Unit 4

UNIT 4: Dealing with the Challenges of
Adolescence Stage
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Lesson 1: Setting the Stage
Jump Start 5
Learn about It! 6
Check Your Understanding 23
Explore Your World! 25
Lesson 2: Effective Communication
Jump Start 28
Learn about It! 29
Lesson 3: Self-Affirmation
Jump Start 49
Learn about It! 50
Real-world Challenge 64
My Reflection 65
Wrap Up 66
Answers to Check Your Understanding 71
Bibliography 78
Glossary 82
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Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
GRADE 11/12 | Personal Development
UNIT 4
Dealing with the Challenges of

Adolescence Stage
“The hardest thing about adolescence is that everything seems too big. There's no way to
get context or perspective. Pain and joy without limits. No one can live like that forever,
so experience finally comes to our rescue. We come to know what we can endure, and
also that nothing endures.”
-Sara Paretsky
This unit focuses on how different events and situations affect the development of
adolescents. The topics covered help you to engage in self-discovery and
improvement. The knowledge that you will gain as you learn and understand these
topics make you grateful and appreciative of both the positive and negative events
in your lives. These events help in shaping your future self and make you realize
that life may not always be good but your innate strength and character can help
you face and learn from these challenges.
Adam and Leo
Adam is in deep trouble. He is a brilliant student but

rebels against school authorities and his parents. He was
brought up in a religious family, but when his parents
split, he started engaging in risky activities. Although he
maintained good grades at first, his focus wavered, and he
engaged in alcohol drinking, smoking, gambling, and
drugs. By the time he reached his third year in high
school, he became addicted to alcohol and gambling.
Adam is on the brink of not finishing his studies because
of his alcohol dependence and gambling addiction.
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Leo is Adam’s classmate. The two of them share a lot of similarities in physical looks
and level of intelligence. Like Adam, Leo’s parents are separated. However, unlike
Adam, Leo turned to his friends and other family members for guidance when his
parents called it quits. He focused on his studies and avoided activities that would
lead him to trouble. He joined school activities and community outreach programs.
Gradually, Leo saw that there are other things to be thankful for. He refused to
dwell on the fact that he came from a broken family and promised himself that
when he becomes a husband and a father, he will be supportive of his wife and
children.
Adolescence is a chaotic stage. It is a stage full of contradictions. There is the pull of

being an emerging adult, with its increasing responsibilities and independence, and
at the same time, the pull of being a child with its innocence and carefree attitude.
It is a time that a young person begins to guide himself/herself into the world. As an
adolescent, a young person begins to have a greater understanding of how his
surroundings work, and upon learning this, he/she is baffled by possibilities and
restrictions. In a world full of contradictions, an adolescent learns to create his
perceptions and applies his/her gradually evolving value system. This makes this
stage both a wonderful and a frightening period in anyone’s life.
Essential Questions
 What are the challenges that you face and how can you manage them?
 What are the expectations placed upon you and how does you feel about
them?
 How can you become a lovable and capable person?
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Learning Targets
In this unit, you should be able to:
● discuss that facing the challenges during adolescence may able to clarify and
manage the demands of teen years;
● express his/her feelings on the expectations of the significant people around
him/her (parents, siblings, friends, teachers, community leaders); and
● make affirmations that help one become more lovable and capable as an
adolescent.
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Lesson 1: Setting the Stage
Adolescence is a stage that prepares you for adulthood. It is an exciting period
since it allows you to widen your experiences and expand your social circle. At the
same time, it is also a frightening period since it is the beginning of breaking away
from childhood. The transition from being a child to being an adult can make you
confused and at a loss as to how you can handle the bumps of growing up.
Jump Start
Materials: paper, pen
Instructions:
You need to create an enough space for the activity. You will be shown a power
point presentation about the issues that you are facing. These issues will come in
the form of questions that are answerable by Yes or No. If you are facing the
chosen dilemma, you will go to the ‘Yes’ side and if not, you will go to the ‘No’ side.
Here are some questions:
Have you ever wished you live alone? Yes or No

Do you enjoy staying out late? Yes or No
Have you ever tried sneaking out just to go to parties? Yes or No
You will be asked to share your opinion as to why you chose your answer to a
certain question.
The activity will be processed by answering the following questions:
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Was it easy for you to identify the issues that you are facing right now?
Do you think that these issues affect how you see the world around you? Why or
Why not?
As an adolescent, do you try to solve these problems on your own? Why or why
not?
Who are the people who support you in times of crisis?
Learn about It!

A person must grow and experience
PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
trials to attain maturity. This is a key
issue during the adolescent stage. Do you believe that adolescence is a
Any person in this stage experiences period of stress and storm? Why?
varying events and situations that
lead to a deeper understanding of
how you survive in a world where you do not always get what you want. In many
instances, you face the challenge of proving yourself to society and how you can
contribute to the betterment of your communities. The beginning of this stage is a
mark that you must start letting go of childhood and start the transition of
becoming an adult.
The Importance of Facing Challenges: The Development of Initiative
Challenges will either make or break a person. People live in a world that is
changing. When there is change, there is a challenge. The successful resolution of a
challenge results in the formation of initiative. An initiative is instrumental in
pursuing goals.
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Initiative
Marilyn Price-Mitchell defined initiative as the ability to push life in a forward and
purpose-driven direction. It involves both the motivation from within the individual
and the outward means of attaining one’s goals.
Teenagers seem to be blessed with initiative. It has been associated with motivation
and achievement, but it is more complicated than these two. It is developed during
the adolescent stage. There are two components that affect this development:
mastery of experiences and support coming from significant others like
families and friends.
The roots of an initiative are planted through kindness, empathy, and

compassion. When these three have been instilled since childhood, these children
become adolescents who have integrated these values. They are geared towards
taking initiatives that benefit not only themselves, but their communities or
societies, and employers as well.
Factors that Give Rise to Adolescent Issues
“It’s a jungle out there.”
This statement may be simple, but once it is applied into your world, it takes on a
whole new meaning. This can sum up your perception about the world around you.
It is a jungle in the sense that there are many challenges and issues that you
experience. Since your world is not limited to your immediate family (but includes
school, church, the peer groups to which you belong, and the greater community),
the scope of these challenges widen as well. You are faced with conflicting values,
inconsistent rules, and expectations that may prove to be challenging to meet and
resolve.
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Nature and Nurture
Your development is dictated by the combination of your genes and culture. Since
people are made up of different combinations of genes, it is expected that you will
have unique characteristics. Aside from your genes, the environment where you
were brought up adds up to this uniqueness. These factors include your family
background; your socio-economic status; educational attainment of parents; having
an intact or a broken family; language factors; societal expectations; and other
things. This is the reason why two adolescents may have different personalities
despite the fact that they are of the same age. Since you are a member of the
society, you abide by the expectations of people around you. It is in these
expectations that conflicts may arise.
In the field of Science, Human Development is regarded as a scientific study of how

you change as you go from one life stage to another. This development comes in
sequential order. It is not shown randomly. Rather, it has specific timetables that all
human beings follow. Moreover, each stage of development has a specific
description and has hazards associated with it.
Lastly, there are expectations for every period. As discussed in the previous unit,
these expectations come in the form of tasks that you must meet to accomplish
and gain succeeding skills and behavior patterns. These expectations are also called
as developmental tasks.
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The developmental tasks that are expected during adolescence are:
 Achieving gender-specific roles
 Creating mature relations with both genders
 Accepting one’s physical characteristics
 Developing a set of values and ethics to guide future behavior
 Preparing for marriage and family
 Developing emotional independence
 Preparing for a career or profession
 Achieving socially acceptable and responsible behavior
These tasks that you are expected to accomplish can be challenging. The inability to
meet these tasks causes problems or issues during the adolescent stage.
Issues during the Adolescent Period:
Physical Concerns
In the society, people emphasize on healthy living.

