N5 Strength of Materials and Structures Lecturer Guide

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
N5
Strength of Materials
and Structures
Lecturer Guide
Henry T. Wickens
Additional resource
material for this
title includes:
• Electronic
Lecturer Guide
• Exemplar
examination
paper and
memorandum
• PowerPoint
presentation
• Past exam
papers
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N5StrengthLG
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CONTENTS
Lecturer guidance v
1. General aims v
2. Specific aims v
3. Prerequisites v
4. Duration v
5. Evaluation v
6. Weighted values of modules vi
7. Work schedule vii
8. Lesson plan template viii
Answers1
Module 1: Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 1
Module 2: Strain energy 20
Module 3: Temperature‑induced stresses 41
Module 4: Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle 58
Module 5: Simple bending of beams 74
Module 6: Columns and struts 107
Module 7: Shafts115
Module 8: Structural frameworks 134
Exemplar examination paper memorandum 148
Glossary160
iv N5 Strength of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
Lecturer guidance v
Lecturer guidance
1. General aims
This subject builds on the basic knowledge attained in N4 Engineering Science.
This subject involves knowledge of various systems and components, hence
when presenting modules for the subject, it should be ensured that the students
understand each basic scientific principle in such a way that they will be able to
integrate this knowledge into their applied subjects.
2. Specific aims
On completion of all the modules in N5 Strength of Materials and Structures,
students should be able to apply the scientific principles mastered to their
specific trade theory. Students should be able to apply SI units and derived units
correctly. Students should be able to demonstrate understanding of subject
content through the application of acquired knowledge. Students should also be
able to solve problems by using subject content.
Students should be able to acquire in-depth knowledge of the following content:

1. Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials
2. Strain energy
3. Temperature-induced stresses
4. Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle
5. Simple bending of beams
6. Columns and struts
7. Shafts
8. Structural frameworks
3. Prerequisites
Students must have a passed N4 Engineering Science.
4. Duration
Full-time: 7,5 hours per week. This instructional offering may also be offered
part-time or in distance-learning mode.
5. Evaluation
Candidates must be evaluated continually as follows:
5.1 ICASS trimester mark

5.1.1 Two formal class tests must be written for full-time and part-time
students (or two assignments for distance-learning students only)
vi N5 Strength of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
5.1.2 Students must obtain a minimum of 40% in order to qualify to write the
final examination.
5.1.3 Assessment marks are valid for a period of one year and are referred to
as ICASS trimester marks.
5.1.4 Calculation of trimester mark:
Weight of test or assignment 1 = 30% of the syllabus
Weight of test or assignment 2 = 70% of the syllabus.
5.2 Examination
5.2.1 The examination shall consist of 100% of the syllabus.
5.2.2 The duration shall be three hours.
5.2.3 The minimum pass percentage shall be 40%.
5.2.4 This is a closed-book examination.
5.2.5 Knowledge, understanding, application and evaluation are important
aspects of the subject and should be weighted as follows:
Knowledge Understanding Application Evaluation
60% 20% 15% 5%
5.3 Promotion mark

The promotion mark, consisting of the combination of the trimester and
examination marks, shall be a minimum of 40%.
6. Weighted values of modules

Modules Weighting (%)
1. Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 8
2. Strain energy 8
3. Temperature-induced stresses 14
4. Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle 14
5. Simple bending of beams 14
6. Columns and struts 14
7. Shafts 14
8. Structural frameworks 14
Total 100
Lecturer guidance vii
7. Work schedule
Week Topic Content Hours
1 Module 1 1.1 Stress and strain and tensile 8 hours

Stress, strain and testing of materials
tensile testing of 1.2 Compound bars
materials
2 Module 2 2.1 Strain energy 8 hours

Strain energy 2.2 Gradually applied load
2.3 Suddenly applied load
2.4 Shock load
3–4 Module 3 3.1 Temperature-induced stresses 14 hours

Temperature-induced 3.2 Resultant stresses
stresses
4–5 Module 4 4.1 Stresses in thin cylinders 14 hours

Thin cylinders and 4.2 Strain in thin cylinders
Mohr’s circle 4.3 Mohr’s stress circle
5–6 Module 5 5.1 The theory of simple bending 14 hours

Simple bending of 5.2 Hot-rolled structural steel
beams sections
7–8 Module 6 6.1 Introduction to columns and 14 hours

Columns and struts struts
6.2 Fixing of ends and calculations
9 Module 7 7.1 Introduction to limits in shaft 14 hours

Shafts design
7.2 Circular and compound shaft
calculations
10 Module 8 8.1 Introduction to structural 14 hours

Structural frameworks frameworks
8.2 Calculations on structural
frameworks
TOTAL 100 hours

viii
8. Lesson plan template
Content/Outcomes to be List of examples to be done in class Facilitation method Teaching resources/ Student activity (exercise
covered this week by the lecturer to explain the outcome/ (Please tick) aids in textbook/additional
concept (Please tick) supporting task) to be
LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
Demonstration Handouts
Simulation Multimedia
Introduction to lessons
N5 Strength of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
This page may be photocopied.

WEEK 1
Recapping/Reinforcement
lESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 2

Lecturer guidance
ix
x
LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 3

LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 4

Lecturer guidance
xi
xii
LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 5

LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 6

Lecturer guidance
xiii
xiv
LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 7

LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 8

Lecturer guidance
xv
xvi
LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 9

LESSON
done this week
White board/
Lecture
OHP
Group work Models
WEEK 10

Lecturer guidance
xvii
xviii N5 Strength of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
MODULE
1 Stress, strain and tensile testing of

materials
By the end of this module, students should be able to:

• name the three different types of stresses;
• calculate direct and shear stresses;
• explain what strain is and calculate it;
• explain what modulus of elasticity is and calculate it;
• calculate the change in length, final length and percentage change in
length of the bar;
• draw a stress-strain graph and use it to obtain information about a
material;
• draw a force-extension graph or a stress-strain graph and use it to
calculate Young’s modulus for a material;
• calculate stresses for different materials connected in parallel, including
pipe with threaded bar and nut;
• calculate stresses when different materials are connected in series;
• calculate change in length of each material; and
• calculate the final length of a compound bar.
Machine parts and members of structures are always subjected to loads, which
cause stress in the parts or members. Due to the load on these parts and
members there will be a change in length, which will cause strain in the parts
and members.
Exercise 1.1 SB page 29
1. Note that it is very important to sketch the problem.

maximum stress
1.1 Working stress =  ___________
FoS
 
120
= ___
  3 
= 40 MPa
2 N5 Strength of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
1.2 Safe load = σ.A

π
= 40 ×  __4  (0,0094562)
Exercise 1.1 LG drawings
= 2,809 kN
2.
2.
15
15
50 12
60 kN 50
M1_LG
Effective area = (50 – 12) × 15
4 = 570 mm2
3. F 60k = 100 MPa
∴ σ =  __
A
  = _______
  max
–6  = 105,26 MPa
570 × 10 
(3)
(1)
3.
(1) (2)
F Ø60 (2)
Ø20 Ø80 F
20 kN Ø60 Ø20 20 kN
50 100
__F
σ     FL σ 
Basic equation: E =  _ε  = __
  A__x   = ___
  Ax  = __
  xL 
5. L   L 
F 20k
OD = stress
3.1 Maximum 50 smallest area = σ =  __  = ____
A __π
  2  = 63,662 MPa
AL   4 902 
OD = 30
xT = x1 + AL
3.2 x2
F Ø40
Steel F
[ __  π 0,06  2 __  π 0,02  2]

F
L   F
L   20k IO
0,05 = 20 0,1
= ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 2   = ____
  200G  _____
    + _____
    = 0,0336 mm
1 2 4 4
80 σ  100 60
F 20k
3.3 ε  T = ε  1 + ε  2 ∴ ε = __
  E1  = ___
  A  E   = _____
  __π 2 × 200G = 3,537 × 10–5
1    0,06 
4
σ  F 20k
ε  2 = __
  2  = ___
    = _____
E
  __π 2 = 200G = 3,183 × 10–4
A  2E
  4 0,02 
6. ∴ ε   T = ε  1 + ε  2= 3,537 × 10–5 + 3,183 × 10–4 = 3,537 × 10–4

0
12
x 100 0,0336 100
3.4 Percentage elongation =  _
L 
  × _
  1  = _
  150  × _
  1 = 0,022%
original
t
W
50 12
60drawings
kN 50
Exercise 1.1 LG
Module 1 • Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 3
4 2.4.
max
= 100 MPa
15 (3)
(1) 15
50 12
(2)
60 kN 50
F Ø60 Ø20 Ø80 F
4
E = 200 GPa max
= 100 MPa
(3)area ∴F = σmaxA2

4.1 Maximum stress smallest
(1)
π
= 100 M × __
 4 0,0 2
(2)2  = 31,416 kN
5. L
F
ThisODisØ60
=the
50 maximum
Ø20
force
Ø80
that can
F
be applied due to the weakest
AL section.
OD = 30
FAL 31,416k
4.2 σ 
F
1
= __
  AØ40
 
  = ______
  __π 2  = 11,11
SteelMPa F
1   4 0,06 
IO = 20
__ F 31,416k
______
σ  3 =   A    =   __π 2  = 6,25 MPa
   0,08 
3
80 4 100 60
5.
5. L
OD = 50
AL
OD = 30
AL
6. F Ø40
Steel F
0
12 IO = 20
t 80 100 60
W
σ  AL = 155 MPa
Eal = 69 GPa
σ  s = 465 MPa
6.
7. Es = 207 GPa20
1(2) (2)
σ  c = 247 MPa
(1)
t GPa
EC = 110
60 kN Ø60 Ø60 60 kN
W
5.1 Aluminium maximum allowable on working stress
σ  155
=  ___
max
FoS
  =  ___
3
  = 51,67 MPa
L 8 2L
σ  465
Steel maximum allowable on working stress = ___
 FoS
max
  =  ___
3
  = 155 MPa
7. (2) (2)
Copper maximum allowable on working stress
σ  247 (1)
= ___
  FoS
max
  =  ___
3
  = 82,33 MPa
60 kN Ø60 Ø60 60 kN
π
  A = 51,67M × __
5.2 FAL = σ  AA   4  (0,052 – 0,042) = 36,523 kN
π
  S = 155M × __
FS = σ  SA   4  (0,032 – 0,022) = 60,868 kN
π
  c = 82,33M × __
FC = σ cA   4  (0,092) = 523,76 kN
∴Maximum force = 36,523 kN

The smallest load is the maximum, because the other loads will
damage the aluminium. The strain in aluminium will be higher, as the
maximum allowable for aluminium is 51,67 MPa.
5.3 σa = 51,67 MPa acting force
F 36,523k
σs = __
  A  = ___________
  __π   = 93,01 MPa
2 2
  4 (0 ,03  – 0,02  )
F 36,523k
σc = __
  A  = ______
  __π 2  = 5,74 MPa
  4 0,09 
This will be the stresses in the other materials when the maximum load
is applied.
5.4 Total extension: xT = xa + xs + xc 
Basic equation:
σ  L
  93,01M × 0,1
xs = ___
  s  s =  _________
E  s
  = 0,0449 mm
207G
σ F/A
= __  ε  = ___
E
FL
  X/L  = ___
σL
  Ax  = __
  x 
σ  L
  5,74M × 0,06 (refer to Student Book)
xc = ___
  Ec     c =  _________
110G
 = 3,131 × 10–3 mm
c
From : xa = xT – (xs + xc)

= 0,0981 – (0,0449 + 3,131 × 10–3)
= 0,050069
But xa = xhollow + xsolid due to the two different areas.
FL  FL 
=  ____
A  E
H
  + ____
  s   
  A  E
H a s a
[ __  π4 (0 ,05  2 – 0,04  2)   4 0,05  ]

36 523 L  (0 ,08 – L  )
∴ 0,050069 × 10–3 = _____
  69G  ___________
  H
  + ________
  __π 2  H
(∴ L
S = (80 – LH))
∴ 9 4,5914 = 1 414,711 LH + 509,296(0,08 – LH)

53,848 = 905,415 LH
LH = 59,473 mm
F Ø60 Ø20 Ø80 F
80 100 60
6.
6.
0
5. 12 L
OD = 50
AL t
OD = 30
F W AL Steel F
Ø40
IO = 20
σ = 80 MPa
80 –3
ε = 1,054 × 10 100 60
7. (2)
L = 120 mm (2)
σ 80 M
6.1 E =  _ε  = ________
  –3  = 75,9 GPa
(1)
1,054 × 10 
60 kN x Ø60 Ø60 60 kN
6. 6.2 ε =  __L  ∴ x = Lε= 120 × 1,054 × 10–3 = 0,1265 mm
0
1F2 F 24k
6.3 σ =  __
A
  ∴ A =  __σ  =  ____
80M
–4 2
 = 3 × 10 m
L 8 2L
A
t ∴3 × 10–4 = 0,05 × t
= wt
W
∴ t = 6 mm
x 100 0,1265 100
6.4 Percentage elongation =  _
L 
  × _
  1  = _
  120  × _
  1 = 0,105%
origin
7.
7. (2) (2)
(1)
60 kN Ø60 Ø60 60 kN
L 8 2L
σmax = 100 MPa

xT = 0,0718 mm
E = 200 GPa
F F 60k π
7.1 σ =  __
A
  ∴ A =  __σ  =  ____
100M
 = 6 × 10–4 = __
  4 D  2
D = 27,64 mm
xT = x1 + x2
7.2
x2 = xT – x1
= 0,0718 – (__
  E )
σL

= 0,0718 – ( 200G )
100M × 0,08
 _________
 
= 0,0718 – 0,04
= 0,0318 mm
FL 60k × 3L
x2 = ___
  AE  = __________
  __π 2  = 0,0318 × 10–3
  4 0,06  × 200G
∴L = 100 mm
∴2L = 200 mm

84
8. 8.1 Allowable stress = __
  4  = 21 MPa
Refer to the Student Book. Point C is the point that the particles in the
material separate before setting and the safe stress must be less.
∴ Use FoS
π
8.2 F = σ.A = 21M ×  __4 0,02  2 = 6,597 kN
σL 21M × 0,25
x =  __
8.3 E
  = ________
  200G  = 0,026 mm
8.4 Final length = L  o − x = 250 − 0,026 = 249,974 mm

9. F = σ.A = 300 M × πD × t (use the shear area πDt)
= 300 M × π × 0,01 × 0,02
= 188,496 kN
10 10.1
Figure 1
OD = 110
ID = 90
F = σ.A = 60 M × π × 0,09 × 0,012 (shear area in collar = πdt)
= 203,575 kN
F 203,575
10.2 σ =  __
A
  = ______
  __π 2 = 32 MPa (shaft diameter)
  4 0,09 
F 203,575k
10.3 σ =  __  = ___________
   (contact area of collar – see Figure 1)
A __π  4 (0 ,11  – 0,09  )
2 2

= 64,8 MPa
F F 100k π
11. 11.1 Area: s =  __
A
  ∴ __
  σ  =  ____
100M
 = 1 × 10–3 = __
  4 D  2
D = 35,68 mm
Exercise 1.1 F 100k
11.2 t =  __
A
  = _______
  __π 2  = 159,155 MPa ( pin shear in two areas
2 ×  4 0,02 
11.3
∴ × area of pin[ c ross-sectional area])
Exercise 21.1
Exercise 1.1
11.3 80
11.3
11.3 Important
80
15 80 Remember, the answers for
graph questions will always be
15 ± values (Questions 9–11).
15 80 In practice, more tests are done
20 to get the correct answers. We
80 only do one calculation.
80
20
20
Two legs of fork

∴ Area = 2(80 – 20)15 = 1 800 mm2
12. F ________ 100k
σt =  __ 12.3
=   Max load point
  = 55,56 MPa
Yield point A 1 800 × 10  –6
12.2
12.12.
12. 12.3 Max load point
Yield point 12.3 Max load point
Yield point
12.2
Force 12.1 12.2 12.4 Point of fracture
Proportional
limit
Force 12.1 12.4 Point of fracture
Force 12.1Proportional 12.4 Point of fracture
Proportional
limit
limit
Extension
Extension
Extension
13.
70
Basic equation:
Ø15 σ F/A FL σL
13. E =  __ε  = ___
  X/L  = ___
  Ax  = __
  x 
= 35 x 10 m -6
F 70
= 7 kN
70
Ø15
13. F _____ 7k -6
13. __
13.1 σ =   A  ==35  __π x-610 2 m = 39,612 MPaF(see Ø15
3.1 in the Student Book)
= 7 kN
= 35 x 10   4 0,01
m5  F = 7 kN
σL 39,612 M × 0,07
13.2 E = __
x
= ___________
–6 = 79,224 GPa (see 3.2 in the Student Book)
35 × 10 
F 28k
14. 14.1 σ =  __  = _____
A __π
  2  = 247,57 MPa
  4 0,012 
σL 247,57 M × 0,06
14.2 E =  __
x
  = ___________
  –3  = 78,18 MPa
0,19 × 10 
F  52k
14.3 σmax = ____
  area
max
  = _____
  __π 2  = 459,78 MPa
  4 0,012 
40k
14.4 Actual stress =  _____
π
__ 2  = 628,76 MPa
  4 0,009 
x 100 8 100
14.5 % elongation =  __L  × ___
  1  = __
  60  × ___
  1  = 13,33%
1
14.6 % reduction in area = (______) ×   1  = 43,75%
___ 12  2 – 9   2 100
  2 
12 
15.
15. 40
35
30
27 -A
25
Force kN
20
15
10
0 20 40 60 70 80 100 120 140 160

-3
x 10
16. Change units of extension to metres.

180
F(kN) 3,5 8,5 13,5 18,8 23,5 28,5 31 33,5 35 36
x × 10 –3 1609 22 35 48 61 74 87 93 104 157
140
FL 28,5k × 0,060
15. 15.1 E =  ___  = _____________
Ax __π
    
2 –6  = 204,32 GPa
  4 0,012  × 74 × 10 
120
MPa
F 27k
15.2 s =  __  = _____
A 100__π
  2  = 238,73 MPa
  4 0,012 
F 46k
15.3 s =  __  =80_____
A __π
  2  = 406,73 MPa
  4 0,012 
60
40
20
20
Forc
15
10
x 100 9 100
5
15.4 Percentage x =  __L  × ___
  1  = __
  60  × ___
  1  = 15%
2 2
12  – 8   ___
100
15.5 0Percentage
20 A =  ______
40 60 70 2  ×   1  = 55,56%
80 100 120 140 160
12  -3
x 10
16. 16.1
16.
180
160
140
120
MPa
100
80
60
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-4
Strain x 10
FL 42 × 10  3
16.2 E =  ___
Ax
  = ______
  –4  = 70 GPa
6 × 10 
Study the graph and select any value on the straight line of the graph.
Take values from the table given, which is on the straight line (refer to
17. the Student Book).
300 F 21k
16.3 s =  __
A
  = _______
  –6 = 210 MPa (refer to the Student Book)
100 × 10 
250
200
MPa
150
100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-4
Strain x 10
Strain x 10 -4
17.
17.
300
250
200
MPa
150
100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Strain x 10 -4
F 25 55 80 95 104 109 114 117 118 120
x mm 0,08 0,176 0,255 0,303 0,332 0,35 0,41 0,52 0,88 1,75
MPa σ 62,87 138,33 201,2 238,9 261,56 274,14 286,7 294,3 296,8 301,8
x
ε =  __L  3,2 × 7,04 × 1,02 × 1,212 1,328 1,4 × 1,64 × 2,08 × 3,52 × 7×
10–4 10–4 10–3 × 10–3 × 10–3 10–3 10–3 10–3 10–3 10–3
× 10–4 3,2 7,04 10,2 12,12 13,28 14 16,4 20,8 35,2 70
σ 201,2 M
17.1 E =  _ε  = ________
  –3 = ± 197,3 GPa
1,02 × 10 
80 kN force on straight line ∴ use 201,2-MPa stress. If the stress for the
55 kN or 95 kN was used, the answer would be close to 197,3 GPa.
F
17.2 s =  __
A
 = ± 261,56 MPa
Read from graph where straight line stops.
17.3 ± 286,7 MPa
Read from graph just after straight line stops.
465
18. Safe stress = ___
  5  = 93 MPa
Refer to the Student Book.
OD = 100
ID = 220
Force in wall = σ.A
  4 (0 ,22  2 – 0,1  2)
π
= 93M × __
= 2 804,814 kN
F 2 804,814k
∴ Internal pressure = __
 A  = ________
  __π 2 
  4 011 
= 357,12 MPa
• Calculate the area and store in memory of calculator.

F
∴ σ =  __
A
 
Divide each force by the area to obtain stress for each force.
• To calculate the strain, use calculator and divide the extension by the
gauge length for each extension (both can be in mm, not to change to
m – keep the units the same, m or mm).
19.1 Proportional limit is the point on a stress-strain curve where the
linear, elastic deformation region transitions into a non-linear, plastic
deformation region.
19.2 Tensile strength is the maximum stress caused by the maximum load
before the material fractures.
19.3 The modulus of elasticity is the property of a material that indicates
how easily it can stretch and deform.
20. Any three of the following:
• Compressive
• Tensile
• Torsion
• Shear force
21. 21.1 Stress is the ability of an object to resist the effects of an external force.
21.2 Strain is the deformation of an object due to an internal state of stress.
se 1.2
22. Hooke’s law states that strain is directly proportional to the stress that
causes it.
1.
1.
S Ø50
200 kN 200 kN
C Ø50
Es = 207 GPa
2.
A 300 mm 2
Ec = 100 GPa
S 200 mm 2
1.1 FT = FC + FS
∴ 20k = σcAc + σsAs
3. π
= __
Copper  4 0,0  2( σ  c – σ
  s)
∴101,859 × 106 = σc + σs 

Ø12 Steel
xc = xs
σ  L
  σ  L
 
∴  ___
c c
Copper
E 
  =  ___
s s
E 
 
c s
5
150 σ   E   σ  c2 07 5
  c = ___
∴σ   Ec     s =  ____
100
  = 2,07σc 
c
4. 200 kg x 9,81 N
Substitute  in  ∴ 101,859 × 106 = 2,07σc

∴ σc = 33,179 MPa
σc = 68,68 MPa
1.2 Final length: LF = LO + x
e 1.2
= 100 + xc
σ  L
  33,179 × 10  6 × 0,1
∴ 0,100 + ___
  Ec     c = 0,1 +  ____________
   100G
 
c
= 0,1 + 3,318 × 10–5

= 100,033 mm
1.
S Ø50 x 100 0,033 100
1.3 Percentage
200 kN elongation =  _
L 
_
  × 200 =_
  1  kN   100  × _
  1 = 0,033%
C Ø50 origin
2.
2.
A 300 mm 2
S 200 mm 2
ε = 0,0005
3. ES = 209 GPa
Copper
EA = 104,5 GPa
FT = FA + FS
Ø12 Steel
xs = x c
2.1
σL
But x = __
  E  Copper
5 Ex 150 5
∴ σ =  __
L
 
(  L = ε)

__ x
= Eε
200 kg x 9,81 N
4.
∴ σs = Esε and σA = Ecε
∴ σs = 209G × 0,0005 = 103,5 MPa
1.
∴ σA = 104,5G
S Ø50 × 0,0005 = 52,25 MPa
200 kN 200 kN
C Ø50
2.2 Fs = σsAs
2. = 103,5 × 106 × 200 × 10–6 = 20,7 kN
A 300 mm 2
FAS =200 σAmm
AA 2
= 52,25M × 300 × 10–6 = 15,675 kN
3.
3. Copper
5.
Ø12 Steel
Ø20
Copper
5 150 5
4. 200 kg x 9,81 N
OD = 30
Id = 25
p = 1,5 mm pitch
ES = 200 GPa
EC = 100 GPa
3.1 Fs = Fc
∴σ
  cA
  s = σ  cA
  c  
∴ σ  s  __4 0,012  2 = σ  s  __4 (0 ,03  2 – 0,025  2)
2 π π

∴ σ  s = 1,91σ  c

xT = xs + xc
2
xT = _  8 × 1,5 = 0,375 mm
1. σ  L
  σ  L
 
Ø50–3 = ___
∴ 0 ,375 ×S 10   Es     s =  ___
c c
 
200 kN E  200 kN
C Ø50 s c
σ  (1 50 + 10) σ  c(0 ,15)

2. = _________
  s 200G  +  ______ 100G
 
A 300 mm 2
2
×S200G:
200 mmσ
75 × 106 = 0,16σ s
+ 0,3σc 
Substitute  in : 75 × 106 = 0,16 (1,91σc) + 0,3σc
3. = 0,6056 σ
  c
Copper
∴σ   c = 123,84 MPa
∴ σs = 236,54 MPa
Ø12 Steel
___ σ  sL
  s ___________
236,54M × 0,16
xs =   E    =  
3.2 200G
  = 0,189 mm
s Copper
5 σ  L   150123,84M × 0,15 5

xc = ___   Ec     c =  ___________
100G
  = 0,186 mm
c
4.
4. 200 kg x 9,81 N
OD = 500
ES = 140G
Id = 420
EC = 14G
L=2m
5.
Ø20
1.
S Ø50
14200 N5
kN Strength of Materials and Structures
200–kN
Lecturer Guide
C Ø50
2.
A 300 4.1 F
mm 2 = F1 + FC
T
2
S
200 mm 200 × 9,81 = σ A + σ A 1 1 c c
= σ  1  __4 (0 ,5  2 – 0,42  2) + σ  c(  __4 0,42  2)

π π

3. 1 962 = 0,058σc1 + 0,139σc 

Copper
xs = xc
Ø12 Steel σ  L

  σ  L
 
∴  ___
s s
E 
  =  ___
c c
E 
 
s c
Copper σ  1 40

  s = ____
∴σ   c14 
5 150 5
= 10 σ
  c 
Substitute  in : 1 962 = 0,058(10σc) + 0,139σc
4. 200 kg x 9,81 N
= 0,719σc
σσc = 2,729 kPa
From : σS = 27,29 kPa
σ  L
  2 729 × 2
xs = xc = ___
4.2   Ec     c =  _______
14G
 = 3,9 × 10–4 mm
c
1 1
4.3 U =  _2 Fx T  = _  2 (200 × 9,81)× 3,9 × 10–7
= 3,826 × 10–4 J
5.
5.
Ø20
D = 100
D = 300
6.
Steel d = 80
Ø4 π
  4 0,3  2Ø6= 0,07069 m2
AT = __ Ø4
AS = AP + AR
2 3
  4 (0 ,1  2 – 0,3  2) + (  __4  × 0,02  2× 6)
1 π π
= __
= 2,827 × 10–3 + 1,885 × 10–3
10 kN
AS = 4,712 × 10–3 m3
π
∴ AC = 0,07069 – 4,712 × 10–3 – __
  4 0,08  2
4. 200 kg x 9,81 N
AC = 0,061 m2
FT = FS + FC
300k = σsAs + σcAc
= σc4,712 × 10–3 + σc0,061 
xs = x c
5. σ  σ 
 __ s
  = __
  c  
E  G  s c
∴ σ  s = 15σ  c


Ø20
Substitute  in : 300k = 15 σc × 4,712 × 10–3 + σc0,061
= 0,13168σc
σc = 2,278 MPa
From : σs = 34,17 MPa
6.
6.
Steel
Ø4 Ø6 Ø4
1 2 3
10 kN
ES = 200G
EC = 100G
x1 = x2 = x3
L1 = L2 = L3 = 3 m
No3 = d = 4
F = 30 kN
x = 60
L=3
FL
6.1 E3 = ___
  Ax 
30k × 3
= __________
  __π 2   ∴ FT = F1 + F2 + F3
  4 0,004  × 0,06
E3 = 119,37 GPa 10k = F1 + F2 + F3 

x1 = x2 = x3
∴ x1 = x2

F  L
  F  L
 
 ____
1 1
A  E
  = ____
  2 2   
  A  E 1 1 2 2
F  F 
∴ ___________
  __π 2
1
  = ___________
  __π 2
2
 
  4 0,004  × 200G   4 0,006  × 100G
π
F  2  __ 0,006  2× 200G
∴ F1 = ____________
   
π
__
4
2  
  4 0,006  × 100G
F1 = 0,889 F2 
x3 = x2
F  L
  F  L
 
∴ ____
  A3  E 3    = ____
  A2  E 2   
3 3 2 2
F  3
____________ F 
∴   __  
π 2   = ___________
  __π 2
2
 
  4 0,004  × 119,37G   4 0,006  × 100G
F  0 ,006  2× 119,37G

∴ F3 = _____________
   
2
  
2  
0,006  × 100G
= 0,531 F2 
Substitute  and  in : 10k = 0,889 F2 + F2 + 0,531 F2
∴ F2 = 4,132 kN

From : F1 = 3,674 kN
From : F3 = 2,194 kN
σ  L
 
xT = x1 = ___
6.2   E1     1
1
  L
F   3,674k × 3
= ____
  A1  E 1    = _________
  __π  
1 1    0,004  2 200G
4
= 4,386 mm
7.
7.
2
1 8m
6m
8 kN
A = 900 m2
x1 = x2
8.
E = 1 GPa
8
7.1 Load in each rope =  _2  = 4 kN
9m
5m F 4k

1 ∴ σ = __
  A  = _______
  –6 
900 × 10 
2
= 4,44 MPa
10 N
7. 7.2 Because it is a continuous rope.

