provides three choices:
Off means the route follows your cursor picks in the x and y direction absolutely. It
does exactly what you ask it to, regardless of potential DRC errors.
Hug Preferred means the new route hugs around existing etch objects. The existing
objects are not modified.
Shove Preferred means other etch objects are shoved and moved out of the way, if
possible, to correct for spacing violations.

■ Gridless
This feature determines whether the added etch is snapped to the routing grid or not.
Gridless is only available if Hug Preferred or Shove Preferred is enabled. This option
offers two choices:
Off pushes etch to the next available free grid.
On pushes etch away from pads and vias just enough to reach a legal minimum DRC
clearance.
Labs
Lab: Defining Etch Grids

Define and display a grid suitable for adding traces.
Lab: Adding and Deleting Connect Lines and Vias
Learn how to add and complete a signal connection.
z Add a connect line (cline).
z Delete etch.
z Insert vias.
z Use the bubble option.
The following lab will allow you to:

– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to set the interactive routing
grid.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to interactively add routing and
vias. You will also learn how to delete routing and vias.

Lab 10-1: Defining Etch Grids

Objective: Define and display a grid suitable for adding traces.
In this lab you will edit the Define Grid form to define etch grids.
1. Start Allegro if you don’t already have it running, and open placed.brd if it is not the
current design.
2. If required, resize Allegro to fit your screen.
3. Choose Setup > Grids from the top menu.

The Define Grid form appears.
You will change the x and y spacing values for all routing layers.
4. Check the Grids On option in the upper left corner of the form to toggle grids ON.
5. Scroll the form to examine the entire list of etch layers, then return to the top of the
displayed list.
Note
Before you proceed to the next step, please note: To advance to the next field in
any Allegro menu, use the Tab key. DO NOT press the Enter key to advance
fields. The Enter key has the same result as clicking the OK button, closing and
executing the form.
6. Locate the section marked All Etch in the column labeled Layer, and set the X and Y
values as shown in the figure:
The settings automatically change for all other etch layers.
7. Click OK at the bottom of the Define Grid form.

Depending on your last active command, the Allegro work area window may or may
not display the 5-mil grid pattern.

8. In order to ensure that the Etch grid is being displayed, you must activate a routing
command. Click the Add Connect icon (same as choosing the Route > Connect
menu item).
The Etch grid displays. You can Zoom In to get a closer look at the etch grid.
Note
If you had set the grid to alternating 8-, 9-, 8-mil intervals instead of a straight 5
mils, you would see a distinct repeating grid pattern display, showing a larger dot
every 25 mils, with smaller dots at
8-, 9-, 8-mil intervals.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 10-2: Adding and Deleting Connect Lines

and Vias
Objective: Demonstrate adding a signal connection with and without vias.
Later in the labs, you will use the SPECCTRA autorouter to route the design. When
adding the routes manually, keep in mind that by default SPECCTRA routes the TOP
layer mainly in a horizontal direction, and the BOTTOM layer mainly in a vertical
direction.
In this lab you will be manually routing portions of the MCLK net.
Adding a Connect Line

1. Click the Zoom Fit icon to fit the entire design in your view.
2. If ratsnests are currently displayed, choose Display > Blank Rats > All from the top
menu to turn off all ratsnests.
3. Choose Display > Show Rats > Net from the top menu.
4. Click the Find tab to bring the Find Filter to the front.
5. In the Find By Name section, select NET from the Find By Name drop-down menu.
6. In the value field, enter the following net name:

mclk
The ratsnest line for the MCLK signal is displayed.
7. Either use the “Z” stroke or choose View > Zoom by Points to zoom in on the
connector J1, which has one connection on the MCLK net if the display has not been
automatically zoomed around the MCLK net.
Note
To use the “Z” stroke, press the Ctrl key and click and drag with the right mouse
button.

8. Look at the ratsnest for the MCLK net. Click the Add Connect icon.
The Find Filter and the Options forms change. Notice the Options form. Before you
select a pin to start from, all settings should match the following illustration:
9. Click on the pin of the J1 connector, which is the endpoint of the MCLK ratsnest line.
Since the TOP layer is active and the pin is a through-hole pin, you are adding a
connection on the top layer of the board. If this were a surface-mount pin, the
connection would be added to the layer on which the SMD pin was defined.
After you select the start point, you see a ratsnest line stretching from the cursor to the
nearest destination pin. As you move your cursor, the route appears.
Notice also that the net name and the correct line width for MCLK are now displayed
in the Options form.
10. Continue to click points for the line until you reach the destination pin. You can make
your trace look similar to the figure:

If you make mistakes while picking points, in order to back up, right click and choose
the Oops option.
When you reach the destination pin, the ratsnest line disappears, denoting the
completion of that connection.
If the destination pin is on the bottom side of the board, you need to add a via in order
to connect to the pin. Since you will learn to add vias later, stop routing at a point
close to the destination pin.
Deleting Etch
The Allegro program provides several ways to delete etch lines. You can delete lines,
segments of lines, and sections within segments. Be sure that you set the Find Filter and
Options forms so that only the desired items are deleted.
1. Click on the Delete icon in the toolbar.
The Options form and the Find Filter change.
Note
Default settings in the Find Filter may show all items toggled ON. This can be
dangerous while in delete mode. As a general rule, you should turn all items OFF,
then select only the items you want to delete.
2. Click the Find tab to bring the Find Filter to the front if it is not visible.
3. Click the All Off button in the Find Filter.
4. Check the Clines (connect lines) box to ON in the Find Filter.
5. Click on the MCLK net.

The connection becomes highlighted.

The previous etch you added disappears. Using Clines in the Find Filter lets you
delete the entire connect line (all segments from pin to pin).
7. Click the Add Connect icon to add the connection back in, the same as you did in the
previous part of this lab.

8. Click on the Delete icon in the top menu.
9. In the Find Filter, set the check box options as follows:

a. Toggle Clines OFF.
b. Toggle Cline Segs (connect line segments) ON.
10. Click on the MCLK net.

A segment becomes highlighted.
You can delete individual segments of a connect line by using Cline Segs in the Find
Filter.
11. Click another segment.

The first segment disappears. The ratsnest line reappears because the pin-to-pin
connection has been broken.
12. If any segments of the MCLK signal still remain, delete them.
Note
You can delete lines, segments, vias and shapes individually, in groups, or by
selection window using other Options, Find Filter, and pop-up menu choices.
While in Delete mode, be careful when changing these settings to avoid
“unexpected” results.
Inserting Vias
1. Click the Add Connect icon in the toolbar.
2. If necessary, click the tab for the Options form to bring it forward.
3. In the Options form, Set the active and alternate layers as shown in the figure:
4. Click on the pin of the MCLK net in the J1 connector, the pin connected to one end of
the ratsnest.
5. Once again, begin adding segments from that pin toward its destination.

6. When you have reached a point where you would like to add a via, double click with
the left mouse button. See the figure.
Add a via here
You have just added a via, and the Active and Alternate layers in the Options form
have been swapped. You are now adding on the BOTTOM layer.
7. Finish the connection all the way to the pin of the U5 component.
Since the destination pin is on a surface-mount device on the top side of the design,
you will need to add another via to finish the route on the TOP layer. However, you
can’t add the via where the pad is, so you have to put it slightly to the left of the pad.
See the figure.
Add a via here and another one here

Look at how the connection you just added uses two different etch layers and routing
vias. Sometimes using a via to go from TOP to BOTTOM, then from BOTTOM to
TOP again, is referred to as stitching because of the similarity to sewing.

Using the Bubble Options

1. Click the Add Connect icon in the top menu.
The Find Filter and the Options forms change.
2. Move the cursor into the Bubble field of the Options form. Select Shove Preferred in
the drop-down list if this option is not already selected. Under Smooth, set the option
to Full.
3. Click the Rats All icon to turn on all ratsnests. Zoom into an area to view one end of
a ratsnest on the pin just below the MCLK pin of the J1 connector, and the other
ratsnest connection on the U5 component in view. See the figure.
Note
Your view may differ slightly, depending on how your components are placed.
Start a new etch path here.
4. Click on the pin just below the MLK pin of the J1 connector. This is the WAIT net.
See figure above.
Make sure the active layer is set to TOP.
5. Start moving your cursor toward the existing etch of the MCLK net. The existing etch
will be “shoved”, or moved, as the new etch becomes closer than the DRC “line to
line” value.

6. Experiment with the different Smooth options of Off, Minimal and Full that are
available in the Options folder tab, and with the different Bubble options of Off and
Hug Preferred. Also experiment with the Shove vias option.
Note
While you are in this mode, there may be some instances when the trace to be
added will create a DRC. When this happens, your cursor will appear as a DRC
marker.
Shove preferred, Minimal

Shove preferred, Full
7. Finish routing the WAIT net.


routed
11. Choose Save.

The file routed.brd has been saved to disk. Throughout the remainder of this lesson
you will be writing over the routed.brd file.
STOP End of Lab

Accessing the SPECCTRA Router
SPECCTRA interface
File > Export > SPECCTRA
File > Import > SPECCTRA
Shown are three ways to access SPECCTRA.
1. The SPECCTRA interface icon is found in the top of the Allegro window.
2. You can select File > Export > SPECCTRA to generate a .dsn file from Allegro.
3. You can select File > Import > SPECCTRA to read a session or routes file into
Allegro.
Autoroute Prerequisites
A netlist is loaded to give conductor intelligence

A partial netlist is acceptable
Placement reflects the arrangement logic
A partial placement is acceptable
A user-defined route keepin
This is mandatory!
Autorouting normally occurs after placement is complete and you have made some minor
preparations, such as the addition of critical nets. You have defined constraints by this
point, as well as any route-related properties.
Autorouting can be carried out with either a complete or a partial netlist and a complete or
partial placement. The SPECCTRA tool will attempt to connect any nets belonging to
placed components in your design.

You MUST define a Route Keepin in the design. Define the keepin area through a board
symbol, or add it directly to the design. If no Route Keepin is defined, the SPECCTRA
translator will make the routing area in SPECCTRA match the entire drawing extents.
Preparing for Automatic Routing
Check/define etch grids if required.

Check/define cross section (layer stackup).
Check/define appropriate constraints and properties.
Check for NO_ROUTE, FIXED, and NO_GLOSS properties.
Define internal plane layers as negative in the cross section
(layer stackup).
Save your design before starting any automatic routing.
You should always complete a check of the conditions and parameters set in your design
before committing to an execution of any autorouters. Perform the following actions:
– Define Cross Section (layer stackup). You might want to add routing layers prior to
automatic routing.
– Define appropriate Constraints and Properties. Check constraint rules and routing-
related properties (discussed in more detail later in this chapter).
– Check existing etch for NO_RIPUP, NOROUTE, FIXED, and NO_GLOSS properties,
and add these properties if needed.
– Internal plane layers need to be defined as negative. The SPIF translator and the router
will take a long time to process the plane if you treat it as a positive at this point. If you
have a split plane on a layer, now is the time to define that as a negative.
– It is important to SAVE your work up until this point so you won’t lose all the settings
that you have added thus far.

The Allegro-SPECCTRA Process
SPECCTRA interface
route.dsn
route.ses
route.brd
When you click the SPECCTRA icon, Allegro writes a filename.dsn (design file) that
SPECCTRA uses as input. The SPECCTRA user interface then starts automatically.
After selecting parameters or importing custom parameters (.do files), you can start
SPECCTRA routing from the SPECCTRA user interface.
When routing is complete, you are prompted to write a filename.ses (session file) that can
be imported into Allegro. If you used the SPECCTRA interface icon to start this process,
the Allegro software will expect to import a file with a similar name. For example, if you
started with an Allegro file named route.brd, the SPECCTRA interface would create a
route.dsn file and expect to read back a route.ses file after routing.
Upon quitting from the SPECCTRA interface you are returned to the Allegro Editor, and
connections are updated automatically.

Labs
Lab: Preparing for Autorouting

Create embedded power planes.
z Make the plane layers visible.
z Create the shape for the VCC power layer.
z Assign the VCC net to the new shape.
z Copy the VCC shape to the GND ground layer and assign the GND
net.
z Save your work.
Lab: Using the SPECCTRA Autorouter
Complete all net connections with SPECCTRA.
z Preserve pre-routes into SPECCTRA.
z Run the SPECCTRA router.
required to create temporary planes. You will learn how to create a plane, assign a net
name to the plane, and finish the plane. It is important to have all planes created before
transferring to SPECCTRA so the autorouter can recognize the power/ground nets for pin-
escaping. You will also become familiar with the process and steps required to do a simple
route using the SPECCTRA autorouter.

Lab 10-3: Preparing for Autorouting

Objective: Create preliminary embedded power planes.
At this stage of the design process it is advisable to check the following items before
committing your design to any autorouter:
■ Check/define etch grids (if gridded routing is to be used).
■ Check/define cross section (layer stackup).
■ Check/define appropriate constraints and properties.
■ Check for NO_ROUTE, FIXED, and NO_GLOSS properties.
■ Add preliminary embedded planes if VCC and GND connections are to be autorouted.
In order for the SPECCTRA router to add VCC and GND connections, these planes must
exist prior to routing. You will add embedded negative planes in the following steps.
(Embedded planes are discussed in further detail later.)
Making the Plane Layers Visible

1. Start Allegro if the software is not already running, and open the routed.brd file.
2. In the Control Panel, activate the Visibility tab.
3. Set the check box options to match the figure by first checking the Planes option,
then checking All for Planes and making sure only GND and VCC are checked:
4. Choose Display > Color/Visibility from the top menu.