Campaigns are made towards healthy lifestyle by
encouraging people to eat a balanced diet and engage in
physical activities. The end goals are: to have a healthy body
so one can live longer, and to look and feel good. The latter is
where the issue is coming from for adolescents. Teenagers
like to appear attractive for some reasons. Unfortunately, the
manner of achieving physical perfection may be taken to
extreme degrees that result in more problems.
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Eating Disorders
While it is expected that teenagers are bound

to gain weight; negative feelings are created by
TIP!
the idea that gaining too much weight can
make you unattractive. These negative feelings When thinking about the
can result in eating disorders. common eating disorders,
remember ABB.
Eating disorders usually begin in the
A –norexia Nervosa.
adolescent stage. These are caused by several
B – ulimia Nervosa.
factors including genetic, psychological and B –inge-eating Disorder.
social factors. Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia
Nervosa, and Binge Eating are just some
examples of this disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa is shown by people who think that they are overweight
when in fact, they are already underweight. They usually restrict their food
intake; constantly monitor their weight; and eat small quantities of food.
Bulimia Nervosa is shown by people who eat large amounts of food. They
feel that they cannot control this urge. This is followed by actions that
compensate for this lack of control like forced vomiting (done by inserting
the fingers or other long objects like a toothbrush in the mouth). The
person may also engage in excessive exercise.
Binge-eating Disorder is shown by uncontrollable

eating. This differs from Bulimia since there is no effort
to do excessive exercise, fasting, and forced vomiting.
People with eating disorders run the risk of having

health problems. The lack of nutrients can weaken the
body. It can be done by making the people susceptible
to malnutrition, anemia, ulcer, dehydration, kidney
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failure, brittle bones, heart failure, muscle weakness, gastric rupture, tooth decay,
irregular bowel movement, rupture of the esophagus during vomiting, high blood
pressure and cholesterol level, heart disease, gallbladder disease, and diabetes.
Eating Disorders and the Developmental Task of Forming an Identity and

Group Conformity
Since you are beginning to develop your sense of identity, your self-esteem is also
affected. In trying to meet the standards of people regarding the ideal body weight
and appearance; you begin to feel that you must do something to meet these
standards. Hence, you engage in unhealthy patterns of behavior. Your
dissatisfaction with your body and low self-esteem are contributory factors to the
development of eating disorders.
In this stage, the influence of your peers is strong that

you begin to dress, act, and talk the way your peers do.
It becomes natural for you to consider losing weight to
fit into the mold. Adolescents who do not comfortably
fit into one group may feel alienated. This makes them
prone to emotional difficulties.
It is worth considering though, that “wanting to belong”

and social standards are not just the reasons for eating
disorders. Eating disorders can also be influenced by
physiological factors like genetics and brain activity. It is
recommended to seek the help of professionals when
dealing with this issue.
REMEMBER ME!
Eating disorders usually begin in the adolescent stage. They can result in
negative feelings. Eating disorders are caused by genetic, physiological,
psychological, and social factors.
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Substance Abuse
Carandang et al. discussed drug addiction among the youth. Drug addiction is
defined as the condition in which an individual is unable to control the use of
addictive substances known as psychoactive drugs. Psychoactive drugs can be legal
or illegal.
EXAMPLE
Legal Psychoactive Drugs – nicotine and alcohol

Illegal Psychoactive Drugs – marijuana, cocaine, and heroine among others
Psychoactive drugs cause psychological effects. This happens when there is an

interaction between the brain chemicals and the chemicals from these substances.
They affect the balance of these brain chemicals that results in unusual behaviors.
The change in the number of neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) affects how
people sense things, feel, and behave. The U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse
reported that regular consumption of these drugs could cause mental illness.
EXAMPLE
Some Mental Illnesses Caused by Psychoactive Drugs:

 Hallucinations.
 Uncontrolled Aggression.
 Mood Disorders.
 Irrational Fears.
 Psychotic Disorders.
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Types of Psychoactive Drugs
TIP!
To remember the types of

psychoactive drugs, think of
Stay Distant from Negative
Habits.
A. Stimulants like crystal meth and cocaine S – timulants.

B. Depressants like alcohol D – epressants.
C. Narcotics like morphine codeine, and N – arcotics.
heroine H – allucinogens.
D. Hallucinogens like LSD and ecstasy
Just like eating disorders, substance abuse is a complex disorder that is caused by
some determinants like being genetically predisposed to drug addiction, social, and
psychological factors.
REMEMBER ME!
Psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and

hallucinogens. They cause psychological effects when combined with the
chemicals in the brain. These effects come in the form of disturbed
perception, emotional imbalance, and behavior changes.
Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol is a drug that elevates five neurotransmitters that affect our thinking,
feeling, and behavior. It can heighten the level of GABA, serotonin, and glutamate
that produces the feeling of euphoria (extreme happiness) through its dopamine
effect. Due to this intense feeling, alcohol causes addiction.
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Alcohol is a depressant, which means that it
slows down important functions that are
manifested through unsteady movement,
slurring, slow reflexes, and disturbed
perceptions. It reduces the ability for rational
thinking and clouds a person’s judgment.
The effect of alcohol depends on the amount

consumed. There are people who drink alcohol
just to loosen up or decrease inhibitions.
However, if the consumption is more than what
the body can handle, it can lead to depressant
effects. Health problems result from long-term
use of alcohol like liver disease, malnutrition, ulcers, cancer and even injuries or
death due to accidents and violent behavior. Other effects include marital
problems, loss of productivity, domestic violence and the like.
Teen Pregnancy
During the National Summit on Teen Pregnancy held last 2014,

it was stated that the Philippines faces the possibility of having
a full-blown, national teenage pregnancy crisis. The facts
presented during this gathering stressed the importance of
comprehensive, scientific, and evidence-based knowledge and
healthcare services for young Filipinos with regards to their
sexual development.
The UN Population Fund presented the top ASEAN countries

with high rates of teenage pregnancy in 2011 and the
Philippines occupied the top spot. Other countries include
Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
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What makes you prone to alcohol and substance abuse and teenage
pregnancy?
This can be attributed to your fable. During the adolescent years, you exhibit
personal fable. Its beginnings date back to the time when Jean Piaget used or
coined the word egocentrism.
Piaget, a psychologist who proposed the cognitive theory of development, defined

egocentrism as self-centeredness. This refers to a child’s tendency to consider
their point-of-view alone without taking other people’s perspectives. This concept
was picked up by David Elkind who formulated the Adolescent Egocentrism Theory
in 1967. Personal fable is regarded by Elkind as the thinking of being special,
invincible, or important, and that others are concerned or preoccupied with you.
EXAMPLE
Personal Fable is shown through:
1. You often feel that you, alone, can fulfill your ambitions.
2. You feel that other people will get into trouble but not you.
3. You believe that others are always watching you.
4. Engaging in alcohol drinking and drugs.
5. Driving recklessly and without a license.
It is believed that egocentrism is related to your risk-taking behavior. The result is

the impression that you can do different activities, even dangerous ones, and you
will not suffer from disastrous consequences. Research shows that you can identify
risks but do not pay attention to them due to immaturity.
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Peer Pressure
During the adolescent stage, you begin to practice autonomy and form your
identity. This is manifested when you (at the age of 12-14 years old) begin to
practice emotional independence from the parents. You usually form same-sex
groups and a decrease in parental guidance and less participation in family
activities are noticed. In this stage, the influence of your peers is strong that you
begin to imitate the behavior of your friends. You may feel alienated if do not
comfortably fit into one group. This makes you prone to emotional difficulties.
By the age of 15-17, your peer group evolves into a mixed-gender group. You
develop intense emotional attachments to fellow adolescents and can get attracted
to adults. This stage starts the beginning of looking for a potential life partner.
When you reach the late adolescence stage (18-21 years), your identity is already
formed. You also begin to handle adult responsibilities; hence, your sense of
responsibility is enhanced. You may veer away from your peers. You start to
establish permanent relationships, and your values change.
Peer pressure is apparent at this stage. It is described as the influence of other

people’s perceptions on your decisions or actions, which may either, be the
perceptions of a group of people or just an individual. Your need to be your person
make you attracted to the company of young people.
REMEMBER ME!
Peer pressure is the influence of other people’s perceptions of individual

decision or actions, which may either be a group of people or just an
individual.
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The lure of experiencing the subcultures in groups makes it hard for you to resist
your peers. Emotional independence makes it easy for you to rely more on friends
rather than your family members. Hence, conflict with parents is at its height. On a
positive note, your developing independence makes you examine your experiences,
relate you to others, and form the concern for other people.
Peer pressure is not always bad. There are teenagers who band together and
provide emotional support to their friends. At this point, a teenager must be
cautious in choosing friends. There are some who think about their welfare, while
there are others who do not.
Parents and Autonomy
Although autonomy is developed, cultural factors can affect the speed of this
development. In the Philippine context, parents are careful in allowing their
children to practice full independence. In a study by Fulgini in 1998 as mentioned in
the work of Carandang et al., it was determined that European, Mexican, Chinese,
and Filipino respondents show their autonomy through privacy and control of one’s
body and their choices, and preferences like fashion style and choice of friends.
Adolescents and their Morality: Rebels with or without a cause?
Rebellion is one issue during adolescent years. This