2
6+8
∴Average8strength
1 m of rope =  ____2
 = 7 m
6m
σL  AV
∴ x =  ____
E
 
4,44 m × 7
8 kN =  _______1G
 
= 31,08 mm
8.
8.
9m
5m
1
2
10 N
8.1 ∴ FT = F1 + F2 
x1 = x2
[G  1  =   G   2]

8.4 F  L   1 F  L   2 A    =   A
  2 6,419
∴ ____
  A  1G
 
  = ____
  A  2G
 
    1
3,571 1 1 2 2
∴× AG: F1L1 = F2L2 1

F  9
∴F2 = ___
  51  
= )1,8 F1  RH
(1 -
Substitute  in : 10k = F1 + 1,8 F1
∴ F1 = 3,571 kN
10
∴ F2 = 6,429 kN

9. F  3,571k
σ1 = __ _____
  A1  =OD
  __π = 242  = 2,84
T MPa
  4 0,06 
F  6,429k
σ2 = __
  A2  = _____
  __π B 2  = 5,12 MPa Ø15
  4 0,04 
σ  2,84M
8.2 σ1 = __
  E1  =Id_____
  1,1G
= 16 = 2,582 × 10
–3
σ  5,12M
σ2 = __
  E2  = _____
  1,1G = 4,655 × 10–3
7.
2
1 8m
18 6m
x 
8.3 x 1 = x2  and ϵ  2 = _
  L2   
8 kN 2
∴ x 1  = ϵ  1 L  1 ∴ x 2  = ϵ  2 L  2

x 1 = 2,582 × 10  –3 × 9 x 2 = 4,655 × 1 0  –3× 5

8.
= 23,24 mm = 23,28 mm
1 1
∴ U  1 = _  2  F  1 x1   _2 3,571k × 23,28 × 10 –3

9m

5m J
41,57
1
1 1
U  2 = _  2  F  1 x1  = _  22 × 6,429k × 23,28 × 10 –3
= 74,83 J
8.4 10 N
8.4 6,419
3,571
1
8.4 6,419
3,571
1 RH
(1 - )
10
RH
MomentsExercise
about
(1 - ) right ∴ 10x 8.4
1.2 Question = 3,571 × 1
x = 0,3571 m
10
10 kN load is 357,1 mm from right
9. Pi = 2,1 MPa
9.
OD = 24 T
L=3m
B Ø15
Exercise 4.1 Question 6
Id = 16
min 106,392
p = 1,2 mm
σB = 20 MPa
GS = 210 GPa
EB = 110 GPa
LB = 1,2 m
LT = 1,188
X m X
9.1 FB = FT
xT = xB + xT
σBAB = σTAT
 4 0,015  2 = σ  T  __4 (0 ,024  2 – 0,016  2)
π π
∴ 20 × __
σT = 14,063 MPa
9.2 FB = FT
σBAB = σTAT
σB = σT(__________)
0,024  2 – 0,016  2
  2 
0,015 
σB = 1,42 σT 
xT = xB + xTU (xT = length × pitch)
σ  L
  σ  L
 
(1,2 × 1,5)10–3 = ____
  EB     B + ____
  ET     T
B T
σ  1 ,2 σ  1 ,188

1,8 × 10–3 = ____
  210G
B
  + _____
  110G
T
 
× 210G: ∴ 378 × 106 = 1,2σB + 2,268σT 
Substitute  in  ∴ 378 × 106 = 1,2(1,42σT) + 2,268σ
378M
∴ σ brass = ____
  3072  = 95,17 MPa
σ bolt = 135,14 MPa
Resultant stress = stress tight nut + initial stress
∴ σ brass = 95,17 + 14,06 = 109,23 MPa
σ steel = 135,14 + 20 = 155,14 MPa
MODULE
2 Strain energy
• explain what strain energy is and how to calculate it;
• express strain energy in terms of force and stress;
• explain what gradually applied load is;
• calculate strain energy when load is gradually applied (single and
compound bars);
• explain what suddenly applied load is;
• calculate strain energy when a sudden load is applied (single and
compound bars);
• explain what a shock load is;
• calculate strain energy when a shock load is applied (single and
compound bars); and
• calculate the height a load may fall in order not to exceed the stress limit.
When a member is subjected to an axial force, the dimensions will change and
this means that the member will extend or shorten. That means that the force
had moved a distance and an amount of work was done. Energy is then stored in
the member, which is called strain energy.
1. U =  _2 Fx = _  2 F(   AG ) = ____

1 1 FL F  2L
___   2AG 
(6 0k )  2× 0,5

=  ____________
   π
__  
2 ×  4 0,04 × 206G
= 3,477 J
exercise 2.1 Module 2 • Strain energy 21
2. 2.1
2.1
00 80
10
2
0
60 80
50
50
1 1
UT = U1 + U2 = _  2 Fx 1  + _  2 Fx 2 
1
3. =  _2 F(x 1  + x 2  )
= _  2 F[ ___   A  E 2  ]

1 FL  FL 
  A  E 1   + ___
1 2
  2E [__   A2    ]

FL L  L 
= __   A1    + __
1 2
(1 00k )  0,6

  2 × 206G [____   2 ]
2
1
= _______   2  + ____
0,05  0,08 
= 9,618 J
4.
xT = x1 + x2 OD = 80
2.2 Ø0 = 200
200 kN 3 50 X 50 200 kN
2
FL  FLID  2 = ? 1
= ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 600  200 500
1 2
206G [
  2 ]
100k 0,6 1
=  ____  ____
  2  + ____
0,05  0,08 
5. = 0,192 mm 2,5 m 2,5 m
2.3 ε 
250 T
= ε  1 + ε  2 Ø100 Ci Ø100 C 250
x  x 
= __
  L1    + __
  L2   
1 2
FL  FL 
= _____
  A  E L 1     + _____
  A  E L 2    
1 1 2 2
206G [ 0,05  0,08  ]

100k ____ 1 1
= ____
      2  + ____
  2 
= 2,7 × 10–4
F 100k
2.4 σmax = __
  A    = ____
  2 = 40 MPa (maximum stress in smallest area)
1 0,05 
50
22 N5 Strength of Materials
50 and Structures – Lecturer Guide
3.
3.
exercise ID
2.1 = 50
4.
OD = 80 OD = 80 Ø0 = 200
200 kN E = 200 GPa 3 50 X 50 200 kN
2
2.1 ID = ? 1
U = 30 J 0600
0 200 500
80
10 1
3.1 U =  _2 Fx 2
0
60 80
=  _2 F(   AEm )
1 ___ FL
5. 2,5 2,5 m
2 2
F  L F  × 0,7

250 ∴ 30 =  ___  = _________________
Ø100     
Ci __π Ø2100 C   250
2AE50 2
2 ×  4 (0 ,08  – 0,05  )2 00G
50
3,676 × 10  10
∴ F  2 = _
  0,7 
___________
F = √5,251 × 10  10 
3.
= 229,149 kN
F 229,149k
3.2 σ =  __  = ___________
    = 74,811 MPa
A __π   4 (0 ,08  – 0,05  )
2 2
σL 74,811M × 0,7
x =  __
3.3 E
  = __________
  200G  = 0,262 mm
σ 74,811M
3.4 ε =  __E  = ______
  200G = 3,741 × 10–4
4.
4.
OD = 80 Ø0 = 200
200 kN 3 50 X 50 200 kN
2
ID = ? 1
200 500
600
E = 210 GPa
5. 2,5 m 2,5 m
250 Ø100 Ci Ø100 C 250

Module 2 • Strain energy 23
4.1 ε  T = ε  1 + ε  2 + ε  3

σ  σ  σ 
= __
  E1  + __
  E2  + __
  E3 
[ A  1 A  2 A  3 ]

1 F F F
= __
  E  __
    + __    + __
   
[ A  1 A  2 A  3 ]

F 1 1 1
= __
  E  __
    + __    + __
   
[ 0,05  ]
200k 1 1 1
∴7,548 ×10–4 = ____
  210G  __
  A    + ____
  __π 2  + ____
  2 
1   4 0,1 
1
∴  __
A  1
  = 265,216
A1 = 3,771 × 10–3
∴  __4 (0 ,08  2– d  2) = 3,771 × 10–3
π

d = 40 mm
xT = x1 + x2 + x3
4.2
FL  FL  FL 
= ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 2   + ___
  A  E 3  
1 2 3
  E [__   A3    ]

F L  L  L 
= __   A1    + __
  A2    + __
1 2 3
[   4 (0 ,08  – 0,04  ) 0,05  ]

200k 0,06 0,2 0,5
= ____
  210G   ___________
π
__
  + ____
  __π 2  + ____
  2 
2 2
  4 0,1 
= 0,366 mm
4.3 Check for smallest area
π
A1 = __
  4  (0,082 – 0,042) = 3,77 × 10–3 m2
A3 = 0,052 = 2,5 ×10–3 m2
F
σmax = ___
  A   
min
200k
= _______
  –3 
2,5 × 10 
= 80 MPa
We must check for the smallest area to calculate, because the hollow
area can be smaller, depending on the diameters.
1 1
4.4 UT = _  2 Fx T  = _  2  × 200k × 0,366 × 10–3
= 36,6 J
OD = 80 Ø0 = 200
200 kN 3 50 X 50 200 kN
2
ID = ? 1
200 500
24 600
5.
5. 2,5 m 2,5 m
250 Ø100 Ci Ø100 C 250
ECi = 80 GPa
EC = 100 GPa
5.1 UT = U1 + U2
1 1 1
= _  2 Fx 1  + _  2 Fx 2  = _  2 F[ x1  + x2  ]
  2 [____   A  E 2    ]

F FL  FL 
∴ = __
  A  E 1    + ____
1 1 2 2
2 [ A  1E
  A  E 2     ]
2
F  ____  
L L 
=  __     1     + ____
1 2 2
(2 50k)  ________

[   4 0,1  × 80G   4 0,1  × 100G ]
2
2,5 2,5
=  ______ 2
    __π 2   + _________
  __π 2  
= 223,812 J
1
5.2 UT = _  2 Fx T  d = ?
Important
=  _2 F[ ___
  AE ]
1 FL
Students must
F  2L (2 50k )  2× 5 show more
∴ 223,812 =  ___
2AE
  = ________
  2A × 210G  calculation steps.
∴A = 3,324 × 10–3

π
∴ __
  4  d  2= 3,324 × 10–3
d = 65,06 mm
1. 1.1 Maximum instantaneous stress

F = 2W = 2 × 5,0k = 10 kN
10k × 4 F
∴ Stress =  _
A
  = _
  2 = 18,345 MPa
π 0,026 
σL 18,345M × 3
1.2 Total extension x T = __
  E  = _________
  200G = 0,275 mm
2. 2.1 Stress in rod gradually applied
F 12k × 4
σ =  _
A
  = _
  2 = 77,953 MPa
π 0,014 
2.2 Diameter of rod 12 k suddenly applied

W = 2F = 2 × 12k = 24 kN
F 24k × 4
σ =  _
A
 = 105M = _
  2 
πd 
_
√ _ 24k × 4
∴d=
  π × 105M   = 17,1 mm
3. 3.1 Magnitude of load
F
σ =  _
A
 
∴ F = σA = 210M × 400 × 10 −6= 84 kN

84
But F = 2W ∴ Load applied = _
 2 = 42 kN
3.2 Energy
U  T = U  1 + U  2
2W  2 L  2W  2 L 
U  T = _
  A  E 1 + _
  A  E 2
1 2
 (_ −6 )
2 × ( 42k)  × 0,15
2
1 1
U  T = ___________
  200G
  _  = 10,359 J
−6  +  
700 × 10  400 × 10 
Note
Note that the formula provides that F = 2W, and therefore we use
the load applied.

  200G (_______ −6 )
2WL  2WL  2 × 42k × 0,15 1 1
3.3 Extension x Total = ____
  A  E 1 + ____
  A  E 2 = __________   _______ 
−6  +  
1 2 700 × 10  400 × 10 
= 0,248 mm

__F
σ     FL σL
Exercise 2.2 1. E =  _ε =  __
A ___ __
x   =   Ax  =   x (basic equation still applies)
__
  L 
1.
L=4m
2.
d = 80
E = 206 GPa
W = 4 kN
h = 200 mm
1.1 PE = U
W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx T  (xT  = ___
  AE )
1 FL
(   4 0,08  × 200G )
F×4   2× 4
F
∴ 4k 0,2 + __________
 __π 2   = ____________
    
π
__ 2  
2 ×  4 0,08  × 206G
∴ 4k(0,2 + 3,863 × 10–9 F) = 1,931 × 10–9 F2

∴ 800 + 1,545 × 10–5 F = 1,931 × 10–9 F2
÷ 1,931 × 10–9: F2 – 8 002,072 F – 4,143 × 1011 = 0
______________________________
(   
–(–8 002,072 ± √ 8 002,072)  2– 4(1)(–
– 4,143 × 10  11) )
F = ___________________________________
 
       
2×1
 
8 002,072 ± 1 287 337
F = _______________
 
   2
 
= 647,67 kN
F 647,67k
∴ σ =  __
A
  = ______
  __π 2  = 128,85 MPa
  4 0,08 
1.2 PE = U
1
W(h + x) =  _2 Fx
∴ 40k(0,02 + 3,863 × 10–9 F) = 1,931 × 10–9 F2
∴800 + 1,545 × 10–4 F = 1,931 × 10–9 F2
÷ 1,931 × 10–9: F2 – 80 010,357 F – 4,143 × 1011
_
80 010,357 ± √b  – 4ac 2
F = _______________
  
   
2(1 )
80 010,357 ± 1 289 796,1
F = ________________
 
   2
 
= 684,9 kN
F 684,9
σ = __
  A  = _____
  __π 2  = 136,2 MPa
  4 0,08 
2.
2.
1m 1 40 x 46
L = 0,8 m 2 d = 20 h = 300
E = 210 GPa
W = 200 × 9,81 = 1 962 N
3. 2.1 PE = U
1
W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx T  
L = 3,5 m

Exercise 2.2 xT = x1 + x2 h = 15 mm kN
FL  FL 

1. = ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 2  
1 2
[ 0,04  400  4 0,02  ]

F 1 O  8
= ____
  210G  ____
  2  + _____
  __π 1 2 
7. 600
L=4m
–8 x 10
F xT30= x1,51
30 × 1010 F F 
Substitute  in :
1
∴1 962(0,3 + 1,51 × 10–8 F) = _ 2 F × 1,51 × 10–8 F

8. ∴588,6 + 2,963 × 10 –5
F = 7,55 × 10–9 F2
2.L = 1,5 m W = 4 kg
Ø = 30 = 0,08 mm
1m 1 40 x 46
12.
L = 0,8 m 2 d = 20 h = 300
L = 800 350 mm 2

L = 600 400 mm 2 h=?
÷ 7,55 × 10–9: F2 – 3 924,503 F – 7,796 × 10–10 = 0
3.
14. L = 3,5 m 100 60

F Ø50 Ø30h = 15 mm FkN
1 2
_
– (–
3 924,503) ± √
b  2– 4ac
F = ___________________
  
  2(1 )
 
3 924,503 ± 558 441,1
F = _______________
    2
 
= 281,183 kN
Exercise 2.2 A1 = 0,062 = 1,6 × 10–3 m
π
A2 = __
  4 0,022 = 3,162 × 10–4
1. 281,183k
∴ σ  max = ________
  –4  = 894,92 MPa
3,142 × 10 
2.2 From : xT = 1,51 × 10–8 F

L=4m
= 1,51 × 10–8 × 281,183k
= 4,246 mm
1 1
2.3 UT = _  2 Fx T  = _  2 × 281,183 × 4,246 × 10–3
= 596,932 J
W 1 962
2.4 σ1 = __
  A    = ____
  2  = 1,226 MPa
2. 1 0,04 
W 1 962

σ
2
= __
  A    1= ________
  240 x 46
–4  = 6,244 MPa
1m 2 3,14  × 10 
1 F  2L 1 962  2× 1
2.5 U1 = _  2 Fx 1  = ___
  2AE  = ___________
    
2  
2 × 0,04  × 210G
= 5,728 × 10–3 J
L = 0,8 m 2 d = 20
F  2L 1 962h
  2×= 0,8
300
U2 = ___
  2AE  = ____________
    
π
__ 2  = 0,0233 J
2 ×  4 0,02  × 210G
UT = U1 + U2 = 0,0291 J
Final strain is the strain under load gradually applied.
3.
3.
L = 3,5 m
h = 15 mm kN
A = 700 mm2
7. xT = 2,5 mm
600 400
F E = 206 30
GPa
x 30 10 x 10 F
PE = U
8.
L = 1,5 m W = 4 kg
Ø = 30 = 0,08 mm
σL
3.1 E =  __
x
 
σ3,5
∴ 206G = _______
  –3 
2,5 × 10 
σ = 147,43 MPa
3.2 PE = U
1
∴ W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx T 

1
∴ W(0,015 + 2,5 × 10–3) = _  2 σ.A × 2,5 × 10–3

1
0,0175W = _  2 × 147,143M × 700 × 10–6 × 2,5 × 10–3
W = 7,357 kN
weight 7,357k
3.3 Mass =  _____
g
  = _____
  9,81 
= 749,96 kg
4.1 F = 2W
∴F = 2 × 50 = 100k
F 100k
∴ σ =  __
  = _____
A __π
  2  = 188,349 MPa
  4 0,026 
σL 188,349M × 3
xT = __
4.2   E  = _________
  200G  = 2,825 mm
5.
400 300 900
50 kN Ø50 Ø30 Ø70 50 kN
A B C
50k
5.1 σA = _____
  __π 2  = 25,46 MPa
  4 0,05 
50k
= _____
σB   __π 2  = 70,74 MPa
  4 0,03 
F 50k
= __
σC   A  = _____
  __π 2  = 12,99 MPa
  4 0,07 
σ  L
  25,46M × 0,4
xA = ____
5.2   AE A =  _________
200G
  = 0,051 mm
σ  L
  71,74M × 0,03
xB = ____
  BE B =  __________
200G
  = 0,106 mm
σ  L
  12,99M × 10  6× 0,9
xC = ____
  CE C = _____________
  
  200G
  = 0,058 mm
Exercise 2.2
1.
1 1
5.3 UA = _  2 Fx A  = _  2  × 50k × 0,051 × 10–3 = 1,275 J
1 1
U
L=4m B
= _  2 Fx B  = _  2  × 50k × 0,106 × 10–3 = 2,65 J
1 1
UC = _  2 Fx C  = _  2  × 50k × 0,058 × 10–3 = 1,45 J
5.4 Strain
σ  25,46M
= __
εA   EA  = ______
  200G = 1,273 × 10–4
σ  x  0,106 × 10  –3
2. = __
εB   EB  =  __B
L 
  = ________
  0,3 = 3,53 × 10–4
B
x  1 0,058
40×x146
0  –3
= __
1 m ε   C   = ________
C
   = 6,44 × 10–5
L  C 0,9
5.5 UT = U1 + U2 + U3 = 5,375 J (add the values in 5.3)

OR 2 d = 20
L = 0,8 m h = 300
_ 1
UT =    Fx T  2
1
= _   × 50k (0,051 + 0,106 + 0,058)10–3
2
= 5,375 J
1 1 FL
6.1 U =  _2 Fx = _  2 F___
  AE 
3.
  2× 0,6
F
∴ 3 =  ____________
   π
__ 2  
L = 3,5 m 2 ×  4 0,05  × 200G
h = 15 mm kN
F = 62,666 kN
F 62,666k
6.2 σ =  __
A
  = ______
  __π 2  = 31,92 MPa
  4 0,05 
7.
7. 600 400
F 30 x 30 10 x 10 F
xT = x1 + x2
7.1
FL  FL 
= ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 2  
8. 1 2
  209G [____
0,03  0,01  2]
F 0,6 0,4
∴0,15 × 10 = ____
  2  + ____    –3
L = 1,5 m
W = 4 kg
Ø = 30 = 0,08 mm
0,15 × 10–3 = 2,2329 × 10–8 F
F = 6,718 kN
F 6,718k
7.2 σmax = ___
  A    = _____
  2 (maximum stress in smallest area)
12. min 0,01 
= 67,18 MPa

L = 800 350 mm 2
L = 600 400 mm 2 h=?

F 30 x 30 10 x 10 F
8.
8.
L = 1,5 m W = 4 kg
Ø = 30 = 0,08 mm
FL
E =  ___
Ax
 
12. 4 × 9,81 × 1,5
=  _____________
  
π
__ 2 –3 
  4 0,03  × 0,08 × 10 
L = 800 350 mm 2
= 1,041 GPa
∴PE = U L = 600 400 mm 2 h=?
1
W(h + xT) = _   Fx T  2
4 × 9,81 (0,003 +  ___
AE ) 2 ( AE )
FL 1 FL
  = _   F ___
   
(  4 0,03  × 1,014G )

F × 1,5 F  2× 1,5
4 × 9,81 0,003 + ___________
  __π 2   = ______
  2AE 
14.  100
60
Ø50
4 ×F9,81(0,003 + 2,0385 × 10–6 F) =Ø30
1,019 × 10–6FF2
1 –5 2
0,11772 + 7,999 × 10 F = 1,019 × 10–6 F2
÷ 1,019 × 10–6: F2 – 78,5 F – 115 525,02 = 0
_
78,5 ± √ 2
b  – 4ac
F = ___________
   
2(1 )
78,5 ± 684,297
=  __________
2
 
= 381,4 N
F 381,4
∴ σ =  __
  = _____
A __π
  2 = 539,569 kPa
  4 0,03 
9. PE = U
1
∴ W(h + x) = _  2 Fx

25k(h + __
 E ) = _  2 σ.A × __
σL 1 σL
  E 
(1 02M)  2
25k(h + ________) =   2  ×   4 0,12  ×   205G 
102M × 0,8
_______ __ 2 ____ π 0,8
  205G 
∴ 25k (h + 3,98 × 10–4) = 229,593

h = 8,786 mm
1 1 σL σ  2AL
10. 10.1 U =  _2 Fx T  = _  2 σ.A.  __
E
  = ____
  2E 
σ  2 × 0,03  2× 2
8 = _________
  2 × 198G 
σ2 = 1,76 × 1015
σ = 41,95 MPa
1 F  2L   2× 2
F
10.2.1 U = _  2 Fx ∴ 8 = ___
  2AE  = ___________
    
2  
2 × 0,03  × 198G
∴F = 37,757 kN

W(2 W)L
2WL
10.2.2 U = Wx =  _______
EA
  = ____
  EA  (F = 2W for suddenly applied)
_________  2 × W  2× 2

8 =  2
0,03  × 198G
W = 18,879 kN
10.2.3 W(h × x) = U
W(0,02 + xT) = 8 
1
But xT ∴ 8 = _   Fx T  2
1
_
 × 37,757 k xT 
8 =   2
∴ xT = 4,238 × 10–4

Important
For U to be constant, the force F must also be constant.
∴ From 10.2.1 F = 37,757 kxT

Substitute  in : W(0,02 × 4,238 × 10–4) = 8
W = 391,7 N
1
11.1 U =  _2 Fx
1 2WL
=  _2  × 2W × ____
  EA  (F = 2W)
2
2W  L
∴ 8 = _____
  EA 
2W  2× 1,5
=  ____________
   –6  
320 × 10  × 200G
∴W = 13,064 kN

∴Force in rod = F = 2W = 26,128 kN

1
11.2 U =  _2 Fx (F = W)
2
F  L
8 = ___
  2AE 
  2× 1,5
F
=  ___________
–6   (E = 200G)
2 × 320 × 10  E
∴F = 26,128 kN

Important
Students must show all values.

11.3 PE = U
1
∴ W(h + x) = _  2 Fx

F  2L
W(h + x) = ___
  2AE  = 8
F  2× 1,5
∴ ______
  2AE  = 8
F = 26,128 kN
Important
Students must show all values. This is only showing the
method of calculation.

11.4.1 F = 2W
FL
x =  ___
AE
 
26,128k × 1,5
∴ =  _________
AE
 
= 0,612 mm
FL 26,128k × 1,5
x =  ___
11.4.2 AE
  = _________
  AE
  = 0,612 mm
1
x = W(h + x) = _  2 Fx
11.4.3
1
W(h + x) = 8 = _ 2 Fx
1
=  _2  × 26,128k
∴ x = 0,612 mm

L = 1,5 m W = 4 kg
Ø = 30 = 0,08 mm
12.
12.
L = 800 350 mm 2
L = 600 400 mm 2 h=?
xT = 1 mm
W = 300 × 9,81
14. E =100
210 GPa 60
F Ø50 Ø30 F
PE = U
1 1 2
W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx T  
xT = x1 + x2
=  __E [__   A2    ]

F L  L 
  A1    + __
1 2
  210G [_______
350 × 10  –6 400 × 10  –6]
F 0,8 0,6
1 × 10 –3
= ____     + _______
   
∴F = 55,472 kN

1
Substitute  in : 300 × 9,87(h + 1 × 10–3) = _  2 55,472k × 1 × 10–3
h = 8,424 mm
1
13.1 U = _  2 Fx
1 FL
4 =  _2 F × ___
  AE s
F  2× 2
= ________________
     –6  
2 × 2 500 × 10  × 200G
∴F = 44,721 kN

13.2.1 F = 2W
= 2 × 44,721
= 89,442 kN
13.2.1 PE = U
1
W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx
44,721 ( –6  ) =   2AE 
F×2 F  L2
5 × 10  –3 + _________
  ___
2 500 × 10  E
∴223,605 + 1,789 × 10–4 F = 2 × 10–9 F2

÷ 2 × 10–9: ∴ F2 – 89 450F – 1,118 × 1011 = 0
12.
L = 800 350 mm 2
_
89 450 ± √ b  – 4ac 2
= _____________
∴L F= 600
  
   
2(1 )400
mm 2 h=?
89 450 ± 674 693,49
= _____________
  2 
  
= 382,072 kN
14.1
14. 100 60
F Ø50 Ø30 F
1 2

U = 10 J
UT = U1 + U2
1
∴ 10 =  _2 F(x 1  + x2  )

FL
x = ___
  AE 
[   4 0,05    4 0,03  ]
2
F  _____0,1 0,06
∴ 10 =  __
2E __π
    _____
2  +   __
π 2 
∴10 × 2 × 200G = F2 [50,93 + 84,883]

F = 171,617 kN
171,617k
14.2 σ1 = ______
  __π 2  = 87,4 MPa
  4 0,05 
171,617k

σ
1
= ______
  __π 2  = 242,79 MPa
  4 0,03 
Exercise2.2
σ  L
  87,4M × 0,1
14.3 x1 = ___
  1E 1 = ________
  200G  = 0,044 mm
σ  L
  242,79M × 0,06
x2 = ___
  2E 2 = ___________
  200G
  = 0,0728 mm
15.
15.
600 = L
Ø25
Ø12,5 600 = L
If stress = 220 MPa when load falls h metres, stress is maximum in smallest
16.1 100
area. 60 80
∴Force in rod will be:
Ø40 Ø30 Ø20
π
F = σ.A = 220 M ×  __4 0,01252
= 26,998 kN
17. 2 000 mm 2 1 000 mm 2

80 kN 1 2 80 kN
Exercise2.2
FL  FL 
∴ xT = x1 + x2 = ___
  A  E 1   + ___
  A  E 2  
1 2
26 998 × 0,6 26 998 × 0,6

∴ xT = ___________
  __π 2   + _________
  __π 2  (E = 207G)
  4 0,025  × 207G   4 0,0125  × E
15. = 7,971 × 10–4 m

But: PE = U 600 = L
Ø25 1
W(h + xT) = _  2 Fx T 
1
∴12 ×Ø12,5
9,81(h600 = L × 10–4) = _
+ 7,971   2 × 26 998 × 7,971 × 10–4
h = 90,6 mm
16.1
16.1 100
60 80
Ø40 Ø30 Ø20

E = 210 GPa
+ x3 (  AE 1) 000 mm
17. FL
x = ___
2 2
xT = x21 000
+ x2mm
80 kN 1 2 80 kN
[   4 0,04    4 0,02  ]
F 0,1 0,06 0,08
10–3 = __
∴0,177 ×1 m
  E  _____
  __π 2  + 2_____
  __π m 2  + _____
  __π 2 
  4 0,03 
∴F = 88,68 kN

16.2 D = 1,2d 
18.
FL
xT =2___
 5AE
0  
70k × 924 Ø25
∴ A =  _____________
   –3  
0,177 × 10  × 210G
10
10 x = 2
451,9774 mm -L1
250
π
AL 1=  __4  (D2 – d 2) = 451,9774
D2 – d 2 = 575,4755 
Substitute  in : (1,2d)2 – d 2 = 575,4755
∴ 1,44d 2 – d 2 = 575,4755
19.1 d = 20 d = 36,165 mm
D = 43,4 mm
OD = 40
ID = 35 Steel
S C
Important
S
Students must show all steps.