5. Select the Stack-Up group and set the color for Pin/Via/Etch to green for the GND
subclass and set the color for Pin/Via/Etch to red for the VCC subclass.
6. Select the Areas group from the drop-down list.
7. Toggle the Route KI (Route keepin) class to ON.
8. Click OK to confirm your settings.

The Color and Visibility form closes.
Creating the Shape for the VCC Power Layer

1. Choose Shape > Polygon from the main menu.
2. In the Options form, set the Active Class to ETCH and the Active Subclass to VCC.
This defines the subclass on where you will be adding the shape.
3. Set the Shape Fill to type: Static solid.

This sets the type of shape correctly for an internal negative plane.
4. Use the ... menu in the Assign net name field and choose VCC.
This assigns the new shape to the net VCC so it will have some intelligence.
Next you will define a polygon.

5. Zoom into the upper left area of the board, with enough magnification that you can
clearly distinguish the board outline and the route keepin.
6. Begin adding a polygon or, as they call it in Allegro, a shape area, 10 mils inside the
border of the route keepin. Use the zoom and pan commands to maintain your view so
you can see where the polygon vertices are being placed.
If you make a mistake, you can back up vertex-by-vertex by choosing the Oops
command from the pop-up menu. See the figure for an example of how your polygon
might look. To make sure your starting point and ending point are the same, click
Done when you get close to the end. This makes sure the shape is a closed polygon.
You can also use the Shape > Edit Boundary command to change an edge’s location
after completing a shape.
Board Outline
Route
Keepin
Polygon Shape Offset by 10 mils

Creating the Shape for the Ground Layer and Assigning the
GND Net
Next you will create the GND plane. These steps will show you how to use the Z Copy
command. This is an alternative method to creating a shape by manually “drawing in” the
outline. Then you will change the net name from VCC to GND.
1. Select Edit > Z-Copy from the main menu.
2. In the Options Tab, change the Subclass to GND.

Change the offset to 0.00 if required.
3. Select on the VCC shape that you just added.

The VCC shape is copied to the GND layer. The outline matches exactly what you
entered for the VCC shape
4. Select Done from the right mouse button pop-up menu.
5. Using the Visibility folder tab, turn off the VCC layer.
6. Select Shape> Select Shape or Void from the main menu.
7. Select the GND shape.

The GND shape highlights.
8. In the Assign net name field, use the pull-down menu and select the GND net.
9. Select Done from the right mouse button pop-up menu.

You have just made a copy of the VCC shape to the GND subclass and associated that
new shape to the GND net.
Saving Your Work

A window appears and warns you that the routed.brd file already exists. It asks if you
want to overwrite the file.

The routed.brd file is saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 10-4: Using the SPECCTRA Autorouter

Objective: Complete all net connections with SPECCTRA.
In this lab you will use the SPECCTRA router and the SPECCTRA interface that is built
into Allegro software.
Preserving Pre-Routes into SPECCTRA

By default, all routing that exists in the Allegro design gets “protected” when transferred
into SPECCTRA. This means that the SPECCTRA router cannot move any of the
transferred routing although some of the cleanup routines will move the traces. Therefore,
if you want to keep any of your existing routes, you need to make sure your routing
directions “match” the routing directions in SPECCTRA and you add a FIXED property
to them.
By default, the routing directions in SPECCTRA are TOP as a horizontal routing layer,
and BOTTOM as a vertical routing layer. Make sure your routing matches these layer
directions.
1. Open the routed.brd file if it is not already opened.
2. Using the Visibility folder tab, make visible only the TOP and BOTTOM layers.
3. If you want the SPECCTRA router to route the entire design, delete all of the existing
etch you might have created, especially the routes for the MCLK and WAIT nets. Use
the techniques you learned earlier to delete all of the current Clines/Vias.
Running the SPECCTRA Router

1. Click the SPECCTRA icon that you did not previously add into your menu bar. This
is the icon with the gray background, not the blue background.
The SPECCTRA Automatic Router dialog box appears.

2. Set your options to match those in the figure. You can leave the settings in the
Routing Passes, Smart Router, and Selections tabs as they are.
3. Click Route to begin routing.

The SPECCTRA routing begins. Your current board design is being written into a
SPECCTRA format .dsn file. During routing, you see the SPECCTRA Automatic
Router Progress report.

If you want to discontinue routing you can click Stop. If you would like to view
details about the routing passes, such as the total number of crossovers or how many
vias are in place, then click Details.
4. When autorouting is complete, click Close in the SPECCTRA Automatic Router

dialog box.
The SPECCTRA results are read into the Allegro design.
5. In Allegro, choose File > Save from the top menu.


The routed.brd file is saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Editing Existing Etch
Sliding connections and vias

Editing vertices
Moving a connection to another layer
Deleting connections
This section explains various editing options available while in Edit Etch mode. The
Options form plays a very important role during etch editing. The Options form changes to
match different types of editing needs and is an integral part of editing control.
■ Moving etch lines with the Route > Slide option results in etch that conforms to current
Options settings. Another way to change the path of existing etch is to use the Replace
Etch option within the Route > Connect command.
■ Creating or moving vertices of existing etch is a fast method of moving etch segments.
The number of jogs in an etch connection can also be reduced by deleting vertices.
■ Using the Edit > Change command, you can change the layer of an etch line by
designating the new layer in the Options form.
■ Deleting etch lines and vias is also controlled to a large extent by selections in the Options
form.

Moving Etch with the Slide Option
Route > Slide or…
Before
After
Slide lets you move a connection with or without moving associated vias. The moved
segments do not become disconnected. Follow these steps to slide a segment of etch:
1. Select the Slide command on the top menu.
2. Pick the etch line with the left mouse button, and drag the line in the desired direction.
Notice, in the Options form, the net name of the etch you are sliding.
3. Position the line and press the left mouse button once more.
Settings in the Options form affect the resulting etch:
– Corners: 45, 90, or Arc
– Max 45 Len: You type in the desired length for diagonals. The default is 99999 and will
extend the diagonal as far as it can
– Bubble: Shove Preferred, Hug Preferred, or Off. The same rules apply as to the Route
Connect command
– Shove Vias: There are three options to specify the effect of moving existing etch “into”
an existing Via:
• Off: Existing Vias are not moved. The shoved etch is moved around the via
• Minimal: Vias are moved only if there is no way to draw a connect line around them

• Full: Vias are always shoved out of the way

– Smooth: Full, Minimal or Off. These options work the same as in the Route Connect
command
– Allow DRCs: When turned on, allows DRCs
– Gridless: Options are On or Off. These options work the same as in the Route
Connect command
– Add at Max: Do/Do not limit the length of diagonals
– Vias w/Segs: Allow/disallow vias to slide with etch segments
– Ts w/Segs: Allow/disallow Tpoints to move with etch segments
Note
Use the Slide command in conjunction with the Cut option to move a section
within a single segment. The Cut option is available using the right mouse button
pop-up.
Editing Vertices
Use Vertex to move vertices.
Use Vertex to add new vertices.
Right-click and select Delete Vertex to remove existing vertices.
A vertex in an etch line is a point at which the line changes direction or creates a corner.
Move and change these corners by selecting Edit > Vertex from the top menu. While you
are in this mode, a pop-up menu is available that lets you access the Delete Vertex
command. You can perform the following operations with the Edit > Vertex command:

– Move Vertices
– Add New Vertices
– Delete Existing Vertices
Changing the Layer or Width of a Connection
Edit > Change
Use the Edit > Change command from the top menu to change the layer of an existing
connect line. The Options form changes. By pressing the left mouse button while the
cursor is in the New Subclass field of the Options form, you can choose from a menu of all
available etch layers in your design.
When you select any visible connect line in your work area, it immediately changes to the
layer that you designated in the New Subclass field.
Note
Vias are added or deleted automatically if the layer change dictates a need for vias.
You can also use the Edit > Change command and associated Options form to change the
width of an existing connect line.
To change line width, select Edit > Change from the top menu. Type a new value in the
Line Width field of the Options form and select any visible connect line in your work area.
It immediately changes to the width that you designated in the Line Width field.

Deleting Etch
Edit > Delete or… Multiple layer ripup (used with Clines)
To delete etch lines and vias:
Select Edit > Delete from the top menu. The Find Filter and the Options forms change.
Turn all items in the Find Filter Off, then toggle On only the items you want to delete.
Most often this would include Clines or Cline Segs and Vias. Select the desired options in
the Options form next and specify which types of etch you want to delete.
By manipulating the Find Filter and the Options form, you can define which portions of a
net to delete. You can choose the following combinations:
Use Cline Segs to delete a single segment of a net.
Use Clines to delete all segments, excluding vias.
Use Vias to delete vias.
Use Clines and Ripup Etch to delete all segments and vias between pins (multiple
layer ripup).
Use Nets (and Delete Net Options—Delete Clines and Delete Vias) to perform a
multiple layer ripup for all pins in a net.

Optionally, you can use the pop-up menu available during the Delete-Etch process to
Group several pieces of etch or select a window area to delete. You can use the Cut
option from the pop-up menu to delete a section out of a single segment.
Select Done from the pop-up menu to complete the deletion process.
Using the Cut Option
Edit > Delete

1st Pick 2nd Pick
Done
1st Pick
Route > Slide
2nd Pick
Done
Edit > Change (width)
You can use the Cut option to edit specific sections within line segments. Use the Cut
option with the Delete, Slide, and Change commands.
Access the Cut option through a pop-up menu available in all three of these commands.
By selecting the Cut option with the right mouse button you can define a start and end
point within a single line segment. Once you define this section of line, you can delete,
slide, or change its width, depending on which command you started with.

Interactive Routing Properties
Net properties affect not only autorouter actions but also DRC
checking while in interactive route mode.
Define net properties before adding etch.
Common net properties used with interactive route are:
MIN_LINE_WIDTH
MIN_NECK_WIDTH
NO_RAT
FIXED
You should attach most net properties prior to routing. Attaching correct properties to
certain nets can facilitate online DRC checking while you edit etch.
The MIN_LINE_WIDTH and MIN_NECK_WIDTH properties determine default

trace widths for specific signals (default DRC Mode = Always).
The NO_RAT property prevents the display of ratsnest lines. This is useful in keeping
VCC and GND signals from cluttering the display with ratsnest lines.
The FIXED property can be attached to nets immediately after adding etch. This
property prevents future modification.
Learn more about properties by selecting Start > Programs > Cadence PSD 15.0 >
Online Documentation. Select Allegro, then PCB Systems Properties Reference.

Glossing the Design
Line smoothing removes extra jogs and line segments in the design. It also converts
orthogonal corners to diagonal corners. Line smoothing is a good tool to help open
channels during routing.
Bubbles specifies whether Line Smoothing will attempt to eliminate connect lines that
have a 45-degree line segment, followed by an orthogonal segment, followed by another
45-degree segment that slopes in the opposite direction to the first 45-degree segment, as
shown in the following example:
.
This etch configuration can result from via elimination. Line Smoothing is a tool that
smooths bubbles configured around pads that are no longer in the design.
Jogs specifies the elimination of repeated jogs or “stair steps.”
Dangling Lines indicates whether Line Smoothing eliminates connect lines without two
owners (pins or vias). The default is ON.
Convert 90’s to 45’s changes orthogonal 90-degree angles to 45-degree diagonals.

Extend 45’s attempts to extend the 45-degree segment so that either the horizontal or the
vertical segment can be eliminated.
Maximum 45 Length specifies the maximum orthogonal distance to which a 45-degree

angle segment will be extended.
Length Limit limits the maximum length of line segments that are to be considered by
Line Smoothing. Bubbles are processed if the orthogonal segment in the bubble is less
than or equal to the value of this parameter. Diagonals whose orthogonal length of the
diagonal is longer than this value are skipped. Jogs are only considered if the orthogonal
segment in the jog is less than or equal to this limit. The default value is -1 and indicates
no length limit.
Corner Type specifies whether corners are diagonal (45) or orthogonal (90). The default
is 45.
Number of Executions specifies the number of times that Line Smoothing is executed.
Cadence recommends that you run multiple executions. The default value is 1.
Labs
Lab: Checking for Unconnected Pins

Confirm whether you have completed all connections.
Lab: Improving Routed Connections
Learn how to improve etch paths using the Slide function, the
Replace Etch function, and other techniques for adding, deleting,
and moving vertex points on existing etch.
Lab: Replacing Etch and Using the Cut Option
Learn how to replace segments of etch and use the Cut option in
conjunction with other editing commands.
Lab: Running Gloss
Cleaning routes and chamfering corners.
required to:
– Check for unconnected pins. You will use both ratsnests and the Report command in
this exercise.

– Learn the process and steps required to update existing etch in your design. You will use
both the Slide command and Edit Vertex.
You will then learn about the glossing process.

Lab 10-5: Checking for Unconnected Pins

Objective: Learn how to confirm whether you have completed all
connections.
Both ratsnests and the Unconnected Pins report can show unrouted signals.
Using Rats
1. Choose View > Zoom Fit or press F9.
2. Choose Display > Show Rats > All from the top menu.
Any unconnected nets display as ratsnest lines.
Note
Although this option is a quick method of finding unconnected pins, it is not
always effective with large designs because ratsnest lines become lost or are not
easily visible. You might want to try turning the etch layer visibility off for the
short time you would be looking for ratsnests.
Using the Report Command

1. Choose Tools > Reports.
2. Scroll through the list of reports and select the Unconnected Pins report.
3. Click Report.
A report window appears with a list of all unconnected pins. Since all nets have been
routed, your report states:
total unconnected pin pairs 0
4. Click Close to close the Unconnected Pins report.
5. Click Close to close the report control window.
Final Editing Before Gloss

1. Experiment further with routing, or make any interactive edits you wish.



The file routed.brd is written to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 10-6: Improving Routed Connections

Objective: Improve etch paths using the Slide command, the Replace Etch
function, and other techniques for adding, deleting, and moving
vertex points on existing etch.
Using Slide
Thus far you have been adding new etch. The next lab exercise focuses on editing or
moving existing etch.
2. Zoom in to a closeup view of a portion of your board.
3. Click the Slide icon in the top menu.
4. In the Find Filter, select Vias and Cline Segs.
5. Set your the Visibility tab as follows:
6. In the Options tab, set the Max 45 len: to 25.

