SUBJECT: WATER SUPPLY

ENGINEERING
PROVIDING WATER
TO A THIRSTY SOUL IS
GODLY
ANYBODY WHO CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF
WATER WILL BE WORTHY OF TWO NOBLE PRIZES –
ONE FOR PEACE AND ONE FOR SCIENCE – J F K

1
2
3
 Distribution of water
Available Drinkable 1%
4% Available In India
Ocean Drinkable % Populataion Dependent?
97% 3%

Ice or Frozen water Available Drinkable Underground

79% 1% 20%

Pond / Lake River Evaporated In vegetation

Percolated
42% 1% 8% 1%
38%
4
 Available and permissible water use in
UBB
Water account in UBB Qty. Mcum
Average Water available 7373
Permissible use as per 4753
IBWDT Award
Av. westward diversion 1200
for hydropower by TATA
Live storage of all u/s 2669
maj./med./minor dams
Live storage of Ujjani dam 1518
 Water Resource Development status in UBB
• Khadakwasla Drought area irrigation
1870
dam - & urban water supply
• 5 dams of TATA Hydropower by westward
1925
diversion
• 17 Large dams - Drought area irrigation, 1955 to
2012
Incidental Hydropower,
Urban water Supply
• 245 small dams - Seasonal irrigation 1970 to
2012
• Ground Water - Perennial Irrigation 1975 to
 Urban-Rural Conflict in UBB
Period Cumulative Balance
Urban
Water Dams For
----------- Use
Stored Completed Irrigation
Year Mcum
Mcum Mcum

1871-67 56 Khadakwasla 26 30
1968 294 / 350 Panshet 30 320
1971 241 / 591 Pawana 58 533
1981 591 - 104 487
1991 362 / 953 Warasgaon 292 661
2001 953 - 448 505
2011 64 /1017 Temghar 620 397
2021 1017 - 949 68
2031 1017 - ? ?
Reuse of polluted river water in UBB

Note * Some water from Purandar

LIS needs to be released in
Khadakwasala. RBC to restore
irrigation
 UNIT – I:
A) INTRODUCTION TO W S SCHEMES
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC PROTECTED WS:
•TO SUPPLY SAFE AND CLEAN WATER IN ADEQUATE
QUANTITY, CONVENIENTLY AND AS ECONOMICALLY
AS POSSIBLE
• IN MODERN SOCIETY: IT’S IMPERATIVE TO PLAN &
BUILD SUITABLE W S SCHEMES, TO PROVIDE
POTABLE WATER TO VARIOUS COMMUNITIES, IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR STANDARDS AND
DEMAND.
•WS SCHEMES HELP IN NOT ONLY SUPPLYING
WHOLESOME WATER BUT TO KEEP DISEASES
AWAY, THEREBY PROMOTING BETTER HEALTH,
REDUCING ENV POLLUTION ETC.
12
 COMPONENTS & LAYOUT
• PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF PUBLIC WS
SCHEMES IS VERY CRUCIAL STEP, AS, SUCCESS
OR FAILURE DEPENDS ENTIRELY ON PLANNING
ASPECTS.
• WHAT SHALL WE LOOK FOR:
– ASSURED WATER SOURCE (RIVER, DAM, STREAM, LAKE, U. G.
SOURCE ETC.)
• EVALUATION OF QUALITY, QUANTITY, COST----- FINAL
DECISION
– SUITABLE SYSTEM DESIGNS FOR:
• COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF RAW WATER
• WATER TREATMENT PLANTS (WTP)
• DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, STORAGE FACILITIES TO MEET
PEAK DEMANDS ETC.