can be because of the need for independence
among young people. Parents look at resistance in a
negative light because it makes it difficult for them
to provide guidance and structure to the adolescent.
Also, rebelling teens expose themselves and others
to harm.
Another factor that can influence the development

of rebellion can be the moral development of
adolescents. Morality is described as the way
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people choose to live their lives in accordance to a set of principles and guidelines
that influence their decisions about what is right and wrong and what is good and
evil.
REMEMBER ME!
Morality is described as the way people choose to live their lives in

accordance to a set of principles and guidelines that influence their decisions
about what is right and wrong and what is good and evil.
As you grow, you expand your knowledge about morality and begin to align your
behavior based on your values and beliefs. The influence of peers can have a
significant effect on your morality. Your ability to think in abstract terms make
you realize that rules are simply made by others. This, in turn, makes you question
the authority of schools, parents, government, and other institutions. Teens who
are rebelling tend to push the boundaries that are set by society in general.
By the time you reach late adolescence, you have a clear knowledge of your
identity. Your belief system is beginning to solidify, and you begin to find your way
into the world. Rebellion may be apparent during the adolescent years; however,
not all teens who rebelled will grow up to be irresponsible individuals. Some of
them will develop a firm moral code that comes from their experiences during their
rebellious years. The maturity level of these people improves, and they can engage
in activities that show their convictions.
Life experiences can affect the development of a sense of morality among

adolescents. Traumatic experiences like the death of a parent, or aggressive
behavior towards adolescents, and even negative influence from friends and peers
can lead to the inability to follow a moral compass among the youth.
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REMEMBER ME!
Abstract thinking involves imagining or comprehending things that are not

physically present. Concepts of love, justice, and peace are understood. Even
higher levels of mathematical calculations are understood.
Concrete thinking involves making conclusions based on the actual presence

or direct experiencing an object or concept.
EXAMPLE
Joining protest rallies, engaging in environmental development activities,

participating in community development are ways of showing the moral
convictions of adolescents.
Relationships among Adolescents
You and your parents tend to clash during this period. Your perspectives and those
of your parents are quite different from each other. For the parents, they believe
that you must always be protected and be safe from any harm. Thus, there is a
constant need to check on what you are doing, where you are, or finding out who
are your companions.
For you, your need for independence is in contrast to the need of the parents who
always want to make sure that you are safe. To some adolescents, they may feel
that always asking for their activities and whereabouts intrudes their privacy.
While it is expected that your emotional competence or the ability to handle and
manage emotional responses is developed in this stage, this can be a difficult task
to achieve since you are not yet fully capable of controlling your emotions.
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In conjunction with emotional
competence is social competence. It
is the ability to relate to others
effectively. Its hallmark is the ability to
recognize your emotions and the
emotions of others.
REMEMBER ME!
Emotional competence is the ability to handle and manage emotional

responses.
Social competence is the ability to relate to others effectively.
As you grow, you widen your social relationships. You form cliques and engage in
romantic relationships. Nevertheless, the friendships you form may not always last
as criticisms, backstabbing, disloyalty, and other negative things can affect the
quality of these friendships. Even romantic relationships can affect you. At this
stage, romantic feelings are intense, which can also be said to other feelings that
are felt by a teenager. A budding romance can leave you giddy with happiness, but
a break-up can also lead to feelings of despair.
These situations add to the development of the emotional and social competence
of a person.
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Academic Concerns and Career Options
No matter how hardworking you are, you will be distracted by some things.
Distractions come in many forms like preoccupation with friends or hobbies
including online gaming, going out with friends, or playing sports. Social media can
also affect the concentration of an adolescent. Procrastination is also a dangerous
distraction. It is describe as the postponement of the completion of an activity.
Anxiety is also a prominent concern among adolescents. Since you are looking
forward to your future, you also could not help but wonder what the future would
bring. This causes you to feel afraid of failure. It is normal to feel anxious from time
to time just as long as it does not interfere with your daily routines and
relationships with other people.
Choosing a career is not an easy thing to do, especially if there are pressing
concerns to attend to like lack of funds for college, family problems, and lack of
opportunities for the career in mind. Seeking the advice of others like parents,
siblings, teachers, counselors, and even friends can help you decide on the career
or course that you will take.
The Need for Working-Out the Issues: Resolution Leads to Successful Living
A healthy discussion about these issues can work wonders for the peace of mind of
any adolescent. As stated at the beginning of this unit, the initiative is developed
when people face challenges. The acts of working out issues and facing tough tasks
harness your ability to face any obstacle that comes your way. This is sure to be
achieved if you can meet and surpass the challenges head-on.
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In a study about parental support
about the ability of children to
face challenges, it was found out
that supportive fathers and close
relationships with mothers help
young people face the demands
of adolescence. This indicates that
a loving and supportive family is
always an antidote to negative
outcomes that result from the
inability to handle difficulties and
succeed during the adolescent
period.
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Check Your Understanding
A. Read each statement carefully. Supply the correct words to complete the
statement.
1. The way people choose their lives based on a set of principles and guidelines
is known as ____________.
2. _____________ cause psychological effects when combined with the chemicals

in the brain.
3. A _____________ is the belief that one is special, important, and that he/she will
not get into trouble.
4. If a child insists that she is afraid of the basement because there are ghosts
despite assuring her that there are no ghosts in there, she is showing
_____________.
5. An adolescent shows ________________ if he/she can handle or control his

emotional outbursts.
B. Read each situation carefully and answer the questions for each item.
1. What could be the reason why adolescents create their own value systems?
Identify and explain you answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does too much alcohol consumption affect the safety of a person?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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3. How can you explain the quote that was given at the start of this unit?
“The hardest thing about adolescence is that everything seems too big. There's
no way to get context or perspective. Pain and joy without limits. No one can live
like that forever, so experience finally comes to our rescue. We come to know
what we can endure, and also that nothing endures.”
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
C. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. When Annie became a teenager, she noticed a lot of changes in her body.
She gained weight and this bothered her a lot. She became preoccupied with
losing weight and to solve this problem, she began to eat less and less. How
can this behavior affect Annie?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Leo is a 16-year-old who insists on riding his scooter without wearing a

helmet because it makes him uncomfortable. His parents always remind him to
wear his helmet but he makes it a point to avoid this by saying to himself that
he drives carefully so he will not experience an accident. How can you explain
this behavior?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Natalie is a shy girl. She does not easily make friends due to her excessive
shyness. However, this changed when she became a part of a group who call
themselves as “The It Girls.” Soon she started dressing just like them and
showed mannerisms that are similar to the members’ mannerisms. How can
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you explain this change?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Explore Your World!

Task 1: Me Today, Me in the Future
Instructions:
Make a list of what you want to change in your life right now. These things could be
in the form of health concerns, socio-economic status, relationship problems,
family conflict, or academic difficulties. Choose three and write down how these
things are affecting you and how you can overcome these concerns. Share your
output and insights with the class.
Criteria for Scoring Points

Clarity of ideas 3
Presence of relevant details 3
Creativity and uniqueness of the presentation 2
Grammatically correct sentences and level of 2
confidence
Total 10
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Task 2: People Watching
Instructions:
Pick a partner in class. Think of a fictional character that you and your partner both
like (Ex. Harry Potter or Katniss Everdeen). Discuss the issues that confronted this
character and how he/she was able to overcome these obstacles. Share your
output to the class using your discussion and an image of this character.