This determines the length of the 45-degree corner it adds while sliding connect lines.
7. Click any segment of etch in your display.

The segment you picked travels with the cursor.
Before slide During slide
8. Choose a location for the moveable etch and click to define the new location.
The Options form controls corners that result after using Slide.
9. Experiment by changing the Options Corners, Max 45 len, Bubble, Shove Vias and
Smooth settings and sliding other etch segments. The default setting is for 45-degree
corners. You may want to experiment setting the Corners option in the Options tab to
90 and then back again.
10. Also try combinations with the Gridless, Allow DRCs, Add at Max and Vias w/Segs
options checked and unchecked to get a feel for how these choices restrict or open up
sliding.
12. Now go to an area where there are lots of traces that are routed together, either
horizontally or vertically.
13. Use the Slide command to slide one trace. In turn, this shoves a group of traces.
Be sure to change the Option settings and experiment to get your desired results.
14. Now use the Slide command to slide a group of traces that are defined by windowing
around them (by holding down the left mouse button).
15. The Allegro command line will prompt you with “Waiting for origin pick”. Select the
starting point and move to select the finishing point.

Moving, Creating, and Deleting Vertices

You can move vertex points or create new vertices to quickly edit existing etch.
1. Choose Edit > Vertex from the top menu.
2. Click a corner or vertex on an etch line.

The corner of the etch line is now attached to the cursor, and can be moved to a new
location.
3. Choose a new location and click at that point.

Now we will add a vertex to an etch segment.
4. Select a point anywhere between the ends of an etch segment.

This causes a new vertex point to be added.
5. Click a new location for the vertex.
7. Choose Edit > Vertex from the top menu.
8. Click on a corner or existing vertex point of an etch line.
9. Right click and choose Delete Vertex.

The vertex is deleted, and the new trace path is shown.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 10-7: Replacing Etch and Using the Cut

Option
Objective: Replace segments of etch and use the Cut option in conjunction
with other editing commands.
Replace Etch lets you add an alternate path to an existing etch line. This new path forms a
loop. The Allegro tool recognizes the older section of the loop and automatically deletes
it.
You can use the Cut feature to define specific sections within line segments. You can use
Cut with the Delete, Slide, and Change commands.
Using the Replace Etch Option

2. Either use the “Z” stroke or choose View > Zoom by Points to zoom in to any area of
the design so that only two or three components fill the Allegro display.
3. Find an existing etch line that you want to alter, then click the Add Connect icon.
The Options form changes.
4. Make sure the Replace Etch option is enabled.
5. Start adding a line from a point on an existing etch line, then define a path that would
form a loop:
Before Replace Etch After Replace Etch
When you click on part of the original line, the older part of the loop disappears.

Using Cut with Delete

1. Either use the “Z” stroke or press F8 to zoom in to any area of the design so that only
two or three components fill the Allegro display, and trace thickness is apparent.
3. Set the Find Filter so that only Cline Segs is toggled ON.
4. Right click and choose Cut from the pop-up menu.
5. Click two points, within a single segment, where you want the cut to occur.
The selected section is highlighted.

The highlighted portion is deleted, leaving a ratsnest in its place. Add the connection
back using the skills you have learned for manual routing.
First pick Second pick

Cut section of
routed segment
Using Cut with Slide

1. Click the Slide icon in the toolbar.
2. Set the Find Filter so that only Cline Segs is ON.
3. Right click to display a pop-up menu and choose Cut in this menu.

4. Click two points, within a single segment, where you want to define a section.
As soon as you make the second click you will notice that the section is now
moveable.
5. Click on the new location or position for the section of etch you are sliding.
Using Cut to Change Width

1. Choose Edit > Change from the top menu.
2. Set the Find Filter so that only Cline Segs is toggled ON.
3. In the Options form, set the options to match the figure. Change the value in the Line
Width field to 20.
4. Right click to display a pop-up menu and choose Cut.
5. Click on two points, within a single segment, where you want to define a section to be
changed.
The new section is highlighted and changes width immediately.
7. Do NOT exit out of the board. We will use it in the following lab.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 10-8: Running Gloss

Objective: Add FIXED properties to nets we do not want changed and run
gloss to automatically clean up the board to make the design
more manufactureable.
The Glossing program may significantly modify the route in your design. For this reason,
if you have any routes that you do not want to be modified, you need to add properties to
the nets so they will not be moved. You can attach either the NO_GLOSS property or the
FIXED property to the nets so that gloss will not modify the routing of these nets. If you
use the FIXED property, not only will the glossing routines not modify the route, but you
cannot modify the route.
Adding a FIXED Property to a Net

1. Open the routed.brd file, if not already opened from the last lab.
2. Select Edit > Properties from the main menu.
3. Change the Find Filter to turn All Off and toggle Nets ON.
4. In the Find By Name field, change the field to Net and type in the net name MCLK
(or select MORE to scroll to find the net name in the list).
This brings up the Edit Property form.
5. Scroll in the Available properties for FIXED.
6. Click Apply.
Notice that the Show Properties form shows you that the net MCLK now has the
FIXED property associated with it.
7. Click OK to exit the Edit Property form.

Using Gloss
1. Select Route > Gloss from the main menu.
2. Set the Number of Executions to 2.
3. Select Gloss.
The Glossing routine is run. You will see the traces being moved, and corners will
change from orthogonal to diagonal.
4. After Gloss has finished, you may view the gloss log file by selecting File > Viewlog
from the main menu.
If you opened the gloss.log file, close the log file.
5. Select File > Save As from the top menu.


gloss
7. Choose Save.
The file gloss.brd is saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab


11
Lesson 11: Copper Areas and Positive or
Negative Planes
Learning Objectives
Generate positive and negative planes.
In this section you will learn about shapes. Shapes are used to represent copper areas,
among other things. Shapes can be added to a routing layer and to a plane layer. This
lesson will focus on using shapes to represent a plane. However, all the procedures and
ideas presented when discussing positive shapes can be applied to creating copper areas
on a routing layer.

Copper Areas and Positive or Negative Planes Lesson 11

stackup constraints
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
Gerber data
silkscreens YOU ARE automatic
HERE route signals
Assembly
drawings
fabrications
drawings
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. As indicated in the flow, the define
power/gnd planes box will now be discussed.

Lesson 11 Copper Areas and Positive or Negative Planes
Copper Area Images
Negative plane Positive plane
Artwork
Allegro
There are two methods of creating copper areas, each with advantages and disadvantages.
■ Negative Image
One advantage is that when you use the vector Gerber format, the artwork file size
required to plot this copper area is much smaller because no data is required to fill the
polygon.
A disadvantage is that you must build flash symbols for all thermal relief flash names.
■ Positive Image
An advantage is that the Allegro display is WYSIWYG (you see the actual positive
copper fill as well as the anti-pad and thermal relief features—no special flash
symbols are required).
One disadvantage is that if you are not generating rasterized output, the artwork file
size required to plot this copper area is much larger because of the vector data required
to fill the polygon.

You also need to fix any shape fill problems before artwork can be created.
Adding a Copper Area
Shape
Shape>>
Polygon
Polygon
Rectangular
Rectangular
Circular
Circular
There are two different types of fill styles you have to choose from:
Dynamic - You define the shape boundary and the fill will automatically void where it
needs to execute connectivity, generate voids and run DRC checking to produce artwork
quality output.
Example for Dynamic Negative shape - Split planes that might have an intersecting
via on the boundary. There is no performance hit on Negative Dynamic shapes.
Example for Dynamic Positive shape - with smaller boards there is not too much of a
performance problem. With medium to large boards, you need to disable the dynamic
mode.
Static - You define the shape boundary and the fill will be a solid or crosshatched area. No
automatic voiding happens with this fill style.
Example for Positive Static shape - Shapes for RF circuits or when defining a
Chassis ground area around some critical circuitry. (You don’t want anything to
modified automatically.)

Add Shape Options:
Select a subclass - Change the setting to the layer the shape will be added to.
Dynamic copper- Autovoiding process upon each edit to the boundary or elements
within the shape.
Static Solid - Copper area and voids are not dynamically filled or updated when
editing their elements or boundaries.
Static Crosshatch - Acts the same as Static Solid except the fill pattern is
crosshatched.
Unfilled - Defines areas on the board for constraints, keepouts, keepins, rooms, and so
on. These types not allowed on etch layers.
Defer Performing Dynamic Fill - Pushes the dynamic voiding and plowing of a
currently added shape off until a later time. Artwork will not be allowed if this setting
is present.
Assign Net Name - There are two ways to assign net names:
From the ... menu, select from a list of all the nets in the board.
The pull-down menu displays nets that have a Power Schedule property assigned. We
will discuss this later in the course.
Shape Grid - The grid increment shapes or void outlines will be constructed.
Current Grid - Uses the current subclass grid.
None - Creates shapes off grid in user units.
Segment Type - Line segments used when defining a polygon shape boundary.
Line - Any angle
Line 45 - Miters corners to 45 degree angles
Line Orthogonal - Corners will be at 90-degree angles
Arc - Choose to create an arc in the shape boundary

Global Dynamic Parameters - Shape Fill
Shape > Global Dynamic Parameters
Solid
Vertical
Horizontal
Diag_Pos
Diag_Neg
Diag_Both
Hori_Vert
Custom
The Global Dynamic Parameters form controls settings for all dynamic shapes. Updates
will be made when Apply or OK are selected. These parameters can be overridden by a
Shape Instance Parameter on a shape-by-shape basis.
Global - Select Shape > Global Dynamic Parameters.
Shape Instance - Select Shape then RMB > Parameters.
Object Level - (pin, via, cline) - Edit > Property (see CDSDoc for properties
available. They all begin with DYN*.)
Dynamic Fill:
WYSIWYG - produces artwork quality film. Shapes with no DRC’s.
Rough - Internal smoothing disabled and maximum of two thermal ties added. Used
for large complex shapes.
Disabled - Defers any autovoiding or smoothing. Use on large boards with many
complex shapes or if rough mode is unacceptable.
Xhatch Style - Only applies to static crosshatch shapes.

Global Dynamic Parameters - Void Controls
Snap off
Snap on
In the Global Dynamic Parameters form under Void Controls the settings are:
Artwork Format - will optimize the shape fill for vector or raster processing.
Minimum aperture for gap width - raster applications.
Suppress shapes less than - eliminates unconnected shapes less than the area value
specified when autovoiding shapes.
Create pin voids - Inline or individual options for voiding around pins.
Distance between pins - Used when inline is selected.
Acute angle trim control - Used when raster processing is selected. Round and
chamfered are the options.
Snap voids to hatch grid - Attaches created voids to the hatch grid rather than
following the voided element edge.

Global Dynamic Parameters - Clearances
Shape > Global Shape Parameters
The Clearances tab specifies how far the copper shape is recessed from any conductive
object within the copper shape in order to prevent shorting.
DRC - Uses the DRC spacing values as the clearance distance.
Thermal/Anti - Uses clearance size from thermal relief and antipad definition in the
padstacks of pins or vias.
Oversize - Values are increased beyond the specified clearance settings.

Global Dynamic Parameters - Thermal Relief

Connects
Thermal Relief Connects tab specifies how pins and vias with the same net name as the
shape should be connected to the shape.
Orthogonal - Connect lines are added straight up and down or left and right to
connect to the shape.
Diagonal - Connect lines are added upper left to lower right and lower left to upper
right to connect to the shape.
Full contact - A solid connection to the shape is made to the pin/via. No voids.
Typically set for vias.
8 way connect - Connect lines added orthogonally and diagonally.
None - Thermal relief connect lines are not added.
Best Contact - Rotates the thermal relief connections by 15 degrees trying to meet the
minimum connects required.
Thermal width oversize value - Width of the connect lines added as thermal relief.

Adding Copper Shapes
1. Select Shape > Polygon, Rectangle, or Circle

2. Verify the Class and Subclass are correct
3. Begin drawing the shape
4. Set the Shape Fill Type to dynamic or static
5. Use RMB to define Shape Instance Properties
6. Assign Net Name to the shape
7. Use RMB to select Done.
The procedures to add a copper shape are as follows:
1. Be sure your spacing values are set correctly in the Spacing Rule Set.
2. Select Shape > Global > Dynamic Parameters to check the values for:
a. The Dynamic fill setting under the Shape fill mode.
b. The artwork format you will produce under the Void controls tab.
c. The values for Clearances and Thermal Relief Connects.
These settings will be used for any subsequent dynamic shapes you add.
3. Select Shape > Polygon, Rectangular, or Circular.
4. Verify the class and subclass are correct.
5. Begin drawing the shape.
6. Specify Shape Fill Type as Dynamic Copper, Static Solid, or Static Crosshatch.
7. Assign a net name to the shape.
8. Complete adding the shape.
9. Select Done to exit the command.

