Logic Gates

Logic gates are an important concept if you are studying electronics.
These are
important digital devices that are mainly based on the Boolean function. Logic gates are
used to carry out logical operations on single or multiple binary inputs and give one
binary output. In simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system.
In this lesson, we will further look at the different types of basic logic gates with their
truth table and understand what each one is designed for.
Types of Basic Logic Gates

There are several basic logic gates used in performing operations in digital systems.
The common ones are
 OR Gate
 AND Gate
 NOT Gate
 XOR Gate
Additionally, these gates can also be found in a combination of one or two. Therefore,
we get other gates, such as NAND Gate, NOR Gate, EXOR Gate and EXNOR Gate.
OR Gate
In an OR gate, the output of an OR gate attains state 1 if one or more inputs attain state
The Boolean expression of the OR gate is Y = A + B, read as Y equals A ‘OR’ B.
The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is given as
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND Gate
In the AND gate, the output of an AND gate attains state 1 if and only if all the inputs are
in state 1.
The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A.B
The truth table of a two-input AND basic gate is given as
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NOT Gate
In a NOT gate, the output of a NOT gate attains state 1 if and only if the input does not
attain state 1.
The Boolean expression is
It is read as Y equals NOT A.

The truth table of NOT gate is as follows
A Y
0 1
1 0
When connected in various combinations, the three gates (OR, AND and NOT) give us
basic logic gates, such as NAND and NOR gates, which are the universal building
blocks of digital circuits.
NAND Gate
This basic logic gate is the combination of AND and NOT gates.
The truth table of a NAND gate is given as
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR Gate
This gate is the combination of OR and NOT gates.
The truth table of a NOR gate is as follows
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Exclusive-OR gate (XOR Gate)

In an XOR gate, the output of a two-input XOR gate attains state 1 if one adds only
input and attains state 1.
The truth table of an XOR gate is
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Exclusive-NOR Gate (XNOR Gate)

In the XNOR gate, the output is in state 1 when both inputs are the same, that is, both 0
or both 1.
The Boolean expression of the XNOR gate
The truth table of an XNOR gate is given below
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Application of Logic Gates

Logic gates have a lot of applications, but they are mainly based on their mode of
operations or their truth table. Basic logic gates are often found in circuits such as safety
thermostats, push-button locks, automatic watering systems, light-activated burglar
alarms and many other electronic devices.
One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in various
combinations if the operations are advanced. Besides, there is no limit to the number of
gates that can be used in a single device. However, it can be restricted due to the given
physical space in the device. In digital integrated circuits (ICs), we will find an array of
the logic gate area unit.
De Morgan’s Theorem
The first theorem – It states that the NAND gate is equivalent to a bubbled OR gate.
�.�¯=�¯+�¯
The second theorem – It states that the NOR gate is equivalent to a bubbled AND
gate.
�+�―=�¯.�¯
Important Conversions
1) The ‘NAND’ gate: From ‘AND’ and ‘NOT’ gates.
Boolean expression and truth table
�=�.�―
A B Y′=A⋅B �=�.�―
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
(2) The ‘NOR’ gate: From ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ gates.
�=�+�―
A B Y′=A+B �=�+�―
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
(3) The ‘XOR’ gate: From ‘NOT’, ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ gates.
The logic gate, which gives a high output (i.e., 1) if either input A or input B but not both
are high (i.e. 1), is called the exclusive OR gate or the XOR gate. It may be noted that if
both the inputs of the XOR gate are high, then the output is low (i.e., 0).
�.�¯+�¯.�
or
�=�⨁�
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
(4) The Exclusive-nor (XNOR) gate XOR + NOT
Boolean expression
�=(�⨁�)¯
A B Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Frequently Asked Questions on Basic Logic Gates

Q1
What is the use of basic logic gates?

Fundamental logical functions are performed using basic logic gates. These are the
fundamental components of integrated circuits.
Q2
What are the types of basic logic gates?
AND gate, OR gate, XOR gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, XNOR gate and NOT gate are
the seven types of basic logic gates.
Q3
What are universal gates?
A universal gate is a logic gate that can implement any Boolean function without using
another logic gate. The universal gates are the NOR and NAND gates.

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Logic gates are an important concept if you are studying electronics.

Types of Basic Logic Gates

The Boolean expression of the OR gate is Y = A + B, read as Y equals A ‘OR’ B.

The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is given as

The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A.B

The truth table of a two-input AND basic gate is given as

The Boolean expression is

It is read as Y equals NOT A.

The truth table of a NAND gate is given as

The truth table of a NOR gate is as follows

Exclusive-OR gate (XOR Gate)

Exclusive-NOR Gate (XNOR Gate)

The Boolean expression of the XNOR gate

The truth table of an XNOR gate is given below

Application of Logic Gates

(2) The ‘NOR’ gate: From ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ gates.

Boolean expression and truth table

Boolean expression and truth table

(4) The Exclusive-nor (XNOR) gate XOR + NOT

Frequently Asked Questions on Basic Logic Gates

What is the use of basic logic gates?

What are the types of basic logic gates?

What are universal gates?

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