Clarity of ideas 3
Presence of relevant and accurate details 3
confidence
Total 10
Task 3: Debate
Instructions:
Your class will be divided into two. Your task is to debate on the issue “Should
Filipino Adolescents (those 18 and above) be encouraged to live on their own?” Each
group is given enough time to do your research. You will be given a set rules of
engagement that each of your group must follow together with the corresponding
criteria.
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Accuracy of information 5
Clarity and logical reasoning 5
confidence
Total 15
In the journal Developmental Review published in 2008, it was discussed that

oxytocin is a hormone that affects the self-centeredness of teens. Oxytocin is
known as the “bonding hormone.” A greater sensitivity to its effects increases
the feeling of self-consciousness. This makes a teenager feel that other people
are watching him or her. This self-consciousness reaches its peak at 15 years of
age.
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Lesson 2: Effective Communication
Adolescence is a stage that prepares you for adulthood. It is an exciting period
since it allows you to widen your experiences and expand your social circle. At the
same time, it is also a frightening period since it is the beginning of your breaking
away from childhood. The transition from being a child to being an adult can make
you confused and at a loss as to how you can handle the bumps of growing up.
Jump Start
Materials: pieces of paper
Instructions:
Play a little game. Those who are interested can volunteer for the activity. These
volunteers must act out the emotion that the teacher will write on a piece of paper.
These emotions can include disappointment, happiness, fear, anger, sadness. You
will guess what the emotion is being acted by the volunteers. The teacher will write
these emotions on the board after you have identified them.
After the activity, you will be asked by these questions:

Was it easy to recognize and identify the emotions?
What made it easy to guess the emotions?
Have you ever felt these emotions strongly?
How did you handle them?
You will also be asked with this question: “When people expect you to do or
accomplish something, what are the feelings that you experience?” and/or “Can
expectations affect you?
28
Learn about It!
Expectations - a word that sends shivers down your spine. The thought of
accomplishing specific tasks creates a feeling of discomfort that is magnified by the
uncertainty of the future. A well-adjusted teen is not immune to the effect that this
simple word brings. A teenager, who has not yet formed enough self-confidence
can fall into the trap of feeling apprehensive about what the future may bring.
Dictionary.com defines expectation as the degree of probability that something

will occur. This word connotes possibility, the chance that something will happen.
People use this word to imply that they are waiting and that they are hoping.
How do people view expectations? Do we need them?
Carl Pickhardt described expectations

as mental sets people choose to PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
create to help move through time
(now to later) and change (old to new) How do you handle expectations? Do
with some sense of what reality they you see them as challenges or
have to look forward to and what potential failures? Do you thrive on
objectives they have to work for. He challenges or do you shrink away from
added that expectations are needed them?
so people can anticipate what comes
next. When there is no expectation, there is emotional discomfort.
Expectations can both be positive and negative. On the positive side, expectations
can make you motivated to achieve success. On the flipside, the failure to meet
expectations can result in negative feelings. Expectations are both powerful and
difficult to handle.
29
Suppose you can meet your expectations for an examination. Upon receiving high
marks, you could feel a sense of security and pride. This affirms a positive reaction
from you. But if the result did not go as planned, a feeling of anxiety can happen.
There are disappointment and self-doubt.
REMEMBER ME!
Expectations are describe as mental sets people choose to create to help move
through time and change with some sense of what reality they have to look
forward to and what objectives they have to work for.
.
Expectations and Adolescents
The expectations of parents and

previous academic performance
were the impetus that drove Wigfield
and Eccles to develop the
Expectancy-Value Theory in 2002.
This assumption upholds the notion
that your values and expectations
are influenced by the social
environment and your prior academic performance. The social environment
pertains to influences coming from the parents, neighborhood, teachers, and
community). These elements influence your persistence level, academic
performance and the choice of academic subjects.
The parental expectation is directly associated with the academic achievement of

students. This is based on the studies done by Aldous in 2006 and Benner and
Mistry in 2007. Furthermore, parental expectations buffered the negative effects of
low expectations of teachers. When there is a high expectation coming from the
parents, students tend to do well in their academics. However, the perception of
these expectations must run parallel to each other. Perception of low expectation
30
from the students but high expectation from the parents can result in negative
feelings. In short, both the students and parents must have the same perception or
knowledge of this perception for it to work and happen. Also, the academic
expectations of the parents are in turn, affected by the academic performance of
the students.
EXAMPLE
Jerry Trusty conducted a study to find out if family and parenting affects the
expectations about education. It was found out that the knowledge of the
parents’ involvement affects educational expectations.
These studies show the power of expectations on students. However, these

expectations are not always linear which means that high expectations always
results in high achievement. Both parents and adolescents must have shared
knowledge of these expectations to have a positive effect.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: The Pygmalion Effect
A self-fulfilling prophecy is defined as a belief that becomes a reality because you

act as if it were already true or happening. This is also known as the Law of
Attraction (the expectations that you have to change your behavior and influence
how other people see you). A self-fulfilling prophecy makes you anticipate
feedbacks that strengthen the original belief.
31
Expectancy Effect
The description of expectancy

effect states that the expectations
of other people can shape the way
you can confirm these
expectations. A classic study about
expectancy effect was conducted
by Robert Rosenthal in which the
teachers were given names of
several students who were tested
and found to be intellectual
bloomers. This information was not true because the names were just randomly
picked and the students were not tested at all. Nevertheless, the teachers’
expectations changed. By the end of the year, these students did bloom and
performed better as compared to others.
REMEMBER ME!
Self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief that becomes a reality because you act as if

it were already true of happening.
Expectancy effect stresses that the expectations of other people can shape
the way you can confirm these expectations.
32
How Do Significant People Influence Adolescent Behavior?
A. Family
The particular example in this discussion

focused on the effect of parents and
economic conditions of families and how
these can influence the behavior of
adolescents. Rand D. Conger asserted that
the family and the economic conditions
affect the behavior and emotions of both
parents and their children. Conger
explained the social causation model. In
this model, it was stressed that economic disadvantage and social conditions affect
effective family functioning. In short, a family that is not able to meet the needs of
its members brings a negative effect on the psychological welfare of the parents
and children. These needs can be in the form of financial, emotional, social,
cognitive, and psychological factors.
In connection with the social causation

TIP!
model, the family stress model explains that
economic conditions affect how family To easily remember Social
members interact with each other. In this Causation Model, imagine
model, punishing experiences like economic this figure:
pressure can worsen negative emotions like
Effective Family
depression, aggression, or anger. The family’s Functioning
emotional response and the adolescent

determine how the event can cause a
psychological effect.
Economic Social
Disadvantage Conditions
33
Figure 1. Diagram of the Family Stress Model
Economic Family Psychological

conditions Interaction Effect
EXAMPLE
When parents develop negative emotions like depression or anger with each
other, it can result in increased conflict. Consequently, inconsistent, harsh
parenting, and even withdrawal can happen. The adolescent, in response,
becomes prone to risky behavior and develops lesser competencies that protect
or makes them immune from these risks.
B. Peers
Mitchell J. Prinstein and Kenneth

A. Dodge said that peer influence
is a complex matter. A topic that
has been receiving attention is
the relationship of your behavior
and the behavior of your peers.
Two possible reasons have been
given to explain this association:
 You are prone to belong to
a group that has the same characteristics because you choose people who
are similar to you.
34
 When you befriend a particular set of people, you have the tendency to
imitate the traits or the behaviors they show.
REMEMBER ME!
You are prone to belong to a group that has the same characteristics because
you choose people who are similar to you.
When you befriend a particular set of people, you have the tendency to
imitate the traits or the behaviors they show.
Peer influence is not always beneficial. The quality of friends can have detrimental
effects on you particularly if you belong to a group that engages in risky behavior.
Your need to belong makes you susceptible to the influence of your peers. You
would like to follow or imitate people who are popular. This is because you pay
attention to social comparison and appraisal. You are also concerned with meeting
the demands of popular people.
Prinstein differentiated well-liked students from popular students. Popular

adolescents are those who are at the top of dominance hierarchy. This means that
they are the most influential people, particularly to risky behaviors. They are
aggressive and usually are prone to high-risk behavior.
Furthermore, he offered a possible mechanism for engaging in risky behavior. This

is called deviancy training. Deviancy training is described as the specific types of
interactions within friendships that may strengthen or reinforce talk about deviant
(rule-breaking) behavior.
35
EXAMPLE
When two young friends have done a deviant act (like drinking), this may be
followed by laughter and encouragement. Laughter and encouragement can
influence the possibility of repeating and engaging in the deviant behavior of
drinking at a young age.
What are some of the risky behaviors that are influenced by peers?
 Aggressive behavior
 Substance abuse
 Depressive symptoms including suicidal behavior, weight-related behavior
(like Anorexia Nervosa)
 Non-suicidal self-injury
Who is most likely to be influenced by peers who are prone to risky behavior?
 Teens with low self-esteem or high level of social anxiety (fear of mingling or
interacting with other people)
 Teens who are rejected
 Teens with poor relationships with their families
The Peer Group and Its Expectations
In any peer group, there is a set of rules that are observed. For instance, if a group
is known to be the adventure type and is always on the lookout for a good time
outside of the school, it becomes an unwritten rule that members must find time to
join them. This expectation can become the rule in this particular peer group.
36
C. School
The school plays an important part

in developing behavior. A school
influences your experiences
regarding the feeling of being
connected; your belief of feeling
safe within the school; and the
worth or the value of relationships
that are formed during your stay.
The expectations placed by the
school on you can also affect students. For instance, if you are able to enroll in a
school that emphasizes on high academic performance, you will continue to do well
in academics so you can continue attending this institution.
D. Community
TIP!
To remember the factors

that influence an adolescent,
remember FPSC.
F –amily.
P –eers.
S –chool.
C –ommunity.
The community influences your behavior.