20.
100
60 80
Ø40 Ø30 Ø20
17.
17. 2 000 mm 2 1 000 mm 2
80 kN 1 2 80 kN
1m 2m
E = 200 GPa
Exercise2.2
UT = U1 + U2
18.
FL  FL 
=  ___
A  E

1
  + ___
  A
25  0E

2
 
1 2
Ø25
200G [ –6 ]
80k 1 2
=  ____  ________
  ________ 
–6  +  
15. 2 000 × 10  1 000 × 10 
1 0 x 10
= 40 J -L1
250
600 = L
Ø25 L1
Uniform bar:
Volume Øof12,5
step bar
600 ==LV1 + V2 = A1L1 + A2L2
= (2 000 × 1 000) + (1 000 × 2 000)
= 4 × 106 mm3
19.1 Volume of step dbar= 20= volume of single bar
16.1 100 6
∴4 × 10 = AS ×603 000 80
OD = 40
Ø40
AS = 1 ID
333,33 m2 Ø20
35 Steel
Ø=30
1
S = C _
∴U single  Fx  
2 TS
F  L

=  ___
2
2AE
 
17. 2 000 mm 2 1 000 mm 2
1 ( )
2
8
0k   × 3
80 kN =  __________________
  
   2  80 kN
2 × 1 333,33 × 10 –6× 200G
1m 2m
= 36 J
20.
∴2 sections more energy.

18. L = 1,5 m
18.
250 h = 150 mm
Ø25
10 x 10
-L1
250
L1
18.1 Max stress ⇒ small area

∴F = σ.A = 200 m × 0,012
= 20 kN
19.1 d = 20
OD = 40
ID = 35 Steel
S C S
600 = L
Ø25

Ø12,5 600 = L
18.2 xT = x1 + x2
1

16.1 But U = _ 2100
 Fx T 
60 80
2U
∴ xT = ___
  ØF40
  Ø30 Ø20
2 × 1,3
= _____
  20k 

= 0,13 mm
17. 2 F 1 000 mm 2
18.3 Stress in2round
000 mmbar =  __ 
A 
80 kN 1 2 2 80 kN
1m 20k 2 m
=  _____
__ π  
  4 0,025  2
= 40,744 MPa
xT = x1 + x2
18.
σ  L
  σ  L
 
= ___
  1E2 51 0+ ___
  1E 2
Ø25
200M L 40,744M ( 0 ,25 – L  1)
  1 ______________
______ –3
0,13 × 10 =   200G +     200G
 
10 x 10
∴× 200G: 26 × 106 2=50200M - L 1 L + 40,744M (0,25 – L )
1 1
6 L1
÷ 10 : 26 = 200L1 + 10,186 – 40,744L1
15,814 = 159,256L1
L1 = 99,3 mm
19. 19.1
19.1 d = 20
OD = 40
ID = 35 Steel
S C S

W=?
L = 400
20.
h = 80
xT = 0,16 mm
L = 1,5 m
x C  = xS   


T T
h = 150 mm σ   L
∴Use values of copper: σc ÷ EC = ___
  xC   

(Can also use values of steel:
c
LS = LC)
16.1 100
60 80
Ø40 Ø30 Ø20
E  x 
σc = ____
  CL c
100G × 0,16 × 10 –3
17. = _____________
2σ000    
c mm
2
0,4
 1 000 mm 2
80 kN 80 kN
=1 40 MPa 2
1m 2m
E  x 
∴σ Steel = ___
  Ls  s
198G × 0,16 × 10 –3
= _____________
 
   0,4
 
18. = 79,2 MPa
250
19.2 UT = UC + Usteel
Ø25
_1
∴ UC =   2 Fx
10 x 10 _ 1 1 0-L1 π
=   2 σ.Ax = 2_  25  × 40M × __
  4 0,022 × 0,16 × 10–3
L1
= 1,005 J
1
US = _  2 Fx
1
=  _2 σ.Ax
d1= 20 π
19.1 =  _2  × 79,2M × __
  4  (0,042 – 0,0352) × 0,16 × 10–3
= 1,866 JOD = 40 Steel
ID = 35
19.3 PE = U
S C S
W(h + x) = U1 + U2
W(0,08 + 0,16 × 10–3) = 1,005 + 1,866
0,08016W = 2,871
W = 35,82 N
20.
20.
L = 1,5 m
h = 150 mm
σ = 80 mPa
d = 25
E = 200G
PE = U
1
W(h + x) = _  2 Fx 
σL
∴ x =  __
E
 
80M × 1,5
= ______
  200G 
= 6 × 10–4 m 
1
Substitute  in : W(h + x) =  _2 σ.Ax
1 π
∴W(0,15 + 6 × 10–4) = _  2  × 80M × __
  4 0,252 × 6 × 10–4
W = 78,227 N
78,227
Mass =  _____
9,81
 
= 7,97 kg
MODULE
3 Temperature‑induced stresses
• calculate change in length due to temperature for different materials (free
expansion or contraction);
• calculate stresses due to temperature rise or cooling for different materials
connected in series and then prevented to expand or contract;
• calculate stresses due to temperature rise or cooling for different materials
connected in parallel, including a pipe with a threaded bar and nut;
• calculate the final length of a compound bar;
• calculate resultant stresses due to temperature and external forces when
materials are connected in parallel or series;
• calculate the resultant change in length of a compound bar; and
• calculate the final length of a compound bar.
Compound bars are bars that most often consist of two different materials of
which the strengths are different. These kinds of bars are found in construction
and machine members, and we must be aware of the effects on these bars when
they are subjected to loads and temperature changes.
Important
A sketch of the question must be made for the temperature question that will
solve 90% of the problem.
Exercise3.1
1.
L = 800
1 Exercise3.1 L = 500
S Ø30 ∆t = 90˚ - 20˚= 70˚
Free expansion:
∴ ΔLC = αctL = 18 × 10–6L =×800
70 × 0,8 = 1,008 mm
2 –6
1 ΔLS = αLstL
= 500
= 12 × 10 × 70 × 0,5 = 1,42 mm
andSLT = 1Ø300
30 mm, ∆t = 90˚ - 20˚= 70˚
∴ LF = LT + ΔLC + ΔLS

= 1 300 + 1,008 + 1,42
= 1 301,428 mm
2 2.
3 t = 50°
ε = 175 GPa
α = 15 × 10–6
30 C S 30
2.1 With no free expansion: Stress = strain × E
Σ 30
= εE 50
  × E (∴   L  = αt) tL
αtL change in length αtL
=  ___
L
ε = ___________
  original length  = ___
3 C
= αtE
= 15 × 10–6 × 50 × 175G
30 C S 30
= 131,25 MPaC C
αtL
2.2 σ =30 ___
 = αt =S15 × 10–6 × 50
L 50 S
C
= 7,5 × 10–4 tLC

S
400
tLS
C C
S S
C
S
400
Module 3 • Temperature‑induced stresses 43
3.
30 C S 30
3 30 50
L = 400 tLC
30 t = C90° S 30
Steel 30 × 50
30
Copper 50 × 30 C
30 C
S S tLC
C
S
C 400 C
tLS
S S
C
S
400
tLS
3.1 FC = FS
δxc = δxs
∴αtL – xc = αtL + xs
αctLc – αstLs = xc + xs
F  L  F  L 
=  ____
C C
  + ____
  S S  
A  E  A  E 
C C S S
F F
÷L: 90(17,5 – 13,5)10–6 = _________
  2   + _____________
    
2  
0,03  × 100G 0,03  × 0,05 × 209G
× 209G: 75,24 × 106 = 2 322,22F + 666,66F

75,24 × 106 = 2 988,89F
FS = 25,173 kN = FC
F  25,173k
σs = ___
  AC    = ________
  0,03 × 0,05 = 16,78 (T)
C
25,173k
FC = ______
   = 27,97 MPa (C)
0,03  2
3.2 3.2 t = T1 – T2 = 20 – (–5) = 25°C

tLC
C
= S
C C
S
tLS
L= 400

FS = FC 
∴ δxs = dxc

4. αtL + x = αtL + x tLS
s s c c
αtLc – αtLs = xs + xc
F  F 
÷L: LS = LSC ∴25(17,5 – 13,5)10–6 = ____
  A  CE    + ____
  A  CE    C
Ø80 S S C C Ø60
3.2 tL
F FC
=  __________   +
(3 0 × 50)2 09G (tL
__________
  3 0 × 30)1 00G
  LC = 300
LS = 400 C
× 209G: 20,9 × 106 = 666,67F
C
= + S2 322,22F
F = 6,993 kN C S
5. F 6 993
∴C σs = __
C
  A    = _____
  30 × 50 = 4,66 MPa (C)
S
F 6 993
∴S σs =C ___
  A    = ____
   = 7,77 MPa (T) tLC
( )
3 0   2
C
σ 
tLS
27,97M S
3.3 εc = __
  ESc  =  ______
 = 2,797 × 10–4
L= 400
100G tLS
σ  16,78M
= __
εs   Es  =  ______
209G
 = 8,029 ×C10–5 S
4.
4. tLS
6. 400
Ø80S
S tLS C Ø60
300 mm2 S
tLC
LC = 300
C 400 mm LS = 400 2 tLC
C S C
5.
C tLC
4.1
FC = FS
Important
δxc = δxs
∴ αtLc – xc = xs – αtLs
Students must show all
calculations.
αctL + αstL = xs + xc
(18 × 10–6 × 80 × 0,3) + (12 × 10–6 × 80 × 0,4)(t = 80°)
F × 0,4 F × 0,3
=  __________
π
__ 2   × __________
  __π 2  
  4 0,08  × 100G   4 0,06  × 100G
× 209G: 171,36M = 79,58F + 222,82F

3.2 = 302,39F
F = 566,68 kN tLC
F 566,68 × 10  3
σs = __
  A    = _________
  __π 2  = 112,74=
C MPa
S
S   4 0,08 
F 566,68 × 10  3
σsC= ___
  A    = _________
  __π 2 C= 200,42 MPa
C   4 0,06 
4.2 Use
S information for steel or use information for copper
∴ δxs = x – αtL tL S S
σ  L L= 400
= ___
  s   – αtL
E
112,74M × 0,4
= __________
  210G – (12 × 10–5 × 80 × 0,4)
= 0,169 mm (shorter)
4. tLS
σ  112,74M
4.3 εs = __
  s  = ______
E  s
   = 5,369 × 10–4
210G
σ  200,42M
= __
εc   E c  = S______
  100G = 2,004 × 10–3 C
Ø80 c Ø60
tLC
1 1 LC = 300
4.4 U =  _2  Fx = _  2  × 566,68k × 0,169 × 10–3
LS = 400
= 47,88 J
C S
5.
5.
C tLC
S tLS
C S
6. 400
2 tL
5.1 δxc = δxs

αtLc – xc = αtLs + xs
αctL – αstL = xs + xc
F F
(18 × 10–6 × 30 – 12 × 10–6 × 30) = ____________
    –6   + ____________
    –6  
400 × 10  × 200G 400 × 10  × 100G
× 200G: 36M = 2 500F + 5 000F
∴F = 4,8 kN
F 4,8k
σS = __
  A  = _______
  –6 = 12 MPa (C)
400×10 
F 4,8k
σc = __
  A  = _______
  –6 = 12 MPa (T)
400×10 
Compound bar: FT = FC + FS
100k = FC + FS 
xs = xc
FL̸  FL̸ 
 ___   = ___
   
A̸ E A̸ E
F  F 
 ____
S
  = ____
200G 100G
  C  
FS = 2FC 
Substitute  in : 100k = FC + 2FC
FC = 33,333 kN
FS = 66,667 kN
33,333k
∴ σc = ______
  400 = 83,33 MPa (T)
66,667k
σs = ______
  400 = 166,67 MPa (T)
∴ Rsσc = –12 – 83,33 = 95,33 MPa (T)

Rsσs = +12 – 166,67 = 154,67 MPa (T)
5.2 Use information of copper for cooling
δxc = αtL – xc
FL Note
= 18 × 10–6 × 30 × 0,6 – ___
 AE 
For Question 5.2,
4,8k × 0,6
= 3,24 × 10 – ____________
–4
     –6   the information
400 × 10  × 100G
of steel can also
= 3,24 × 10–4 – 7,2 × 10–5 be used.
= 2,52 × 0–4 m
= 0,252 mm
∴ LF = LO – δx
= 600 – 0,252
= 599,748 mm
Ø80
S C
Module 3 • Temperature‑induced stresses
Ø60 47
tLC
LC = 300
LS =of
For tension 400
100 kN, use steel:
xS = xC
C S
σ  L 
5. ∴ x = ____
  S  F S E  S
166,67M × 0,599748
=  ______________
   200G
  tLC
C
= 0,5 mm
∴Final total length after coding and load:tLS
S
L  F  = FF + xload
T
C S
= 599,748 + 0,5
= 600,248 mm
6.
6. 400
S 300 mm2 tLS S
C 400 mm2 tLC
6.1 δxc = δxs

αtL – x = αtL + x
αctL – αstL = xs + xc
F F
∴40(18 –12)10–6 = ________
  300 × 200G  + ________
  400 × 100G 
× 200G: 48m = 3 333,31F + 5 000F
∴F = 5 760 N
F  5 760
σs = __
  AS    = ______
  300 – m = 19,2 MPa (T)
S
 
F 5 760
σs = __
  AS    = ______
  400 – m = 14,4 MPa (C)
S
6.2 FT = FS + FC 
xs = xc
F  L F  L
 ____S
  = ____
  C  
A  E  A  E 
S S C C
F  C3 00 × 200

∴ FS = ________
  400 × 100
 
= 1,5 FC 
Substitute  in  ∴
80 = 1,5 FC + FC
FC = 32 kN
FS = 48 kN
F  48k
σs = __
  AS    = _______
  –6 = 160 MPa (C)
S 300 × 10 
F  32k
σs = ___
  AC    = _______
  –6 = 80 MPa (C)
C 400 × 10 
6.3 Res: σc = +80 + 14,4 = 94,6 MPa (C)

Res: σs = +160 – 19,2 = 140,8 MPa (C)
6.4 LF = LO + δxc – xc (use information of one material)
σ  L
Copper information: 400 + [αtL – x] –  ___c
E 
 
C
= 400 +  [18 × 10  ] – ( )

14,4M × 0,4 80M × 0,4
–6
× 40 × 94 – ________
  100G  _______
  100G 
= 400 + 0,23 – 0,32
= 399,91 mm
Note
Subjected to load means it is compressed.

7.
7.
20 1,5 m 20
Ø12
D = 40
d = 30
20 C tLC 20
FC = FS
xT = xS +CxC tLS
7.1 Stress
S due to nuts tightening
Total change in length:
80
x = ___
   × 1,75 = 0,389 mm
C T 360
∴ xT = xs + xc

F  L  F  L 

0,389 × 10–3 = ____
  AS  ES    + ____
  AC  EC   
S S C C
F1,54 F1,5
= _________
  __π   + ______________
      
   (0 ,04  2 – 0,03  2)1 00G
π
  4 0,012  2200G __
4
× 200G: 77,8M = 13 616,59F + 5 456,74F

F = 4,079 kN
M3_LGF 4,079k
σs = __
  A    = _____
  __π 2 = –36,07 MPa (T)
S   4 0,012 
F 4,079k
σc = ___
  A    = ___________
  __π  = +7,42 MPa (C)
7.1 C
2 2
  4 (0 ,04  – 0,03  )
Stress due to temperature cooling
20 C tLc 20
c tLs
s
C

L7.2C = 1,5
LS = 1,5 + 0,04
= 1,54
Cooling:
FS = FC ∴ δxc = δxs
αtLc – xc = αtLs + xss
αctL – αstL = xs + xc [ ∴ x = ___

 AE ]
FL
∴(18 × 10–6 × 20 × 1,5) – (12 × 10–6 × 20 × 1,54)

F1,54 F1,5
=  _________  + ______________
  __    
  4 (4 0  – 30  ) × 100G
π 2
__ π
  4 12   × 200G
2 2
× 200G: 34,08M = 13 616,59F + 5 456,74F

F = 1,788 kN
F 1,788k
σs = __
  A    = _____
  __π 2 = 15,81 MPa (C)
S   4 12  
F 1,788k
σs = ___
  A    = _________
  __π 2  = 3,25 MPa (T)
C   4 (4 0  – 30  )
2
∴Res: σc = +7,42 – 3,25 = +4,17 MPa (C)

Res: σs = –36,07 + 15,81 = –20,26 MPa (T)
C

7.2
7.2 Steel information

xF = xnut – δxs
δxs = δtL + x
7. 20,26M × 1,54
20 20 + __________
= (12 ×1,510m–6 × 20 × 1,54)   200G 
= 0,526 mm (cooled)
7.3 After nut was
Ø12 turned 80°
F  L  4,079k × 1,54

xs = ____
  AS  ES    = _________
  A E   

S S S
= 0,278 mm
∴ xc = xT – xs

20 C = 0,389
tLC – 0,278
20
= 0,111 mm
1C
tLS
Us = _  2  F xs 
S
1
= _  2  × 4,079k × 0,278 × 10–3
= 0,567 J
C
1
Uc = _  2  F xc 
1
= _  2  × 4,079k × 0,111 × 10–3
= 0,226 J
8.
8.
S C S
Ø3 Ø6 Ø3
1 2 3
3 000 kN
9.
8.1 FT = F1600
+ F2 + F3
10 10
FT = F1 + F2 + F3 
∴3 000k
x1 = x2 = x3
∴ x1 = x2

F  L̸   F  L̸  
 ____
1 1
  = ____
  2 2  
A  E  A  E 
(÷ L as L1 = L2)
1 1 2 2
F  A  E 

∴ F1 = ______
  A2   E1     1
2 2
2
3  200G
=  _____2   F  2
6  100G
F1 = 0,5 F2 
x1 = x3
F  F 
∴ ____
  A  E1     = ____
  A  E3    
1 1 1 1
F1 = F3 = 0,5 F2 
Substitute  and  in :
∴ 3k = 0,5 F2 + F2 + 0,5 F2
= 2F2
F2 = 1 500 N
FC = 1,5 kN
FS = 0,5 × 1,5 = 750 kN/wire
1 500
8.2 σc = _____
  __π 2 = –53,05 MPa (T)
  4 0,006 
750
σs = _____
  __π 2  = –106,1 MPa
  4 0,003 
FC = FS
Temp. δxc = δxs
αctL – αstL = xs + xc (x = ___
 AE )
FL
F F
100(18 – 12)10–6 = ____
  A  E    + ____
  A  E   
S S C C
F F
∴6 × 10–4 = _________
  __π 2   + ______
  __π 2  
2 ×  4 3  200G   4 6  100G
× 200G: 120M = 141 471,06F

F = 848,23 N
848,23
σc = _____
  __π 2  = –60 MPa
2 ×  4 3 
848,3
σc = ____
  __π 2  = –30 MPa
  4 6 
σres σc = –53,05 + 30 = –23,05 MPa (T)

Res σs = –106 – 60 = –166 MPa (T)
S C S
Ø3 Ø6 Ø3
52 N5 Strength of Materials
1 and Structures
2 – Lecturer3Guide
3 000 kN
9.
9.
600
10 10
LB = 620
d = 20
10. D = 28
Ltube = 600 800, 288 Lbolt = 620t1 = 20˚C
σB = 30 MPa
C σT = 127,3 MPa
E = 200G 12 × 10–6
S
E = 100G 12 × 10–6
t = (30° – t2) 800
Stress in bolt and tube will be zero when their final lengths are equal.
10.1 tL
Note
C
Tube length = 600
Bolt length
S = 600 + 10 0,288
+ 10
tL
= 620
Also
Res σB = 0 = –30nut + 30temp
σT = 0 = + 27,3nut – 27,3temp
But δxB = δxT
∴ αTtLT – αBtLB = xB + xT

σ  L  σ  L 
t[18 × 10–6 × 0,6 – 12 × 10–6 × 0,620] = ____
  EB     B + ____
  ET     T
B T
30M × 0,62 _______
27,3 × 0,6
3,36 × 10 t = ________
–6
    +  
200G
 
100G
= 9,3 × 10 + 1,638 × 10–4
–5
= 2,568 × 10–4
T = 76,43°
9. 9. 600
600
1010 1010 Module 3 • Temperature‑induced stresses 53
Tube compressive and bolt tensile when nut was tightened:

T = t1 – t2
76,43 = 30 – t2
∴ t2 = 30 – 76,43
LBL=B 620
= 620
= –46,43°C
10.
10.10.
800,
800, 288
288 t1 t=1 20˚C
= 20˚C
CC
SS
800
800
10.1 Bar must be cooled for both to have the same length.
10.1
10.1 tL tL
CC
SS 0,288
0,288
tL tL

αctL = αstL + 0,288 × 10–3
t(αcLc = αsLs) = 0,288 × 10–3
t(18 × 10–6 × 0,800288 – 12 × 10–6 × 0,8) = 0,288 × 10–3
0,288 × 10  –3
t = ___________
  –6 
4,805184 × 10 
= 59,94C
t = t1 – t2
t2 = t1 – t
= 20 – 59,94
= –39,94°C
10.2 αtLs = 12 × 10–6 × 0,8 × 59,96
= 0,575424 mm
∴ LN = 800 – 0,575424
= 799,425 mm
11.
11.
tLC
S C
Ø50
tLS Ø50
C
LS = 250 LC = 200
S t = 80 - 20 = 60˚
Final
11.1 δtLc = 20 × 10–6 × 60 × 0,2 = 0,24 mm

12.
δtLs = 12 × 10–6 × 60 800 × 0,25 = 0,18 mm tLC
OD 45 = δx
11.2 δx c s
ID 32
αtLc – xc = Cxs – αtLs
tLS C
αtLc + αtLs = xs + xc
Ø30
(From 11.1) S
σ  L  σ  C L  C
(0,24 + 0,18)10 = ____
  S  S +  ____
–3
E  S
  E  C
C
σ  0 ,25 σ  0 ,2
=  _____
S
200G
  +  ____
C
95G
 
Final
11.
× 200G: ∴84M = 0,25 σs + 0,421 σc 
But:
12.3
C
FC = FS tLC
SF S C FT
σsAsT= σcAc (AS = AC) tL
Ø50 C S Ø50
σs = σc  C
LS = 250  in :
Substitute LC = 200
84M = 0,25 σc + 0,421 σcS t = 80 - 20 = 60˚
σc = σs = 125,19 MPaFinal
12.
12.
13. 800F tLC
OD 45
ID 32
C
L = 120 tLS C
S C
Ø30
S
Final
F
12.3
C
11. 12.1 FS = FC

δxc = δxs
αtLc + xc = αtL
tL s + xs C
αtLc – αtLs = xs + xc (x tL  AE )

S FL C
= ___
Ø50 C S Ø50
F F
80(18 – 12)10–6 = _______
  __π 2   + ____________
      
  4 (4 =5  2200
– 32  2) 1 00G
π
LS = 250   4 30   200G L__
C
× 200G: 96M = 1 414,711F S + t2=543,935F 80 - 20 = 60˚
F = 24,251 kNFinal
F 24,251k
12.
σs = __
  A    = ______
  __π 2 = 34,31 MPa (T)
S   4 30   800 tLC
F 24,251k
σ
OD 45 = ___
  A    = _________
  __π 2  = 30,85 MPa (C)
4(
s
C     4 5  – 32  2)
ID 32
C
12.2 F = L + δx tLS C
F O s
Ø30 σL
= 800 + αtL + x x =  __
E
  S
34,31M × 0,8
= 800 + (80 × 12 × 10–6 × 0,8) + _________
  200G 
C
= 800 + 0,905
= 800,905 mm Final
12.3
12.3
C
FT S FT
C

FT = FC + FS
xs = xc = 0,5 mm
F  L
 ____S
A  E 
 = 0,5 × 10–3
S S
13. F
A  S E  S × 0,5 × 10  –3
____________
FS =     L
 
(__
  4 30   2)(2 00G)(0,5×10  –3)
π

L = 120 = ________________
      
0,800905
 
S C
= 88,257 kN
F  L
∴ x = ____
  A  C E    = 0,5 × 10–3
C C
   (4 5  2 – 32  2)(1 00G)0 ,5×10  –3

__π
FC = ___________________
4
      
0,800905
 
F
= 49,081 kN
S
Ø30
S
C
∴ F = FC + FS
Final
= 49,081 + 88,257
12.3 = 137,338 kN
C
__ F 88,257k
______
12.4 σs =   A    =   __π 2  = +124,86 MPa
SF   4 30   S FT
T
F 49,081k
σc = ___
  A    = _________
  __π 2 C MPa
  = +62,43
C
2
  4 (4 5  + 32  )
∴ Res σc = +62,43 + 30,85 = 93,28 MPa (C)

Res σs = +124,86 + 34,31 = 90,55 MPa (C)
13.
13. F
L = 120
S C
xT = 0,3
Δt = t °C
FC = 0
AS = 110 mm2
AC = 210 mm2
13.1 No load in copper means there is NO stress in the copper. After a
change in temperature, the resultant stress in the copper is zero, which
is equal to free expansion (free expansion = no stress).
Δx = αtL
Δx = xT = 0,3 = αtL
0,3 × 10  –3
Δt = _______
  α  L 
c
0,3 × 10  –3

=  ___________  
18 × 10  –6× 0,12
= 138,89 °C
13.2 Change in length of steel due to temperature = αstLs

∴ ΔL = 12 × 10–6 × 138,89 × 0,12
= 0,2 mm
Distance that F must compress steel:
= 0,3 – 0,2
x = 01 mm
∴Force required:
FL
X = ___
  AE = 0,1 × 10–3
xAE
F = ___
  L 
0,1 × 10  –3 × 110 × 10  –6× 200G
= ____________________
 