Editing Copper Shapes
Shape >
Add Shape
Edit
Shape
This is the Shape > pull-down menu. The first three commands allow you to add shapes to
the board. The remaining commands allow you to edit shapes.
Select Shape or Void - to interactively edit an existing shape or void, select the
element you want to edit, use the RMB pull-down menu to make changes to the
assigned net, parameters, and so on.
Manual Void - use this pull-down menu to interactively edit the voids in a shape. You
must use this command to delete voids within shapes.
Edit Boundary - after defining a new boundary to a shape, the old boundary is
automatically removed.
Raise Priority - Click on shape you want to prioritize to make the boundary more
prevalent.
Delete Islands - used on dynamic shapes. Command will highlight isolated areas of
copper for you to delete.
Change Shape Type - Changes shape type from Static Solid to Dynamic Copper or
vise versa.

Merge Shapes- Merge shapes that are assigned to the same net and overlapped. The
shapes to be merged will take on the properties of the primary shape.
Check - necessary only when creating vector based artwork. Checks the shape for
narrow areas where an aperture cannot plot.
Compose and Decompose shape - converts a group of lines and arcs into a shape.
The lines could have come from a DXF or Gerber file.
Lab
Lab: Copper Areas

Generate positive and negative planes.
z Set up for embedded planes
z Set up for thermal pad display.
z Edit the shape to assign a net name.
z Changing a Static shape to Dynamic.
z Deleting isolated copper islands
z Edit the shape using copper void options.
both negative and positive planes. You will learn how to set your display for negative
planes, learn how to add shapes and how to void positive shapes.

Lab 11-1: Copper Areas

Objective: Given the net names and subclasses, demonstrate adding
negative and positive planes to the lab database.
Set Up for Embedded Planes

In the previous routing lesson, you created a negative shape for each plane for the VCC
and GND subclasses. This let the SPECCTRA autorouter know which plane to route to
when it did the fanout process. You will now use these shapes as the basis for the final
planes. You will end up with VCC as a negative plane and GND as a positive plane.
1. Start Allegro, if you don’t already have it running.
2. Open the gloss.brd file if it is not the current design.

The gloss.brd file appears in the work area.
Setup for Thermal Pad Display

You will now define the VCC as a negative plane. You need to have special display
settings in order to see the thermals and anti-pads.
1. Choose Setup > Drawing Options from the top menu.

The Drawing Options window appears.
2. In the Display folder tab of the Drawing Options window, turn on Thermal Pads and
Filled Pads.
This enables the display of thermal relief patterns for negative copper areas.
3. Turn the Grid OFF in that same form.
4. Click OK.
5. Use the Visibility tab in the Control Panel to turn OFF all etch subclasses and turn ON
only the VCC layer.
6. Choose Display > Dehighlight from the top menu.
7. Select Nets in the Dehighlight All list in the Options tab.

Any nets that have been highlighted will now be dehighlighted.
8. Select Done from the right mouse button popup.

9. Zoom in to see the thermal reliefs connecting to the VCC plane and the clearances for
the pads that do not connect to the plane.
The pins and vias connected to the plane will have the appropriate Flash Symbol
displayed. The pins and vias not connected to the plane will display the Anti Pad.
These are both taken from the Padstack. Since the VCC plane is a negative plane, it is
now created and ready for artwork, so you do not have any more to do on this
subclass.

11. In the File Name field enter:

shape
12. Choose the Save button in the file browser.

The file shape.brd is saved to disk.
Changing DRC and Display Settings

You will now work on defining the GND plane as a positive. When artwork is created, this
layer will be plotted as a positive image (copper = black). First you need to change the
layer stackup so this plane layer will have DRC run as a positive plane.
1. Click the Visibility folder tab in the Control Panel to bring the Visibility menu
forward.
2. Toggle all layers OFF, then toggle all GND layer items ON.
3. Choose Setup > Subclasses from the top menu.

The Define Subclass form appears.
4. Select the Etch subclass from the form.

The Define Etch Subclass form appears.
5. In the Film Type column of this form, change the GND layer from Negative to
Positive.
6. Click OK in the Define Etch Subclass form.
7. Click OK in the Define Subclass form.

You just changed the GND subclass setting from Negative to Positive. Note how the
graphics have changed to show the pads and vias as solid.

Editing the GND Plane

The shape is now considered a Static shape. We need to change the shape type to
Dynamic. Then we will void the pads. When artwork is created, this layer will be plotted
as a positive image (copper shape and pads = black).
1. Select Shape > Change Shape Type.

Note in the Options tab for Shape Fill Type: To dynamic copper.
2. Click the GND shape in the board.

Nothing graphically will change. The Allegro command line says:
Converting static shapes to dynamic copper fill
3. Select Shape > Global Dynamic Parameters.

This brings up the Global Shapes Parameter form that has settings for all the shapes
on the entire board.
4. Toggle Dynamic Fill: WYSIWYG, on the Shape Fill form.

This setting will connect the thermal relief connects with artwork quality voids and
thermal reliefs.
5. Select the Void Control tab and change the Artwork Format to RS274X.
This setting is used when you are going to create artwork for a rasterized, instead of a
vectorized, plotter.
6. Select the Thermal Relief Connects tab and change the Via thermal definition to
Diagonal.
Note how the voids and thermal reliefs change to give you thermal ties for your vias.
(You might want to change this back to full contact, depending on what your typical
in-house application is.)
7. Click OK to exit the form.
8. Zoom In to take a closer look at the antipads and thermal reliefs for the vias and pads.
Deleting Islands
There are a couple of areas on the board on this subclass where there are isolated areas of
copper. We will rid the board of these floating copper areas.
1. Select Shape > Delete Islands.

The island areas will highlight. Notice this in the World View Window in the lower
right of the Allegro user interface. We will automatically zoom into those areas.
2. Select First in the Current Island area of the Options tab.

The window will zoom in around the first isolated island it finds.
3. Select Delete in the Current Island area of the Options tab.

This removes the first island and creates a void boundary so when the shape is
dynamically changed in the future, the island is not recreated. It also zooms in around
the second isolated island.
4. Select Delete and notice that the island count changes from one to none.

A window appears and warns you that the shape.brd file already exists. It asks if you

The shape.brd file is saved to disk.
Other Copper Void Options

In this section of the lab, you experiment with other techniques for creating void areas on
a dynamic shape.
1. Zoom into the area around the large through-hole dip package symbol, U2, on the
board.
2. Choose Shape > Global Dynamic Parameters from the top menu.
The Shape Parameters form appears.
3. In the Void Controls tab set the Create Pin Voids option to In-Line.
4. Change the Distance between pins to 100 mils apart.
5. Click OK to apply the new settings and exit the form.

Notice that the pins on the dip have a single void for all the pads, instead of individual
voids.
Now on to manually defining void areas in your shape.
6. Select Shape > Manual Void > Polygon.
7. Select the shape you want to add a void to.

The shape will highlight. The command line say, “Pick Void Coordinates”.
8. Click the outline of the void you are adding.
9. When you get close to the end of defining the void, use the RMB and select Done.
10. Experiment with the Shape > Manual Void > Rectangle and Shape > Manual
Void > Circular commands to create additional areas that are free of copper.
11. In the Display Color/Visibility form, under Areas, turn OFF the Route Keepin
subclass so as not to edit the route keepin while performing the next step.
12. Experiment with the Shape > Edit > Boundary command to change the outline of
the copper area. While in this command, start at the edge of a shape and draw a new
boundary. When done, only the newly drawn boundary should remain.
13. Examine the results.

A window appears and warns you that the shape.brd file already exists. It asks if you

The shape.brd file is saved to disk.
STOP End of Lab


12
Lesson 12: Preparing for Post Processing
Learning Objectives
Learn how to rename reference designators.

Learn how to backannotate changes made in Allegro to one
of three different schematic design environments:
Concept HDL
Capture
Third Party
In this section you will learn about preparing your design for post processing. This will
include automatic and manual renaming of reference designators, and backannotating
your design changes to your schematic.

Preparing for Post Processing Lesson 12

stackup constraints
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
check plots design
Gerber data
silkscreens YOU ARE automatic
HERE (almost) route signals
Assembly
drawings
fabrications
drawings
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. The items about to be discussed are
sometimes included in the manufacturing output area.

Lesson 12 Preparing for Post Processing
Renaming Reference Designators
Choose a resequencing method
U1 U2 U3 U4
or…
U4 U3 U2 U1
U1 U4
or… UA1 UA2 UA3 UA4 U2 U3

or…
UB1 UB2 UB3 UB4 U2
U3
UC1 UC2 UC3 UC4

U4 U1
You can rename your reference designators and backannotate to your schematic at any
time in the design process. For example, after placement, you may want to rename your
components to reflect the changes. After renaming, you would want to backannotate your
schematics. Renaming and backannotation are presented here mainly to present a
consistent flow and also as another point during which you may want to perform these
tasks.
It is not uncommon to rename (resequence) the reference designators on a board after part
placement, or at the end of the layout phase. The process results in a physical layout that is
easier to test, debug, rework, assemble, and maintain in the field. A particular component
is easier to locate when reference designators on the board are ordered in a consistent and
predictable fashion (such as left to right, top to bottom).

Caution
Before attempting to rename components in Allegro, it is advisable to contact the
engineer you are working with to get a copy of his most recent schematic. He
might have changed the circuitry. If that is the case, and you change the reference
designator names, the two will be out of sync. Therefore, before changing
reference designators or swapping functions or pins, be sure to forward annotate
the schematic to be certain you are working with current information.
The automatic renaming process in Allegro lets you rename every component on a design
in a single operation. You can also elect to rename individual components by attaching the
AUTO_RENAME property to them, or rename components on one side of the board only.
Renaming is controlled by placement grid line locations only (user-defined or default

selection) or by sequential renaming within grid blocks. With grid-based renaming, you
can designate the direction (horizontal or vertical) and order (left-right, right-left,
upwards-downwards) of the renaming process. Additionally, you can define grid
descriptions by alpha characters and/or integers.
To access automatic renaming tools in Allegro, select Logic > Auto Rename RefDes.
Rename Reference Designators (Main Form)
Logic > Auto Rename RefDes
Click More to get to

the setup form
Use the following steps to automatically rename your components:

1. Choose Logic > Auto Rename Refdes from the top menu.
2. Choose the type of placement grid you want to use.

– User Defined Grid - You define a grid on the class BOARD GEOMETRY and
subclasses PLACE_GRID_TOP and PLACE_GRID_BOTTOM. The system will use
these grids, looking at each grid square based upon the direction specified in the Rename
RefDes Setup Form (see next page).
– Use Default Grid - This option basically results in no two parts ever being considered
in the same block for renaming purposes.
3. Select which components to rename.

– Rename All Components - Renames all components on the side of the board specified
in the Rename RefDes Setup Form (see next page).
– Attach Property, Components - You must attach the property AUTO_RENAME to
all components that are to be renamed in this pass.
4. Click More... to check or change sequencing parameters (see next page).
5. Click OK in the Rename RefDes menu to begin execution.
Rename Reference Designators (Setup Form)

Select the More button to bring up the Rename Ref Des Setup form. You use this second
form to set the parameters used when running the rename reference designator command.
The Layer Options section of this form specifies whether to rename the top side, bottom
side, or both sides of the design. You also specify the origin point of the part for renaming
purposes.
Use the Directions for Top Layer and Directions for Bottom Layer sections of this form
to specify the rename order for the appropriate layer.
Use the Reference Designator Format section to specify how the new reference
designator names should be created. The Ref Des prefix field specifies what the starting
character or characters of the new name should be. An asterisk in this field specifies that
the reference designator format as defined in the library footprint symbol should be used
as the starting character or characters of the new name. If you want to keep the current
prefix as was defined from the schematic, use an asterisk in this field, and check the box
titled Preserve Current Prefixes. Use the fields Top Layer Identifier and Bottom Layer
Identifier to specify a character that will be appended to the new reference designator
name on the appropriate layer. Use the field Skip Characters to identify the characters that
should not be included when creating a new reference designator name.
The Renaming Method field can be set to either Sequential or Grid Based. If you choose
the sequential method, the Sequential Renaming section becomes available. Use the field
Ref Des Digits to specify the minimum number of digits that should be used when
creating a new reference designator name. For example, if 2 is specified, the numbers
following the reference designator prefix would be 01, 02, 03 and so forth.
If you choose the Grid Based method, the Grid Based Renaming section becomes
available. You use the First Direction Designation and Second Direction Designation
fields to assign the prefixes to be used when creating the new reference designator name.
Use the Suffix field if there is more than one component in the same grid cell. If you are
going to use the grid based renaming method, you should use the User Defined Grid
method as discussed above.
Once you have specified all the parameters in the Rename Ref Des SetUp form, select
Close in this form. To execute the renaming sequence, select OK in the Rename Ref Des
form.

Rename Reference Designators—Key Points
Things to remember:
A component can be individually renamed by editing the attached
reference designator text.
An AUTO_RENAME property can be attached to specific groups of

components to sequence them separately.
A HARD_LOCATION property can be used to prevent certain

components from being renamed.
User-defined grid cells can be used to determine specific row and

column boundaries.
There are many options available for determining number and letter
sequencing. Refer to CDSDoc to find your best settings.
When you rename components, you must backannotate to your

schematic source.
When you rename reference designators, there are a few things to remember. You can
manually rename a part by changing the reference designator text. To manually change the
reference designator, select the Edit > Text option from the top menu, select the reference
designator to be renamed, and enter in the new reference designator on the Allegro
command line. You can change the text on the assembly top, assembly bottom, silkscreen
top, or silkscreen bottom subclasses under the class Ref Des. If there are certain parts that
you do not want to be renamed by the auto rename tool, attach the property
HARD_LOCATION to them. When you rename your components, you must
backannotate your schematics with the reference designator changes to keep the schematic
and the design in sync.