Tama Leventhal and Deborah Gorman-Smith acknowledged the influence of the
community in your development. Specifically, the neighborhood, including its
housing quality, economic status, and availability of resources are important. So,
too, are the social processes that happen in these communities like the interaction
between the peers, families, schools, and community leaders. Your belonging in a
community makes you aware of the expected behaviors that members follow so
you abide by these rules.
37
Putting Them All Together
There is no doubt that the influence of these people on you is massive. Since you
cannot live alone, you learn to interact with other people. Upon interacting, you
learn the sub-culture, the likes and dislikes, the traditions, and even the behavior
patterns and mindsets of the members of the social groups you mingle with. Your
expectations, whether explicitly stated or not, can make a person reshape your way
of thinking and behaving. This makes you motivated into joining the “bandwagon”
so as not to be left behind. However, this need not be the case at all time. You have
the right and the will to choose. Conforming to other people can make you lose
your motivation to be different and create your life.
More importantly, the immediate family is pivotal in influencing how you will
respond to the expectations of others. If, for example, a poor family does not
expect you to finish your education because of the expensive cost, then their
motivation to send their family members to school will not be as great compared to
others in which the members have gone and finished college.
In essence, the self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effect can have a significant
bearing on your behavior. For instance, if the peer group where you belong to is
composed of members who are active members of community outreach groups,
with this, you will begin to form the impression that it is expected that you will also
participate in these activities. Your repeated participation will result in positive
feedback from your friends that will trickle down to the belief that you can help
38
other people and make a difference. This will result in the action being repeated
until it becomes part of your system.
Overwhelming Expectations: Their Effects on Adolescents
You are not immune to the effects of emotional difficulties. In fact, you feel it deeply
since it is a part of your maturation process. Combine this with the fact that you are
beginning to handle more and more responsibilities and a potential problem is
likely to occur.
In this day and age, being a teenager is not a walk in the park. Some of these
difficulties are depression and anxiety. These two factors can occur due to the
overwhelming expectations that you are challenged to meet.
Dr. Heidi Peddell Hall, a clinical psychologist, underscored the fact that going to
school is no longer as enjoyable as it was in the past. The requirements that have to
be passed, the changing curriculum, having both parents who work, and the
increasing crime are just some of the effects of modern living.
These days, parents are cautious about letting their children go out and mingle with
others. Being social beings, interacting with other people is important. This
condition leads to isolation and lessens the participation in church activities and
other social networks. Social media is also a contributory factor.
EXAMPLE
A teenager from Plymouth struggled with anxiety since she was little. At 15,
she was hospitalized after she planned on committing suicide. She explained
that the expectations were overwhelming. She further explained that being
exposed to so much information through the use of media, processing them
and balancing a social life and extracurricular activities while maintaining
grades can cause stress and self-loathing.
39
Anxiety and depression can happen to you
if you could not handle the pressure
anymore. But this does not mean that you
will automatically experience these two
emotions. There are students who can
handle obstacles while others need
support. It is important to distinguish
normal pressure from a debilitating one.
Adolescents who feel the need to express their worries and anxiety to others are
advised to do so. A good way to lessen the burden of handling overwhelming
expectations is to talk to people, especially those who are trained to handle student
problems and emotions.
Coping with Emotions: Express Yourself
Psych Central underscored the importance of dealing with difficulties. There are
skills that can be learned so that challenges can be handled easily. Coping with
feelings is one of them. Lisa Schab, a clinical social worker, suggested these coping
mechanisms:
1. Identify and name the feeling. You should identify the type of emotion you are
feeling. Is it sadness, happiness, or anger?
2. Acceptance of what you feel. Avoiding the feelings intensify them. Hoping that
they will go away does not necessarily mean that they will. Remember that it is
alright to feel that emotion. Say, “It’s OK to feel ____________.”
3. Express what you are feeling. The expression of a feeling helps in releasing its
hold on you. There are many ways that this can be done. You can write about them,
talk to other people, cry, or engage in relaxing activities. There is one thing that
must be remembered though, when expressing the feeling - make sure that no one,
including you, is hurt.
40
4. Think of a healthy way of how you can take care of yourself. Ask yourself,
“What do I need right now to feel better? How will I take care of myself? This can be
in the form of a hug, a walk, or support.
Schab also suggested that to become familiar with your feelings; it would help to
monitor the feelings felt throughout the day. Writing the feeling on a piece of paper
can help you to pay attention to your emotions. If possible, you can also observe
the part of the body where the emotion is greatly felt.
Other Methods of Expressing Your Feelings:
1. Singing your feeling or playing an instrument.

2. Taking a walk.
3. Swimming.
4. Saying the feeling.
5. Writing about the feeling.
6. Stretching the body.
7. Drawing objects that represent the feeling.
41
Healthy Communication
Communication is not just about receiving a message. Listening intently and giving
respect are both essential in effectively conveying a message. You may have
difficulty in expressing your thoughts and emotions due to varying reasons.
Nevertheless, the importance of expressing the things that bother you is important.
This creates a feeling that you are welcome to express fears, happiness,
disappointments, and frustrations.
Healthy communication is a two-way process. You and your parents are both
encouraged to talk things out without resorting to bickering, a shouting match, or
hurling insults. Communication is not about winning an argument. It is about
making each other hear and understand what the other is saying and feeling.
There are suggested ways of communicating healthily:
 The use of “I statements.” You or your parent can say this type of
statement: “I feel upset when you leave your clothes on the floor.” This type
of statement does not blame or accuse the listener; rather it makes him/her
aware of the feelings that are evoked when he/she does a specific act.
 Recognize your feelings. Bring up the things that make you uncomfortable
early on, so they do not build up and turn into a bigger issue.
 Be trustworthy. Follow your words with actions. Trust is built if the person
knows that you mean what you say.
42
 Be clear, specific, and direct. Engage in an honest conversation. Make your
message clear, so the other person does not have to guess your meaning.
 Face-to-face interaction is important. Talk to the person directly. The use

of emails and text messages can make him/her miss out on your expression
and body language.
 Ask questions. Clarify things if they are not clear. It is ok to admit that you
don’t always understand what the other person is saying.
 Shouting and yelling are not effective. The only thing that you can
remember is the loud voice and not the message itself. It means waiting for
things to simmer down before talking to another person. This will make it
easier to voice out the concerns because both of you are in control of your
emotions.
 Apologize if necessary. If a mistake is done, be humble enough to

recognize it and apologize. This shows that you are willing to admit mistakes,
so the relationship remains intact.
Growing up is not an easy task. There are expectations that must be met, and these
can affect your well-being. Significant people can affect how you develop and meet
expectations. The family, peers, school personnel and classmates, and community
contribute to how you react and feel about expectations. The feedbacks that you
receive from these people affect how you view yourself and how you respond.
Depending on the circumstances, you may look forward to the expectations set by
others or be discouraged and feel anxious. To deal with the negative feelings
brought about by these negative feelings, you should learn how to express yourself.
This can be done through various methods like naming the feeling, doing physical
activities, engaging in artistic expression and others.
43
statement.
1. A ___________ is a belief that becomes a reality because a person acts as if it

were already true or happening.
2. One of the pioneers of the expectancy effect was ______________, who made a
study about teachers who were given names of intellectual bloomers and who
in turn, treated these students with greater expectations.
3. In the ______________, it was implied that economic disadvantage and social

conditions have an influence on effective family functioning.
4. The ______________ emphasizes that economic conditions affect how family

members interact with each other.
5. The ____________ is described as the specific types of interactions within

friendships that may strengthen rule-breaking behavior.
B. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. There is an expression “Birds of the same feather flock together.” How can this
be related to the participation of teens in unwanted behaviors?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Daisy is a consistent honor student since elementary. Her parents think that she
can achieve her goal of becoming a brilliant lawyer. Her sister, Reign is not showing
any inclination to high academic performance. Their parents are not sure about
44
what course Reign would take. How can their lack of specific expectation for Reign
be explained?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Prinstein offered an explanation that deviancy training influences the possibility

of engaging in risky behavior. What example can you give that shows deviancy
training?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Part C. Read each situation carefully and answer the questions for each item.
1. What makes expectations necessary for setting goals?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the Pygmalion Effect? How is this related to expectations?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Dennis is mad. People are always saying that he is the bad boy in the family. How
can Dennis deal effectively with his anger if he is being constantly accused of being
the bad boy in the family?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
45
Explore Your World!
Task 1: Future Me: A Dialogue
Instructions:
Create a short script between your present self and your future self. Make a
dialogue about the things you want to say to your future self. Let your future self be
the one to answer you about the concerns or praises you said to yourself. You can
volunteer to share your script with the class. Include your insights and self-
discoveries when sharing your answers. Take note that this activity should be
properly guided by the teacher.