     
0,12
 
= 183,33 kN
MODULE
4 Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle

• calculate circumferential stress in a thin cylinder when it is subjected to
internal pressure;
• calculate longitudinal stress in a cylinder when it is subjected to internal
pressure;
• calculate theoretical thickness or diameter of a cylinder when longitudinal
and circumferential efficiency is involved;
• calculate longitudinal strain in a thin cylinder when it is subjected to
internal pressure;
• calculate the circumferential strain in a thin cylinder when it is subjected
to internal pressure;
• calculate volumetric strain in a thin cylinder when it is subjected to
internal pressure;
• construct Mohr’s stress circle when given stresses in the x- and y-planes in
order to determine the stresses in a different plane.
In industry, we work with vessels under pressure every day, so it is important the
we know how to calculate the safety conditions for these vessels.
M4_LG
Exercise 4.1Exercise 4.1 SB page 109
1.
1.
4m
Ød = 2 m
P = 1,2 MPa
t = 25 mm
Module 4 • Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle 59
P  D
1.1 Tensile stress σ  t = ___
  2ti  
1,2 M × 2
= _
  4 × 0,025 
= 48 MPa
P  D
1.2 Longitudinal stress σ  L = ___
  4ti  
1,2M × 2
= _
  4 × 0,025 
= 24 MPa
2. P  t4 MPa D = 2 m Yield stress = 500 MPa
FoS
500
Safe stress =  ___
5
  = 100 MPa
P  D
∴ Tensile stress : σt = _
  2t
d

4M × 2
∴ t =  _
2 × 100M
 
= 40 mm
P  D
Longitudinal stress σ  L = ___
  4ti  
4M × 2 Note
∴ t =  _
4 × 100M
 
There are two stresses;
= 0,02 m calculate a plate
= 20 mm thickness for each.
Use 40-mm plate thickness.
3. 2 MPA σ  allowable 80 MPa d = 1,2m of 72%
Spherical shell; no tensile stress, only longitudinal stress
P  D
∴ σ  L = ___
  4tη
i
 
4 × 1,2
t =  ___________
4 × 80M × 0,72
 
= 10,42 mm
4. 4.1 D = 1,6 m t = 12 mm η  L = 72% η  C = 68% 70 MPa
P  D
σ  t = _
  2t iη   
C
70M × 2 × 0,012 × 0,72

∴ P  i = ________________
    1,6
 
= 756 kPa
P   D
σ  L = _
  4t iη   
C
Note
70M × 4 × 0,012 × 0,68
∴ P  i = ________________
    1,6
  The smallest pressure
= 1,428 MPa is the maximum,
because the higher
Maximum allowable = 756 kPA
pressure will destroy
4.2 Change in cross-sectional area the cylinder.
πd  2 π2  2
Area original A =  _
4
  = _   2
  4  = π m
pd  2
Change in diagram = δd = _
 4tE (2 – γ)
756k × 2  2
δd = ____________
 4  
× 0,012 × 200G
 (2 – 0,3) = 5,355 × 10  –4 m
  + δ  d= 2 + 5,355 × 10 –4= 2,00054 mm
d new = dorg

π
A  new = _
  4 2,000452 = 3,143 m
  2
Change in area = A  new – A  org= 3,143 – 3,142 = 0,001 m 2
5. D = ? Yield stress = 550 MPa η = 75%

t = 16 P  i = 1,8 MPa FoS = 6
550
∴ Allowable stress =  _
6
 = 91,67 MPa
8.4 6,419
P  i D
3,571 = __
σ    2tη  
t
Note
(91,67M × 2 × 0,0161 × 0,75)
∴ D =  _____________
   1,8M
  If a bigger diameter
is used, the stress
= 1,22 m will be more than the
RH
P  i D (1 - ) allowable stress and
σ  C = __
  4tη  
destroy the cylinder.
91,67M × 4 × 0,016 × 0,75 10
∴ D = _____________
    1,8M
 
Exercise 1.2 Question 8.4
= 2,44 m
Use 1,22 m.
6. t = 12 mm
Pi = 2,1 MPa
d = 115 m
L=3m

P  i D ______
(2,1M × 1,5)
6.1 σt =  __
2t
Exercise 4.1 Question
 =   2 6× 0,012 = 131,25 MPa
P  D 2,1M × 1,5
6.2 σ  C = __
  4ti  = ______
  4 × 0,012 = 65,63 MPa
min 106,392
6.3 F = P  i DL

= 2,1M × 1,5 × 3
= 9,45 MN
P  π
6.4 F =  __
i
4
  d  2
π
= 2,1M × _
 4 1,52
= 3,71 MN
7. F = 14 MN
F 14M 14M
7.1 σ =  _
A
  = ___
  πDt  = _______
 π × 2,5 × 0,025 
= 71,3 MPa
P  D
7.2 σ =  __
i
4t
 
(71,3M × 4 × 0,025)
  i = __________
∴P
   2,5
 
= 2,85 MPa safe pressure
7.3 Change in internal volume
pdV
δv = _
 4tE (5 – 4γ)
4 4
Volume = _  3  πr  3 = _  3  π × 1 ,25  3 = 0,5113 m  3
2,85M × 2,5 × 0,5113
δv = _______________
  4  
   × 0,025 × 210G
 (5 – 4 × 0,3) = 6,592 × 1 0  –3 m  3
8. L = 2,5 m P  i = 1,2 MPa t = 10

D = 1,2 m σ  L = 36 MPa σ  t = 72 MPa
8.1 Force resist longitudinal
Force  resist = σ  t2 tL
= 72M × 2 × 0,01 × 2,5
= 3,6 MN
8.2 Force acting longitudinal joint
F  acting = P  i × DL
= 1,2M × 2,5 × 1,2
= 3,6 MN
8.3 Circumferential joint
Force resisting
Force  resist = σ  C × πDt
= 36M × π × 1,2 × 0,01
= 1,357 MN
8.4 Force acting

π
F  act = P  i × _
  4  d  2
π
= 1,2M × _
 4 1,22
= 1,357 MN
9.1 d = 2 m P  i = 1,7 MPa σ  t = 80 MPa η = 75%
P  D
σ  t = _
  2t iη   
C
1,7M × 2
= ___________
  2 × 80M × 0,75 
= 28,33 mm
9.2.1 Circumferential strain
σ  80M
σ  L = _
  2H  = _
  2 = 40 MPa
σ  – γ σ  80M – ( 0,29 × 40M)
∴ ε  H = _
  H E L = ______________
  
  180G
  = 3,8 × 1 0  –4
9.2.2 Longitudinal strain
σ  – γ σ  40m – ( 0,29 × 80M)
ε  L = _
  L E H = _____________
  
  180G
  = 9,333 × 10  –5
9.2.3 Change area
π
A  org = _
  4 2  2 = 3,142 m  3
pd  2 1,7M × 2   2
Change diagram δ  d = _
  4tE (2 – γ) = ___________
  4 × 0,03 × 180G (2 – 0,29)
= 0,5383 mm
–4
d  new= 2 + 5,383 × 10  = 2,0005383 m

π
A  new = _
  4 2,00053832 = 3,143 m
  2
δ  A= 3,143 – 3,142 = 0,001 m 2
9.2.4 Change in length
pd 1,7M × 2
δ  L = _
    1 – 2γ) = ___________
4tE (
  4 × 0,03 × 180G (1 – 2 × 0,29)= 0,0661 mm
9.2.5 New volume
L  new = 900,0661 m and A   2
  new = 3,143 m
V  new= AL = 3,143 × 0,9000661 = 2,829 m 3
10. σ  y = 450 MPa
t = 15 η  t = 50% d = 2,1 P  i = 2 MPa η  L = 75%
P  d 2M × 2,1
∴ σt =  _
i
  = ___________
 
2tη  2 × 0,015 × 0,75
 
C
= 186,67 MPa
σ  y 450
∴ FoS =  _
  =  _ = 2,41
σ  186,67 t
Take 3
P  d 2M × 2,1
σ  C = _
  4tηi     = _
  4 × 0,015 × 0,5 
C
= 140 MPa
σ  y 450
∴ FoS =  _
  = _
σ  140
   = 3,21
L
Use 4 as the FoS.

11. σ = 120 MPa D = 2,5 t = 14 η  L = 80% η  C = 40%
P  D
11.1 σ  t = _
  2tiη   
C
σ  t η  L

P  i = _
  D  
120M × 4 × 0,014 × 0,4
=  ________________
   2,5
 
= 1,0752 MPa
P  D
σ  C = _
  4tiη   
C
120M × 4 × 0,014 × 4
P  i = _______________
    2,5
 
= 1,0752 MPa
11.2 1,0752 MPa
12. 12.1 Pressure
4 4
V  org = _  3  πR  3 = _  3  π0,63 = 0,9048 m
  3
3pdV 3p × 1,2 × 0,9048
δ  V = _
  4tE (1 – γ) = ____________
   
4 × 0,008 × 210G
 (1 – 0,33) = 85 × 10  –6
571200
p=_
 2,1824 = 261,733 kPa
12.2 Stress in material
pd 261 733 × 1,2
σ  L = _
  4t  = _
  4 × 0,008 = 9,815 MPa
12.3 Material fail
σ  4 t 300M × 4 × 0,008
p=_
  Ld  = ____________
  
  1,2
 = 8 MPa
13. 13.1 Change in volume

π
V  org = _
  4  d  2× L
_
2π √
60 × 1 0  –3× 4
d =  _    = 195,441 mm
pdV
δv = _
 4tE (5 – 4γ)
2M × 0,195441 × 60 × 10 –3
δv = __________________
   
  
4 × 0,008 × 200G
 (5 – 4 × 0,3) = 1,393 × 10  –8 m  3
13.2 New length
pdL 2M × 0,195441 × 2
δ  L = _
  4tE (1 – 2γ) = _____________
   (1 – 2 × 0,3) = 3,636 × 1 0  –5 m
   
4 × 0,008 × 200G
L  new= 2 + 3,636 × 10 –5= 2,00003636 m
13.3 New diameter
pd  2 2M × 0 ,195441  2
δ  d = _
  4tE (2 – γ) = ____________
  4  
× 0,008 × 200G
 (2 – 0,3) = 2,029 × 1 0  –5 m
dnew
  = 195,441 + 0,02029 = 195,461 mm
14. Poisson’s ratio
π
V  org = _
  4 0,162 × 1,2 = 0,02413 m 3
pdV
δv = _
 4tE (5 – 4γ)
9M × 0,16 × 0,02413
18,9 × 1 0  –6 = ______________
4 × 0,006 × 210G (
   
     5 – 4γ)
18,9 × 10  –6
5 – 4γ =  _–6 
6,894 × 10 
4γ = 5 – 2,742
γ = 0,565
15. 15.1 Longitudinal and hoop stress
π
V  org = _
  4 2  2 × 1,6 = 5,027 m  3
pdV
δv = _
 4tE (5 – 4γ)
p2 × 5,027
16 × 10  –6 = ____________
  4  
× 0,006 × 210G
 (5 – 4 × 0,33)
p = 2,18 kPa

pd 2,18k × 2
σ  H = _
  2t  = _
 2 × 0,006 = 363,333 kPa
pd 2,18k × 2
σ  L = _
  4t  = _
 4 × 0,006 = 181,667 kPa
15.2 With efficiency

σ  363,333
σ  H = _
  Hήno   

effic
=_
  0,85 = 427,333 kPa
L
σ  181,667

σ  L = _
  L ήno  effic
 

=_
  0,45 = 403,704 kPa
H
15.3 Change in volume; new pressure

Pressure is directly proportional to the pressure, which means the
percentage the volume changes the pressure will change with the
LG Exercise 4.2 Q1a -c
same percentage.
New pressure will be = % × p = 1,12 × 2,18 = 2,442 kPa

Exercise
LG 4.2
Exercise 4.2 Q1a -c SB page 134
1. Positions of the principal stresses in circles (a)–(c)

Scale: 1 cm = 10 MPa
30 + 90
(a) C =  _____
2
 = + 60
0 2 C 1
10 A 30 60 90 B
0 2 C 1
10 A 30 60 90 B
– 40 – 100
a (b) C =  _
2
 = – 70
B -100 -70 -40 A -10
B -100 -70 -40 A -10

b
– 56 + 40
(c) C =  _
2
 = – 8
2 C 0 1
++
-56 -10 10 40
A
2. Scale: 1 cm = 5 MPa
50 + 30
C
c =  _
2
 = + 40
2.1 Normal stresses
y 1, y
-10
P
-5
0 B C M A
5 15 30 Q 40 60° 50
N
10
1, y
Normal stress x-face = OM = σ x1= 9 × 5 = 45 MPa(T)

Normal stress y-face = OQ = σ
 y1= 7 × 5 = 35 MPa (T)
2.2 Shear stress
Shear stress at x-face = MN = τ  xy= 1,6 × 5 = 8 MPa (T)
σ  x + σ
  y 20 – 30
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 5 MPa
N
-25
-20
2
-10 90°
-5
0 + y
30 20 10 5 5 10 20 30
A
B y 5
45° 45°
(-30;0) 10 (20;0)
y
20
M 25
y +
Normal stresses on both axes are zero = 0

4.1 Normal stresses
σ  x + σ
  y 55 + 80
C = _
  2  =  _
2
 = 67,5 MPa
P
-10 y 1, y
A M C B
0
Q 1
+
10 30 2 55 67,5 80
56°
+10
N
1, y
∴ Normal stress on the X-face = σ

  x1= OM = 6,2 × 10 = ± 62 MPa (T)
∴ Normal stress on the Y-face = σ
  y1= OQ = 7,4 × 10 = ± 74 MPa (T)
4.2 Shear stresses

Shear stress x-face = τ  xy= MN = 1 × 10 = ± 10 MPa (T)
Shear stress y-face = τ   yx= PQ = 1 × 10 = ± 10 MPa (T)
4.3 Resultant stress
Resultant stress = σ   R= ON = 6,1 × 10 = 61 MPa
σ  x + σ
  y 0 – 140
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 70 MPa
1
N
44°
Q C
M 0 +
B A
140 120 100 80 70 60 40 20
20
40
P
y1 60
5.1 Normal stress on X-face = σ  x1= OM = 1 × 20 = ± 20MPa (C)

5.2 Normal stress on Y-face = σ  y1= OQ = 2 × 20 = ± 120 MPa (C)
5.3 Shear stress y-face = τ  yx= PQ = 2,25 × 20 = ± 45 MPa (T)
σ  x + σ
  y 0 – 40
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 20 MPa
30 C M 0 +
B -40 K -20 -5 A (0,0)
(-40;0)
60°
30° 60°
Normal stress on X-face = σ  x1= OM = 2 × 5 = ± 10MPa (C)

Normal stress on Y-face = σ  y1= OK = 6 × 5 = ± 30 MPa (C)
7. Scale 1 cm = 10 MPa
σ  x + σ
  y 20 – 70
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 25 MPa
Normal stress on X-face = σ  x1= OM = 4,7 × 10 = ± 47MPa (C)
Normal stress on Y-face = σ  y1= OQ = 0,15 × 10 = ± 1,5 MPa (C)
1
N
120°
C Q0 A
B
70 M -25 -10 10 20 30 N
30°
60°
30°
P
+
y1
σ  x + σ
  y – 40 + 25
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 7,5 MPa
N
1
0°
10
C
Q 0 B
A -40 -30 -10 M 10 20 25 30
y1
+
Normal stress on X-face = σ  x1= OM = 0,2 × 10 = ± 2 MPa (C)

Normal stress on Y-face = σ  y1 = OQ = 1,4 × 10 = ± 14 MPa (C)
9. 9.1 Allowable diameter

400M
Safe stress = ____
  2,5 = 160 MPa
pd
  H = ____
Hoop stress: σ   2t ∩   
L
σ  2 t ∩  160M × 2 × 0,016 × 0,75

Diameter d = _
  H p L = _________________
    3M
 = 1,28 m
pd
Longitudinal stress: σ  L = ___
  4t ∩   
t
σ  4 t ∩  160M × 4 × 0,016 × 0,5

Diameter d = _
  L p t =  ________________
   3M
 = 1,71 m
Allowable diameter 1,28 m due to hoop stress 160 MPa

9.2 Longitudinal and hoop stresses

Hoop stress = 160 MPa
pd 3M × 1,28
Longitudinal stress = σ  L = _
    = _  
4t ∩  4 × 0,016 × 0,5
 = 120 MPa
t
9.3 Mohr’s circle

Both stresses are tensile
σ  x + σ
  y – 120 – 160
C = _
  2  =  _
2
 = – 140 MPa
P y1
0 A M C B
8° 120 140 Q 160 +
10 20 50 80 100
R
N
1
Normal stress on X-face = σ

  x1= OM = 13 × 10 = ± 130MPa (T)
Normal stress on Y-face = σ
  y1= OQ = 14 × 10 = ± 140 MPa (T)

Resultant stress = σ  R= ON = 13 × 10 = 130 MPa at 8°
10. 10.1 Normal stress on x- and y-faces

σ  x + σ
  y – 30 + 40
C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = 5 MPa
-40
N 1
-30
-20
0°
10
-10
30 Q 0 40 1
A 10 C 10 M 30 B
50°
50°
40
N
P P
+

Normal stress on X-face = σ
  x1= OM = 1,1 × 10 = ± 11MPa (T)
Normal stress on Y-face = σ
  y1= OQ = 0,18 × 10 = ± 1,8 MPa (C)
10.2 Shear stress on the x-face
Shear stress x-face = MN = 3,4 × 10 = 34 MPa (T
)
σ  R= ON = 3,5 × 10 = 35 MPa
σ  x + σ
  y – 70 – 30
11. C =  _
2
  =  _
2
 = – 50 MPa
y 1, y
P
-20
-10
C
0 B M A
+
10 30 Q 50 70
80°
10
20
N 1
+
11.1 Normal stress on X-face = σ
  x1= OM = 5,5 × 10 = ± 55 MPa (T)
11.2 Shear stress on the y-face
τ  yx= QP = 2 × 10 = 20 MPa T
σ  R= ON = 5,8 × 10 = 58 MPa
MODULE
5 Simple bending of beams

• use the simple bending equation;
• use bending moment formulae for standard beams;
• calculate the maximum moment of resistance for simply supported beams
and cantilevers supporting a maximum of one uniformly distributed load
(UDL) and one point load only;
• calculate position and value of maximum bending moment for simply
supported beams supporting UDL over full length, plus an eccentric
point load;
• calculate centroid position (neutral axis) for standard and built-up beams
under pure bending;
• calculate the second moment of area about both axes for standard and
built-up beams;
• calculate maximum and minimum stresses for built-up beams;
• sketch a stress distribution diagram to indicate the position of the neutral
axis;
• select information for standard steel sections from section tables;
• select suitable standard profiles from section tables using a section
modulus with the bending stress limit given;
• calculate maximum and minimum stresses in standard profiles from
section tables;
• calculate the centroid position (neutral axis) for standard and built-up
beams under pure bending;
• calculate the second moment of area about both axes for standard and
built-up beams;
• calculate maximum and minimum stresses for built-up beams; and
• sketch a stress distribution diagram to indicate the position of the neutral
axis.
Module 5 • Simple bending of beams 75
The critical point on a beam will be the point of failure, which is at the point of
maximum bending moment.
The point of maximum bending moment is the point where the stress will be at
its maximum and, for the beam to be safe, the stress must be in the elastic limit
of theModule
material.
5
Exercise 5.1
1.
1.
__  =  _  M σ
OD =500 ID = 460  
1 y
π
I =  _
64
 (0 ,5  4 – 0 ,46  4) = 8,701 × 1 0  –4 m  6
2. 500
y =  _
2
 = 0,25
σI 60M × 8,701 × 10 –4
∴ M5 =  _
Module y
=  _____________
   0,25
 
W
Exercise 5.1 2m
= 208,823 kNm 4 kN/m 1m
1.
But M  max = M  L + M  w
wL  2 wL  2
= _
  8  + _
  8 3 m
L R
L  2
208 823 =  _
8
 [1 304 + 2 308]
_
L = √462,51 
= 21,51 m
3.
3
2. Moments
2. about L; ∴ 3R = 2W + 4k × 3 × _ 2 
300 N/m
R = 0,667W + 6k
W
2m 3m
4 kN/m 1m
3m
L R
3.
300 N/m
2.
76 N5 Strength of Materials and Structures –WLecturer Guide

2m
4 kN/m 1m
Maximum BM at point load; M  max= 1 × R – (
4k × 1 × _ 2 )
1
= 1(0,667W + 6k)– 2k

3m
= 0,667W + 4k … (1 )
L R
σI 100M × 0,08 × 0,4 3
M  max = _
  y  =  _____________
   0,2 × 12
 = 213,35 kNm … ( 2)
(1)= ( 2) ∴ 0,667W + 4k = 213,35k
W = 313,86 kN
3.
3.
300 N/m
3m
D = 50
M σ σI 120M × π0,054
 _
I
  = _  y : M = _
 y =  __________
0,025 × 64
= 1 472,63 Nm
wL  2 wL  2
1 472,63 = _
  8  + _
  8 
300 × 3   2 w3  2
=  _
8
  + _
  8 
W = 1,009 kNm
4.1 6R = (80 × 22)+ (
12 × 6 × _ 3 )
6
R = 62,67 kN
6L = (80 × 4)+ (
12 × 6 × _ 2 )
6
Module 5
Exercise 5.1 kN
L = 89,33
4.2 PL 2 m from left shear force values: 89,33; 65,33l – 14,67; –62,67
4.3
4.4
4.3 200
80 kN
2 12 kN/m 1
89,33 2 4 62,67
89,33 X
65,33 5
kN.
0 0
SF.D
-14,67
-62,67
M  max = ( 89,33 × 2)– (

12 × 2 × _ 2 )( at 80 kN point of inflection)
2
4.5= 154,6 kNm

4.4
4.4 y
200
Module 5
Exercise 5.1 180
150
4.3 X X 600
580 4.4
200
80 kN
2 12 kN/m 180
89,33 2 4 62,67
y
89,33 X
65,33 580
kN.
  12 [0,2 × 0 ,6  3 – 0,18 ,58  3]
1
I 
0
xx
= _ 0 ×0
SF.D
-14,67
= 6,7332 × 1 0  –4 m  4
-62,67
M σ My
 __
I
  = _  y  σ = ___
  I 
154,66 × 10  3× 0,3
=  _____________
   –4 
4.5 6,7332 × 10 
= 68,91 MPa
4.5
80 kN
2 12 kN/m
6
L R
4.6 Stress diagram

5.
y 68,91 MPa (C)
200 max
WN
2 3
180
150 = 34,45 MPa (C)
5m
150 N A
x x 600
580
y
1 y y 15
y max 68,91 MPa (T)
115
X X 230
2
115 y
10
1 y y 15
6
L 6 R
L R

5. 80 kN
5.
2 12 kN/m
5. WN
2 WN 3
2 3 4
6
L R
5m
5m
5.
σ = 80 MPa
y WN
y
1 2y y 3
15
1 y y 15
115
115
X 5 m X 230
X 2 X 230
2 115 y
10 115
10 y y
1 y 15
1 y y 15
100
100y
y
1 y y y 15
y = 115 + 15 = 130 mm
115
I  xxXa = 2[I   1yyWW   1b h  21 ]X+ [230
+ A I   2xx + A  2 h  22 ]
a 2 b
115
h 1 = 122,510mm h  = 0 y
2
∴ I   xx = 2[100 ]
1 y y
0,01 × 0,015 15
3
0,01 × 0,23  3
 _ 12
  + 0,1 × 0,015 ×
0 2
,1225  + _
  12
 
2
2
5ym × 10  + 10,139 × 1
–6
= 45,075 0  –6
5m
= 55,214 L × 10  –6 m  4
L
W
a b
2
5m
L
σI 80M × 55,214 × 10 –6

M =  _
y
=  ______________
   0,13
 
= 33,978 kNm
W 
M = _
  Lab 
W×2×3
33 978 =  _
5
 × W = 28,315 kN
6.
6.
2 kN
3 kN/m
1m 1m 1m
0,03 × D  3
I  xx = _
  12  = 2,5 × 10  –3 D  3 … ( 1)
7.
Important
3 kN
Students must show all steps in calculations.Max BM
30 kN/m
6.1 BM 1 m from free end M = 2k × 1 = 2 kNm
My 2k × D
I = _
  σ  = _
  120M × 2  = 2,5 × 10  –3 D  3
3m 5m
L 2k R
D  2 = _______________
     –3 
120M × 2 × 2,5 × 10 
31,875 k
D =121,875
57,74 kmm
6.2 BM 2 m from free end; M = (2k × 2)+ (
3 × 1 × _ 2 )= 5,5 kNm
1
5,5k 28,875 k 5-x

D  2 = _______________
     –3 
120M × 2 × 2,5 × 10 
D = 95,74 mm
x
6.3 BM at fixed end; M = (2k × 3)+ ( 3k × 1 × 1,5)= 10,5 kNm
121,125 k
10,5k
D  2 = _______________
     –3 
120M × 2 × 2,5 × 10 
D = 132,288 mm
7.
7.
3 kN Max BM
30 kN/m
3m 5m
L R
31,875 k
121,875 k
28,875 k 5-x
121,125 k
7.1 Maximum BM
Reactions: Moments about L; 8R = (3k × 3) + (30k × 8 × 4)
R = 121,125 kN
Moments about R; 8L = ( 3k × 5)+ ( 30k × 8 × 4)
L = 121,875 kN
28,875k 121,125k
Determine x; tan ∝ = tan ∝ ∴ ______
  x  = ______
  (5 – x) 
4,195x = 5 – x
X = 962,464 mm
Maximum BM is (5 – 0,962464) = 4,038 m from the right support
M  max = ( 121,125k × 4,038)– ( )
4,038
3i × 4,038 × _
  2 
= 489,103k – 244,582k
M  max = 244,521 kNm
Exercise 5.1
7.2 Maximum stress

7.2 Maximum stress
200 by 600
100 by 500
7.6xx 12 [
    ( 0,2 × 0 ,6  3) – ( 0,1 × 0 ,5  3) ] = 0,01089 m  4
1
I  = _
My 244,521k × 0,3
Stress : σ = _
  I  = _
  0,01089 = 6,736 MPa
7.3 Section modulus about X-axis c = 6,736 MPa
I  0,01089
Z  xx = _
  yxx = _   3
  0,3  = 0,363 m
7.4 Section modulus about yy-axis
  12 [(0,6 × 0 ,2  3)– ( 0,5 × 0 ,1  3)] = 3,583 × 1 0  –4 m  4
1
I  yy = _
I  yy 3,583 × 10  –4
Z  yy =  _
x
  =  _
0,1
  = 3,583 × 10  –4 m  3 NA
7.5 Stress 200 mm below x-axis

M y  244,521k × 0,2
σ  at 200 mm = _
  I  0,2 

= ___________
  0,01089 = 4,491 MPa
xx
T = 6,736 MPa
8.
10 kN
50 kN/m
5m
7.6
7.6
c = 6,736 MPa
7.6
c = 6,736 MPa
NA
NA
0,2 = 4,491
0,2 = 4,491 MPa
T = 6,736 MPa
8. T = 6,736 MPa
8.
8.
10 kN
50 kN/m
10 kN
50 kN/m
5m
5m 8m
8.1 Maximum BM 8m
M  max = ( 10k × 5)+ ( 50k × 8 × 4)= 1 650 kNm
8.2 Dimensions for beam
D = 2d … (1)
π15d  4
  64 [(2d)  4– d  4] = _
π π
  64 [D
I  xx = _   4– d  4] = _   64  … (2)
D 2d
y=_
 2  = _
  2  = d … (3)
My 1 650k × d × 64
σ = _
  I = 160M = ___________
  4 
π15d
1 650k × 64
d  3 = _
  π15 
d = 241 mm
D = 2 × 241 = 482 mm
8.3 Stress at point load

3
BM at point load = 50k × 3 ×  _2 = 225 kNm
Exercise 5.1 π15d  4 π15 × 0 ,241  4
From ( 2) I  xx = _
  64  = _
  64
  = 2,484 × 10  –3 m  4
–3 = 21,83 MPa (   2 = 241)

My 225k × 0,241 D 482
Stress = σ = _
  I  = _
  y = _
 2  = _
8.4 Stress diagram at2,484
maximum
× 10  stress
8.4 Stress diagram at maximum stress
tensile = 160 MPa
NA
= 160 MPa