Backannotation
Mapping changes from the physical layout

back to the logical schematic world
• property changes
• ref-des changes
• pin and gate swaps
backannotating
1
U1 3
2
4
U1 6
5
netlisting
If you rename the reference designators in your design, you will need to backannotate
these changes to the schematic. In order for backannotation to work correctly, the
schematic must not have been changed since the last logic import into the Allegro board or
the last backannotation had been performed.

Backannotation Examples
Gate Swapping
Pin Swapping
A
Y
B
Reference Designator Rename
U1 U2 U3
There are other changes that can be made that will require backannotation. The Allegro
tool can perform gate and pin swapping, which can improve component placement and
routing.
These processes—gate and pin swapping, and rename—represent changes to the Allegro
database, and must be communicated back to the schematic.
Backannotation is capable of documenting reference designator and physical pin number

changes only. To perform properly, the schematic and physical layout must match. If parts
exist in the schematic that are not on the board (or vice versa), or schematic connectivity
does not match the physical layout, these differences will be identified.

Backannotation—Concept Export Netlist
…/worklib/root/packaged …/worklib/root/physical
pinView.dat design.brd
netView.dat
funcView.dat
compView.dat
Packager-XL feedback.log
pstback.dat
The Export Netlist command generates the backannotation files required to update the
schematic. When communicating information back to the Concept tool, these files are:
– pinView.dat contains reference designator, pin number, and netname for each device pin
in the schematic.
– compView.dat contains component instance properties.
– netView.dat contains net properties.
– funcView.dat contains function properties.
– cmdbview.dat contains the electrical constraints.
– cmbcview.dat contains the baseline electrical constraint sets.
Before you can update the Concept schematic you must repackage it. This file serves as
input to the Packager (when run in “feedback” mode).
– pstback.dat is the backannotation file that is produced whenever you run the packager.
Use this file to update the schematic.

Backannotation to Concept
From Allegro:
File > Export > Logic
From Concept:
File > Import Physical
Export Logic creates a temporary file from the active board and creates the required .dat
files. The Allegro tool knows which .dat files to create, based on a directive in each
pstxprt.dat file.
■ From Allegro, select File > Export > Logic.
■ From Concept, select File > Import Physical.
■ From the Project Manager, click Design Sync.
The Allegro tool creates the output files in the Allegro working directory. A log file,
feedback.log, is also created, which you can view using the File > Viewlog command.

Property Backannotation
Component Instance Properties (compView.dat)

Schematic Instance Properties (funcView.dat)
Pin Instance Properties (pinView.dat)
Net Properties (netView.dat)
Electrical Rules (cmdbView.dat and cmbcView.dat)
NOTES
Properties added to Allegro will transfer back to the schematic.
Component definition properties are NOT backannotated.
U1
U2
Logical World Physical World
The Allegro tool does not backannotate Component Definition Properties (in general,
because they cannot be changed in Allegro software). The exception is jedec_type
(changed when using alt_symbols).
Property Changes During ECO
Property values in the new (edited) schematic override the existing values in the
Allegro tool. Existing Allegro properties not defined in the schematic remain
unchanged. For example:
– A logic designer utilizes the ECL property to indicate that five nets are high-speed.
Later, the logic designer discovers he has labeled the wrong net(s). The property is
removed, and attached to the correct net(s). After the ECO is performed, the Allegro
design will contain ten ECL nets. Removing the property from the five original nets will
not affect their current assignments in the Allegro software, nor will backannotation
remove properties from the schematic.

– A schematic contains a trace length requirement (delay_rule property). During

placement, the layout designer determines that this requirement is too restrictive, and
changes it in Allegro. Later, an edited schematic containing the old value is used to
perform engineering changes, and the Allegro edit is lost. Solution: run backannotation
after editing the property value within Allegro.
The file that controls which properties will be backannotated when using the Packager-XL
is titled <cds inst dir>/tools/pcb/text/views/pxlBA.txt.
Capture Integrated Logic Design/Physical

Layout
Annotate/netlist
1
2 U1 3
4
5 U1 6
Capture
Export logic Import logic
placement/routing
Allegro
The diagram illustrates the front-to-back integration between Capture and Allegro tools.
Capture Front End
1. Capture: It is not required that the Capture schematic reside in the same directory as
the Allegro design. However, it is recommended that the two be kept together.
2. Annotate: The Annotate program converts the logic devices into physical packages,
schematic.

3. Allegro Netlister: The Allegro Netlister creates the transfer files used by Allegro. By
default, these files are created in a directory named allegro.
Allegro
4. Import Logic: After this step, the design now contains connection information.
5. Allegro: Places, routes, pin and gate swaps for optimum routing results; generates
6. Export Logic: This program generates backannotation files the Capture tool uses to
update the schematic.
Allegro-Capture Backannotation
From Capture:
Tools > Backannotate
From Allegro:
File > Export > Logic
The first step in backannotating from Allegro to Capture is to generate the feedback files.
These are the same four compView.dat, funcView.dat, pinView.dat and netView.dat files
used in the Allegro to Concept backannotation process. This can be done from within
Allegro by using the File > Export > Logic command or by using the Generate
Feedback Files option from the Capture Backannotate command.

After the four feedback files have been generated from the Allegro design, you must run
the backannotation process from within Capture. This process will read the Allegro-
generated feedback files, create an output swap file that contains all the required
backannotation information required by Capture, and update the schematic.
Third-Party Backannotation Process
External Front End
From Allegro:
netlist.txt File > Export > Logic
Allegro
device.txt
devpath
Netin
<design>.baf
netin.log
netin.brd Backannotate
You need to perform backannotation for a third-party netlist board if you make any logical
changes such as pin swapping, gate swapping, reference designator renaming, and so on.
Remember that pin and gate swapping can only be accomplished if the device file is
created to support swapping.

Third-Party Backannotation
File > Export Logic
In order to successfully run backannotation for a third-party netlist, you must have a
design saved on disk to compare against the current design. Enter this name in the
Comparison Design field located in the Options folder tab. This means that you need to
save a version of the design to disk before any backannotation type changes are made to
your design. These types of changes consist of pin and gate swapping or reference
designator renaming and so on.
File > Export > Logic creates a <design>.baf file from the active board. This file
contains reference designator assignments (after gate/pin swap, or reference designator
rename) indicating changes that may have occurred. Ensure that the Third Party toggle is
set.
The optional Include Spare TF–Functions lets you include spare gates in the output file.
Spare gates will appear at the end of the backannotation file.
Note
You must have saved a version of the design before ANY type of backannotation
changes can be made.These types of changes are pin swapping, gate swapping, or
reference designator renaming.

Labs
Lab: Renaming Components

Use the renaming capability in Allegro to set up resequencing
and change Reference Designators.
Lab: Allegro to Concept Backannotation
Backannotate changes made in the Allegro physical layout to the
Concept logical schematic.
Lab: Allegro to Capture Backannotation
Backannotate changes made in the Allegro physical layout to the
Capture logical schematic.
Lab: Allegro Backannotation to a Third-Party Schematic
Capture Tool
Backannotate changes made in the Allegro physical layout to a
third-party logical schematic.

– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to automatically and manually
rename your design.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to backannotate your design to a
Concept schematic. You should only perform this lab if you used Concept as your
schematic input.
Capture schematic. You should only perform this lab if you used Capture as your
schematic input.
third-party schematic system. You should only perform this lab if you used third party as
your schematic input.

Lab 12-1: Renaming Components

Objective: Assign new reference designators automatically and
interactively.
1. If you don’t already have Allegro software running, start Allegro.
2. Open the file shape.brd.
Setting Colors and Visibility

1. Choose View > Zoom Fit from the top menu.
3. In the Global Visibility scroll bar window, select All Invisible.
4. Select Yes to confirm change of visibility of all classes.
5. Select the Components group.
6. Under the REF DES class, turn ON ASSEMBLY_TOP and

ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM.
7. Select the Geometry group.
8. Under the BOARD GEOMETRY class, turn ON OUTLINE.
9. Under the PACKAGE GEOMETRY class, turn ON ASSEMBLY_TOP and

ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM.
10. Select the Stack-Up group.

It is easier to see the reference designators with the wiring turned off.
11. Turn ON the following:

TOP-PINS, BOTTOM-PINS, and TOP-VIAS.
Renaming Components
1. Choose Logic > Auto Rename RefDes from the top menu.
The Rename RefDes menu appears.

2. Check to see that Use Default Grid is selected.
3. Check to see that Rename ALL Components is selected.
4. Click on the More... button.

The Rename RefDes Setup form appears.
5. Make adjustments to this menu to match the form:
Notice that the Top Layer Identifier and the Bottom Layer Identifier fields have been
blanked out because we don’t want extra suffixes added to show what side the
component is placed on. The Preserve Current Prefixes check box has been enabled to
use the same format that is currently in the reference designators.
6. Click Close to return to the Rename RefDes Setup menu.
7. Click Rename to begin executing the automatic rename process.

8. Click Close to close the Rename RefDes form.
9. Zoom in or pan your view to inspect your results.


final
12. Click Save in the file browser.

The file final.brd is saved to disk.
You will overwrite this version of your design while preparing it for final output
phases.
Interactively Renaming Parts

1. Zoom in to view a component of your choice.
2. Choose Edit > Text from the top menu.

The Allegro message area prompts,
Pick text to edit.
3. Click on the reference designator of the component you want to rename.

The selected refdes is highlighted.

U99 (or any name you wish) and press Return.
Note
If the name you choose already exists in your design, you are notified in the
Allegro message area that the name is being swapped with another component.
This feature prevents you from accidentally creating duplicate names.
5. To exit from the Edit > Text command, right click and choose Done from the pop-up
menu.

A window appears and warns you that the final.brd file already exists. It asks if you

The file final.brd is written to disk.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 12-2: Allegro to Concept Backannotation

Objective: Create backannotation files and incorporate them into the
Concept schematic.
You have previously performed gate swapping and renamed your reference designators.
These database changes must be sent back to the schematic.
Note
This lab is for designs that were created from Concept logic only! Do not perform
this lab if your design was created from a Capture schematic or a third-party
netlist.
1. Minimize the Allegro window.
2. Start the Project Manager and open project1.com.
3. From the Project Manager window, click Design Sync > Import Physical.
The Import Physical form opens.
4. If necessary, change the settings to match the following:
5. Click OK to begin generating feedback files.
6. A message appears, asking if you want to view the results. Unless you are extremely
curious, click No.

Feedback files are generated for Concept; however, one more procedure must be
completed to actually make changes to the schematic.
7. In the Program Manager window, click Design Entry.

The Concept schematic window opens.
8. From the Concept top menu, choose Tools > Back Annotate.
A Backannotation form appears with the default file selected.
9. Click OK.
All pages of the schematic are updated. Lower levels of the schematic hierarchy are
updated as well. After updating has occurred, your schematic may show a view at
some low level in the hierarchy. If this is the case, you can use the large Return arrow
icon to get back to the top level pages of the schematic.
10. Choose File > Save All in the Concept top menu.
11. Close the Concept window by selecting File > Exit.
12. Close the Project Manager window by selecting File > Exit.
13. Reopen the Allegro window.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 12-3: Allegro to Capture Backannotation

Objective: Create backannotation files for the Capture schematic package.
Note
This lab is for designs that were created from a Capture schematic only! Do not
perform this lab if your design was created from a Concept schematic or a third-
party netlist.
1. Choose File > Export > Logic.
2. Select Capture in the Logic Type folder tab if it is not currently selected.
3. In the Export to directory field, browse to the project2 directory.
4. Click Export Cadence.

The feedback files pinview.dat, compview.dat, netview.dat, and funcview.dat are
created. These files can be used in the Capture backannotation process.
5. Select Close to close the Export Logic form.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 12-4: Allegro Backannotation to a Third-

Party Schematic Capture Tool
Objective: Create backannotation files for a third-party schematic package.
1. Choose File > Export > Logic.
2. Select the Other Folder tab.
3. In the Comparison design field, either manually enter or use the browse button to
select placed.brd.
4. Select the Include Spare TF_functions option. This will include the spare gates in
the output file.
5. Select Export Cadence.

The file final.baf is created. You can use the File Viewer to look at this file.
6. Select Close to close the Export Logic form.
STOP End of Lab


13
Lesson 13: Preparing the Board Design for
Manufacturing
Learning Objectives
Generate and edit silkscreen layers.

Use reports available in Allegro.
Set up the design file for artwork.
Preview artwork files before plotting.
Generate drill symbols and a drill legend for a fabrication
drawing.
Create check plots.
Output a drill file used for drilling the board holes in
manufacturing.
In this section you will learn more about preparing your design for post processing and
will learn how to generate the required outputs. This will include creating silkscreens,
generating reports, setting up for artwork, creating artwork files and creating NC files.

Preparing the Board Design for Manufacturing Lesson 13

stackup constraints
Arrange/place
components
Manufacturing
outputs Physical
Check plots design
Aperture files analysis
Gerber data
Silkscreens YOU ARE automatic
HERE route signals
Assembly
drawings
Fabrications
drawings
Reports Generate Define Power/ Gloss/auto
common step in the design of a printed circuit board. You will now learn the steps and
processes required to generate the standard output files to be delivered to manufacturing.