Clarity of ideas 3
Sincerity/Genuineness of the dialogue and 2
emotions
Grammatically correct sentences 2
Total 10
Task 2: My So-Called Life
Instructions:
Pick a partner. With the use of the Internet, search for sayings or quotes that reflect
your feelings about the expectations of the people around you. Make a simple
scrapbook containing these quotes. You can print or write them on colored paper
to make each one of them attractive. Share your output to the class together with
your insights and the feelings while you are making the scrapbook. Take note that
this activity should be properly guided by the teacher.
46
Clarity of ideas 3
Sincerity and genuineness of the sharing 2
confidence
Total 10
Task 3: Scene Analysis
Materials: pen, paper
Instructions:
Divide the class into several groups with a maximum of five members each. You will
watch a short video. Each group will be asked to choose the pivotal moment that
caused the change in the character. Then you will illustrate that particular moment
and share why they chose that part of the video and explained the reasons for
highlighting that scene/moment. They must use the concepts learned when
explaining their choice.
Note: Your teacher will select a video that must show an adolescent that is
undergoing major changes in his/her life.

Accuracy of information 5
Clarity and logical reasoning 5
confidence
Total 20
47
Non-suicidal self-injury is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body
tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned
includes behaviors such as cutting, burning, biting, and scratching the skin.
48
Lesson 3: Self-Affirmation
Giving encouraging words can brighten up a person’s day. The act of showing
support makes another person think that people are there to lift one’s spirit. Life
always has its ups and downs, and the thought of receiving comfort from other
people who inspires you to keep trying and trying until things turn out well. But is it
enough to rely on the encouraging words from other people? Does a person have
the ability to lift his/her spirits? This lesson will answer this burning question that
can make a difference between resignation and giving up.
Jump Start
Materials: Power point presentation or cartolina/marker
Instructions:
You will be presented with these quotes:
“The only one who can tell you that you can’t is yourself; and you don’t have to
listen.”
“If no one thinks you can, then you have to.”
You will be asked what it means to you and how you felt the first time you read it.
You will also be asked whether you agree with the quotes or not. You need to
elaborate on your answers by asking you to give an explanation or examples.
49
Learn about It!
A self-defeating attitude can be a bitter pill to swallow. No matter how much you
want to improve yourself, negative beliefs always find your way to remind you of
your faults and imperfections. Is there a way of defeating this monster that eats up
your self-worth? Improving yourself and maintaining your self-confidence is always
a popular topic when studying and observing human behavior. Let us learn more
about how you can defeat uncertainties and improve ourselves.
Affirmations happen when there is a

PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT
need to reprogram the subconscious
mind. It is used to encourage you to When things get tough, what
believe specific things about yourself encouraging statements do you use so
and the world around you. you can get out of a difficult situation?
Affirmations help you in attracting Do you feel reassured when you are
positive things or objects. Some saying these statements or do you feel
examples of these things or objects unsure?
include attracting wealth, love, or
even happiness.
What is Self-Affirmation?
Self-affirmation is described as the
behavioral or cognitive events that sustain,
strengthen and support the perception of
self-integrity (Steele, 1988, cited by
Schmeichel and Vohs in 2009).
The term self-affirmation is also defined as

the process of focusing on your most
important values. The values mentioned are
based on the set of goals or people whom
you regard as very important.
50
EXAMPLE
Events Showing Self-Affirmation:

 Receiving favorable feedback from others.
 Reflection of the positive aspects of the self.
Self-integrity is your perception or belief that you are virtuous, rightful, and is
capable of predicting and controlling outcomes. Self-integrity is present in all
cultures and different points in history. There is a shared belief in all cultures of
what it means to be a person with self-integrity.
Self-integrity means that you are following the concept of agency, virtue, and
goodness. Self-affirmation theory evaluates how you keep your self-integrity when
it is under attack.
Self-affirmation is a form of self-help technique. Its primary job is to develop self-

control. Self-affirmation runs counter to the tendency of automatic responses.
Simply put, habitual acts and thoughts are controlled, suppressed, or changed so
that self-control is developed and practiced.
REMEMBER ME!
Self-affirmation is described as the behavioral or cognitive events that

sustain, strengthen, and support the perception of self-integrity.
51
In the article written by Timothy A. Pychyl, a psychologist whose area of expertise is
the study of procrastination, he highlighted the recent studies that concentrated on
self-affirmations. The results of these studies suggest that self-affirmation modifies
how you think about tasks and goals. When there is self-affirmation, you view them
in an abstract or value-oriented way.
The authors of the research emphasized that self-affirmation is a powerful aid

against negative feedback. This results in less defensiveness and makes you more
open and level-headed in response. Self-affirmations strengthen self-concept.
Origins of Self-Affirmation
The experts in the field of Psychology suggested that you have personal regard and
that it is present as early as the infancy stage. Daniel Gilbert, a social psychologist,
and his colleagues claim that people have a built-in psychological immune system
that facilitates protective adaptations or protective mechanisms when the self-
regard is threatened. These mechanisms come in the form of rationalization
(justification) or explaining why our behavior is that way, and reality-distortion.
EXAMPLE
One example of this distortion of reality is when a beauty pageant candidate

lost and she kept on telling herself that the reason she lost was that she was
not feeling well during the pageant night but when in fact, she was very much
excited during the entire event.
52
Tony Greenwald said that the self is
totalitarian. It interprets events in a way that it
complements its desires and needs. You tend
to believe that you can control the outcomes.
You like taking excessive credit for success.
However, you tend to deny responsibility when
failure happens. Moreover, you are too
optimistic when predicting your success but
are not paying too much attention to your
incompetence. You refuse to learn new things
because of the belief that you are always right.
Self-Affirmation Theory
This theory was created by Claude Steele. It asserts that the main goal of the self is
to protect its self-integrity. When the self-integrity is in danger, you respond in a
way that the self-worth is restored. It affects the cognitive, physical, and actual
behavior of a person.
REMEMBER ME!
Self-affirmation theory asserts that the main goal of the self is to protect self-
integrity. You respond to the dangers of eroding this self-integrity by restoring
your self-worth.
53
Benefits of Self-Affirmation
 It can protect you from the harmful effects of stress on problem-solving.

 It can reduce anxiety.
 It makes you more receptive to your errors allowing you to correct your
mistakes.
 It can make you become less defensive and focus more on the things you
value instead of always justifying your actions.
 It can make you more open-minded to persuasive information and less
biased on evaluating political information or health risk warnings.
 It can make you accept your defeat.
 It can lessen discrimination.
 It can lessen the adverse psychological effects of being the target or focus of
unpleasant stereotyping in schools.
54
Self-Affirmation and Executive Functioning
The Journal of Experimental Social Psychology featured a study entitled “Self-

Affirmation Improves Performance on Tasks Related to Executive Functioning.” In
this study, an experiment was conducted about how self-affirmation can affect the
executive functioning of the participants. Executive functioning is made up of
different processes. However, it can be classified into two broad parts: the
inhibition and working memory.
Working memory. It is described as the memory used in planning and carrying-out

behavior. It is memory-in-action. It is involved in preserving information while at
the same time processing the same information or another. It allows you to
preserve and manipulate momentary information. It is similar to short-term
memory.
EXAMPLE
You are using your working memory if you are solving an equation and
retaining the answer without writing it down on a piece of paper.
Working memory is at work if you can imagine an object and manipulates its
appearance or movement mentally.
Inhibition. It is defined as the permission to suppress responses that may hinder a

goal.
The results of this study showed that self-affirmation caused the superior
performance of the participants in the working memory and inhibition tasks. They
made fewer errors on tasks that require working memory and responded quickly to
inhibition-related tasks. It must be noted that participants were not stressed when
performing this tasks. The researchers believe that self-affirmation works best
55
when there is less stress.
Self-affirmation is believed to be a
significant influence in developing self-
TIP!
confidence. However, it may not always
work for all people. A study was conducted Self-affirmation is easily
in 2009, and the results suggested that remembered once you apply
people with low self-esteem who repeated a this:
positive self-affirmation statement like “I am
a lovable person” or who paid attention to Self-affirmation x 3 times a
the truth in this statement felt worse. The day = solid belief
participants with high self-esteem felt better
but only in a limited degree.
Dr. Ronald Alexander, a psychotherapist, and a book author, offered an explanation