Exercise 5.2
compressive

1.
1.
y
400
y 2 y
50
y
x x
y2 = 525
500 y
1 y1= 250
y
y
60
_
y A  T = A  1 y1  + A  2 y2 
1.4
1.1 y(400 × 50 + 60 × 500)= ( 500 × 60 × 250)+ 50 000 y = 18 × 10 6
_ 190
y= 360 mm
_ y min
h 1 X= y – g = 360 NA
X – 250 = 110 m
_
h 2 = y2  – y
=360
525y–max
360 = 165 mm
Exercise 5.2

1.
1.2 I  xx = I  xx + Ay   1 h  21  + I  2yy + A  2 h  22 
400
=(   12 + 0,06 ×500,4 × 0,11 2)+ (   12 + 0,4 × 0,05 × 0,165 2)
y_ 0,06 × 0,5  3 2 y 0,4 × 0,05  3
_
y–4
x 9,88 × 10  + 5,487
= 0  –4
x ×1
= 1 536,7 × 1 0  –6 m  4
y2 = 525
5005.2 y
Exercise
1.3 I  yy = I  1 + A  1 h  21  + I  2 + A  2 h  22
  h
1  = h2  = 0
1 y1= 250
= I  xx + Iy  2yy
1. 0,05 × 0y,4  2 0,5 × 0,06  3
=  _   × _
1260
  12 
y
400 × 10  –6 m  4
= 275,67
y 2 y
1.4 50
1.4
y
x 190
x
y min
NAy = 525
500 Xy X 2
1360 y max
y1= 250
y
σM σ y
∴_
  I  = _  y 60
WL 200k × 5
M =  _
4
  =  _
4
 = 250 kNM
1.5 X M
  y 
250k × 0,36

1.4 ∴ σ  max
= _
  I  max
 

=_
  –6 
xx 1 536,7 × 1 0 
200 190
y = 58,57yMPa y min
NA
X M  y  X
200
σ  min = _
  I    y max
min
xx 360
X250k × 0,19
=  _  
1 536,7 × 1 0  –6

1.7 = 30,91 MPa
1.5
1.5 X
min 30,91 MPa (C)
200
y y
200
NA
X
σ  max = σ  min ∴ x t  = xc 
1.7 250k × 0,2 M 
∴ σ =  _________
–6  σ = ___
  I  x 
275,67 × 10  yy
σ = 181,38 MPa
min 30,91 MPa (C)
max 58,57 MPa (T)
1.5 X
200
y y
M 250k
1.6 Z  max = _   = _
  σ  200   58,57M 
max
=
X 4,268 × 10  –3 m  3
M 250k
Z  min = _
  σ    = _
  30,91M 
min
1.7 = 8,088 × 1 0  –3 m  3
1.7
min 30,91 MPa (C)
NA
Exercise 5.2
max 58,57 MPa (T)

2.1
2. 2.1
y
100
y
3
3 y 20
y
X X
300
y3 = 290
y
y 168,64 2 y2 = 150
1 y 10
2 y y1 = 5
80 1
20
y

_
y A  T = A  1 y1  = A  2 y2  = A  3 y3 

2.3
No. Area y A
  y
1 10 × 80 800 5 4 000
20
2 203 × 300 6 000 150 900k
X y X 10 1
3 2y0 × 100 2 000 290 580k
100 h3 X h1 y 80
Total 8 800 X X
y ΣA – max 1 484k
Y Y
70
= 28,18 h2 60
y y 20
2
300
X
_
∴ y  A  = ΣArea – moment
_
T
y= 8,8k = 1 484k

_
y= 168,64 mm
_
x A  T= ΣArea – moments
_
x8 800 = ΣArea – moments
No. Area x A
  x
1 800 60 48k
2 6 000 10 60k
3 2 000 70 140k
ΣA – max 248k
_
∴ x A  T= ΣA – moment
_
x 8 800 = 248 × 1 0  3
_
x= 28,18 mm
2.2 I  xx = I  1yy + A  1 h  21  + I  2xx + A  2 h  22  + I   3yy + A  3 h  23 
h 1= 168,4 – 5 = 163,64 mm

h 2= 168,64 – 150 = 18,64 mm

h 3= 190 – 168,64 = 121,64 m

0,08 × 0,01  3
I  1T = I  1yy + A  1 h  21  = _
  12
 + 0,08 × 0,01 × 0 ,16364 2
= 2,143 × 10  –5 m  4

(0,02 × 0,3)  3
I  2T = I  2yy + A  2 h  22  = _
  12
 + 0,02 × 0,3 × 0 ,01864 2
= 4,708 × 10  –5 m  4

0,1 × 0,02  3
I  3T = I  3yy + A  3 h  23  = _
  12 + 0,1 × 0,02 × 0 ,12164 2
= 2,966 × 10  –5

I  xx = I  1T + I  2T + I  3T
= ( 2,143 + 4,708 + 2,966)1 0–5
= 9,817 × 10  –5 m
80 1
20
y
2.3 Module 5 • Simple bending of beams 87
2.3
20
3
Exercise 5.2X y X 10 1
100 y y
h3 X h1 80
X y X
Y Y
70
2.1 h2 60
= 28,18
y y 20
y 2
100
300
y X
3
3 y 20
h 1= 60 – 28,18 = 31,82
y
= 28,18
h 2300 X – 10 = 18,18 X
2.4
h 3= 70 – 28,18 y3 = 290
y = 41,82
y 168,64 2
  2 hy 222  =+150
I  yy = I  1xx + A  1 h1  21  + I  2yy +20AkN I  3xx + A  3 h  23 
2 y 10
y y1 = 5
I  1T = I  xx + A  1 h  21 
80 1
20
0,0110 ,08  3 y
× 0kN/m
=   _  + [ 0,01 × 0,08 × 0,03182 2]
12
2.3 4
= 1,2367 × 10  –6 m  4
I  2T = I  yy + A  2 h  22 
(0,3 × 20
0,02  2) y
=  _ 12 3
 + [0,3 × 0,2 × 0,01818 
2
]
Tensile
X y ymin 10 1
= 2,183 X0  –6 m131,36
y× 1   4
100 X h3 X h1 X y 80
I  3T = IY  xx + A  3 h  23  X y X
Y
70168,64 = ymax
0,02 × 0,1  3 = 28,18 h2 60
=  _ y 12 + [ 0,02 × 0,1 × 0,04182  ]
2
y 20
y 2
Compressive
= 5,164 × 10  –6 m  4 300
I  yy = I  1T + I  2T + I  3T X
= ( 1,2367 + 2,183 + 5,164)1 0–6
= 8,584 × 1 0  –6 m  4
2.4
2.4
20 kN
10 kN/m
4

  2 = ( 20 × 4)– (
10 × 4 × _ 2 )
wL  2 4
M = WL + _
= 160 kNm
y
Tensile
ymin
10 kN/m
4
y
Tensile
ymin
131,36
X X
168,64 = ymax
y Compressive
M σ
 _
F
  = _  y
My 160 × 1 0  3× 0,13136
σ  t = _
  I    = ______________
    –4 
xx 98,17 × 10 
= 214,1 MPa
My
2.5 σ  max = _
  I  = 160 × 1 0  3 kNm
I  98,17 × 10  6
Z  max = _
  y  xx   = _
  0,16864 
max
= 5,821 × 1 0  –4 m  3

2.6 Maximum stress
My  160k × 0,168,64
σ  max = _   =  ___________
  Imax –6 = 274,854 MPa
98,17 × 10 
2.7 Stress at top of bottom flange

5.2 Distance from NA to top of bottom flange = 168,64 – 10 = 158,64 mm
Exercise
Myto
  top flange 160k × 0,15864
σ  at top of flange = _
  I
  =  ___________
–6 = 258,556 MPa
2.8 98,17 × 10 
2.8
min 214,1 MPa (T)
258,556 MPa
Max 274,854 MPa (C)

Max 274,854 MPa (C)
3.1
3.1
300
160
1 200
X 570
1 200
160
I  xx = I  xxT – 2[I   xx1 + A  1 h  21 ]
 – 2[_
  12 + 0,16 × 0,2 × 0,125 2]
0,3 × 0,57  3 0,16 × 0,2  3
=  _
12
= 4,63 × 10  –3 – 1,213 × 1 0  –3
= 3,4165 × 10  –3 m  4
M σ σI
 _
I
  = _  y ∴ M = _
 y
130 × 1 0  6 × 3,4165 × 10  –3× 2
=  ____________________
   0,57
 
= 1 ,558 MNm
M σ
3.2  _
I
  = _  y
M
∴ Z =  _
σ
 
1,558 × 10  6
= _
  6 
130 × 1 0 
  3
= 0,0119876 m
I πD  4× 2 πD  3
Z  shaft = _  y = _
  64D  = _
  32 
πD  3
∴_
  32 = 0,0119876
Exercise 5.2
D  3= 0,1221
D = 496,11 mm
4(a)
4.
X X
(a) D = 80 d = 16,986

4(b)
15 15
1 1
Exercise 5.2
4(a)
_ I _ π(D  4– d  4)× 2

Z 
X xx
=   y
=   X 64D
 
( )
(0,08  4 – 0 ,016984  4)
π _____________
=  _
32
       0,08
 
= 50,163 × 10  –6 m  3

4(b)
Exercise 5.2
(b)
15 15
4(a)
1 1
42,5
Y Y 60
X X
60 60
X X
2 20 y = 17,5
150
4(b)
_
y A  T = ΣA  mom
_15 15
y(2 × 15 × 60)+ ( 150 × 20)= 2(15 × 60 × 30)+ ( 150 × 20 × 10)
4 800y = 84 000
_1 1
y = 17,5 mm 42,5
Y
I 
4(c)
yy
= 2(I   1T + A
  1 h  21 ) + I  2 + A
Y   h  2 
2 2
60
60 60
2[   + 0,015X × 0,06 × 0,0125 2] +
[  _
(0,015 × 0,06  3)
_ 0,15 × 0,02  3

X = 122 12
 + 0,15
20 y = 17,5
  × 150 2
Y 0,02 × 0,0075 
X ]
8,2125 × 1 0  –7 + 2,6875 × 1 0  –7
=
= 1,09 × 1 0  –6 m  3
I  yy 1,09 × 10  –6
Z  max =  _
y 
  = _
  0,0425 
max
(d)
=
4(c) 25,647 × 1 0  –6 m  3
(c)
X X
Y X
(d)
X X
4(b)
15 15
1 1
Z  _I 42,5
Y xx =   y Y 60
60 3
BD  × 2 60
= _
  12D 
X X
BD  3
2 20 y = 17,5
= _
   
6 150
_ 0,06 × 0,08  2
=   6
 
= 64 × 10  –3 m  3
1
  12 [B
(d) I  xx = _ D  3 – bd  3]
  12 [(0,06 × 0 ,18  3)– ( 0,04 × 0 ,15  3)]

1
= _
4(c)
= 1,791 × 10  –5
I  1,791 × 10  –5
= Z  xx = _
  yxx = _
  0,09 
Y X
= 199 × 10  –6 m  3
Channel = 23,647 × 1 0  –6 m  3
Pipe = 50,163 × 1 0  –6 m  3
Solid rectangular = 64 × 1 0  –6 m  3
(d)
Hollow rectangular = 199 × 1 0  –6 m  3
X X
Exercise 5.3
1. _
1. y A  T = A  1 y1  + A  2 y2 
TAPER
1
101,6
418,03
h1
734,3
683,5
X h2X
367,07
341,7
2.
_
y(17,84 × 1 0  –3 + 1,23 × 10  –3)

0,6835
= 17,84 × 10  –3 × _
  2  + 1,23 × 10  –3× 0,7343
= 7,000009 × 10  –3
_
y = 367,07 mm (418,03)

1.2 I  xx = I  xx + A  1 h  21  + I  xx + A  2 h  22 
h 1= 734,3 – 367,07 = 367,23
h 2= 367,07 – 341 = 25,32
I  xx = ( 2,176 × 10  –6 + 1,23 × 10  –3 × 0,36723  2)+ ( 1 363 × 10  –6+ 17,34
  × 10 –3 × 0 ,02532  2)
= 1,681 × 10  –4 + 1,374 × 1 0  –3
= 1 542 × 10  –3 m  4 1 542 × 1 0  –6 m  4
I  yy = I  yy  + I  yy 
1T 2B
= 0,2528 × 10  –6 + 51,83 × 10  –6

= 52,083 × 10  –6 m  6
M σ My  400k × 0,41803
1.3  _
I
  = _  y ∴ σ  max = _
  I  max
 

= ___________
  –6 
xx 1 542 × 10 
= 108,44 MPa
1.4 Stress at the XX-axis of the taper flange
Y-distance from the common xx to the xx of the taper flange
= h1 = 367,23 mm
∴ Stress at XX taper flange
Mh  400k × 0,36723
= σ  xxTF = _
  I  1   = ___________
  –6 = 95,261 MPa (C)
xx max 1 542 × 10 
1.5 Stress diagram

Exercise 5.3
Taper max 108,44 MPa (C)
1. 1
xx TF 95,261 MPa (C)

TAPER
1
101,6
101,6
418,03
h1
418,03
h1
734,3
734,3
N A
X h2hXX
683,5
683,5
X
2
y = 367,07
367,07
341,7
341,7
2
2
min T
2.
2.
381 x 102 x 55,1
10,4 2 25,3
237,1 y y
h2
X X
y h 1 = 78,1 y h = 609,6
610 x 305 x 149 2 = 594,7
X X
y 382,9 y
y 1 = 304,8
1
_
2.1 y A  T = A  1 y1  + A  2 y2 
_
3. y (19,03 × 10  –3 + 7,019 × 1 0  –3× 0,3048)+ ( 7,019 × 1 0  –3× 0,5947)
_
26,049 50 x×100 10  –3 y = 9,975 × 10  –3
_ 1 mm
y = 382,9
2 2 80 x 45 x 8,64 kg/m 50 kN
2.2 I  xx = I  1 + A  1 h  21  + I  2 + A  2 h  22 
h 10 kN/m
_
h 1= 382,9 – 304,8 = 78,1 mm ( y – y   1 = h1  )
X X _6 m
h 2= 594,7 – 382,9 = 211,8 mm ( y   2 – y = h2  )
∴ I  xx = I  xx + A  1 h  21  + I  yy + A  2 h  22 

= ( 1 247 × 10  –6 + 19,03 × 1 0  –3 × 0 ,0781  2)+ ( 5,849 × 1 0  –6+ 7,019
  × 10  –3 × 0,2118  2)
= 1,363 × 10  –3 + 3,307 × 1 0  –4
= 1 683,792 × 1 0  –6 m  4
734,
683,5
X h2X
367,07
341,7
2
2.3 I  yyT = I  xx2 + I  yy1
=
2.
149,1 × 10  –6 + 93,08 × 10  –6
= 242,18 × 1 0  –6 m  4
381 x 102 x 55,1
_ I 
_ 1 683 × 10  –6
10,4 2 25,3
2.4 Z 
237,1max =   y    =   0,3829 
xx
y max y
h
=
X
2
4 397,47 × 1 0  –6 X
I   1 683 × 10 y–6 h 1 = 78,1 y h = 609,6
Z  149 = _
610 x 305 x min   y  xx   = _
  X 0,2371  2 = 594,7
X
y 382,9 min y
= 7 101,6 × 1 0  –6 y 1 = 304,8
1
σI
_ 120M × 1 683,792 × 10 –6
_________________
2.5 M =     =   
  ymax
 
  0,3829

3.
=527,7 kNm
3.
50 x 100
1
2 2 80 x 45 x 8,64 kg/m 50 kN
h 10 kN/m
X X 6m
50
h=_
 2 + 14,5 = 39,5
3.1 I  xxT = 2I  xx2 + I  xx1

0,05 × 0,1  3
= ( 2 × 1,059 × 10 –6) × _
  12 
= 6,285 × 1 0  –6 m  4
3.2 I  yy1 + 2[I   yy2 + A  2 h  22 ]

0,1 × 0,05  3
  12 + 2[0,1936 × 1 0  –6 + 1,102 × 1 0  –3 × 0 ,0395  2]
= _
= 1,0417 × 10  –6 + 3,826 × 1 0  –6
= 4,8677 × 10  –6 m  4
I  6,285 × 10  –6
3.3 Z  xxmax = _
  y  xx   = _
  0,05 
max
= 1,257 × 1 0  –4 m  3

WL wL  2
3.4 M =  _
4
  +  _
8
 
50 × 1 0  3× 6 10k × 6   2
=  _
4
  + _
  8 
= 75k + 45k
= 120 kNm
M σ M  ymax
3.5  __
I
  = _  y : σ  max = ____
  I   
xx
120 × 1 0  3× 0,05

=  ___________  
6,285 × 10  –6
= 954,65 MPa
3.6 The stress at the top of the channel
My 120k × 0,04
  top = _
Stress at top of channel = σ   I    = _
  –4 = 763,723 MPa
xx 6,285 × 10 
3.7 Stress diagram
max = 954,65 MPa (C)
763,723 MPa (C)
N A
X X
(T) 763,723 MPa
max (T)
M 120k
3.8 Z  xx = _
  σ  =  _–6 
954,65 × 10 
Exercise 5.3
= 125,7 × 1 0  –6 m  3
(Taper flange) 1 78 × 102 × 21,5kg/m
4.1 = 170,2 × 10  –6 m  3(nearest bigger value)
Z  exx
Exercise 5.3
4. 4.1
6 kN
4.1
7 kN/m
6 kN
3m
7 kN/m
4m
8m
3m

Maximum BM = 4( 6k
m × 3)+ ( 7k × 4 × 4/2)= 74 kNm
M 74k
∴ Z  xx = _
  σ  =  _
80M
  = 924 × 10 8–6m m  3
406 × 178 × 53,8 kg/m
5.
Z  xx = 927,4 × 10  –6 m  3
g
4.2 Actual stress 4
M 74k
σ = _
  Z  = _
  –6 = 79,793
8 3MPa
927,4 × 10 
5. 141,14
5. y
4
g
4 70 + 206,8 + 8
X X + 21,7 = 306,5
306,5
+ 8 3 y
3
26,1 141,14 y 265,6
= 332,6 2 h = 206,8 y
191,46 2 y
173,4 4
70 + 206,8 + 8
X X + 21,7 = 306,5
306,5
+ 70
26,1
1 y1 y3
y y 265,6
= 332,6 2 hg= 206,8 50,8
2
191,46
173,4
70 1
6. y1
g 50,8
5 5
6. 390
L=3m
Exercise 4.1 Question 6 Module 5 • Simple bending of beams 97
min 106,392
X X
max 144,283
_
5.1 y  A  = ΣA – moments
Exercise
T 5.3 Question 5 [addition, not replacement]
–3
No. A × 10  y A
  y
–4
1 2,797 0,0508 1 ,421 × 1 0 
–4
2 3,8 0,1734 6 ,5892 × 1 0 
30 y –4
3 2,797 0,2656 7 ,429 × 1 0 
–4
4 2 × 1,107 0,3065 6 ,7859 × 1 0 
–3
A  T 11,608 ΣA – moments 2,2224818 × 10 
X _ X
∴ y  A  = ΣA – mom
_
T
TT = T1 + T2
y 11,608 × 10  –3 = 2,2224818 × 1 0  –3
Bronze
_ 1 = 2
y = 191,46 mm
AI
y
5.2 I  xx = I  T1 + I   T2 + I  T3 + I  T4
∴ I  T1 = I  yy1 + A  1 h  21
  (h1  = 191,46 – 50,8 = 140,66)
= 1,135
Exercise × 10  –6 +
6.1 Question 0  –3 × 0,14066  Exercise
8 2,797 × 1
2
7.1 Question 17.2.1
= 5,6474 × 10  –5 m  4
I  T2 = I  xx2 + A  2 h  22
  (h2  = 191,46 – 173,4 = 18,06)
= 28,88 × 10  –6 + 3,8 × 10  –3 × 0,01806  2)
= 3,0119 × 10  –5
  3 h  23
I  T3 = I  yy3 + A   (h3  = 265,6 – 191,46 = 74,14)
= 1,135 × 10  –6 + 2,797 × 10  –3 × 0,07414  2
= 1,6509 × 10  –5
I  T4 = 2[I   vv4 + A  4 h  24]  (h4  = 306,5 – 191,46 = 115,04)
= 2[0,1479 × 10  + 1,107 × 10  –3 × 0,11504  2]
–6
= 2,9596 × 1 0  –5 m  4

∴ I  xx = I  T1 + I  T2 + I  T3 + I  T4

= [ 5,6474 + 3,0119 + 1,6509 + 2,9596]1 0–5
= 132,698 × 10  –6 m  4
= I  yyT = 2I  xxchannel + I  yyI–sec + 2[I   uu + A  4 h  24 ]
I  T4 = 2[I   uu + A  4 h  24]  h = __
86
 2 = 43
= 2[0,5507 × 10  –6 + 1,107 × 10  –3 × 0,043  2]
= 5,1951 × 10  –6
∴ I  yyT = ( 2 × 13,54 × 10 –6) + 3,838 × 1 0  –6 + 5,1951 × 1 0  –6

= 36,113 × 10  –6 m  4
I  132,698 × 10  –6
5.3 Z  max = _
  y  xx   = _
  0,199146 
max
= 693,08 × 10  –6 m  3

_
√
I 
5.4 k xx = _
  Axx    
T
___________
√
132,698 × 10  –6
_
=     
11,608 × 10  –3
= 106,92 mm
_
√
I  yg
k yy =  _
A 
  
T
_
√
36,113 × 10  –6
=  _   
11,608 × 10  –3
= 55,78 mm
My  My 
5.5 σ  min = ___
  I  min
 

σ  max = ____
  I  max
 

xx xx
100k × 0,14114 (100k × 0,19146)

=  ________   =  ________  
132,698 × 10  –6 132,698 × 10  –6
= 106,362 MPa = 144,283 MPa

5.
g
4
5.6 Stress diagram 8 3

141,14 Stress minimum 106,362 MPa C
y y
4 4
70 + 206,8 + 8
X X + 21,7 = 306,5
306,5 8 3
141,14+ y
3
26,1 y
= 332,6 2 h = 206,8 y y 265,6
191,46 4 2
x x 173,4
70 + 206,8 + 8 + 21,7 = 306,5 NA
306,5
+ y3
26,1 y 702 h = 206,8 265,6
= 332,6 191,46 y2 1 y1
g 173,4
50,8
70 1
y1
g 50,8
6. Stress maximum 144,283 MPa
6. ρ = 1 100kg/m3
5 5
390
250
h1 300
Y Y h2
h2 150
76,87 = y
5 1 2 y y2 y 1
590
_
y A  T= ΣA – moments
_
y(600 × 300)– ( 590 × 295)= ( 600 × 300 × 150)– ( 590 × 295 × 152,5)
_
5 950 y= 457 375
_
y = 76,87 mm
h
‾  
1
  = y 1  – y = 73,13
_
h 2 = y – y2  = 75,37
∴ I   xx = 2[I   1 + A  1 h  21]  + I  2 + A  2 h  22 

= 2[ _  + 0,005 × 0,3 × 0,07313 2]+ [ _

0,005 × 0,3  3 0,59 × 0,005  3
12
  12
 + 0,59 × 0,005
× 0,07437  2]
= 3,8544 × 10  –5 + 1,6322 × 1 0  –5
= 5,48663 × 10  –5 m  4
σI 
M = ___
  xx  y max= 300 – 76,87 = 223,13
y  max
60M × 5,48663 × 10 –5

=  _______________
   0,22313
 
= 14,754 kNm
Weight of slime/m= volume.ρg
= A × L × ρg
= ( 0,59 × 0,25)× 1 × 1 100 × 9,81
= 1 591,6725 Nm
wL  2
M =  _ 8
 
_
√
8M
∴L= _   W  
____________
Exercise 5.3
√
8 × 14,754 × 10 –3
=  ____________
  
   1 591,6725
  
= 8,61 m
7.
7.
y
141,3
276,1 2
h2
1 y2 176,1
X X h1
y 6,1
y1 73,05
134,8
y
D = 200 d = 180
Channel: h = 251,5 b = 146,1
8. gA  T= ΣA – moment
7.1
Pitch
A 12kN/m2 y A
  y
–3 1,4 6m –4
1 3 ,991 × 1 0  73,05 2 ,9162 × 1 0 
π
26    (0,2  – 0 ,18  )
_ 2 2
4
–3 –3
5,969 × 10  176,1 1 ,051 × 1 0 
–3 –3
A  T 9,961 × 1 0  ΣM 1 ,3428 × 1 0 
∴ yA  T= ΣA – moment

9. 1,3428 × 10  –3
y = _________
  –3 
10 9,961 × 10 
= 134,8 mm
R
8m
  1 h  21  + I  2 + A  2 h  22 

7.2 I  xx = I  1 + A
h 1= 134,8 – 73,05 = 61,75
h 2= 176,1 – 134,8 = 41,3
I  T1 = I  1yy + A  1 h  21 
= 4,476 × 1 0  –6 + 3,992 × 10  –3 × 0,06175  2
= 19,698 × 10  –6 m  4
I  T2 = I  2xx + A  2 h  22 
π π
  4 (0 ,2  2 – 0,18  2) × 0,0413  2
  64 (0 ,2  4 – 0,18  4) + _
= _
= 2,701 × 10  –5 + 1,018 × 1 0  –5
= 37,19 × 10  –6 m  4
∴ I  xx = I  T1 + I  T2

= 19,698 × 10  –6 + 37,19 × 10  –6
I  xx = 56,888 × 10  –6 m  4
π
I  yy  = __
  64 (0,24 – 0,18  4)
2
= 27,01 × 1 0  –6 m  4

I  yy = I  xx1 + I  yy2
= 44,28 × 1 0  –6 + 27,01 × 1 0  –6
I  yy = 71,29 × 10  –6 m  4
_
√ _ I  
7.3 k xx =   Axx    
T
_
√
( 56,888 × 10  –6)
=  _   
( 9,961 × 10  –3)
= 75,57 mm
_
√
I  yy
k yy =  _
A 
  
T
_
√
71,29 × 10  –6
=  _   
9,961 × 10  –3
= 84,6 mm
Smallest k-value = 75,57 mm
M
7.4 Z  max = _
  σ   
max
I  
= _
  y  xx  
max
56,888 × 10  –6

=  _
0,1443
 
= 402,604 × 1 0  –6 m  3
M σ σI 
7.5  _
I
  = _  y ∴M=_
 y  xx 
max
175 × 1 0  × 56,888 × 10  –6

6
M =  _________________
   0,1413
 
= 70,46 kNm
7.6 Minimum bending stress
Consider the maximum stress at the top of the beam; where
y = 141,3 mm and the minimum stress at the bottom of beam
y = 134,8 mm.
My 70,46k × 0,1348
∴ Minimum stress = σ  min  _
I 
  = ___________
  –6 = 166,95 MPa
xx 56,888 × 10 
7.7 Stress diagram
y Maximum 175 MPa
141,3
2
276,1 h2
1 y2 176,1
x x NA
h1
y 6,1
y1 73,05
134,8
y Minimum 166,95 MPa
M σ
7.8  _
I
  = _  y
M.y
∴I=_
  σ 
y = ? ∴
I = ?
M
∴Z=_
 σ 
70,46 × 10  3
= ______
  –6 
175 × 1 0 
= 402,63 × 1 0  –6 m  3
I
Z = _ y 
Exercise∴5.3

π
   (D  4 – D
__   4)
∴ _____
  64 _ D   = Z
  2 
7.
π
   (D  4– d  4) y
__
∴ _____
  64 _ –6
D   = 402,63 × 10 
  2 
141,3
402,63 × 10  –6× 64
D  4– d  4 _________
____
276,1∴   D  =   
  2π2
 
h2
1 y 176,1
_0X,4  2– d  2 –3X
∴   0,4  6,1 = 4,101 × 10  h1 2
y
y1 73,05
134,8
0,4  4
– d  4 = 1,64 × 1 0  –3
y
d  4 = 0,4  4 – 1,64 × 1 0  –3
= 0,02396
∴ d = 393,4mm