13
 COLLECTION AND PUMPING OF RAW
WATER
• TYPES OF INTAKES:
– SUBMERGED INTAKE OR LAKE INTAKE
– EXPOSED INTAKES:
• CANAL INTAKE
• RESERVOIR INTAKE
• RIVER INTAKE (A) WET INTAKE TOWER (B)
DRY INTAKE TOWER
• MOVABLE INTAKE

14
Intake Well

15
Intake Well

16
Jack Well

17
Intake and Jack Well

18
Inside view of Jack well

19
Completed Jack well

20
 BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND
DATA COLLECTION:
• AREA & POPULATION TO BE SERVED,
• DESIGN PERIOD,
• PER CAPITA W S,
• OTHER WATER NEEDS IN THE AREA
(INDUSTRIAL, FIRE FIGHTING ETC.),
TREATMENT FACILITIES AVAILABLE
(CENTRALISED OR DE-CENTRALISED

21
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND DATA
COLLECTION:
• AREA & POPULATION TO BE SERVED:
– PRESENT AREA OF THE CITY; LIKELY FUTURE EXPANSION
– POPULATION: PRESENT, LIKELY FUTURE (AS PER CHANGE IN
TREND)
• POPULATION FORECASTING USING VARIOUS METHODS
• DESIGN PERIOD AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAME
– NORMALLY WS PROJECTS: DESIGNED FOR MEETING
REQUIREMENTS OVER 30 YEARS PERIOD (AFTER COMPLETION)

– TIME LAG BETWEEN DESIGN AND COMPLETION OF THE

PROJECT SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION (
NORMALLY 2 TO 5 YRS – DEPENDS ON PROJECT MAGNITUDE)

– USEFUL LIFE OF PROJECT COMPONENT GOVERNS THE DESIGN

PERIOD.

– LAND ACQUISITION SHALL BE DONE IN THE BEGINNING ITSELF.

– AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS, PRESENT & FUTURE REQUIREMENTS,
(PRIORITIES, PLANNING)
– ANTICIPATED RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH INCLUDING
POSSIBLE SHIFTS IN COMMUNITIES, INDUSTRIES 22 &
COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.
DESIGN PERIOD FOR PROJECT COMPONENTS:
SR NO ITEM DESIGN PERIOD (YRS)

1 STORAGE BY DAMS 50

2 INFILTRATION WORKS 30

3 PUMPING
P. H. (CIVIL WORK) 30
ELECTRICAL MOTORS AND 15
PUMPS

4 WATER TREATMENT UNITS 15

5 PIPE CONNECTIONS & OTHER 30

APPURTENANCES

6 RAW WATER & CLEAR WATER 30

MAINS

7 Clear Water Reservoirs at Head 15

works, Balancing Tanks, Service
Reservoirs (OHT or GSR) 23
8 Distribution System 30
TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES &
METHODS OF RAW WATER
CONVEYANCE
• WS SCHEMES BASED ON
– DAMS
– RIVER
– CANAL, STREAM, LAKE
– U G SOURCE.
• CONVEYANCE OF RAW WATER
– GRAVITY
– PUMPING

24
SURFACE SOURCES OF W S SCHEMES

• SURFACE SOURCES: WATER FLOWS OVER

EARTH’S SURFACE & IS DIRECTLY
AVAILABLE FOR W S.
• IMPORTANT SURFACE SOURCES INCLUDE:
– NATURAL PONDS & LAKES.
– STREAMS & RIVERS.
– IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS.