Lesson 13 Preparing the Board Design for Manufacturing
Creating Silkscreens
Ref Des
U*
manufacturing
package geometry U12
Autosilk_Top
Pins
Vias
You access silkscreen mode by selecting Manufacture > Silkscreen from the text menu.
You can generate a silkscreen as a composite of the graphics from the following classes:
– BOARD GEOMETRY
– COMPONENT VALUE
– DEVICE TYPE
– PACKAGE GEOMETRY
– REF DES
– TOLERANCE
– USER PART NUMBER
Each of the classes has SILKSCREEN_TOP and SILKSCREEN_BOTTOM subclasses

that you can use to generate silkscreens. This process first copies all of the selected
silkscreen graphics to the MANUFACTURING class on either the AUTOSILK_TOP or
AUTOSILK_BOTTOM subclasses. Many standards say to void soldermask of any
silkscreen image. If a silkscreen line or arc crosses a pad or hole, the portion of the line or
arc crossing the pad is automatically trimmed away. If a text string crosses a pad, the text
is usually moved away from the pad.

If a text string cannot be moved to avoid a violation of a pad, a warning is recorded in the
log file (autosilk.log). This warning identifies the coordinates and contents of the text
string, as well as the side of the design where the violation occurs.
Creating Silkscreens—Menu
Manufacture > Silkscreen
The options in the Auto Silkscreen form are:
Layer buttons specify the side of the design on which to generate the silkscreen.
Elements buttons specify whether lines, text, or both are processed. Only selected
elements are erased from the specified AUTOSILK subclass and regenerated. Any
elements that are not selected are untouched.
Classes and Subclasses fields define the Allegro classes where the Auto Silkscreen
process looks for silkscreen graphics. For each of the classes listed on the parameter
form, you can choose one of the following:
• Silk: only copies graphics from the SILKSCREEN subclass.
• None: specifies that nothing is taken from the class.
• Any: first uses the SILKSCREEN subclass. If nothing is found in the value you
select, the ASSEMBLY subclass is used.

Text fields determine how text is (rotated) displayed on the silkscreen.
Lock Autosilk Text—after the first time autosilk is run, this toggle locks in the
location of text if symbol is placed, moved, or deleted.
Maximum Displacement specifies in user units the maximum distance in any

direction that silkscreen text strings can be moved from their original location.
Minimum Line Length specifies the minimum length of any line segment allowed on
an AUTOSILK subclass. If trimming lines around pads produces segments shorter
than the specified value, they will be removed. The default is 0 (no segments
removed).
Element to Pad Clearance specifies in user units the amount of space to be left
between silkscreen elements and the edges of pads. You can specify the clearance to
the Regular pad or the Soldermask pad. Use the “Clear solder mask pad” option to
specify the latter.
Clear solder mask pad specifies that when lines are being clipped or text is being
moved, the soldermask pad will be used for determining the pad size rather than the
regular top or bottom pad.
Incremental Update of Silkscreens
There must be at least one run of the autosilk process for

incremental silkscreen updates to occur.
After incremental silkscreen mode is in effect, the following occurs:
If a component is moved, its old silkscreen will be removed and the new
silkscreen will be generated to properly clear around pins and vias.
If a via is added, any silkscreen that is too close will be updated as
required.
If a via is deleted, any silkscreen that was "clipped" because it was too
close will be added back.
When in incremental mode, any operation that results in a silkscreen
error will only display a warning in the Allegro command area that a
silkscreen failure occurred. To see the actual error, you must use the
silkscreen Audit feature.
NOTE: Running Refresh Symbol may cause both the original silkscreen
layers AND the Autosilk layers to be regenerated.

The Silkscreen Incremental mode is only enabled after using the Manufacture >
Silkscreen command.When moving or replacing parts in the incremental mode, the
autosilk silkscreen is generated based upon the symbol’s current silkscreen definition.
Therefore, in general, the autosilk layer should not be manually edited. Instead, the
original silkscreen subclass should be modified so that whenever any parts are moved, the
correct autosilk information will be automatically generated. This includes both line and
text information.
When you are either dumping the libraries or creating a clipboard, the autosilk information
WILL NOT be created. Only the symbol’s original silkscreen will be used.
Generating Reports
Tools > Reports Available Reports

or Assigned Function Netin [back anno.]
Bill of Materials Netin [non-back]
Component Padstack Definition
Component Pin Padstack Usage
Concept Feedback Placed Components
Dangling Lines Properties on Nets
Design Rule Check Spare Function
Dynamic Shapes Summary Drawing Report
Function Symbol Library Path
Function Pin Symbol Pin
Module Unassigned Functions
Net List Unconnected Pins
Unplaced Components

Allegro provides many predefined reports that can be run from within the current design.
Select the Tools > Reports option from the top menu to display the Reports form. To
choose a report to be generated, use the scroll bar on the right side of the Report field and
then select the desired report. Select the Report button to run the specified report. After
the report has been created, a window appears showing your report. You can save the
report to a file from the displayed window by selecting File > Save As and specifying a
file name in the Save window. If you wish to save the report to a file and NOT have the
report shown in Allegro, specify a file name in the Output File Name field of the Reports
form. Select Close to close the main Reports window.
When generating reports to a file, by default each time you run the report, it overwrites the
previous version. The Append to file option will append the latest version of the report to
the end of a pre-existing file.
Labs
Lab: Creating Silkscreens

Generate and edit silkscreen layers.
z Set visibility.
z Execute the autosilk program.
z Edit the silkscreen.
Lab: Creating Reports
Use reports available in Allegro.

– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to automatically and manually
create and edit the silkscreen.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to generate reports.

Lab 13-1: Creating Silkscreens

Objective: Generate and edit silkscreen layers.
Setting Visibility
Before you proceed, turn ON the drawing layers that display the top silkscreen
information.
2. Select the Manufacturing group.
3. Scroll through the list to find AUTOSILK_TOP.
4. Turn ON the visibility button for the AUTOSILK_TOP subclass.
5. In the Color Pad, select the color white, and assign it to the AUTOSILK_TOP layer.
6. Select the Stack-up group.
7. Turn OFF the visibility button for the PIN on the BOTTOM subclass.
We will be working with the objects on the top of the board.
8. Select the Geometry group.
9. Turn OFF the visibility button for the PACKAGE GEOMETRY class,
ASSEMBLY_TOP and ASSEMBLY_BOTTOM layers.
This turns off the layers you would be seeing on an assembly drawing.
10. Select the Components group.
11. In the REF DES subclass, toggle ALL subclasses OFF.

This turns off your reference designators.

The display is ready for silkscreen generation.
Executing the Autosilk Program

1. Choose Manufacture > Silkscreen from the top menu.
The Auto Silkscreen parameter form appears.

2. Set the following parameters:

Layer: Top
Elements: Both
CLASSES and SUBCLASSES
Board Geometry: None
Component Value: None
Device Type: None
Package Geometry: Silk
Reference Designator: Any
Tolerance: None
User Part Number: None
These settings toggle ON which subclasses will be copied to the Silktop subclass.
TEXT
Rotation: 0,90
Allow Under Components: OFF
Lock Autosilk Text: ON
Maximum Displacement: 200
Displacement Increment: 25
Minimum Line Length: 10
Element to Pad Clearance: 5
Clear Solder mask pad: OFF
3. Click Silkscreen.
The automatic silkscreen program executes.
If the program failed to place any silkscreen reference designators legally (not under
components, and away from pads and vias), the number of occurrences is also shown.
Each reference designator that failed to meet these requirements is listed in the
autosilk.log file.
4. Choose File > Viewlog from the top menu.

The autosilk.log file is displayed. Use the scroll bar to review this file.
5. Click Close to exit the log file.
6. Zoom in to review the resulting silkscreen.

Notice how the package symbol outlines are broken where they intersect pads and
vias. Also note the difference in refdes text sizes. This is controlled by the text block
that was used when the refdes labels were added to the package symbols.
Editing the Silkscreen

1. Choose Edit > Move from the top menu.
2. Set the Find Filter so that only Text is ON.
3. Click on a reference designator.

It is attached to your cursor.
4. Click to place the refdes in a new location.

You are still in move mode.
5. Click on the refdes again.
6. Right click and choose Rotate from the pop-up menu.

A handle will appear and you can change the rotation of the text.
7. Click left to select a new rotation for the text.
8. Click to place the refdes with its new rotation.


STOP End of Lab

Lab 13-2: Creating Reports

Objective: Create reports from the class board to help you decide if it is
ready to go to manufacturing.
The Allegro design tool has several reports that provide information about your design.
You can print reports at any time during the processing cycle. A report menu is included.
1. Choose Tools > Reports.

The Reports menu appears.
2. Scroll through the list of reports and select Summary Drawing Report from the pull-
down list.
3. Click Report to generate the report.

A Summary Drawing Report appears in a new viewing window.
4. After viewing the report, click Close in the Reports window to close this window.
5. Repeat this process to create a Bill of Materials, a Design Rules Check, Unconnected
Pins, Unplaced Components, or any other type of report you wish.
6. Click Close to close the Reports menu.
7. Do not log out. You will use this file, final.brd, in the next lab.
STOP End of Lab

Creating Checkplots
This menu varies, depending on your

File > Plot system’s printer/plotter.
(NT)
(UNIX)
To create a hard copy from within Allegro, select the File > Plot option from the text
window. The standard print form is displayed. Whatever is displayed in your current
Allegro work area is what will be plotted.

Generating Artwork
Input files needed Output files created

Allegro Design File (.brd) Top.art
VCC.art
GND.art
Bottom.art
SilkTop
Smask_top
Gerber files
Top
VCC
GND
To photoplotter
Bottom
Film Control Smask_bot
records SilkBot
Mylar Film
Parameter file Aperture file Log file

art_param.txt art_aper.txt photoplot.log
(vector only)
Artwork files, or Gerber files, are some of the most important items required to
manufacture a printed circuit board. The following items and files must be created in order
for Allegro to generate the artwork files.
First, Film Control records must exist within the Allegro design. Second, the file
art_param.txt should exist. If this file does not exist, then the default parameters will be
used. And third, the file art_aper.txt must exist if you are NOT using the 274X, Barco
DPF, or MDA Gerber file formats. These items will be discussed later.
With the preceding items defined, Allegro can create the Gerber files for the design. The
Gerber file names created will be the film control record name appended with the string
.art. Along with the Gerber files, a log file titled photoplot.log will be created. It is very
important to check this log file to ensure all Gerber files have been created successfully.

Artwork Parameters
Manufacture > Artwork
To display the Artwork Control form, select Manufacture > Artwork from the top menu.
Select the General Parameters tab to bring to the front the Artwork Parameters section of
the form.
The parameter form displays the default settings if no art_param.txt file exists in your
ARTPATH (in the env file). To control artwork parameters for all users, set the ARTPATH
variable to the location of an existing parameter file.
The top left portion of the form contains the standard parameters that you can set for all
five photoplotter model types supported by Allegro software. The other portion (shown
later) of the parameters form shows different parameters and default settings, depending
on your Device Type (photoplotter model) selection.
■ Device Type fields specify the photoplotter model.
■ Film Size Limits fields specify the dimensions of the film used by the photoplotter. If
there are elements that plot outside the boundaries, a warning is issued in the log file.

■ Error Action specifies the action taken when an error is found during processing (such
as an undefined aperture, and so forth). All errors are written to the log file.
■ Format specifies the number of integer places and the number of decimal places in the
output coordinates (range is from 0 to 5). Gerber format should reflect your design
accuracy settings. For example, if design units are mils, and accuracy is set to 1 (sub-mil
values), then make your Gerber format accurate to four decimal places (output in inches).
Scale Factor for Output (not shown) scales all entries in the Gerber file.
Artwork Parameters—Device Dependent
Gerber 6x00 and 4x00
Gerber RS274X, Barco and MDA
Device-Dependent Parameters
■ Coordinate Type specifies whether the photoplot coordinates are always the absolute
distance from the drawing origin (Absolute) or the relative distance from the last
coordinate (Incremental). Not applicable to Barco DPF.
■ Suppress controls whether the Allegro tool writes leading or trailing zeroes, or equal
coordinates in the Gerber data file. You cannot suppress both leading and trailing zeroes.
Selecting Equal Coordinates reduces the size of the Gerber data file. Not applicable to
Barco DPF.

■ Output Units specify the output units as either inches or millimeters (also mils for Barco
DPF).
■ Output Options are miscellaneous parameters (not applicable to Gerber RS274X, MDA
or Barco DPF devices).
■ Optimize Data sorts coordinates to minimize photo-head travel time. Laser plotters
optimize the data at plot time, making this step unnecessary for artwork.
■ Use ‘G’ Codes specifies G codes in the Gerber data. Gerber data uses G codes to describe
an upcoming process (for example, prepare to receive x, y coordinates, prepare to select
aperture, or prepare to flash aperture). Gerber 4x00 photoplotters require G codes (default
for that device). Gerber 6x00 plotters do not need G codes.
■ Max Apertures per Wheel specifies the maximum number of apertures the photoplotter
wheel uses. You can enter a value between 1 and 999. If your layout uses more than the
number specified, the Allegro software writes a warning to the log file. For Gerber 4x00,
6x00 only.
■ Continue With Undefined Apertures tells the Allegro program what to do when it
cannot find a definition for a flash aperture in the padstack. For use with Gerber RS274X,
MDA, and Barco DPF raster formats only.
The Aperture File
By Geometry
Without Rotation
By Station
With Rotation
Line
Circle
Square
Rectangle
Oblong
Flash

If you have chosen to use a vector format, which is either the Gerber 6x00 or Gerber 4x00,
you must define an aperture wheel. To create an aperture wheel, select the Apertures
button located at the bottom of the Artwork Control form. An Edit Aperture Wheels form
will appear (not shown). Select the Edit button for wheel 1, and the Edit Aperture Stations
form will appear.
To automatically generate all the apertures required for your current design, select the
Auto button. You will have two options for automatic generation, one with rotation and
one without rotation. The option for With Rotation specifies generation of a different
aperture entry for all flashed pads at all rotations used in the design. The Without Rotation
option specifies that only a 0-rotation aperture entry will be created in the aperture wheel.
You can also manually add individual aperture entries by selecting the Add button and
then selecting the appropriate type of aperture to create. When you create apertures
manually, you will also have to manually enter in the station number. You can also sort the
aperture wheel based upon the station number or the type of aperture. When you select
OK at the bottom of the form, the apertures are written to the file art_aper.txt.
Film Control
Manufacture > Artwork

When adding new
Right click to add or delete film control records
classes/subclasses in a film record whatever is defined
as the current Color
Left click to view Visibility settings,
contents of film those are added as
control record the classes and
subclasses.
Toggle to generate
artwork
Right click to add or

delete film control
records

The film control records define the artwork files that will be created, as well as the
contents of those artwork files. The film control records are stored internally in the
Allegro design file. The Film Control folder tab is where you specify the film control
records. The first time you access this form, you will have one film control record for each
etch subclass of the design.
Each film control record will contain the classes Etch, Pin and Via for that subclass. To see
the class and subclass pairs that are defined for a film control record, select the plus sign to
the left of the film control record name.
To add or delete class and subclass pairs to or from the film control record, select one of
the current class and subclass pairs with the right mouse button to display a context-
sensitive menu.
To add a subclass to a film control record, select any current film control record name with
the right mouse button and select Add from the context-sensitive menu. You will be
prompted to enter the name of the new class/subclass to the film control record. After you
choose the new subclass, select OK. The new subclass is added. The class and subclass
pairs that are currently visible at the time the new film control record is added will be the
contents of the new film control record.
To delete a film control record, select the name of the film control record with the right
mouse button and select Cut from the context-sensitive menu.