8.
8.
Pitch
12kN/m2
1,4 6m
σ  max = 480

450
Acting safe stress =  ___
4
 = 120 MPa
9. Per pitch ∴   T = W/m2 × A

F
=
10 12 × 1 0  3× ( 1,4 × 6)
= 100,8 kN
100,8
∴ Load/m = ____
  6 
R
=
8m 16,8 kNm
wL  2 16,8 × 6  2
∴ M = ___
  8  = ______
  8  = 75,6 kNm
yM 75,6 × 10  3
∴Z=_
 σ  =  _6 
120 × 1 0 
= 630 × 10  –6 m  3

Nearest 305 × 165 × 46,1kg/m (647 × 1 0  –6)
10.
21 kN
2,5 kNm weight

D = 250
50
d=1
y
5m
8.
Pitch
104 12kN/m2
1,4 6m
6
9. 9.
10
R
9. 8m
10
σ E 0,01
 _y = _
  R  ∴y=_
  R2 = 0,005 m and
8m
8 _
_ 0,01
10. =     +    = 4,005 m
R 2 2
y
∴ σ = E .  _ 
R y 21 kN
9
100 × 1 0  × 0,005
=  ____________
   4,005
  2,5 kNm weight
D = 250
=d 124,84
= 150 MPa
10.
y
10. 5m
21 kN
2,5 kNm weight

D = 250
50
d=1
y
5m
π
I =  _
64
 (0 ,25  4 – 0,15  4) = 1,669 × 10  –4 m  4
σI 40 × 1 0  6 × 1,669 × 10  –4
  max = _
∴M   y =  ________________
   0,125
 
= 53,407 kNm
M  max = M  PL + M  weight + M  UDL
WL wL  2 wL  2
∴ M  max = _
  4  +  _
8
  + _
  8 
21 × 5 2,5 × 5  2 w5  2
∴ 53 407 = _
  4  +  _
8
  + _
  8 
w25
= 26 250 + 7 812,5 + _
  8 
w25
∴_
  8 = 19 344,575
w = 6,19kNm (safe UD load)

Exercise 5.3
11.
11.
D = 400
D
d = 380
d y=
20
0
15 m
π
11.1 I =  _
64
 (0 ,4  4 – 0,38  4)
=
12.1 233,098 × 10  –6 m  4
σI 40 × 1 0  6 × 233,098 × 10  –6
∴M=_
 y =  _________________
   0,2
 
= 46 619,6 2Nm
kN Max BM
2 2
12 kN/m
wL  wL 
∴ M  max = _
  8  + _
  8   (M  max = M  load + M  weight)
1 × 1 0  3 × 1 5  2 w15  2
46 619,6 = _
  8
  = _
  8  H
wL  2 m 2m 2 4m
46 619,6 = 28,125 + _   8 
L 2
w15 R
∴  ____
8
= 18 494,6
∴ Load/m = w = 657,59 Nm
13,5 K 11,5 k 4-x
But W = volume ρ × g
657,59 = A × 1 × 1 200 × 9,87
Water area is ∴ A = 0,05586 m  2
11.2 Percentage area full X
Area of water 100
 ____________
    × _    
Inner area of pipe 1 -36,5 K
0,05586 100
∴ ______
  __π _
2  ×   1 
  4  × 0 ,38 
= 49,25%
12.1 Maximum BM
12.1
2 kN Max BM
12 kN/m
H
2m 2m 4m
L R
13,5 K 11,5 k 4-x
-36,5 K

Reactions; moments about L; 8R = ( 2k × 2)+ ( 12k × 4 × 6)
R = 36,5 kN
Moments about R; 8L = ( 2k × 6)+ ( 12k × 4 × 2)
L = 13, 5 kN
Maximum BM at H
11,5k 36,5k
tan ∝ = tan ∝
∴_
  x = _
  4 – X 
3,174X = 4 – X
X = 0,958 m
Distance from H to R = 4 – 0,958 = 3,042 m
Maximum BM at H = (36,5k × 3,042)– ( )
3,042
12k × 3,042 × _
  2 
= 55,51 kNm
12.2 Maximum stress
M 55,51k
Maximum stress = σ  max = _
  Z  = _
  –4 = 141,716 MPa
3,917 × 10 
12.3 Select section

Built-up Z = 391,7 × 1 0  –6
Use I-section 305 × 102 × 32,8 kg/m
12.4 Maximum stress
M 55,51k
σ  max = _
  Z  = _
  –6 = 133,759 MPa
415 × 1 0 
MODULE
6 Columns and struts

• differentiate between columns and struts;
• define the term effective length;
• calculate the effective length for both pinned ends, both fixed ends, one
end pinned and one end fixed, as well as one end fixed and the other
end free;
• calculate the slenderness ratio; and
• calculate buckling loads using Euler’s theory as well as Rankine’s theory.
Columns and struts are integral components of many structures. Like all
structural members that are subjected to various loads and forces, this module
covers the ways in which members, and particularly columns and struts, may fail
by buckling and how
Module 6 Exercise 6.1to incorporate buckling load and failure theory into your
calculations to prevent failure.

1.
1.
D = 210
d = 170 le= L = 3 m
D = 210 d = 170
l e= L = 3 m
( )
π
π  2 EI   64 (0,210  4 – 0,17  4)
__ 3.1
1.1 P  = _
   = π
  2
× 210G × ____________
  
 
2.2.1 2 
E
e
l  3 
= 12,54 MN
le= L = 5 m
l e = 0,56 = 2,5 m
1.

D = 210
d = 170 __ le= L = 3 m
σ  cA

√
_______ I
1.2 P  R =   2  ∴ le  =    __   
1 + a(  R ) 
__le  A
_____________
( __  π4 (0,21  2 – 0 ,17  2))

√
π π
  4 (0,21  2 – 0 ,17  2)
__   4 (0,21  4 – 0 ,17  4)
__
= 300M × _____________
    
     __________
=   
     
1+(   0,06755 ))
  7 500 (_____
1 3
____
3.1
2.2.1 = 2,836MN
= 0,06755 m
2. 2.1
le= L = 5 m
l e = 0,56 = 2,5 m

π  2 EI
P  E = _
  2 
le 
π  2 × 200 × 1 0  9 I
1,2 × 10  6 = ___________
  2 
5 
∴ I  yy = 15,198 × 1 0  –6 m  4

∴ 203 × 203 × 46,6kg/m

l  2,5
4. 2.2.1 S  = _
2.2   ke = _
  0,0512 
R
= 48,83 : 1
y  A
σ
2.2.2 P  R = _______
  c 2  254 x 146 x 31,6
1 + a(_  e ) 
=3m l 
k
y _ y
√
I
_
l e =   
A
   = 51,2 2
300M × 5,882 × 10 –3
∴ P  R = ______________
   
   1
__________
 
1 +     y = 206,05
7 500(_____
  0,0512 ) 
2
2,5
2
3.1
=
X 1,339
X MN
y
3. 3.1 y = 101,5
1
Taper
1
y 203 x 152 x 52,1
l e = 0,56 = 2,5 m

5.
σ  A
= _______
P  Rw   c 2
1 + a(_  ke )
l  w
  203 x 203 x 53,5 kg/m
y 150 150 y
Module 6 • Columns and struts 109
80 × 1 0  6 A
∴ 1,5 × 1 0  6 = _________
  ________
1  
1 +    
6 400(___
  k ) 
2
2,5
80 × 1 0  6 A
1,5 × 10  6 = _________
  9,766 × 10    –4
1 + ________
  2 
k 
9,766 × 10  –4

∴ 1 + ________
  2  = 53,333 A … 
k 
4
I (D  2– d  2)(D  2+ d  2)
π(D  4– d  4)  ____________
  2 – __
But k   A   _________   =   
   
64π(D  – d  )
2 2
16(D  2– d  2)
D  2+ d  2

 _
16
 
∴ k   2= 0,0625(D

  2+ d  2) … 
9,766 × 10  –4 π

Substitute into: 1 +  ___________
∴  4 (D
 = 53,333 × __   2– d  2)
0,0625(D  2+ d  2)
0,01625
∴ 1 +  _
2 2 = 41,888(D
  2– d  2)
D  + d 
× ( D   2+ d  2)+ 0,01562 = 41,888(D

  2+ d  2) : (D   4– d  4)
( D
  2+ d  2)(D
  2– d  2)
= ( D  4– d  4)

∴D
  2= d  2 + 0,01562 = 41,888 D  4– 41,888 d  4
∴ 0,26  2+ d  2+ 0,01562 = 41,888(0 ,26  4)– 41,888 d  4

∴d
  2+ 0,08322 = 0,1914 – 41,888 d  4
∴ 41,888 d
  4+ d  2– 0,1082 = 0
d  4– x  2 d = x

∴ 41,888x  2 + x – 0,1082 = 0

______________________
√(  
1  – 4(41,888)(– 0,1082))  2
∴ x = –1 ±  __________________
        2(41,888)
– 1 ± 4,374
=  _
83,776
 
3,374
=  _
83,776
 
x=d
  2= 0,04027
∴ d = 200,67 mm

( ( 64 ))    [0,26  4 – 0 ,2006  4]

π
π  285 × 1 0  9 __
( )
2
π  EI
3.2 P  E = _
    = ______________________
   
le 
  
2 
2,5 
= 19,424 MN
4.
4.
y
254 x 146 x 31,6
y y
2
y = 206,05
2
y X X
y = 101,5
1
Taper
1
y 203 x 152 x 52,1
_
y A  Y= ΣA – moments
No. A y A
  y
5.1 6 ,641 × 1 0  –3 0,101,5 6,740615 × 1 0  –4
2 3 ,99 × 1 0  –3 0,20605 8 ,225516 × 10  –4
w w
203 x 203 x 53,5 kg/m
A  T 0,010633 ΣA – moment 1,4966131 × 1 0  –3
_y 150 150 y
y .0,010633 = 1,4966131 × 1 0  –3
_
y = 140,75 mm
I  xx = I  xxl + A  1 h  21  + I  yy2 + A  2 h  22 
= (________________________
0,76 × 10  –6 + 6,641 × 10  –3 × 0,03925  2)
47
     + 4,476 × 10  –6 + 3,992 × 10  –3 × 0,0653  2
   
= 79,46 × 10  –6 m  4

I  yy = I  xx2 + I  yy2
= 44,28 × 1 0  –6 + 8,098 × 1 0  –6
= 52,378 × 10  –6 m  4
___ ____________
√
I  yg
  √
–6
52,378 × 10   
4.2 SR ∴ k =  __   = __________  = 0,07019m
A  T 0,010633
l  0,707 × 4,5

SR =  _ke = _
  0,07019  = 45,33 : 1
σA
4.3 P  R = _______
  2 
1 – a(_  ke ) 
l 
280 × 1 0  6× 0,010633

=  ______________
  2 
 7 500  (________ ) 
1 0,707 × 4,5
1 + ____   0,07019 
= 2,34 MN
2
y X X
y = 101,5
1
Taper
1
5. l  = 0,707 × 6 = 4,242
y 203 x 152 x 52,1
e
π  2 EI
P  E = _
  2 
l  e 
π  2× 200G × I
3,5 × 10  6 = _
  2 
4,242 
5. = 31,91 × 10  –6 m  4
I
w w
203 x 203 x 53,5 kg/m
y 150 150 y
I  yy = I  yy × 2(_ )

w × 0 ,15  3
  12 
31,91 × 1 0  –6 = 16,78 × 10  –6+ 2(2,8125 × 1 0  –4 w)
= 2(2,8125 × 1 0  –4 w)
w = 26,89mm
6. L = 4 m D = 80 P  E = 150 kN E = 200 GPa
π  2 EI π  2 EI
6.1 P  E = ____
  2  ∴ 150k = ____
  2 
l  e  4 
∴ I  yy = 1,216 × 10  –6 m  4

  64 (0 ,08  4 – _  4 )= 200 GPa
π π σ
  64 (D
I  yy = __   4– d  4) ∴ 1,216 × 1 0  –6 m  4 = __
∴ d  4 = 0,08  6 – 2,477 × 1 0  –5

= 1,619 × 10  –5
d = 63,43 mm

(D – d)
t = _____
  2  = 8,285 mm
σA
6.2 P  R = _______
  2 
1 + a(_  ke ) 
l 
π
σ __4 (0,08  2 – 0 ,06343  2)
150k =  ______________
       
(1 + ____
 7 500  (_  k )  )
2
1 4
__
√
σ1,8667 × 10  –3 I 
= ____________
      k =  __  
yg
A
 7 500  (_____
  0,0255 ) 
2
1 4
1 + ____
____________
(  
1,216 × 10  )  
  =   √
–3 –4
σ1,8667 × 10  __________
 __________ 4,275
  –3
1,877 × 10 
∴ σ = 343,5MPa = 0,0255

350
∴ FoS = _
 343,5 = 1,018
Exercise 4.1 Question 6

min 106,392
7. 7.1 l e= L = 3 m
0,05 × 0,02  3
I  yy = le   _
12
  = 3,333 × 10  –8 m  4
π  2 EI π  2× 200G × 3,333 × 10 –8
P  E = _
  2  =  _________________
   2 = 7,31 kN
l  e  3 
X X
7.2 l e= 0,5L = 1,5 m
0,02 × 0,05  3
I  xx = _
  12
  = 2,083 × 10  –7 m  4
π  2 EI π  2× 200G × 2,083 × 10 –7
P  E = _
  2  =  _________________
   2 = 182,741 kN
l  e  1,5 
l  max 144,283

7.3 SR =  _ke
__ _________
Exercise 5.3
I  yy Question 5 [addition, not replacement]
__
√ √
3,333 × 10  –8
k =   A   =  ________
0,02 × 0,05
   = 5, 773 × 10  –3 m
l  3
SR = _  ke = _
  –3 = 519,66
5, 773 × 1 0 
8.
30 y
X X
TT = T1 + T2
Bronze
1 = 2
AI
y
σA
P  R = ____
  2 
1 + a (_
  k ) 
le
__ 0,89 × 0 ,03  3
I  yy 6.1______
√
Exercise   Question  8 Exercise 7.1 Question 17.2.1
__ ______
k =   A   =   0,09 12  
× 0,03
___
=  ___ 12√
0,03  2
  
= 8,66 × 1 0  –3 m
130 × 1 0  6× 0,09 × 0,03
∴ 100 × 10  3 = ___________
   
  
1 + 58 800a
 
= 351 000
1 + 58 800a = 3,51
∴ 58 800a = 2,51
1
a =  _
23 426,295
 
= 4,269 × 1 0  –5
9. 9.1 Euler crippling load

Inside diagram = d = 60 – (2 × 6)= 48 mm
l e= 2L = 2 × 3 = 6 m
π
  64 (0 ,06  4 – 0,048  4) = 37,562 × 1 0  –6 m  4
I  yy = __
π  2 EI π  2× 200G × 37,562 × 10 –6
P  E = ____
  2  =  _________________
   2  = 20,595 kN
l  e  6 
__ ___________ _________
√ √(
I  yy
√
37,562 × 10  –6 37,562 × 10  –6
9.2 k =  __   =  ___________
  
π    = _________
  –3   = 0,192 m
__ A 2 2
  4  0,06  – 0 ,048  ) 1,0178 × 10 
σ  A 350M × 1,0178 × 10 –3

P  R = _______
  C 2  = _______________
  
     2 = 315,164 kN
1 + a(_  ke )   7 500  (____
  0,192 ) 
l  1 6
1 + ____
π0,2  4
10. 10.1 I  yy = ____
  64 = 7,854 × 10  –5 m  4
π0,2  2
A =  ____
4
= 31,416 × 1 0  –3 m  2
l e= 0,707 × 3 = 2,121 m

_________
√
7,854 × 10  –5
k =  _________
–3   = 0,05 m
31,416 × 10 
σ  A 560M × 31,416 × 10 –3
P  R = _______
  C 2  = _______________
  
     2  = 8,28 MN
1 + a(_  ke )   1 600  (____
  0,05 ) 
l  1 2,121
1 + ____
π  2 EI π  2× 90G × 7,854 × 10 –5

10.2 P  E = ____
  2  =  ________________
   2 = 15,508 MN
l  e  2,121 
l  2,121
10.3 SR =  _ke  = ____
 0,05  = 42,42
10.4 P  R = P
  E
σ  A π  2 EI
 _______
C ____
2  =   2 
1 + a(_  ke ) 
l  l  e 
σ  A π  2 EI

 _____
C
  = ____
  2  2
ale 
1 + ___
  2  l  e 
k 
π  2 EI(1 + ___

  2 )= le  2 σ  C A
ale  2
k 
ale  2 17 592 960
÷ π  2 EI ∴ 1 + ___
  2 = le  2  _________________
  
  
2 –3 
k  π  × 90G × 31,416 × 10 
ale  2
1 + ___
  2 = 0,252le  2
k 
le  2
× k  2 ∴ k   2 + ____
  1 600 = k  2× 0,252le  2
× 1 600; ∴ 1 600 × 0,05  2+ le  2 = 0,05  2× 0,252le  2


2,008le  2= 4
le = 1,411

and le = 0,707L

1,411
Length of column = L = _
 0,707 = 1,996 m
1
  12 (0 ,08  4 – 0 ,07  4) = 1,4125 × 1 0  –6 m  4
11. 11.1 I  yy = __
le = 0,5L = 0,5 × 2 = 1 m

π  2 EI π  2× 210G × 1,4125 × 10 –6
P  E = ____
  2  =  _________________
   2  = 2,928 MN
l  e  1 
P  1,928M
Safe load =  ___
E
FoS
  = ______
  6  = 487,929 kN
__ _________
√ √
I  yy1,4125 × 10  –6
11.2 k =  __   =  _________
A 2 2   = 0,0307 m
0,08  – 0 ,07 
σ  A 200M(0,08  2 – 0 ,07  2)

P  R = _______
  C 2  = _____________
  
     2  = 262,812 kN
1 + a(_  ke )   7 500  (_____
  0,0307 ) 
l  1 1
1 + ____
P  262,812k
Safe load = ___
  FoSR   = ______
  6  = 43,802 kN
The crippling stress can also be divided by the factor of safety to
calculate the safe load.
MODULE
7 Shafts
• explain the two critical limits that must be considered when designing
shafts, namely the shear stress limit and the twisting angle limit;
• apply torque and power equations;
• calculate maximum torque when starting torque is not considered;
• calculate maximum torque when starting torque is considered as a
percentage of the average torque;
• calculate the dimensions of solid and hollow shafts when a stress limit or
twisting angle limit is given;
• calculate the percentage saving in weight if a solid shaft is replaced by a
hollow shaft for the same shear stress limit; and
• do calculations on compound shafts connected in series and parallel.
When shafts are subjected to a twisting moment or torque about the longitudinal
axis, the shaft is subjected to pure or simple torsion.
1. L = 2 m D = ? T = 20 kNm G = 80 GPa

τ = 60 MPa θ = 2°
T τ Gθ
1.1  _J  = _
  R  = _
  L 
Shear stress:
T τ  2
 __J  = __
  D 
TD
J = _
  2 
τ 
20 × 10  3× D
=  _6  
60 × 10  × 2
π
 _
32
  D  4 = 1,667 × 1 0  –4 D
∴ D  3 = 1,677 × 1 0  –3
D = 119,3 mm
Angle of twist:
T Gθ
 _J  = _
  L 
TL 20 × 1 0  3× 2 × 188
J = _
  Gθ  = _____________
  
     9  
80 × 1 0  × 2 × π
π
∴_
  32  D  4 = 1,43  2 × 10  –5
D  4 = 1,459 × 1 0  –4
D = 109,9 mm
Use D = 109,9 θ = 2°and τ < 60 MPa
1.2 P = 2πNT
2π × 900 × 20
= _
  60
 
= 1 884,96 kW
= 1,885 MW
2. P = 2 MW @ 400 rpm 13% D = 100 d = 90
L = 2 m G = 80 GPa
T τ Gθ
2.1  _J  = _
  R  = _
  L 
P 2,010  3× 60
T  max = _
  2πN  = _
  2π400 
= 477,465 Nm
T  max= 477,465 × 1,13
= 539,54 Nm
T×R TD
∴τ=_
  J  = __________
  __ π  
  32 (D  4– d  4)× 2
539,54 × 0,1
= _____________
  __  
π  
  32 (0,1  4 – 0 ,09  4)× 2
= 7,99 or 8 MPa
2.2 Angle of twist
T Gθ
∴  _J  = _
  L 
TL
∴ =  _
JG
 
Module 7 • Shafts 117
539,54 × 2
θ = ________________
  __  
π  
  32 (0,1  4 – 0 ,09  4)80 × 1 0  9
= 0,004 rad
= 0,229°
T τ Gθ
3.  _J  =  _
R
  = _
  L 
T τ
3.1  _J  = _
  R 
Stress:
TR
J =  _
τ
 
D 1
= 20 × 1 0  3 × _
  2  × _
  6 
75 × 1 0 
π
 _
32
  D  4 = 1,33  1 × 10  –4 D
∴ D  3 = 1,358 × 10  –3

D  4– d  4
 _
D
  = 1,358 × 10  –3
(2,5d)  4– d  4
 _
2,5d
= 1,358 × 10  –3
15,225 d  3 = 1,358 × 10  –3

d  3 = 8,92 × 10  –5

d = 44,68mm
∴ D = 111,7mm
T Gθ
θ of twist  _J  = _
  L 
TL
J =  _
Gθ
 
20 × 1 0  3× 1,5 × 180
=  ______________
  
   9  
80 × 1 0  × 2,1 × π
32 ( D )
π D  4– d  4
 _    _  = 1,023 × 1 0  –5
(2,5d)  4– d  4
∴  _
2,5d
= 1,04216 × 10  –4
15,225 d  3 = 1,04216 × 10  –4

d  3= 6,845

d = 19mm
and D = 47,5 mm
Use d = 44,68 mm
D = 111,7 mm
∴ τ = 75 MPa θ < 1,5°
Important
For Question 3.1, you must check both limits to see which is the strongest.
T 
3.2 T  mean = _
  1,12
max
 
20 × 10  3
= _
  1,12 
= 17,86 kNm
P = 2πNT  mean
700
= 2π _
60
  × 17,86 × 10  3
= 1,31 MW
4. D = 160 G = 85 GPa L = 3 m θ = 1,1° N = 400 rpm
T T
4.1  _
R
  = _
  I 
RT
∴τ=_
  J 
T Gθ
 _J  = _
  L 
GθJ
T =  _
L
 
85G 1,1 × π π0,16  4
=  _
3
  × _
  180  × _____
  2
3 
= 34,998 kNm
RT
∴τ=_
  J 
0,8 × 34,998
=  ________
π
__ 4
  32 0,16 
= 43,52 MPa
4.2 Power = 2πNT
400
= 2π ×  _
60
 × 34,998
= 1,466 MW
4.3 P  H = 1,15 P
  s
= 1,15 × 1,466
= 1,6859 MW
D = 2d … 
P 
T  H = _
  2πN
H
 
1,6859 × 60
=  _
2π × 400
 
= 40,248 kNm
  16 ( _
D )
π D  4– d  4
T = _  τ … 
 16 (_
  2d )4 3,52 × 1 0  6
π 2d  4– d  4
Substitute  into : ∴ 40 248 = _

7,5 d  3 = 4,71 × 1 0  –3
d  3 = 6,28 × 10  –4

d = 85,63mm
D = 171,27 mm
π
5. T =  __
16
  d  3 τ
π
5.1  _
16
  × 0 ,13  3 × 9 × 10  6
= 29,765 kNm
140
P = 2πNT = 2π × _
 60 × 29,765
= 436,381 kW
5.2 T  s = T  H
 16 (_ )8
π D  4– d  4
∴ 29 765 = _
  D  4 × 1 0  6
0,13  4– d  4
1,805 × 10  –3 = _
  0,13 
2,346 × 10  –4= 0,134 – d  4
d  4 = 5,1 × 10  –5

d = 84,51mm
T τ Gθ
d = 30 D = 60 mm  __S  = __
6.   R  = ___
  L 
16 ( D )
π D  4– d  4
6.1 T =  _   _
   τ
  16 (_ )τ
π 0,06  4 – 0 ,03  4
∴ 5 × 1 0  3 = _
  0,06 
∴ τ = 125,75 MPa

6.2 Shear strain δ
θR
δ =  _
L
 
1 × π × 0,03
= _
  180 × 1 
= 5,236 × 1 0  –4
T Gθ τ
6.3  _J  = _
  L  = _
  R 
Any one:
τL
∴ G =  _
Rθ
 
125,75 × 10  6× 1 × 180
=  _______________
     
0,03 × 1 × π
 
= 240,16 GPa
5
6.4 T  max = ___
  1,2  = 4,167 kNm
∴ P = 2πNT

2π200 × 4,167
=  _
60
 
= 87,27 kW
d = 200 θ = 3° 80 GPa
7. P = 7,5 MW @ 100 rpm D = 2d
7.1 P = 2πNT
7,5 × 10  6× 60
T =  _
2π × 100
 
= 509,86 kW
T τ
 __J  = __
  R = 716,197MNm
  16 ( _ D )
π (D  – d  )
4 4
∴_
  τ
16 ( 0,4 )
π 0,4  4 – 0,2  4
716,197 =  _    _ 
τ
= 60,79 MPa
T τ ___ Gθ
7.2  __J  = __
  R  =   L 
Note
Any one in this case: All values are available,
_
∴   L  = _
Gθ
  R 
τ so any combination of the
bending equation can be
GθR used to find L.
∴ L =  _
τ
 
80 × 10  9× 3 × π × 0,2
=  _______________
     6  
60,79 × 10  × 180
= 13,78 m
OR
Gθ T
 _
L
  = _
  J 
GθJ
L = _
  T 
(80 × 10  9× π × 3π(D  4– d  4))
= ___________________
  (  
   716 197 × 180 × 32)
 
= 13,78 m
P 500k × 60
8. T =  _
2πN
  = _
  2π120 
= 38,789 kNm
8.1 T  max= 39,789 × 1,14
= 45,359 kNm
T τ Gθ
 _J  = _
  R  = _
  L 
D = 2d
Jτ
Stress: T = _
 R 
J × 55 × 10 6× 2
45 359 = ___________
  D
 
D = 2 425,0891J
π
 32 (D
= 2 425,0891 × _   4– d  4)
∴ I = 238,083(_ )
D  4– d  4
  D 
∴ 4,2002 × 10  –3= ( 2d )

( 2d  4– d  4)

÷ 238,083  _
d  3
= 7,5

d  3 = 5,6 × 10  –4

d = 82,43mm
Important
You must check both,
D = 164,86 mm
as each is a limit in
T Gθ
 _J  = _
  L  the shaft:
 τ shear stress
TL
J =  _
Gθ
   θangle of twist.
45,359 × 4 × 180
=  ____________
  
   9  
80 × 10  × 1,1 × π
π
 _
32
 (D
  4– d  4) = 1,181 × 1 0  –4
(2d  4– d  4) = 1,203 × 1 0  –3
d  4 = 8,022 × 1 0  –5

d = 94,64 mm
D = 189,28mm (use this shaft)
θR
8.2 δ =  _
L
 
1,1 × π × 0,18928
=  ____________
  180 × 4 × 2
 
= 4,542 × 10  –4
9. T = 120kNm @ 150 rpm τ = 75 MPa

9.1 T  max= 120 × 1,1
= 132 kNm
T τ π
 _J  = _
  R   16 (D
∴T=_   3)τ
π
∴ 132k = _
 16  D  3 × 75 × 1 0  6
D  3 = 8,964 × 1 0  –3
D = 207,73 mm
D  4– d  4
9.2 D  3 = _
  D 
D  4 – 0 ,65  4 D  4
∴ 8,964 × 10  –3 = _
  D
 
= 0,8215 D  3
D  3= 0,0109
D = 221,8 mm
d = 144,17mm
A  s – A 207,73  2– ( 221,8  2 – 1 44,17  2)
  H ___________________
9.3  _ A 
  =   
     2 
s 207,73 
= 34,16%