25
PONDS & LAKES AS SURFACE SOURCES OF
WS
• POND / LAKE: NATURAL DEPRESSION FORMED WITHIN
EARTH’S SURFACE. (SMALL SIZE DEPRESSION: POND; LARGE
SIZE DEPRESSION: LAKE)
– KATRAJ LAKE (OLDEST W S SCHEME IN PUNE)
– VAITARANA, MODAK SAGAR, TANSA FOR MUMBAI
• EACH LAKE HAS ITS OWN DRAINAGE DISTRICT /
CATCHMENT AREA.
• WATER QUALITY IS NORMALLY GOOD SELF PURIFICATION
MECHANISMS HELP FOR MAINTAINING QUALITY BUT….
• MANMADE ACTIVITIES POLLUTE THE LAKES
• QUANTITY: NORMALLY SMALL, DEPENDS UPON CATCHMENT
AREA, RAINFALL
• LAKES: NOT SUITABLE FOR CITY W S HOWEVER VERY
USEFUL FOR SMALL TOWNS / VILLAGES.
26
27
28
STREAMS AND RIVERS AS SOURCES OF
WS
• STREAMS:
– FEED WATER TO LAKES / RESERVOIRS
– SMALL QUANTITY AVAILABLE; DRY UP IN SUMMER; HENCE
NOT VERY POPULAR
– USED IN VILLAGES; ESPECIALLY IN HILLY AREAS
• RIVERS:
– MOST IMPORTANT SOURCES OF W S SCHEMES.
– SINCE ANCIENT TIMES’ SETTLEMENTS HAVE TAKEN
PLACE AROUND RIVERS
– PERENNIAL / NON-PERENNIAL RIVERS
– N E INDIA: MELTING OF ICE- PERENNIAL RIVERS.
– WATER QUALITY: NOT VERY RELIABLE, HIGH SILT
CONTENT, SAND AND SUSPENDED MATTER; CITY
SEWAGE HAMPERS THE D /S USERS
29
30
 STORAGE RESERVOIRS AS SURFACE
SOURCES OF W S
• DAM ON THE RIVER – A CONSTRUCTED
BARRIER, CREATES WATER IMPOUNDING –
STORAGE RESERVOIR.
• NOW A DAYS, MULTI PURPOSE
RESERVOIRS ARE PLANNED
– DOMESTIC W S , INDUSTRIAL W S,
AGRICULTURE USE, HYDROPOWER.

31
LAYOUT SCHEME FOR DAM AS
SOURCE OF WS – PUNE CITY

32
33
 UNDERGROUND WATER SOURCES

• UNDERGROUND WATER IS GENERALLY

AVAILABLE IN FOLLOWING WAYS:
– INFILTRATION GALLERIES
– INFILTRATION WELLS
– SPRINGS
– WELLS INCLUDING TUBE WELLS
• INFILTRATION GALLERIES:

34
 RAW WATER TRANSMISSION

• W S SYSTEM: WATER IS REQUIRED TO BE

TRANSMITTED FROM SOURCE TO THE
AREA OF TREATMENT / CONSUMPTION
– GRAVITY
– PUMPING
• TOPOGRAPHY GOVERNS THE CHOICE
– WS SOURCE AVAILABLE AT HIGHER
ELEVATION THAN SUPPLY LEVEL –
GRAVITY: PUNE CITY – PARVATI WTP
– W S AT LOWER LEVEL - PUMPING – PUNE
VADGAON WTP 35
 RAW WATER TRANSMISSION BY
GRAVITY
• CONDUIT (PUNE CITY)
• CANAL (PUNE CITY)

36
CONVEYANCE OF WATER FROM
SOURCE TO W T P BY PUMPING

37
38
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES USED
• PIPELINES – MAJOR INVESTMENT IN W S
PROJECTS. HENCE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE
MATERIAL IS VERY CRUCIAL.
• POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF
PIPE MATERIAL:
– DURABILITY; LIFE; COST ASPECTS (INSTALLATION AS
WELL AS O&M)