Film Options
The Film Options form further describes each film control record. View film options for a
film control record by selecting the film control record name with the left mouse button.
■ Film Name displays the Gerber data file name.
■ Rotation specifies in degrees the rotation of the plotted film image.
■ Offset X Y shifts the positions of the photoplot coordinates. You can enter positive or
negative values in these fields.
■ Plot mode specifies positive or negative artwork. This should always be set to positive
except for negative planes.
■ Undefined Line Width specifies the photoplotted width of any line that has a zero width
in the Allegro layout (for example, text, assembly and silkscreen lines).
■ Film Mirrored mirrors the artwork about the Y axis.
■ Full Contact Thermal-Reliefs specifies no thermal relief flash for pins and vias with
negative planes.

■ Suppress Unconnected Pads will not plot the pads of pins and vias that have no
connections (for flashing “used pads only” on inner layers).
■ Draw Missing Pad Apertures substitutes another aperture in the aperture list and uses it
to draw the pad. This feature will not resolve missing flash names. This button does not
appear in raster-based parameter forms.
■ Use Aperture Rotation means that the Gerber data can use apertures in the aperture list
that have rotation information defined for them (for example, flash names). This button
does not appear in raster-based parameter forms.
Adding a Photoplot Outline
Setup > Areas > Photoplot Outline
x, y origin of Gerber data

MANUFACTURING/PHOTOPLOT_OUTLINE
Allegro uses the lower left corner of the drawing extents as the origin of the Gerber file. If
you want a different origin for the Gerber file, you can draw a rectangle on the class
MANUFACTURING, subclass PHOTOPLOT_OUTLINE. The lower left corner of this
rectangle will now be the origin of the Gerber file. Note that only elements contained
entirely inside the rectangle will be included in the Gerber file. Any data that is not inside
the rectangle will not be included. If you don’t add a photoplot outline the board origin is
the origin of the Gerber file.

Generating Gerber Files
1.
2.
After you have specified the artwork parameters, generated an aperture list (if required),
and created all artwork film control records, you are ready to create your artwork files. To
identify which artwork files should be generated, either select the blank box immediately
to the left of the film control record name for each artwork file to be created, or choose the
Select All button to have all artwork files generated. Select the Create Artwork button to
create the artwork files.
Note
Remember, all artwork files will be created on disk with a file name of the film
control record name, appended with the string .art. Also, remember to check the
log file photoplot.log.

Viewing Gerber Files
Positive (copper = black) Negative (copper = clear)
You can load Gerber files into Allegro by selecting the File > Import > Artwork option
from the top menu. If you are using a vector format artwork file, you will need the Allegro
aperture file and the Allegro parameters file. The data loaded will be of a graphical nature
only. No signal intelligence will be associated with the graphics.
Labs
Lab: Creating Artwork Files

Set up the design file for artwork.
z Set up film control records.
z Create new film records.
z Create the soldermask top film control record.
z Create the soldermask bottom film control record.
z Set manufacturing file parameters.
z Create an aperture list.
z Run DRC.
z Save the design file.
z Create the manufacturing files.
Lab: Viewing Gerber Files
Preview Gerber files before plotting.


– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to set up your design for artwork
and to create the artwork files.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to load Gerber files into Allegro.

Lab 13-3: Creating Artwork Files

Objective: Set up the design file to produce artwork.
In this lab, you will learn how to define the artwork layers required for photoplotting a
design. You will learn about parameter and aperture files that are used to create the
photoplot files.
Setting Manufacturing File Parameters

1. You will be using final.brd from the previous lab.
2. Choose Manufacture > Artwork from the top menu.

The Artwork Control form opens. Notice that there are four entries in the Available
Films window of the Artwork Control form. There is one entry for each of the etch
subclasses of your design.
3. Select the General Parameters folder tab in the Artwork Control Form.
This form specifies the plotter type, film size, and format of the manufacturing data.
4. You will create Gerber files in the RS274X format. Update the format parameters as
follows:
Device Type: Gerber RS274X
Format
Integer Places:2
Decimal Places: 5

When you close the Artwork Control form, the parameter settings will be written to a
file called art_param.txt in the working directory.
Setting Up Film Control Records

Each layer for which you want to create artwork must be entered into an Artwork Film
Control table. By default, the Allegro software will create a film control record for each of
the etch subclasses in the design.
1. Choose Manufacture > Artwork from the top menu to open the Artwork Control
Form, if it isn’t already open.
2. Select the Film Control folder tab in the Artwork Control Form.

This form specifies which artwork files are to be created and which objects in the
Allegro database constitute each artwork file.
3. Select the plus + sign to the left of the BOTTOM entry in the Available Films window
of the Artwork Control form.
The BOTTOM film control record expands to display the class/subclass entries that
will be included in the manufacturing file for this artwork film. By default, the
Allegro software includes the ETCH, PIN, and VIA class for each of the etch
subclasses.
The Film Options section on the right side of the Artwork Control form displays the
current options set for the selected film control record.
4. Set the Undefined Line Width field to 10 in the Film Options section of the Artwork
Control form.
5. Select the GND film control record in the Available Films section of the Artwork
Control form (select on the word GND).
The Film Options section of the Artwork Control form now shows the film options
for the GND film record.
Control form.
7. Select the TOP film control record in the Available Films section of the Artwork
Control form (select on the word TOP).
for the TOP film record.
Control form.
9. Select the VCC film control record in the Available Films section of the Artwork
Control form (select on the word VCC).
for the VCC film record.
Control form.
11. Verify the Plot Mode field is set to Negative in the Film Options section of the
Artwork Control form.

Creating New Film Control Records

You will also need to create artwork files for your soldermask layers and your silkscreen
layer. You need to create a film control record for each of these. By default, when you
create a new film control record, all currently visible classes and subclasses are added to
the film control record.
Note
Do not close the Artwork Control Form until told to do so.
2. Use the Global Visibility field to turn OFF all classes and subclasses.
3. Select Yes when asked to confirm that you will be changing the visibility of all
classes.
4. Set the Group field to Manufacturing.
5. Turn on the MANUFACTURING class, AUTOSILK_TOP subclass and click

Apply to redisplay the color settings and leave the Color and Visibility form open.
6. Use the right mouse button to select the last film control record name in the Available
Films section of the Artwork Control form and access a context-sensitive menu.
7. Choose Add from the menu.

A text form opens, asking for the name of the new film.
8. Enter a name of SILK_TOP and select the OK button.

A new film control record is added.
9. Select the SILK_TOP film control record in the Available Films section of the
Artwork Control form (select on the word SILK_TOP).
for the SILK_TOP film record.
Control form.
Creating the Soldermask Top Film Control Record


3. Select Yes when asked to confirm.
4. Set the Group field to Stack-Up.
5. Turn on PIN/SOLDERMASK_TOP and VIA/SOLDERMASK_TOP.
6. Click Apply to redisplay the color settings and leave the Color and Visibility form
open.
7. Use the right mouse button to select the SILK_TOP film control record in the
Available Films section of the Artwork Control form to access a context-sensitive
menu.
8. Select Add from the menu.

9. Enter a name of SOLDER_TOP and click OK.

10. Select the SOLDER_TOP film control record in the Available Films section of the
Artwork Control form (select on the word SOLDER_TOP).
for the SOLDER_TOP film record.
Control form.
Creating the Soldermask Bottom Film Control Record

3. Select Yes when asked to confirm.
4. Set the Group field to Stack-Up.
5. Turn on PIN/SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM and VIA/SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM.
6. Click OK to redisplay the color settings and close the form.
7. Use the right mouse button to select the SOLDER_TOP film control record in the
Available Films section of the Artwork Control form to access a context-sensitive
menu.

8. Select Add from the menu.

9. Enter a name of SOLDER_BOT and select the OK button.

10. Select the SOLDER_BOT film control record in the Available Films section of the
Artwork Control form (select on the work SOLDER_BOT).
for the SOLDER_BOT film record.
Control form.
12. Select OK to close the Artwork Control Form.
13. Select OK to close the Display/Visibility Form.
Running DRC
Before you create artwork files, make sure your design has no DRC errors.
1. Choose Setup > Drawing Options in the top menu.

The Drawing Options form appears. In the Status folder tab, the DRC errors might
display an “Out Of Date” message. The color box will be red, if that is the case.
2. Click Update DRC.

The Allegro message area reports:
Performing DRC. Please wait...
3. When the DRC check is completed, the color box will turn yellow or green,
depending on whether or not you have DRCs to report. Click OK to close the
Drawing Options form.
4. If any DRCs are created, they should be corrected before creating artwork. In the
Color and Visibility form, turn the DRC class ON (under the Stack-Up group) to
locate the DRCs.
5. Select Tools > Reports and select Design Rules Check to create a DRC check report
that will give you information on cleaning up the design rule violations made on the
board.

Saving the Design File


Creating the Manufacturing Files

1. Choose Manufacture > Artwork from the top menu.
The Artwork Control form opens.
2. Select the Film Control folder tab in the Artwork Control form.
3. The check box to the left of each film control record controls whether a
manufacturing file will be created for that record. Since you want to generate all
artwork files, select the Select All button below the Available Films window.
4. Select the Create Artwork button in the Artwork Control form.

At the bottom of the Artwork Control form a message will be displayed:
Plot generated
The Gerber format artwork files are written to your current working directory.
If you wish, you can use the Windows file manager or the UNIX ls command to check
for these files. Each artwork file has the same extension (top.art, gnd.art, vcc.art).
These are the plot files that are used to create the film required for manufacturing the
board.
5. Choose Viewlog to see the photoplot.log file.

Check to make sure all artwork files have been created successfully.
7. Click OK in the Artwork Control form to close the form.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 13-4: Viewing Gerber Files

Objective: Preview Gerber files before plotting by loading the artwork files.
1. Choose File > New.

A window appears and asks you if you want to save the final.brd file before creating a
new design.
2. Click Yes to save the changes.

The New Drawing window appears.
3. Enter the following name in the Drawing Name field:

viewgerber
This will create a new layout drawing called viewgerber.brd.
4. Click OK in the New Drawing window to open the new design viewgerber.brd.
5. Choose Setup > Drawing Size.

The Drawing Parameters form opens.
6. In the Drawing Parameters form, use the scroll button in the Size field, and select C.
7. In the Drawing Parameters form, use the scroll button in the Accuracy field, and
select 2.
Creating a New Subclass for the Artwork

If you load the artwork on the Class/Subclass pair Etch/Top, all of the line draws will be
seen as etch and will therefore be subject to the standard DRC settings such as line-to-line,
and so forth. You will create a new subclass under the Manufacturing class to load all of
the artwork into.
1. Choose Setup > Subclasses from the top menu.
2. Select the box next to Manufacturing.
3. In the New Subclass field, enter ARTWORK.

Press the Enter or Return key after entering the new subclass name.
4. Select OK in the Define Subclasses form.

You are now ready to load in your artwork.
Loading the Artwork Files into Allegro

1. Choose File > Import > Artwork from the top menu.
The Load Photoplot form appears.
2. Set the Class field to MANUFACTURING using the pull-down menu.
3. Set the Subclass field to ARTWORK using the pull-down menu if it is not currently
selected.
4. Click the Browse button. In the file browser window select TOP.art, and click Open.
The entire path appears in the File Name field.
5. Click the Load File button.

A rectangle now attaches to your cursor. This represents the outline of the plot you are
about to place.
6. Move the cursor near the upper left area of the blank screen, then click left.
The artwork image appears.
7. Repeat the preceding steps 4 through 6 to define the other etch layer artwork files you
have created (vcc.art, gnd.art, and bottom.art).
8. Click OK to close the Load Photoplot window.
9. Zoom in to view the artwork layers.