10. P  H = 1,18 P

  s
2π(1,5N  s) T  H = ( 2πN  s T  s)1 ,18
∴ T  H = 0,787 T
  s … 
V  H = 0,75 V
  s
∴ A  H = 0,75 A
  s
2  = 0,75 × 0 ,14  2
D  2 – d
  2= 0,0147 … 
D  2 – d
T  H = τ  s

16T  D 16T 
 _______
∴ H
  = ____
  S  … 
π(D  4– d  4) πD  3s 
0,787D 1
Substitute into:  _
4
_ 
4  =   3
D  – d  0,14 
∴ 2,1586 × 10  –3 D = D  4– d  4 … 

Square :
2
∴ d  4 = ( D
  2– 0,0147) 
= D  4 – 0,0294 D  2 + 2,161 × 10  –4 … 
Substitute  into :
∴ 2,1586 × 10  –3 D = D  4– ( D   4 – 0,0294 D  2 + 2,161 × 1 0  –4)
D  4 – D
=   4 + 0,0294 D  2 – 2,161 × 1 0  –4
∴ 0,0294 D  2 – 2,1586 × 10  –3 D – 2,161 × 10  –4= 0
÷ 0,0294 ∴ D  2– 0,0734D – 7,35 × 10 –3= 0
_
(0 ,0734    – 4(1)(– 7,35 × 1 0  )
0,0734 ± √ 2 –3
D =  __________________________
         2
0,0734 ± 0,1865
= ___________
  2
 
D = 129,96 mm
From :
D  2= d  2+ 0,0147
0,12996  2= d  2+ 0,0147
∴ d = 46,8mm
11. 11.1 d = 0,378D … 

400k × 60
T =  _
2π × 110
 = 34,725 kNm
T  max= 1,22 × 34,725k = 42,364 kNm
11.2 Stress diameters
TR 42 364 × D
J =  _
τ
  = _
  70M × 2  = 3,026 × 1 0  –4 D
π
  32 (D
J = _   4– d  4) = 3,026 × 1 0  –4 D … 
D  4 – ( 0,378D)  4 32 × 3,026 × 10 –4
Substitute  in : ∴ _
  D
  = ____________
  
  π
 
∴ 0,9796D  3 = 3,082 × 1 0  –3
D = 146,53 mm
d = 0,378 × 146,53 = 55,39 mm
11.3 Diameters
2π
θ rad = _
  180 = 0,0349 rad
TL 42 364 × 3,8
J = _
  Gθ  = ____________
    9  
80 × 1 0  × 0,0349
π
  32 (D
∴_
  4 – ( 0,378D)  2) = 5,766 × 1 0  –5
0,9796D  4 = 5,873 × 10  –4
D = ( ) 
0,25
5,873 × 10  –4
_
  0,9796 
D = 153,8 mm and d = 58,14 mm

11.4 153,8 mm and 58,14 mm. Deflection will be the same, but the stress
will be less.
M7 Exercise 7.1
12. G  B = 42 GPa G  al = 31 GPa D =40 d = 32
12.1
(42G × __
 32 0,03  4)
π
__GJ ___________
12.1 C  B =   L  =   0,5

H
= 6,68 kNm/rad
=
GJ
C  AL = _
  L  30 s
TT = T1 + T2
π
 32 (0,04  2 – 0 ,032  4)
31G × __
=       ________________ C = 500
0,5
= 9,2 kNm/rad
∴ Total C = 15,88kNm/rad

12.2 T  T = T  B + T  al
J  G  θ J  G  θ 13.
600 =  _   + _
B B
L
  al L 
al
  B + C  al] (__

  L = C)
JG
= θ[C
80 100 = 70
= θ × 15,88k
θ = 3,778 × 1 0  –2 rad
= 2,16° L = 800 L
RGθ 0,015 × 42G × 0,03778

12.3 τ  B = ____
  L  = _______________
    0,5
  = 47,66 MPa
RGθ (0,02 × 31G × 0,03778)
τ  al = ____
  L  = _______________
    0,5
  = 46,85 MPa
14.1
12.4 P = 2πNT = ωT = 82 × 600 = 49,2kW

TT = T1 + T2
Bronze
1= 2
Steel 70
( LB = LS )
12.1
H
13. =
30 s
TT = T1 + T2
13.
T = S+ H
C = 500 TS = TH
80 100 = 70 = 2˚
G = 82 GPa
L = 800 L T = 20 kNm
13.1 θ  T = T  s + T  H

13.
_ TL  TL 
=
14.1   GJ  s  +  _ H
GJ 
 
s T = S+ H
H
20k × 0,8
3 × π __________ 20k L   T S = H
T
∴_   80   =   π 1004 + T
_______________
     T π= 70
T
H
 
180 __
82G ×  32 0,08  82GT = ×1 32 (0,1 2 – 0 ,07 
__+ 4
= 2˚ 4
)
Bronze
G = 82 GPa
∴ 0,05236 = 0,04852 + 3,8399 = × 10 –3 = 0,03269 L  H
L = 800 L 1 2 T = 20 kNm
∴L
Steel
  =70117,45 mm H
( L = LS )
T 20kB
13.2 T  s = T  H ∴ C = _
 θ  = _____
  ___
π  
3 ×  180 
14.1
= 381,982 kNm (rad)
14.
15. TT = T1 + T2
Bronze
1= 2
Steel 70
d = 80 ( LB = LS )
1m 1,2 m
14.1 T  B = 1,45 T
  s
∴ θ  B = θ  S

15.
T  L  ̸ T  L  ̸
∴ ____
  J  B G  B  = ____
  J  S G  S 
B B S S
1,45 1
d = 80∴  ____________
     = ________
  π
(__
  32̸   (D  4 – 0 ,07  4)32) __   32̸ 0  ,07  4× 80
π
∴ 1,45 × 0,07  4× 80 = 32(D   4 – 0,07  4)

1m , 2 m
8,704 × 110  –5 = D  4 – 0,07  4
D  4 = 6,303 × 1 0  –5
D = 89,1 mm
π
14.2 T  s = _
  16  D  3 τ
π
=  _
16
  × 0 ,07  3 × 90 × 1 0  6
= 6,061 kNm
126 N5 Strength
13.of Materials and Structures – Lecturer Guide
  16 (_ )τ
T = S+
π D  4– d  6
T  H = _   D  TS = TH
H
80 100 = 70
=   16 (  0,0891  )5 5 × 1 0 
0,0891 × – 0,07  6
π ___________ = 2˚
_ 6
G = 82 GPa
L = 800
= 4,729 kNm L T = 20 kNm
T 
(A) T  H = 1,45 T   s = ___
  s But ( B) ∴ T   1,45
H
 
4,729
= 6,061 × 1,45 = ____
  1,45 
14.1
= 8,788 kNm = 3,26 Nm
∴ T  total = T  H + T  s TT = T1 + T2
Bronze = 4,729 + 3,26

= 7,989 kNm 1 = 2
Steel 70
7,989
14.3 T  mean = _
  1,12  ( LB = LS )
= 7,133 kNm
2πNT 2π × 900 × 7,133
P = _
  60  =  ____________
60
 
= 672,269 kW
15.
15.
d = 80
1m 1,2 m
D = 120 d = ?
T = 20 kNm θ > 2°
G = 80 GPa θ  T = θ  1 + θ  2
T  s = T
  H = 20 kNm
π πD  4– d  4
 _
16
  D  3 τ = _
  D  τ
120  4– d  4
80  3 = _
  120 
61,44 × 1 0  6 = 120  4– d  4

d  4 = 120  4 – 61,44 × 1 0  6
= 1,4592 × 10  8
d = 110mm
θ  T = θ  1 + θ  2

2×π T  L  T  L 
 _
180
  = _
  J  H G  H  = _
  J  sG  s 
H H s s
2×π _ 20k × 1,2 20k × 1

 _
180
  =   J  8 0G  = _
  J  8 0G 
H s
∴ × 80G and ÷ 20k

1,2 1
∴ 139 626,34 =  _
J 
  +  _
J 
 
H s
1,2 1
139 626,34 =  _________  + _____
  π π
   (0,12  4– d  4)
__
32
__
  0,08  4
32
(1,2 × 32)
– 109 053,2 =  _  
π(0,12  4– d  4)
1
– 8 921,89 =  _
4 4 
0,12  – d 
1
∴ 0,12  4– d  4 = _
  – 8 921,89 
= 1,121 × 10  –4
∴d   4 = 0,12  4 + 1,121 × 10  –4
d  4 = 3,194 × 10  –4
d = 133,69mm
d = 0,66 D … 
16.
∴V   s = V  H (L   s = L  H)
∴A   s = A  H
∴ D  21  = D  2– d  2… 
Substitute into:
∴ D  2s  = D  2 – ( 0,66D)  2
= 0,5644 D  2H  
_
Take √ :    D   s = 0,7513 D   H … 
T  s : T  H
D  4   – d
  4  
  3s  :  _
∴D H
D 
 
H
…

H
Substitute  and  into :

(D  4   – (0,66D)  4)
  H)  3 :  ___________
(0,7513 D H
D 
 
H
3 3
0,424 D   :  0,8103 D    
H H
∴ 1 : 1,911

max 144,283
T TGJ
17.1 Solid  _θ  = _
  TL 
.3 Question 5 [addition, not replacement]
30 × 10  9 × π0,008  4
=  ____________
  
0,22 × 32
= 54,84 Nm/rad
T TGJ
Hollow _
  θ  = _
  TL 
y
40 × 1 0  9× π(0,012  4 – 0 ,01  4)
=  ___________________
     
0,22 × 32
 
= 191,64 Nm/rad
X
17.2 17.2.1
TT = T1 + T2
Bronze
1 = 2
AI

θ  s = θ   H … 
Question 8 Exercise 7.1T  Question
17.2.1
But θ  s = _
  θ  s  = 54,84
s
  s
T
∴ θ  s = _
 54,84  … 

T 
 _ H
θ 
 = 191,64
H
T 
∴ θ   H = _
  191,64
H
 … 
Substitute  and  into :

T  T 
∴_
  54,84
s
  = _
  191,64
H
 
∴T
  H = 3,495 T
  s … 
∴T
  T = T  H + T  s … 
∴ 15 = 3,495 T
 s + T
  s
T  s = 3,34 Nm
∴T
  H = 11,66 Nm
  16 (_ )τ
π D  4– d  4
17.2.2 T  H = _   D 
π
   (0,012  4 – 0,01  4)
__
11,66 = ____________
  16 0,012  τ
  
τ  Hd = 66,38 MPa

π
T  s = _
  16  D  3 τ
π
3,34 = _
  16 0,008  3 τ

17.2 ∴ τ  sd = 33,22 MPa
T 
17.2.3 θ  sd = _
  54,84
s
  TT = T1 + T2
Bromze
3,34
= ____   54,84 = 0,0611 rad
= 2
AI
11,66
θ  = _____
   = 0,061rad
Hd 191,64
180
0,061 × _
  π = 3,5°
18. G  s = 2,5 G
  H
18.
T  H = 3T  s … 
TT = T1 + T2
=
60
18.1 ∴ θ  s = θ  H

T  L  T  L 

20. ∴_
 J  sG s  =  _ H H
J  G 
 
s s H H
T  3T 
÷ T  s ×1 G  H: ______
 J  2 2,5sG    = ____
 J  Gs   
s H H H 3
1
________  = __________ 1
 
D = 80 π 70   π80 4   D
__
  32 0,06 × 2,5 __   32 (D  – 0,06  4)
3 × 0,06  4 × 2,5 = D  4 – 0,06  4

150 150 250
D  4 = 1,1016 × 10  –4
D = 102,45 mm Note
The value of the ratio T H is
   (_____ )τ
π D  4– d  4
18.2 T  H = __     bigger than the allowable
21. 16 D
value of 9,129 kNm.
  16 (____________ )4 9M
π 0,10245  4 – 0,06  4
= _   0,10245  Therefore, 10,689 kNm
cannot be used and will
= 9,129 kNm damage the shaft.
Dia 60 mm AI Steel
π
T  s = _
  16  D  3 τ
π
= _
  16  × 0,06  3× 84M
= 3,563 kNm
T  H = 3T  s
= 3 × 3,563 = 10,689
10,689 > 9,129
T  9,129
  s = _
∴T   3H  =  _
3
 
= 3,043 kNm
∴ T  T = T  H + T  s

= 9,129 + 3,043
= 12,172 kNm
2πNT
18.3 P =  _
60
 
400
= 2π × _
 60 × 12,172
= 509,86 kW
19. 19.1 θ  s = θ   B
T 
Given: T  s = _
  3B  ∴ 3T  s = T  B … 
G  s = 2,2G  B … 
∴ θ  s = θ  B
(_
  JG )  = (   JG ) 
TL TL
_
s B
( 32 × 2,2G  B ) ( 32 0 ,048  4)G )

T 3T  s
___________
  __ π   ___________
=  __   
π    
  0
,04 8   4
   (D
  4
–
s B
1 3
 _
4   = _
  4 4 
0,048  × 2,2 D  – 0 ,048 
3 × 0,048  4 × 2.2 = D
  4 – 0 ,048  4
4
___________________
D = √3,5036
   × 1 0  –5 + 0 ,048  4  = 79,7 mm
π
19.2 Torque steel = T  s = _
  16 0,048  3× 84M = 1,824 kNm
  16 ( ____________ )46M = 3,971 kNm

π (0,0797  – 0 ,048  )
4 4
  B = _
Torque bronze = T    0,0797
 
  B ∴ 3 × 1,824k = 5,472 kNm
According to ratio 3T  s = T
This is more than what the bronze can take.
18.

TT = T1 + T2
T  =
3,971k
∴

T60
s
=_
  3B  =  _
3
 = 1,324 kNm, which is less than what the steel can
take.
∴ T  total = 3 ,971k B + 1,324k S = 6,792 kNm

2π × 288 × 6,792k
19.3 Power transmitted = P =  ____________
   60
 = 204,841 kW
20. = 84 GPa T = T = T θ  = θ  + θ  + θ 
20. G T 1 2 3
1 2
3
D = 80 70 80 D
150 150 250
20.1 C  H = C  s 

3
GJ __
__ GJ
 
21.
L
  =   L 
π π
  32 (0,08  3 – 0 ,07  4) __
__   32  D  4
 ___________ 0,15
  =   ____
0,25
 
0,25(0,08  4 – 0 ,07  4)
  4 = ____________
∴D
    0,15
 
Dia 60 mm AI 0,25 Steel
D = (2,825 × 10  –5) 
= 72,9 mm
20.2 θ  T = θ  1 + θ 150
  2 + θ  3 250
τ   L τ  τ 
=  _
GR GR GR
  + _
  L   + _
  L  
G ( R  R  R  )

τ L  L  L 
=  _  _
  1   + _
  2   + _
  3  
1 2 3
  84G (_   0,04 )
60M 0,25 0,15 0,15
= _   0,0729  + _
  0,04  + _
= 0,0103rad =
0,588°
π
τ J  60M × __
  0,0729  4× 2
T  3 = ___
  R  3  =  ______________
32
   = 4,564 kNm
0,0729
3
τ J  ( )
π
   (0,08  4 × 0 ,07  4)× 2
60M × __
T  1 = ___
  1  =  ___________________
   32
  = 2,496 kNm
R  1 0,08
∴ Maximum allowable torque = 2,496 kNm ∵ T  1 = T  2 = T  3

20.3 P = 2πNT = ωT = 20π × 2 496
= 156,828 kW
D = 80 70 80 D

150 150 250
20.4 ω = 2πN ∴ 20π = 2πN

∴ N = 10revolutions per second

21. = 10 × 60 = 600rpm
21.
Dia 60 mm AI Steel
150 250
21.1 Diameter shaft steel

T  s = T  al
τ  J  τ  J  60M × π × D 4× 2 40M × π × 0,06 4× 2
 _s s
R 
  = _
  Ral   al  = ____________
  
  D × 32
  = ______________
  
  32 × 0,06
 
s al
40M × 0,06  3
D  3 = _  60M 
3
_
D = √1,44 × 1 0  –4  = 52,41 mm
21.2 Angle of twist per shaft
2τL 2 × 40M × 0,15
θ  al = _
  DG  =  ___________9  = 6,667 × 10  –3 rad
0,06 × 30 × 10 
2τL 2 × 60M × 0,25
θ  steel = _
  DG  =  _____________
  9  = 7,155 × 1 0  –3 rad
  
0,05241 × 80 × 10 
21.3 Torque in shaft

τ  J  60M × π × 0,05241 4× 2
Stress: T  s = ___
  Rs     s = ________________
    0,5241
 = 1,696 kNm = T
 al (from 21.1)
s
JGθ π × 0,05241  4 × 80 × 1 0  9 × 7,155 × 10  –3

___
Angle of twist: =   L  =  _________________________
      
32 × 0,25
 = 1,696 kNm
Maximum torque = 1,696 kNm
21.4 Replace shaft with hollow shaft
T  s = T  H
τJ
1 696 =  _
R
 
60M × π(D  4– d  4)× 2
1 696 = ______________
 
   D × 32
 
60M × π((2d)  4– d  4)× 2
1 696 =  ________________
   2d × 32
 
2,879 × 10  –4= 15d  3

d  3 = 1,9195 × 10  –5

d = 26,78 mm and D = 53,56 mm
21.5 Saving in weight
Volume solid shaft:
π
V  al = _
 4 0,062 × 0,15 = 4,421 × 10 –4 m  3
π
V  S = _
  4 0,052412 × 0,25 = 5,393 × 10 –4 m  3
V  total = 9,634 × 1 0  –4 m  3
π
  4 (0 ,05356  2 – 0,02678  2)× 0,4 = 6,759 × 10 –4 m  3
V  hollow = _
V  – V
  100
% saving = _
  solidV   

hollow
×  _
1
 
solid
–4
(9,634 – 6,759)10   100
% saving = _____________
    × _    = 29,84%–4 1
9,634 × 10 
MODULE
8 Structural frameworks
• explain the rules for statically determinate plane frameworks;
• differentiate between a tie and a strut;
• apply mathematical triangles;
• apply the equilibrium law;
• calculate reactions at the supports of structural frameworks with vertical
loads;
• calculate reactions at the supports of structural frameworks with vertical
as well as horizontal loads or angled loads with one of the supports on
rollers;
• draw a space diagram of the framework to scale;
• draw a vector diagram to scale and graphically determine forces in simply
supported structural frameworks or cantilevers; and
• tell whether a member is a strut or a tie.
A structural framework is a system of three or more straight members capable

of transmitting structural loads. These frameworks can be simple or complex
systems. The frameworks we are going to discuss all lie in the same plane and
will not be three-dimensional.
Module 8 • Structural frameworks 135
M8 Exercise
Exercise 8.1 8.1 SB page 265
1. Note: 1.
Drawings are not to scale. Scale 1 cm = 1 m, 1 cm = 10 N.
40 M8 Exercise 8.1
L C M
1.
40 40
40
L C M
B d
2 3 40 40
K N
1 4
B d
A E 2 3
F K
60 60
O
1 4
A E
Note F
60 6
It is a symmetrical loaded structure, therefore each support will be: O
3 × 40
60 N = _____
  2 .
k
Member Vector Force (N) Type
AB k1 3 65 S
l
BC l2 43 S k
CD m31 43o S
4
DE n4 65 S
3 l
EF o4 2 24m T
FA ol 24 T 1 o
4
CF 23 40n T
FB 12 22 S 2 m
FD 34 22 S
Vector diagram
2. 2.1 Moment on A
∴ 13D = 100 × 5 + 50 × 9 + 20 × 13
D = 93,1 N
Moment on D
∴ 13A = 50 × 4 + 100 × 8
A = 76,9
2.2 1 cm = 1 m; 1 cm = 10 N
2.2 Scale
2.2
100 N 50 N
100 N L 50 N
B L C
K B C M
K M 20 N
3 20 N
3
1 2 4 N
1 2 4 N
A D
A 76,9 N F E
D N
93,1
F E
76,9 N O 93,1 N
O
Space diagram
k
k
1 4
o
1 2 4
o
2
l
3 l
3
m
nm
n
Vector diagram
3.
3.
B M
B 20˚ M
60˚ 1
20˚ C
60˚ 1
140˚ C
P 140˚
D
P D
N
N
40˚ 40 N
40˚ 40 N
O 50 N
F O E
76,9 N 93,1 N
O
k
k
AB k1 151 S
1 4
BC l3 98 oS
2 4
CD 1 m4 122 S o
2
l
DE 3o4 98 T
l
EF o2 3 130 T
FA o1 10 T
m
FB 12 0 n xx
m
EB 23 39 S n
3.EC 34 23 T
3.
B M
B 20˚
60˚ 1 M
20˚ C
60˚ 140˚ 1
C
P D 140˚
P DN
N 40 N
40˚
40˚ O 50 N 40 N
A
O 50 N
A
Space diagram
3. Scale: 1 cm = 10 N
p
m
p
m 1
n 1
n
o
o
Vector diagram
AD op 112 S
DB p1 41 T
BC m1 114 T
CD n1 113 S
Reaction B = pm = 76 N
Reaction A = op = 118 N
In this case use only length for space diagram with correct angles.
No calculations.
4. 4.1 Moments about A; 6B = 60 × 2
B = 20 kN
Reaction A = 60 – 20 = 40 kN (F down = F up)
4.2 Scale 1 cm = 1 m and 1 cm = 10 kN
M8 Exercise 8.1
4. 60 kN
k
C
K
L
1 2 1
m
2
A B
D
M l
40 kN 20 kN
Member Vector Magnitude Nature

5.
AC k1 48 kN S
CB A l2 50 kN 33 kN S
BD 2m 26 kN T
DA 1m 26 kN 2 m T
CD 12 0 0
B O D
C
40 kN
4m 4m
5.2 Fsin 5.3

Fcos -50 kN
M K L l
40 kN 20 kN

1 2 1
5. 2
A B
5. D
A 50 kN M
40 kN 20 kN
2m
5.
B O D
A 50 kN
C
60 kN 40 kN
4m 4m
k
C 2m
K
L
5.1 Fixed at B rollers
B at C O D
1 2 Moments Fsin
about1 B; 4C = 50 × 2 + 40 ×
C 8
5.2 m 5.3 40 kN
BC = 105 kN 2 4 m 4m
Fcos -50 kN
D
M 5.2 Draw space and vector diagrams.
l Scale 1 cm = 1 m and 1 cm = 10 kN.
40 kN 20 kN
To calculate reaction at B: -65
B Fcos
N
5.2 Fsin 8 2k 5.3
F F=
A 50 kN -65 k
-65
B Fcos
5.4 2mA
50 kN
P
F F=
1 2 Q
O D
C B
5.3 Reaction at 40
B with C D
kN its components
4m 4 m 82 kN M 105 kN K
Equilibrium; ∑ HC = 0 ∴ F40cos
kNθ + 50k = 0
5.4 A
∴ F cos θ = – 50 kN P
50 kN
∑ VC = m0 ∴ F1 sin θ2– 40k + 105

Q = 0
∴ F sin θ = – 65 kN 1
5.3 B C D
82 kN FcosM -50 kN 105 kN K
40 kN
-65 m
Fcos
1
2 kN
F =8
Fsin
p q
-65 kN
The negative values show that the reaction is downwards to keep the
structure in equilibrium.
A _
50 kN
P Reaction F = √
5 0k  2 + 65k  2  = 82 kN downwards
1 2 Q p r
q 2
C D
F
-65
B Fcos
-65kN
F
B Fcos = 82
F
__ 65 8
5.4 Angle with horizontal tan
F θ =  50 = W 52,43° S F=
Draw diagrams:
5.4 A
50 kN
P
5.4 1 2 A Q 50 kN
P
1 2 Q
B C D
82 kN M 105 kN K
B C 40 kN D
82 kN M 105 kN K
Space diagram 40 kN
m
1
m
1
p q
p q
r 2
r 2
Vector diagram
Member Vector Magnitude Nature
AB P1 147 kN T
BC 1m 82 kN S
CD 2k 82 kN S
DA 2q 92 kN T
AC 12 106 kN S
6.1 1 cm = 10 N and 1 cm = 1 m
6. 6.1 Scale: 1 cm =10 6.1 1Ncm
and
= 101 Ncm =11cm
and m= 1 m
40 kN
A 40 kN
B A
B
2m
2m
20 kN
20 kN
E D C
2m 2m E D C
2m 2m
k 2
40 kN k 2
40 kN
K
K
A B
A B
2 M
2 M
P 20 kN m
1 P 20 kN m
1
C 38,5˚
C p
E D N n
E D N 1 n
1
7.2
7.2= PK =95 kN at 38,5° with horizontal
6.2 Reaction at A
Reaction at E =NP = 74 kN horizontal
Member 70 N Vector 30 N Magnitude
30 N
Nature
K L 70 N
32,5˚ AB C 32,5˚ k250˚ K 18 kN L T
D C 50˚
B D
BC B
m1 26 kN T
M
CD 1 2 1n 1
18 2kN M S
DB 12 60 kN S
N 80 N
P N 80 N
6.3 38,5° P
7. 7.1 Moments about A B

A
∴ 6A + 30 sin 50° × 8 = 70 × 4,5 + 80 × 8
108,5 N
A = 315 + 640 – 183,85 108,5 N
= 128,53 N
7.4
7.4
k 1 k 1
m
m
p
l p
2 l
2
2m 2m
k 2
40 kN
k 2
K 40 kN
7.2 Reaction BA = pk = 110 N
K B
Member A 2 Vector MB Force (N) Type
AB P 2
p1 M m
1 2070
kN T
P m
BC k1 1 56 20 kN T 38,5˚
C
CDE l2
D N 34 n T
C 1 38
E D N 80 n
AD n2 S 1
7.2
AC 12 74 S
7.2
70 N 30 N
K L 30 N
32,5˚ C 70 N 50˚
B K L D
32,5˚ C 50˚
B D
M
1 2
M
1 2
N 80 N
P
N 80 N
P
A
108,5 N A
108,5 N
Space diagram
7.3 W32,5° N
7.4
7.4 (Scale 1 cm7.4
= 20 N)
k 1
k 1
m
m
p
l
2
p
l
2
n
n
Vector diagram
Use length for space diagram.