about this matter. He stressed that if there is a deep-seated contrary belief about
your self, positive thoughts will be blocked. This is the reason why affirmations do
not work for some people.
He offered steps on how to make useful and powerful affirmations:
1. Create a list of what you think are your negative qualities. You can include
criticisms that you have received from others. Do not judge their accuracy since all
people have flaws. Look for consistent attributes that have been mentioned.
2. Make an affirmation about your positive qualities using powerful words. For
instance, you can write “I am lovable and remarkable.” You can ask your friends if
they can give suggestions on making your statements more powerful.
3. Repeat the statements for five minutes, three times a day. This helps in
reinforcing or strengthening the belief. You can also write the affirmations on a
notebook. Tick them off one-by-one as you progress.
56
4. Place your hand on the body area that felt uncomfortable while you were writing
down the affirmation. This makes the statements feel real.
5. Ask a friend to help you out in repeating this affirmation. You can also face the
mirror when repeating the positive statement.
Just like Dr. Alexander, Jack Canfield, book author and the creator of Chicken Soup
for the Soul, suggested eight guidelines on how to make daily affirmations.
Self-Affirmations and Positive Thinking
Daily affirmations are statements describing a goal in its completion. It is

considered as a mental exercise designed to rewire the mind for success. It helps in
doing away negative thoughts or beliefs that limit your actions in accomplishing
tasks and goals. Instead of always saying “I can’t,” daily affirmation replaces this
with “I can.”
Affirmations remind you to stay focused and find solutions to challenges. Positivity
results if there is a constant affirmation.
EXAMPLE
 “I am so pleased that I am now walking on the stage to get my college

diploma.”
 “I am so happy that I am now joining a marathon and leading it.”
 “I am so happy that I am now gaining weight after getting sick for two
weeks.”
57
Guidelines on Creating Positive Self-Affirmations
1. Begin your affirmation with “I am.”

2. Make use of the present tense.
3. Use a positive statement. Avoid using words that connote negativity.
4. Make it short and simple.
5. Make use of an action word that ends with –ing.
7. Include a word that implies an action or a feeling.
8. Make an affirmation about yourself.
Self-affirmations must be repeated daily to

maintain its impact. Taking 5-10 minutes a
TIP!
day to repeat the self-affirmations is
advisable. This can be done early morning or When making a self-
before going to bed. affirmation, use positive
words like eager, grateful,
After learning these guidelines on how to optimistic, calm, joyful, or
make affirmations, it is now time to apply thrilled.
them. Self-affirmations are powerful
statements that can help you develop your self-esteem. It has many benefits:
reducing defensiveness; making you more open to suggestions about political
issues and health risks; learning how to admit mistakes and correcting them;
lessening anxiety; and preventing negative psychological thoughts.
You who are besieged with self-doubts can make use of these statements to
improve your self-confidence. It makes you look at the brighter side of things and
concentrate on the people or things you value the most.
Repeating a positive statement over and over again might

be seen as a chore; however, there is no harm in trying
this as long as a change of perspective is possible. A
positive thought a day creates wonders to a mind beset
with worries about school work, family life, and the
future.
58
statement.
1. The origin of self-affirmation is known as _____________.
2. The behavioral or cognitive events that sustain, strengthen, and support the
perception of self-integrity is called _______________.
3. According to _____________, the self, interprets events in a way that

complements its desires and needs.
4. The self-affirmation theory was formulated by _____________.
5. The _______________ is working if an action is being carried out while

processing information.
B. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.
1. How can you explain what self-integrity is? Use your own words when explaining.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. When the self-integrity is attacked, what do people usually do to preserve this

integrity?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
59
3. What are the similarities and differences between the self-affirmation creation
given by Dr. Alexander and the daily affirmations given by Jack Canfield?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Part C. Read each situation carefully and answer the questions for each item.
1. Recall and describe a situation where you showed a positive attitude. How did
you illustrate your positive approach in this situation?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you agree that we always view other people in an objective or impartial

manner?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. When the going gets tough, how do you motivate a friend into overcoming
obstacles? List down 5 motivating statements you say.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
60
Explore Your World!
Task 1: Self-Affirmation at Work
Instructions:
You will make three affirmations. Think of three beliefs about yourself that you
want to change. Make a chart of your affirmations, with each statement being
repeated for five minutes each day for one month. After one affirmation is done,
you will process the next until you finish all three.
Share your thoughts and feelings about the affirmations that you made. Were you
able to follow the chart? How did the affirmation affect you?

Clarity of ideas 4
Impact of the presentation 3
Ability to follow the chart 3
Total 10
61
Task 2: Personal Power
Instructions:
Pick a partner. Create a slogan about positive self-affirmation and make a poster.
Your slogan and poster must be unique. Present your output to the class. Explain
why you created this kind of slogan. You will also explain why the poster was
designed in such a way. Share your self-discoveries about self-affirmations.

Clarity of ideas 3
Sincerity and genuineness of the sharing 2
confidence
Total 10
Task 3: Motivation Commercials
Materials: laptop, speakers
Instructions:
You will be divided into several groups with a maximum of five members each. You
will create a commercial about motivation that shows self-affirmation. You will
present your commercial that lasts for 20 seconds only.
Once the activity is done, you will share your experiences while you were doing
your commercials. The experiences can include both positive and negative
experiences. You can also share what you have learned as a group while you were
filming your commercials.
62
Observation of the time duration (20 seconds) 5
Clarity of ideas 5
confidence
Creativity and impact of the presentation 5
Total 20
Your self-esteem acts as your emotional immune system. If you have high self-
esteem, stress and anxiety, it will have less effect. You experience less hurt when
you experience failure and rejection. Also, you can recover from them faster as
compared to others with low self-esteem.
63
Real-world Challenge
Task: Spoken Word Poetry
Materials: microphone, sound system, decorations
Instructions:
 You will have a spoken word poetry activity.

 A leaders will be selected to oversee the entire activity. The leaders will be in
charge of the sound system, decorations, program of activities, hosting jobs,
invitations, and other documents.
 There will be some participants who will recite the spoken word poetry.
 The poems must feature challenges faced by teenagers, how they cope, and
solutions to their conflicts and trials and their self-affirmations.
 The program must run for one hour or less.
 Note: The individual scores of the participants will be added to the score of
the whole program.
Criteria for Scoring (Whole Program) Score

Impact and creativity of the program 5
Originality and relevance of the poems 5
Overall flow of the presentation 5
Total 15
Criteria for Scoring (Individual Score

Participants)
Level of confidence of the hosts 10
Aesthetic impact of the decorations 10
Preparedness of the leaders 10
Performance of the spoken word artists 10
64
My Reflection
Write a short paragraph about the things that you have learned from this unit.
Write down your insights and feelings about the discoveries you have learned.
Enumerate how they have affected you. Furthermore, write three statements of
self-affirmation that you will repeat to yourself to improve your self-concept and
confidence.

Clarity of ideas 3
Presence of relevant, accurate, and logical 3
details
Impact and uniqueness of the presentation 2
Use of grammatically correct sentences 2
Total 10
65
Wrap Up
In this unit, the following points were discussed:
 Facing challenges is an important component since it forms initiative, which

is the ability to push life in a forward and purpose-driven action. The initiative
is affected by the mastery of experiences and the support coming from
significant others.
 Nature and nurture play equal roles in your development. Nature involves
the physical characteristics, including your genes and physiological make-up.
Nurture involves the environmental factors that affect your development.
Some of the Concerns During the Adolescent Stage Come in the Form
of:
A. Physical
concerns like
eating disorders, B. Substance
C. Alcohol abuse
which include abuse which is
and its effects on D. Teen
Anorexia the use of
the health of a pregnancy
Nervosa, Bulimia psychoactive
person
Nervosa., and drugs
Binge-eating
Disorders
 Personal fable was also discussed as one reason why you engage in risky
behaviors. This came from egocentrism which is manifested by a child and
evolves into a personal fable in the adolescent years.
 The occurrence of peer pressure was also tackled. An adolescent may

succumb to the expectations of the group because of your motivation to
form an identity and identify with peers.
66
 Rebellion is also mentioned. It can be attributed to your ability to test existing
rules and form your conclusions about why rules are created and if you can
follow these rules.
 The academic concerns include the distractions that you encounter like the
preoccupation with friends, hobbies, and even online activities.
 Expectations can be both positive and negative. Expectations can make you
feel motivated to achieve success. However, the failure to meet expectations
can result in negative feelings.
 It was also found out that parental expectations can influence your academic
achievement. The combination of the parental expectations and previous
learning achievement are directly associated with either high or low
academic achievement.
 Self-fulfilling prophecy and the expectancy effect stressed how your

expectations of people affect how you view yourself. The self-fulfilling
prophecy stresses that your expectations that you have to change your
behavior can influence how other people see you. The expectancy effect
states that your expectations of other people can shape the way you can
confirm these expectations.
67
 Social Causation Model
Effective Family
Functioning
Economic Social
Disadvantage Conditions
 Family Stress Model
Economic Family Psychological

conditions Interaction Effect
 Overwhelming expectations can have detrimental effects. The examples of

these effects include anxiety and depression. Isolation from others can also
give rise to these emotions.
 Lisa Schab offered four steps on how you can deal with the emotions that
result from expectations:
The Four Steps:

1. Identify and name the feeling.
2. Acceptance of the feeling.
3. Express what you are feeling.
4. Think of a healthy way of how you can take care of yourself.
68
Tips for Establishing Healthy Communication:
 The use of “I statements.”
 Recognize your feelings.
 Be trustworthy.
 Be clear, specific, and direct.
 Face-to-face interaction is important.
 Ask questions.
 Shouting and yelling are not effective.
 Apologize if necessary.
 Self-affirmation statements are made to restore your self-integrity.
 Self-integrity is your inherent belief regarding you goodness, virtue, agency,

and the ability to predict and achieve your success.
 The self-affirmation theory asserts that the main goal of the self is to protect
its self-integrity. When the self-integrity is in danger, people respond in a way
that the self-worth is restored.
The Benefits of Self-Affirmation:

 It can protect you from the negative effects of stress on problem-solving.
 It can reduce anxiety.
 It makes you more receptive to your errors allowing you to correct your
mistakes.
 It can make you become less defensive and focus more on the things you
value instead of always justifying your actions.
 It can make you more open-minded to persuasive information and less biased
on evaluating political information or health risk warnings.
 It can make you accept your defeat.
 It can lessen discrimination.
 It can lessen the negative psychological effects of being the target or focus of
unpleasant stereotyping in schools.
 These are steps in writing self-affirmations:
69
• Writing down qualities that you want to change, adapt, or
improve.
Steps • Use positive words.
• Write positive sentences in such a way that they seem to have

been completed.
In Making • Make them short and simple.
• Repeat them regularly for 5 -10 minutes.

• Ask a friend or a coach to help out in improving the
Self-
affirmations.
Affirmations
70
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http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/34/8/354
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Us Receptive to Put Mistakes.
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/self-affirmation-enhances-
performance-makes-us-receptive-to-our-mistakes.html
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http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/alcohol.html
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Garcia-Cox, Maria Gina. Personal Development. Manila: JFS, 2016.
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https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1310-child-development-theory-adolescence-
12-24/article/41172-adolescent-moral-development
Jack Canfield. Daily Affirmations for Positive Thinking.

http://jackcanfield.com/blog/practice-daily-affirmations/
Journal of Educational Research. Family Influences on Educational Expectations of

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81
Glossary
Alcohol. It is a drug that elevates five neurotransmitters that affect our thinking,
feeling, and behavior.
Anorexia Nervosa. It is shown by people who think that they are overweight when
in fact, they are already underweight. They usually restrict their food intake,
constantly monitor their weight, and eat small quantities of food.
Binge-eating Disorder. It is exhibited by uncontrollable eating. This differs from

Bulimia since there is no effort to do excessive exercise, fasting, and forced
vomiting.
Bulimia Nervosa. It is shown by people who eat large amounts of food that they
feel they cannot control this urge. This binge-eating is followed by actions that
compensate for this lack of control like forced vomiting which is done by inserting
the fingers or other long objects, like a toothbrush, in the mouth to induce vomiting
and excessive exercise.
Developmental tasks. These are the expectations that a person must meet to
accomplish succeeding skills and behavior patterns.
Deviancy training. It is described as the specific types of interactions within

friendships that may strengthen or reinforce talking about deviant behavior.
Drug addiction. It is defined as the condition in which an individual is unable to

control the use of addictive substances known as psychoactive drugs.
Emotional competence. It is the ability to handle and manage emotional

responses.
Expectancy effect. It states that the expectations of other people can shape the
82
way a person can confirm these expectations.
Expectations. These are mental sets people choose to create to help move
through time and change with some sense what reality they have to look forward to
and what objectives they have to work for.
Family Stress Model. It explains that economic conditions affect how family
members interact with each other.
Inhibition. It is defined as the permission to suppress responses that may hinder a

goal.
Initiative. It is the ability to push life in a forward and purpose-driven action.
Morality. It is described as the way people choose to live their lives in accordance
to a set of principles and guidelines that influence their decisions about what is
right and wrong, and what is good and evil.
Peer pressure. It is the influence of other people’s perceptions of individual

decision or actions, which may either be a group of people or just an individual.
Personal fable. It is the adolescent thinking of himself as being special, invincible,

or important, and that others are concerned or preoccupied with him/her.
Psychoactive drugs. These are substances that cause psychological effects. This
happens when there is an interaction between the brain chemicals and the
chemicals from these substances.
Self-affirmation. It is described as the behavioral or cognitive events that sustain,

strengthen, and support the perception of self-integrity. Also, that it is the process
of focusing on a person’s most important values.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy. It is defined as a belief that becomes a reality because a

person acts as if it were already true or happening.
83
Self-integrity. It is the perception or belief of a person that he is virtuous, good,
and is capable of predicting and controlling outcomes.
Social Causation Model. It stressed that economic disadvantage and social

conditions affect effective family functioning.
Social Competence. It is the ability to relate to others effectively.
Working memory. It is described as the memory used in planning and carrying-out

behavior. It is memory-in-action. It is involved in preserving information while at
the same time processing the same information or another. It allows us to preserve
and manipulate momentary information.
84

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UNIT 4: Dealing with the Challenges of

Dealing with the Challenges of

Adam and Leo

Adam is in deep trouble. He is a brilliant student but

Adolescence is a chaotic stage. It is a stage full of contradictions. There is the pull of

Here are some questions:

Have you ever wished you live alone? Yes or No

The activity will be processed by answering the following questions:

Learn about It!

The Importance of Facing Challenges: The Development of Initiative

The roots of an initiative are planted through kindness, empathy, and

Factors that Give Rise to Adolescent Issues

“It’s a jungle out there.”

In the field of Science, Human Development is regarded as a scientific study of how

Issues during the Adolescent Period:

In the society, people emphasize on healthy living.

While it is expected that teenagers are bound

Binge-eating Disorder is shown by uncontrollable

People with eating disorders run the risk of having

Eating Disorders and the Developmental Task of Forming an Identity and

In this stage, the influence of your peers is strong that

It is worth considering though, that “wanting to belong”

Legal Psychoactive Drugs – nicotine and alcohol

Psychoactive drugs cause psychological effects. This happens when there is an

Some Mental Illnesses Caused by Psychoactive Drugs:

To remember the types of

A. Stimulants like crystal meth and cocaine S – timulants.

Psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and

The effect of alcohol depends on the amount

During the National Summit on Teen Pregnancy held last 2014,

The UN Population Fund presented the top ASEAN countries

Piaget, a psychologist who proposed the cognitive theory of development, defined

Personal Fable is shown through:

It is believed that egocentrism is related to your risk-taking behavior. The result is

Peer pressure is apparent at this stage. It is described as the influence of other

Peer pressure is the influence of other people’s perceptions of individual

Parents and Autonomy

Adolescents and their Morality: Rebels with or without a cause?

Rebellion is one issue during adolescent years. This

Another factor that can influence the development

Morality is described as the way people choose to live their lives in

Life experiences can affect the development of a sense of morality among

Abstract thinking involves imagining or comprehending things that are not

Concrete thinking involves making conclusions based on the actual presence

Joining protest rallies, engaging in environmental development activities,

Relationships among Adolescents

Emotional competence is the ability to handle and manage emotional

2. _____________ cause psychological effects when combined with the chemicals

5. An adolescent shows ________________ if he/she can handle or control his

C. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner.

2. Leo is a 16-year-old who insists on riding his scooter without wearing a

Explore Your World!

Materials: paper, pen

Criteria for Scoring Points

Materials: paper, pen

Criteria for Scoring Points

In the journal Developmental Review published in 2008, it was discussed that

After the activity, you will be asked by these questions:

Dictionary.com defines expectation as the degree of probability that something

How do people view expectations? Do we need them?