Notice the difference between the positive and negative image planes.
The database for this course includes the flash symbols (.fsm files) that let you see
flash features while viewing Gerber files in Allegro software.
When you load an artwork layer that contains flash names (defined in your padstack
data), Allegro tools use the PSMPATH to locate corresponding flash symbols. (.fsm
files must have the same name as the flash.)
STOP End of Lab

Creating Fabrication Drawings
FAB NOTES:
Fab Drawing
DRILL CHART
ALL UNITS ARE IN MILS
FIGURE SIZE PLATED QTY
39.0 PLATED 42
43.0 PLATED 4
In order to create a fabrication drawing, you will have to create your own company format
and cross section format symbol, if one is required. You will also need to dimension your
drawing if you have not done so in the board mechanical drawing. Select the
Manufacture > Dimension/Draft option from the top menu to access all the available
drafting and dimensioning commands. For more information on dimensioning, see the
online Help files.

Drill Symbols and Legend Table
The legend header and

Title of drill legend content can be modified
(user-specified) by creating a custom drill
template (.dlt)
FIGURE column
displays a drill QTY column
figure for each size. displays the
PLATED column
displays the plating quantity (total
SIZE column count) of each
displays the size for each hole. hole size.
for each hole.
Allegro's Drill Legend command automatically creates a drill legend and the drill drawing
information. To execute the Drill Legend command, first make visible all pins and all vias
in the design. Next, select the Manufacture > NC > Drill Legend option from the top
menu. Fill out the Drill Legend form and select the OK button. The Drill Legend program
runs. The program will first draw, over each hole in the design, the drill character as
defined in the padstack for that hole. This drill character will be drawn on the class
Manufacturing, subclass NCDRILL_FIGURE.
After a drill character has been drawn for every hole in the design, a rectangle will be
attached to your cursor. This is the outside extents of the drill legend. You select with your
mouse where to place the drill legend inside of your database. The legend will be drawn
on the class Manufacturing, subclass NCDRILL_LEGEND. Every time the Drill Legend
program is run, it deletes any previous drill legends and drill figures.
Caution
If you add, delete, or move holes, or change drill information in padstacks, you
must regenerate the legend (it does not update automatically).

Generating an NC Drill File
Manufacture > NC > Drill Tape
Input files needed Output files created
ncdrill1.tap
NC Drill file
Log file
Parameter file AutoTool Select file nctape.log
nc_param.txt nc_tools.txt
(if desired)
In order to generate a drill file for manufacturing, you must have a parameter file
(nc_param.txt) that specifies the format of the drill coordinate data. If you are generating
drill data for a machine that is able to perform its own drill bit selections automatically,
then you will also need an nc_tools.txt file. The Allegro program searches the NCDPATH
you specify in the environment file (env) to locate these files.
To create a parameter file, select Manufacture > NC > Drill Parameters from the top
menu.
To create a drill file, select Manufacture > NC > Drill Tape from the top menu.
The nctape program reads the parameter file(s) and examines the Allegro layout drawing.
It outputs a minimum of one NC drill file (ncdrill1.tap) and a log file (nctape.log).
The NC drill file contains all the coordinates for each of the hole sizes in the layout. You
can copy this file to a floppy disk, or you can punch onto a paper tape.
The log file shows the parameters that were used to create the drill data, a summary of
hole sizes and quantities, and any warnings or errors.

Creating the Parameters File
Parameter file
nc_param.txt
AutoTool Select file

nc_tools.txt
To set the parameters for the drill coordinate data, select Manufacture > NC > Drill
Parameters.
The fields in the NC Drill/Tape parameters form are divided into two categories: Paper
Tape and Drill.
The Paper Tape section of the NCDrill/Tape form contains:
■ File Name specifies a name you use to construct the output text file names. These files
are numbered sequentially, starting with one. The numbers are appended to the given
name before any extension. If a file name extension is not specified, then .tap is assumed.
The default value of this parameter is ncdrill. This means that the NCDRILL files created
are named ncdrill1.tap, ncdrill2.tap, and so forth.
■ Header specifies an ASCII header for the paper tape. The default is none.
■ Leader specifies the leader length on the paper tape. The units of this value are the same
as the units of the Length parameter. The default is 12 feet.
■ Length specifies the paper tape length. Files that are too long to fit on the tape are broken
into multiple files. The units field that follows this number toggles between Feet and
Meters. This value defines the units for both Length and Leader. The default is 9999 Feet.

■ Code specifies the paper tape output format. The two formats allowed are ASCII or EIA.
The default is ASCII.
■ Separate plated/non-plated specifies whether separate tapes are to be created for

drilling plated and non-plated holes. The default puts plated and non-plated holes on the
same tape.
The Drill section of the NC Drill/Tape parameters form contains:
■ File Name is the path name of the text file into which the values of the NCDRILL
parameters are saved when you exit from the form. The name of the file must be
nc_param.txt, but you can specify any directory path for the file (for example, /usr/
library/nc_param.txt).
■ Format is the format for coordinate data in the output NCDRILL file. The default is 2.3.
■ Offset X: Y: specifies an offset from the drawing origin for the coordinate data.
■ Coordinates specifies whether the output coordinates are incremental or absolute.
■ Output Units specifies whether the output units are English or Metric. The default is
English.
■ Tool Sequence specifies the tool sequence as smallest to largest drill size by default.
■ Repeat Codes specifies whether repeat codes are supported by your drill machine.
■ Leading Zero Suppression specifies whether the output coordinates are padded with
leading zeros.
■ Trailing Zero Suppression specifies whether the output coordinates are padded with
trailing zeros.
■ Equal Coord Suppression specifies whether equal coordinates are suppressed. The
default does not suppress equal coordinates.
■ Auto Tool Select specifies whether the drilling machine has an automatic tool changer. If
this field is not checked, the drill pauses for manual tool changes (default). If the field is
checked, you will need to create an nc_tools.txt file.
■ Pattern for Dips specifies whether the drill supports drill patterns for standard dual in-
line packages. The default does not support drill patterns for standard dual in-line
packages.

Creating Assembly Drawings
If you started your layout from a template or master design file, you already have a
drawing border (A-D size format symbol), as well as format symbols for assembly notes.
You are now ready to create a plot file for the assembly drawing. Like the photoplot
process, what you see in the work area is what is included in any plot file. The various
format symbols (like assy notes) need to be created with this in mind. For example, when
you create an ASSY_NOTES format symbol (with the Symbol Editor), create a special
layer for it (such as Manufacturing/Assynotes). When you need to create a plot file for the
assembly drawing, toggle the appropriate special layers in the layout drawing to make
only the assembly-related data visible.
To set visibility, select Display > Color/Visibility from the top menu.
For assembly drawings, you will need to toggle the appropriate layers to display package
outlines, reference designators, pins, and so forth. You can also include mechanical
symbols for extractors and other mounting hardware.
To create a plot for a pen or electrostatic plotter, select File > Plot.

Labs
Lab: Creating a Drill Legend

Generate drill symbols and a drill legend for a fabrication
drawing.
z Open the final design file.
z Set visibility.
z Create drill symbols and legend.
Lab: Creating Fabrication and Assembly Drawings
Create penplot files.
z Create a fab drawing.
z Create an assembly drawing.
Lab: Creating an NC Drill File
Output a drill file used to drill the board holes in manufacturing.

– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to create the drill figures and
create a drill legend.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to create a fabrication and an
assembly drawing.
– Familiarize yourself with the process and steps required to create the NC drill files.

Lab 13-5: Creating a Drill Legend

Objective: Generate drill symbols and a drill legend for a fabrication
drawing.
Opening the Final Design File

1. Choose File > Open.
A warning is issued and you are asked whether you want to save the existing
viewgerber.brd file.
2. Click No to the warning.

3. Select the final.brd file and click Open to close the browser.
The final.brd file appears in the work area.
Setting Visibility
In order to generate drill symbol and legend information, you must make all pins visible.
Drill symbols and legend information for routing vias are also generated, but they do not
need to be visible. In this section, you will turn on the visibility for all pins and vias as
well as the drawing layers that display the drill symbols and legend information.
3. Set the group to Geometry.
4. Under the BOARD GEOMETRY subclass, turn ON OUTLINE.
5. Under the BOARD GEOMETRY class, turn ON the DIMENSION layer.
6. Set the group to Stack-Up.
7. Under the PIN class, turn ON both TOP and BOTTOM subclasses.
8. Under the VIA class, turn ON both TOP and BOTTOM subclasses.
9. Set the group to Manufacturing, and turn ON the NCDRILL_FIGURE and

NCDRILL_LEGEND layers.

10. Click the button under the class name DRAWING FORMAT to turn ON all items in
that class.
12. Choose View > Zoom World from the top menu.
Creating Drill Symbols and Legend

1. Choose Manufacture > NC > Drill Legend from the top menu.
The Drill Legend menu appears.
2. If you want to change the Legend Title you can. Accept all remaining defaults and
click OK.
When processing is complete, a rectangle appears attached to your cursor, and the
Allegro message area prompts you to pick a location for the legend information.
3. Place the legend data someplace on the drawing so as to not interfere with any other
drawing/board data.
The legend appears.
The default drill legend is relatively large for this board, but you can control this by
creating a custom or standard template to your liking.
If you have filled pads turned on, you will probably not be able to see the drill figures.
You will need to turn the pad graphics off using Color/Visibility form.
4. Choose File > Viewlog to see the log file.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 13-6: Creating Fab and Assembly Drawings

Objective: Create Fabrication and Assembly drawings to provide
documentation.
Creating a Fab Drawing

1. In the Options folder tab of the Control Panel, set the Active Class and Subclass fields
to DRAWING FORMAT / TITLE_DATA.
2. Choose Add > Text from the top menu.
3. In the Options folder tab of the Control Panel, double click in the Text Block area,
and enter:
14
Make sure the Rotate field is set to 0.
4. In the Allegro work area, click in the title block (lower right corner of the drawing
format), and enter your name. Right click and choose Done.
If you zoom in to do this, be sure you zoom back out before going to the next step,
because whatever is in the work area gets passed to the plot file.
5. At this point you can print what you have currently displayed in the Allegro screen to
create a print of the fabrication drawing.
Creating an Assembly Drawing

First you will turn OFF some of the items from the previous lab.
2. In the Geometry group, under the BOARD GEOMETRY class, turn the
DIMENSION subclass OFF. Under the PACKAGE GEOMETRY class, turn the
ASSEMBLY_TOP subclass ON.
3. In the Manufacturing group, turn OFF the NCDRILL_LEGEND and

NCDRILL_FIGURE subclasses.
4. In the Stack-Up group, turn ON TOP PIN and turn OFF BOTTOM PIN. Turn OFF
all VIA subclasses.
5. In the Components group, under the REF DES class, turn ON the ASSEMBLY_TOP.

The assembly drawing information is now visible.
7. If your classroom is networked to a printer, you can at this point print what you have
currently displayed in the Allegro screen by selecting File > Plot.
STOP End of Lab

Lab 13-7: Creating an NCDRILL File

Objective: Create a drill file used to drill the holes during manufacturing.
1. Choose Manufacture > NC > Drill Parameters from the top menu.
An NC/Drill Tape parameter form appears.
2. In the Drill section, set the Format to 2.5.
3. Click OK.
The parameters are written to a file called nc_param.txt.
4. Choose Manufacture > NC > Drill Tape from the top menu.
An NC Tape window appears.
5. Click Run to start the tape creation process.
6. Click Close.
The drill data is extracted from the design file (final.brd), and the drill file
(ncdrill1.tap) is written to disk.
7. Use the File Manager or a viewer of your choice to view the ncdrill1.tap file.
8. Choose File > Viewlog to view the nctape.log file that was created.
The log file displays format information, as well as hole size and quantity data.
9. Click the Close button in the log file window to close the window.


STOP End of Lab


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Allegro PCB Layout System

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System iii

What is a Thermal Relief? .............................................................................................................3-4

iv Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Engineering Changes—Placement ................................................................................................6-8

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System v

Lab 8-1: Floorplanning ..............................................................................................................8-12

vi Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

The Allegro-SPECCTRA Process .............................................................................................10-27

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System vii

Creating Silkscreens—Menu ................................................................................................13-4

viii Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

 Identify the user interface (UI) components of Allegro.

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-1

Primary Allegro Programs

When you install Allegro software on your computer, the installation

Cadence PSD 15.0

Cadence PSD 15.0

1-2 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-3

Cadence PSD Tools

Top of the line product. Includes high speed

1-4 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Course Directory Structure

c:\course_install_dir\ (c:\user1\… for Windows NT/2000 OS)

or /<course_install_dir>/.. (UNIX OS)

project1 project2 project3 advanced symbols play solutions

It is very important to understand and remember the directory structure presented,

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-5

Setting and Changing Your Working Directory

All files that are created or

Use this option to change to the directory selected.

1-6 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Allegro Editor and Workspace

route tool set shape tool set

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-7

Toolbars are used to store common icons in a group. Toolbars

File Edit View Add Display Setup Place

1-8 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Control Panel and World View Window

 Options Folder Tab

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-9

 CDSDoc, Cadence online HTML-based documentation system

1-10 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

 Lab: Allegro Tour

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-11

Lab 1-1: Allegro Tour

2. At the command prompt, enter the following:

1-12 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Choosing Products and Starting Allegro

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-13

1-14 Allegro PCB Layout System July 22, 2003

Setting Your Working Directory, Opening a Board Design,

2. Navigate to the play directory, and select the cds_routed.brd file.

3. Verify that the Change Directory box is checked.

Exploring the Allegro User Interface

July 22, 2003 Allegro PCB Layout System 1-15

Accessing the Help System

3. Select the letter P in the list of letters.

Identify the user interface (UI) components of Allegro.

Options Folder Tab

CDSDoc, Cadence online HTML-based documentation system

Lab: Allegro Tour

Lab: Navigating the Allegro User Interface