8. 8.1 Moments about F

CCWM = CWM
6D + (25 × 1,5 = (30 × 3) + (40 sin 60 × 3) + (40 cos 60 × 1,5) + (20 × 6))
D = 51,07 kN
8.2 Reaction at M8
F Exercise 8.1
∑ VC = 0
F sin θ – 30 + 51,07 – 20 – 40 sin 60 = 0
F sin θ = +M835,57 kN
Exercise 8.1
∑ HC = 0
F cos θ + 40 cos 60 – 25 = 0
F cos θ = 8.2+ 5 kN
35,57 kN F
8.2
35,57
F kN
35,57 kN
5 kN
35,57 kN
____________
F = √
5 k  2 + 35,57k  2  = 35,92 kN
35,57 5 kN
tan θ = _
  5  ∴ θ = 82° with horizontal
40 kN 20 kN 3
Draw diagrams.
K Scale: 1 cm
B = 1 mLand 1 cm = M
10 kN
25 kN
A 1 4 C
2 3
40 kN 20 kN N 3
K F B E L DM
25 kN
A 1 P 30 kN 4
O C
51,07 kN
2
2 3
35,012 kN N
F E D
P O 2
30 kN 51,07 kN
35,012 kN
Space diagram
40 kN
A 68˚ B
40 cos 60
40 kN
2
m
5 kN 35,57 kN F
35,57 kN
40 kN 20 kN 1 r
3 O
B L M
25 kN 5 kN
4 C
2 3
N
E D
l
O 2 P
30 kN 51,07 kN 1 r
40 kN 20 kN 3 O
K B L M
25 kN m
A 1 4 C n
2 3
N
Vector diagram
F E D
l
P O 2 P
30 kN
Member 51,07Vector
kN Magnitude Nature
35,012 kN AB k1 0 0
m
BE 23 30 kN T n
EF p2 56,5 kN T
40 kN
FA k1 20 kN 0 0
A 68˚ B FB 12 C 68 kN S
40 cos 60 cc
8.3 25 kN
1,5 m
40 sin 60
40 kN
O D 20 kN
F F E 68˚
A B C
O 40 cos 60 cc
30kN
3m 3m 25 kN
s cc
1,5 m
40 sin 60
O D
F F E
Fsin 40
O
30kN
3m 3m
Fcos cc
9. 9.1 Moment on A
∴ 12B + (50 × 6) = ( 40 sin 60 × 3)+ ( 4 cos 60 × 6)+ ( 80 × 6)
+ ( 30 cos 45 × 6)+ ( 3 0 sin 45 × 6)
= 103,92 + 120 + 480 + 127,28 + 127,28
12B + 300 = 958,48
B = 54,87 N
ΣVC = 0
∴ E sin θ – 40 sin 60 – 60 – 30 sin 45 + 54,87 – 20 = 0
∴ E sin θ = + 34,64 + 60 + 21,21 – 54,87 + 20
= + 80,98 N
ΣHC = 0
∴ E cos θ + 40 cos 60 + 30 cos 45 – 50 = 0
∴ E cos θ = – 20 – 21,21 + 50 = 0
= + 8,79 N
____________
9.1
∴E=√
0,98  2 + 8 ,79  2  = 81,5 N
8  
80,98
80,98
8,79
80,98
tanθ = ____
  8,79  ∴ θ = 83,8°
9.2 83,8° N
E = 81,5 N E
Member Vector 40 N 60 N(N)30 N

Force Type
60˚ 406,60 41˚ 306,45
BC 01 55 S 50 N
406,60 305,45
CD 02
3 55 S
DE n3 105 S
3 90 N
EF m4 85 S
E sin A˚
FG 45 45 SB
3 3 3 3
GB p1 0 xx54,87 N
E cos
GE 43 22 S
GD 32 78 T
GC 12 0 xx
8,79
9.2
9.2
40 N 60 N 30 N
60˚ 406,60 41˚ 306,45
50 N
406,60 305,45
3
3 90 N
E sin A˚
B
3 3 3 3 54,87 N
E cos
10. 10.1 First calculate the reaction at ‘E’ roller support. Take each length on
2 units (1 unit = 1 cm).
_ _
Moment about E∴ M= M
_
∴ 4C = (30 × √  3 )+ ( 60N)+ ( 40 × 5)+ ( 20 × 6)
∴ 4C = 51,96 + 60 + 200 + 120
C = 107,99N
10.2 Draw the vector diagram and measure length qk for the reaction at
E = 51,42N (E 13,5°N).
AB n5 22 T
BC 45 69 S
CD 43 55 S
DB m4 46 T
10.2
CA p5 91 S
k l
q 3
m
4
o n
p 5
Vector diagram
10.3
10.3
60 N
40 N
l m
30 N D B
2 4 n
k
1 3 5
A 80 N
E q C P O
20 N
107,99 N

Space diagram
148 N5 Strength of Materials and Structures
Exemplar examination paper memorandum
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.4
1.1.3
1.1.2
Stress
1.1.1 1.1.5
Strain
1.1.1 Proportional limit

1.1.2 Elastic limit
1.1.3 Yield point
1.1.4 Maximum load point
1.1.5 Point of fracture
1.2 1.2.1 The stress at the proportional limit (lop)

F 32k × 4
σ=_
 A  = _
  2 = 241,087 MPa
π × 0,013 
1.2.2 Young’s modulus of elasticity
σ  lop × l 241,087M × 0,07
E = _
  x   

=  ___________
–3 = 76,71 GPa
lop 0,22 × 10 
1.2.3 The ultimate tensile strength
F  70k × 4
σ  ult = _
  Ault  = _
  2 = 527r, 377 MPa
π 0,013 
1.2.4 The fracture stress
F  52k × 4
σ  frac =  _   =  _2 = 391,766 MPa
frac
A π 0,013 
1.2.5 The percentage elongation
x 8,33 100
%X = _ l =  _
70
  × _
  1 = 11,9 %
QUESTION 2
2.1 The length of 70 mm diameter section:
U  T = U  1 + U  2 = 0,5F x1  + 0,5F x2  = 0,5F(_   A  E2  )
F L  F L 
  A  E1   + _
1 2
 215G ( _2  + _
π × 0 ,05  π × 0 ,07  2)
0,5F  2 0,9 × 4 L  × 4
∴ 12 = _
  2  
12 × 215G
∴ ____________
    2 = 45,837 + 259,845L 2
0,5(2 038 × 9,81) 
12 909,319 – 45,837
∴ L  2 = ______________
   259,845
 = 49,504 m
2.2 The total change in length

12
  T = ___________
U  T = 0,5F xT  ∴ X   0,5(2 038 × 9,81)  = 1,2 mm
2.3 The total strain

F L  F L 
ε  T = ε  1 + ε  2 = ( _
  L )  + ( _
  L )  = _
x x
  L  A  1 E  + _
  L  A  2 E 
1 2 1 1 2 2
( A  1 A  2 )

  215G (_
π × 0,05  2 π × 0 ,07  2)
F 1 1 2 038 × 9,81 4 4
∴ ε  T = _
  E  _
    + _     = _     + _
    = 7,152 × 1 0  –5
2.4 The maximum stress in the smallest area

F 2 038 × 9,81 × 4
∴ σ  max = _
  A  = ___________
  2 = 10,182 MPa
π × 0 ,05 
QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 The stress in each material under load 65 kN
F  T = 65k = F c + F  s … (1)
F  L  F  L 
And: xc  = xs  ∴ _
  AC  E c  = _
  As  Es    (L  c = L  s)
c c s s
F  A  E  F  × 0 ,02  2× 145

÷by L: ∴ F  c = _
  As   Ec     c =  ___________
s
2  
s s 0,015  × 215
∴ F  c = 1,199F  s … (2)

Substitute: (2) into ( 1) ∴ 65k = 1,199F  s + F  s
∴ F  s = 29,559 kN
F  c = 29,559k × 1,199 = 35,441 kN
F  29 559 × 4
σ  s = _
  As    = _
  2 = 167,27 MPa (
C)
s π × 0 ,015 
F  35 441 × 4
σ  c = _
  Ac    = _
  2 = 112,812 MPa (
C)
c π × 0 ,02 
3.1.2 Final length: LF

σ  L  112,812M × 0,127
c
  C = _
x   = xs  ∴ X   Ec     c = ____________
  
  145G
 = 0,098 mm
c
∴ L  F = L
  original + x  c= 127 + 0,098 = 127,098 mm
3.2.1
L
Copper
C Ø20 c
s
S Ø15
L
Steel

δ  XC = δ   XS
∴ ( αtL)  c – x c  = ( αtL)  s + x s 

∴ X  s + X  c = ( αtL)  c – ( αtL)  s

F  L F  L
∴  _
s
  + _
  c  = tL(α
A  E  A  E 
  S)
  c – α
s s c c
F  × 4 F  × 4
÷L: ____________
    s
2   + ___________
    c
2  = 37(18 – 12) 10  –6
π × 0 ,015  × 215G μ × 0,02  × 145G
∴ 2,632 × 10  –8 F  s + 2,195 × 1 0  –8 F  c = 2,22 × 1 0  –4

∴ F  s = F  c = 4,599 kN

4 599 × 4
∴ σ  c = _
  2 = 14,639 MPa (
T)
π × 0 ,02 
4 599 × 4
∴ σ  s = _
  2 = 26,025 MPa (
C)
π × 0 ,015 
The resultant stresses: load and temperature

σ  RC = σ  L – σ
  T= 112,812 – 14,639 = 98,173 MPa (C)
σ  RS = σ
  L + σ
  T= 167,27 + 26,025 = 193,295 MPa (C)
3.2.2 The final length after load and temperature

∴ xT  = δ   xc = ( αtL)  c – x c  = ( 18 × 1 0  –6× 37 × 0,127)– (  Ac  Ec    )
F  L 
_
c c
∴ X  T = 8,458 × 1 0  –5– (  )= 0,072 m

4 599 × 0,127 × 4
 ____________
   2
π × 0 ,02  × 145G
The final length:

L  final = L  original + x  load – X
  temp= 127 + 0,098 – 0,072 = 127,026 mm
QUESTION 4
4.1 The allowable stress means it must be taken for longitudinal stress as well as tensile
stress or hoop stress.
Considered as tensile stress:
p  D 3Md
∴ σ  t = _
  2t i∩    = 150M = ___________
 2 × 0,018 × 0,85 
L
150M × 2 × 0,018 × 0,85

∴ d = ________________
 
   3M
 = 1,53 m
Considered as longitudinal stress:

p  D 3Md
∴ σ  L = _
  4t i∩    = 150M = ___________
 4 × 0,018 × 0,52 
c
150M × 4 × 0,018 × 0,52

∴ d = ________________
 
   3M
 = 1,872 m
Use a diameter of 1,53 m. Because of a diameter of 1,872 m, the tensile stress will be
more than 150 MPa and the cylinder will fail.
4.2.1 The longitudinal strain

Longitudinal stress for the diameter of 1,53 m:
pd 3M × 1,53
∴ σ  L = _
  4t ∩    = ___________
  4 × 0,018 × 0,52 = 122,6 MPa
c
(σ  – γ σ  H)
Longitudinal strain = ε   L = _
  L E 
(122,6M – 0,3 × 150M)
ε  L = _______________
    200G
  = 3,88 × 10  –4
4.2.2 The circumferential strain

(σ  – γ σ  L)
Circumferential or hoop strain = ε   H = _
  H E 
(150M – 0,3 × 122,6M)
ε  H = _______________
    200G
  = 5,661 × 1 0  –4
4.2.3 The change in volume

π d  2 L
Original volume = V = _
  4 
π × 1,53  2× 3
V =  _
4
  = 5,516 m  3
pdV
Change in volume = δ  V = _
  4tE (5 – γ4)
3M × 1,53 × 5,516
δ  V = ____________
   (5 – 0,3 × 4) = 6,681 × 1 0  –3 m  3
   
4 × 0,018 × 200G
4.3 Mohr’s circle

150 + 122
C = _______
  2 = 136,3 MPa
y1
-10
122,6 C
0 A M B
10 30 50 70 90 120 Q 136 150
10 130°
N
1
Normal stress on X face = σ  X1= 141 MPa (T)

Normal stress on Y face = σ  Y1= 127 MPa (T)
QUESTION 5
5.1 The bending moment for beam
WL w L  2
∴ M  max = M  pl + M  udl = _
  4  +  _
8
 
17k × 1,2 25k × 1 ,2  2
M  max = _
  4  +  _
8
 = 8,1 kNm
5.2 The position of the xx-axis
1 = 10 Ay
y y
y min
h1 = 54,6
X X
h2 = 58,2
h y min x x yI = h + t Ay
242,6
y = y max
y 2 = h2
129,8
2
_
y A  T = ∑ area moments
h  259,6
y 2 = _   = _
  I-section
2
  2 = 129,8 mm
y 1 = ( hI-section
  + t – A  y)= 259,6 + 10 – 27 = 242,6 mm
Number Area Y A × y
1 5,876 × 1 0  –3 0,2426 1 ,426 × 10  –3
2 5,501 × 1 0  –3 0,1298 7 ,14 × 10  –4
Total area 11,377 × 10  –3 ∑ Area moments 2,14 × 1 0  –3
_ ∑ area moments _ 2,14 × 10  –3

y = ___________
  total area  =   –3 = 188 mm
11,377 × 10 
5.3 The bending moment resistance (moment of inertia)

From drawing at Question 5.2:
_
h 1 = y – y
= 242,6 – 188 = 54,6 mm
_
h 2 = y
– y2  = 188 – 129,8 = 58,2 mm
I  xx total = ( I   1 yy + A  1 h1  2  )  + ( I   2 xx + A  2 h2  2  ) 
channel I-section
For channel: I  channel = 4,931 × 10  –6+ ( 5,876 × 10  –3 × 0,0546  2)
= 2,245 × 10  –5 m  4
For I-section: I  I-section = 65,54 × 1 0  –6+ ( 5,501 × 1 0  –3 × 0,0582  2)
= 8,417 × 10  –5 m  4
∴ I  xx = I  channel + I   I-section = 2,245 × 1 0  –5 + 8,417 × 10  –5 = 106,62 × 1 0  –6 m  4

5.4 The maximum and minimum stress

y max = 188 mm and y min
  = h1  + ay  = 54,6 + 27 = 81,6 mm
M y  8,1k × 0,0816
∴ σ  min = _
  I  min
 

=  _–6 = 6,199 MPa
xx 106,62 × 10 
M y  _ 8,1k × 0,188
∴ σ  max = _
  I  max
 

=    = 14,282 MPa
xx 106 × 1 0  –6
QUESTION 6
6.1 The maximum shear stress
τ Gθ dGθ
 _
R
  = _
  L  ∴ τ = _
  2L 
0,6 × 85 × 10 9× 1,8 × π
∴ τ = ________________
  2  
   × 1,55 × 180
 = 51,684 MPa
6.2 The power transmitted

τJ 51,684 × 10  6 × π × 0 ,06  4× 2
T = _
  R  =  ___________________
     
32 × 0,06
 = 2,192 kNm
2πNT 2π × 900 × 2 192
P =  _
60
  =  ____________
60
 = 206,591 kW
6.3 The diameters of the hollow shaft

Maximum power = 206 591 × 1,2 = 247,909 kW
P60 247 909 × 60
Torque transmitted = T = _
 2πN  = _
  2π × 900 = 2,63 kNm
TR 2 630 × D
J =  _
τ
  = ___________
  6   = 2,544 × 1 0  –5 D … (1)
51,684 × 10  × 2
π[ 4
But J =  _
32
  – d  4] = 2,544 × 10  –5 D … ( 2)
  D
D = 2d … (3 )
  32 [(2d)  4– d  4] = 3,544 × 10  –5× 2d
π
Substitute (3)i nto ( 2) ∴ _
∴ 16d  4– d  4 = 5,183 × 1 0  –4 d

∴ 15d  3 = 5,183 × 10  –4

_____________
√ 5,183 × 10  –4

3
∴ d =  _
15
   = 32,571 mm
∴ D = 65,142 mm

QUESTION 7
7.1 True
7.2 True
7.3 True
7.4 True
7.5 False
QUESTION 8
The moment of inertia about the xx-axis
3
x x
4
h 34
X X
h 12
x x
y 34
1
2
y 39,354
y 12
_
h
12 – ( h – A
  = y   x)= 39,354 – ( 45 – 12,8)= 7,154 mm
_
h34   = ( h + A   x)– y = ( 45 + 7,98)– 39,354 = 13,626 mm
y 12
  = h – A = 45 – 12,8 = 32,2 mm
y 34
  = 45 + 7,98 = 52,98 mm
∴
I  xx = 2I  xx12 + 2I  xx34
2 I  xx12 = 2[I   xx + ( A h12
∴   2 )  ]= 2[0,0784 × 1 0  –6+ ( 0,4303 × 1 0  –3 × 0,007154  2)]
∴
2I  xx12 = 2,008 × 1 0  –7
∴ 2I  xx34 = 2[I   xx + ( A h34
  2  )]= 2[0,012 × 10  –6+ ( 0,2259 × 10  –3 × 0,013626  2)]
2I  xx34 = 1,079 × 1 0  –7
∴
I  xx = 2,008 × 1 0  –7 + 1,079 × 1 0  –7 = 0,3087 × 1 0  –6 m  4
The moment of inertia about the yy-axis

y
3
X 34
4
y
y
X 12
y 2
= 45
x 12
  = Ay = 12,8 mm
x34
  = Ay = 7,98 mm
I  yy = 2I  yy12 + 2I  yy34
  2 )  ]= 2[0,0784 × 1 0  –6+ ( 0,4303 × 1 0  –3 × 0,0128  2) ]
2I  yy12 = 2[I   yy + ( A + x12
∴
2I  yy12 = 2,978 × 1 0  –7
2I  yy34 = 2[I   yy + ( A + x34
∴   2  )]= 2[0,012 × 10  –6+ ( 0,2259 × 1 0  –3 × 0,00798  2)]
∴
2I  yy34 = 5,277 × 1 0  –8
∴
I  yy = 2,978 × 1 0  –7 + 5,277 × 1 0  –8 = 0,35057 × 10  –6 m  4
The moment of inertia about the UU-axis and VV-axis

h4 = h1 V
3 u
u = 29,943
V1 4
v
v
h3
V1 h2
u
1
2
V
v
V2
h
2  = 29,943 – v2  = 29,943 – 15,8 = 14,143 mm
3  = [ (v2  + v1  )+ v1  ]– 29,943 = [ 15,8 + 18,1 + 11,3]– 29,943 = 15,257 mm
h
h   = ( v2  + v 1  )– 29,943 = ( 15,8 + 18,1)– 29,943 = 3,957 mm
14
I  VV = I  vv2 + I  uu1 + I  uu4 + I  vv3
I  vv2 = I  vv + ( A
∴   2 × h2  2  ) = 0,0326 × 10  –6+ ( 0,4303 × 1 0  –3 × 0,014143  2) = 1,187 × 1 0  –7
I  uu1 = I  uu + ( A + h1  2  ) = 0,1243 × 1 0  –6+ ( 0,4303 × 1 0  –3 × 0,003957  2) = 1,31 × 10  –7
∴
I  uu4 = I  uu + ( A × h4  2  ) = 0,0189 × 1 0  –6+ ( 0,2259 × 10  –3 × 0,003957  2) = 2,244 × 10  –8
∴
I  vv3 = I  vv + ( A + h3  2  ) = 0,0052 × 1 0  –6+ ( 0,2259 × 1 0  –3 × 0,015257  2) = 5,778 × 1 0  –8
∴
∴
I  VV = 0,32992 × 10  –6
The smallest moment of inertia = 0,3087 × 10 –6 m  4

ffective length = le  = 2L = 2 × 3 = 6 m
E
π  2 EI π  2 × 200 × 1 0  9 × 0,3087 × 10  –6
M   E = ____
aximum buckling load = P   l   

=  ____________________
   6
 =101,59 MN
e
QUESTION 9
The reaction at the roller
N
30
m R
N 2,5
20
25N
m
2,5
3m
P
Q
4m
R
6m
8m
From triangle PQR:

_
∴ PR = √
3   2 + 4  2  = 5 m
Moments about the fixed end: ∴ 8R = ( 20 × 2,5)+ ( 30 × 5)+ ( 25 × 6)
50 + 150 + 150
R=_
∴   8
 = 43,75 N
S cale: 1 cm = 1 m and 1 cm = 10 N
30N
20N
C 25N
B
H
A D
F G
E
43,75N
ae
B e
g
h c
E
43,75N
ae
B e
g
h c
The reaction at the fixed support = 32 N
Member Magnitude Nature

af 35 N Strut
ef 60 N Tie
gh 22 N Strut
Glossary
A
Abscissa – the horizontal or x-coordinate within the Cartesian coordinate system
Angle of distortion – represented by the angle delta (δ)
Angle of twist – the angular deformation in an object due to twisting torques applied
B
Bending stress – when two or more forces work against one or more forces opposing
them. The forces are far enough apart that bending rather than shearing occurs
Bow’s notation – a method of lettering the cells and outside spaces formed by the
directions of the loads on a framed structure so that these loads can be traced by similar
letters in the reciprocal diagram
Bush – a type of bearing fixed between two parts (which may be moving) or a
strengthened point for mechanical fixing
C
Concentric – when two objects (usually circular) share the same axis or centre
D
Diametral – of, relating to or measured across a diameter
E
Effective length – the length between two points of inflection on a buckled member
F
Factor of safety (FoS) – that which allows a safe margin for possible defects in the
manufacturing of components and also gives a safe margin in the case of unexpected
overloading or the deterioration of the material due to rust
H
Homogeneous – the nature of a material that has properties that do not vary depending
on the location
Hooke’s law – strain is directly proportional to the stress that causes it
Hoop stress – the stress in the circumferential (tangential) direction in cylindrical and
non-cylindrical vessels when loaded by internal or external pressure in a closed vessel
Hot-rolled press – a metalworking process wherein metals are processed (heated at high
temperatures and cooled down) to reproduce specific structures with specific properties
I
Inextensible – unable to stretch or be drawn out (in length)
Isotropic – a material with properties that do not vary when tested in different directions
Glossary 161
L
Limit of elasticity – the maximum stress a material can withstand without becoming
deformed
M
Modular ratio – the ratio of Young’s modulus of two different materials
Modulus of rigidity – a constant defined by the ratio of shear stress to shear strain
Moment – a force times the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action
Moment of inertia – a measure of a resistance to rotational change, or in this case,
bending stress in a material
N
Non-ferrous – does not have iron as its prime component
Notation – a system of written symbols used to represent numbers or amounts in
mathematics and other fields
P
Parabolic – like a parabola
Poisson’s ratio – a constant that relates longitudinal strain in the direction of the load to
lateral strain perpendicular to the load; defines the ratio of how a material will increase
lengthwise and contract width wise when stretched
Polar moment of inertia – a shaft’s resistance to being distorted by torsion as a function
of its shape
Principal stress – the normal stress perpendicular to the plane on which the shear stress
is zero
Proportional limit – the point on a stress-strain curve where the linear, elastic
deformation region transitions into a non-linear, plastic deformation region; the
proportional limit determines the greatest stress that is directly proportional to strain; also
known as limit of proportionality
R
Radian – a unit of plane angular measurement
Radius of gyration – the measure of the elastic stability of a cross section against
buckling, which is calculated using the mass, moment of inertia and perpendicular
distances from the axis of rotation
S
Section modulus – a geometric property used when designing beams or flexural
members
Shear strain – the ratio of relative displacement of any layer to its perpendicular distance
from the fixed layer
Shear stress (τ) – stress on an object caused by one or more forces that act to tear or
separate the object into two or more pieces in a movement that is parallel to each other
Sign convention – a way of representing whether something is in compression or tensile,

or displacing upwards or downwards, by assigning a positive or negative symbol
Slenderness – the ratio of the length of a column (L) to the minimum radius of gyration
of the cross section; slenderness is the quality of being thin
Stiffness – the material property of a component based on its ability to bend under load
and still return to its original shape after the load is removed
Strain (ε) – the deformation of an object due to an internal state of stress
Strain energy (U) – energy stored in a body due to a force apply; causes extension or
shorting of the body. Due to this deformation, work is done and energy is stored in the
body, which is called strain energy, expressed in joules
Stress (σ) – the ability of an object to resist the effects of an external force; stress is given
by the amount of load per unit area
T
Tensile strength – the maximum stress, caused by the maximum load before the material
fractures
Tensile stress (σ T) – stress on an object caused by an extensive force that acts to increase
the original length of the object
Torque – the amount of force needed to change the angular acceleration of an object
moving in a circle
Torsion – action of twisting an object by applying equal and opposite torque at either end
Transverse – placed across something
Y
Young’s modulus – the property of a material that indicates how easily it can stretch and
deform. It is defined as a constant given the ratio of tensile stress (σ) to tensile strain (ε)

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

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Exemplar examination paper memorandum 148

Students should be able to acquire in-depth knowledge of the following content:

5.1 ICASS trimester mark

Knowledge Understanding Application Evaluation

60% 20% 15% 5%

5.3 Promotion mark

6. Weighted values of modules

1. Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 8

2. Strain energy 8

4. Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle 14

5. Simple bending of beams 14

6. Columns and struts 14

Week Topic Content Hours

1 Module 1 1.1 Stress and strain and tensile 8 hours

2 Module 2 2.1 Strain energy 8 hours

3–4 Module 3 3.1 Temperature-induced stresses 14 hours

4–5 Module 4 4.1 Stresses in thin cylinders 14 hours

5–6 Module 5 5.1 The theory of simple bending 14 hours

7–8 Module 6 6.1 Introduction to columns and 14 hours

9 Module 7 7.1 Introduction to limits in shaft 14 hours

10 Module 8 8.1 Introduction to structural 14 hours

TOTAL 100 hours

Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

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Group work Models

This page may be photocopied.

1 Stress, strain and tensile testing of

By the end of this module, students should be able to:

Exercise 1.1 SB page 29

1. Note that it is very important to sketch the problem.

1.2 Safe load = σ.A

[ __​ π ​0,0​6​​ 2​ __​ π ​0,0​2​​ 2​]

(3)area ​∴​F = σmaxA2

From : xa = xT – (xs + xc)

[ __​ π4 ​​(0​​ ,0​5​​ 2​ – 0,0​4​​ 2​​)​​ ​ 4 ​0,0​5​​ ​ ]

∴ 9​ 4,5914 = 1 414,711 LH + 509,296(0,08 – LH)

Module 1 • Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 5

σmax = 100 MPa

8.4 ​Final length = ​L​ o​​ − x = 250 − 0,026 = 249,974 mm​

Two legs of fork

0 20 40 60 70 80 100 120 140 160

16. Change units of extension to metres.

Exemplar examination paper memorandum 148

5.1 ICASS trimester mark

5.3 Promotion mark

6. Weighted values of modules

1. Stress, strain and tensile testing of materials 8

2. Strain energy 8

4. Thin cylinders and Mohr’s circle 14

5. Simple bending of beams 14

6. Columns and struts 14

1 Module 1 1.1 Stress and strain and tensile 8 hours

2 Module 2 2.1 Strain energy 8 hours

3–4 Module 3 3.1 Temperature-induced stresses 14 hours

4–5 Module 4 4.1 Stresses in thin cylinders 14 hours

5–6 Module 5 5.1 The theory of simple bending 14 hours

7–8 Module 6 6.1 Introduction to columns and 14 hours

9 Module 7 7.1 Introduction to limits in shaft 14 hours

10 Module 8 8.1 Introduction to structural 14 hours

Exercise 1.1 SB page 29

1. Note that it is very important to sketch the problem.

1.2 Safe load = σ.A

[   π 0,06  2   π 0,02  2]

(3)area ∴F = σmaxA2

[ __  π4 (0 ,05  2 – 0,04  2)   4 0,05  ]

∴ 9 4,5914 = 1 414,711 LH + 509,296(0,08 – LH)

8.4 Final length = L  o − x = 250 − 0,026 = 249,974 mm

• Calculate the area and store in memory of calculator.

Exercise 1.2 SB page 45

Substitute  in  ∴ 101,859 × 106 = 2,07σc

(  L = ε)

σ  (1 50 + 10) σ  c(0 ,15)

5 σ  L   150123,84M × 0,15 5

= σ  1  4 (0 ,5  2 – 0,42  2) + σ  c(  4 0,42  2)

Ø12 Steel σ  L

Copper σ  1 40

∴ σ  s = 15σ  c

F  0 ,006  2× 119,37G

7. 7.2 Because it is a continuous rope.

[G  1  =   G   2]

∴× AG: F1L1 = F2L2 1

∴ x 1  = ϵ  1 L  1 ∴ x 2  = ϵ  2 L  2

x 1 = 2,582 × 10  –3 × 9 x 2 = 4,655 × 1 0  –3× 5

σ  1 ,2 σ  1 ,188

Exercise 2.1 SB page 56

1. U =  _2 Fx = _  2 F(   AG ) = ____

(6 0k )  2× 0,5

= _  2 F[ ___   A  E 2  ]

  2E [__   A2    ]

(1 00k )  0,6

206G [ 0,05  0,08  ]

4.1 ε  T = ε  1 + ε  2 + ε  3

[ A  1 A  2 A  3 ]

[ A  1 A  2 A  3 ]

  E [__   A3    ]

[   4 (0 ,08  – 0,04  ) 0,05  ]

  2 [____   A  E 2    ]

(2 50k)  ________

Exercise 2.2 SB page 62

Exercise 2.3 SB page 68

∴ 4k(0,2 + 3,863 × 10–9 F) = 1,931 × 10–9 F2

[ 0,04  400  4 0,02  ]

2.2 From : xT = 1,51 × 10–8 F

5.5 UT = U1 + U2 + U3 = 5,375 J (add the values in 5.3)

(  4 0,03  × 1,014G )

_________  2 × W  2× 2

=  E [   A2    ]

∴10 × 2 × 200G = F2 [50,93 + 84,883]

18.1 Max stress ⇒ small area

Exercise 3.1 SB page 92

3.2 3.2 t = T1 – T2 = 20 – (–5) = 25°C

5.1 δxc = δxs