• VARIOUS TYPES OF PIPES AVAILABLE

– METALLIC PIPES: CI, DI, MS, GI
• UNLINED METALLIC
• LINED METALLIC (CEMENT MORTAR OR EPOXY LINING)
– NON-METALLIC PIPES
• RCC, PRE-STRESSED CC, BAR WRAPPED STEEL CYLINDER
CONCRETE, A C
• PLASTIC PIPES 39
– PVC, POLYETHYLENE, GRP
 SELECTION OF PIPE MATERIAL:
• INITIAL CARRYING CAPACITY AND “LIKELY REDUCTION” WITH
USE – ‘C’ VALUE IN H-W FORMULAE
• STRENGTH (MEASURED BY ABILITY TO RESIST INTERNAL PR.
AND EXT. LOADS
• LIFE AND DURABILITY (CI AND STEEL: IN TERMS OF
CORROSION RESISTENCE; CONCRETE AND AC- CAPACITY
TO WITHSTAND EROSION AND DISINTEGRATION; PLASTIC
PIPES- ABILITY TO WITHSTAND CRACKING AND
DISINTEGRATION)
• EASE IN TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING, LAYING & JOINTING
UNDER DIFF. CONDITIONS (TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND
OTHER PREVAILING LOCAL CONDITIONS)
• SAFETY, ECONOMY AND AVAILABILITY OF MANUFACTURED
SIZES OF PIPES AND SPECIALS.
• AVAILABILITY OF SKILLED PERSONNEL IN CONSTRUCTION
AND COMMISSIONING OF PIPES AND SPECIALS.
• EASE OR DIFFICULTY OF O&M 40
 CAST IRON PIPES
• VERY POPULAR IN W S SINCE QUITE A
LONG TIME (100+ YEARS)
• CORROSION RESISTANT & THEREFORE
HAVE LONGER LIFE
• MANUFACTURED BY:
– SAND MOULDING:
• MOLTEN METAL POURED INTO SAND LINED MOULDS
(HZ – McWANE PIPES OR VER - PITCAST
– CENTRIFUGAL PROCESS.
• CAST EITHER IN SAND MOULD OR IN A WATER
COOLED METAL MOULD.
• PRODUCES MORE FINE GRAINED & DENSER
STRUCTURE PIPES WITH UNIFORM STRUCTURE.
– AVAILABLE IN LENGTHS OF 3 TO 6 METERS. 41
 CAST IRON PIPES
• JOINTING
– SPIGOT & SOCKET JOINTS (BELL & SOCKET JT.)
• ONE END OF PIPE IS ENLARGED (SOCKET / BELL),
OTHER IS NORMAL (SPIGOT)
• STRANDS OF JUTE ARE WRAPPED AROUND THE
SPIGOT END
• MORE JUTE IS PACKED
• REMAINING ANNULAR SPACE IS FILLED WITH MOLTEN
LEAD
• QTY OF LEAD REQUIRED: 3.5 TO 4 KG FOR 15 CM DIA
TO @ 40-50 KG FOR 1.2 M DIA PIPE.
• JOINT IS SOMEWHAT FLEXIBLE, HENCE CAN BE USED
ON CURVE W/O USE OF SPECIALS.

42
CAST IRON PIPES – SPIGOT & SOCKET
JOINT

43
 CAST IRON PIPES – FLANGED JOINT

• FLANGED JOINTS.--------------->

44
 CAST IRON PIPES – FLANGED JOINT
• USED AT PLACES WHERE JOINTS ARE
REQUIRED TO BE DISMANTLED - @ PH,
WTP etc.
• FLANGES AT BOTH ENDS ARE PROVIDED
DURING “CASTING” ITSELF.
• FOR STEEL PIPES: FLANGES ARE
SEPARATELY CAST, THEN SCREWED OR
WELDED AT ENDS.
• FLANGES ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER AND
FIXED USING NUTS AND BOLTS WITH
RUBBER PACKING IN BETWEEN
45
 CAST IRON PIPES
• MECHANICAL JOINT / DRESSER JOINT
– USED WHEN PLAIN ENDS OF C I PIPES ARE REQUIRED TO
BE JOINED
– IRON RING & GASKET ARE SLIPPED OVER EACH END OF
PIPES, RINGS ARE TIGHTENED USING BOLTS

46
 CAST IRON PIPES

• FLEXIBLE JOINT
– USED WHEN LARGE SCALE FLEXIBILITIES ARE
REQUIRED. (PIPES LAID IN RIVERS WITH
UNEVEN BEDS --- MORE SETTLEMENTS LIKELY)
– ON CURVES, JOINT PROVIDED SHALL BE
FLEXIBLE TO REDUCE PROBABILITY OF
BREAKING.
– SPHERICAL SOCKET & SPIGOT WITH BEAD AT
END.

47
 CAST IRON PIPES

• EXPANSION JOINT
– PROVIDED AT SUITABLE INTERVALS TO
COUNTER ATTACK THERMAL STRESSES
– SOCKET END IS CAST FLANGED SPIGOT END IS
PLAIN
– ANNULAR RING ATTACHED TO SOCKET END
THAT SLIDES FREELY OVER SPIGOT END.
– SMALL SPACE (= LT* α) IS PROVIDED TO CATER
FOR TEMP. STRESSES & ELONGATIONS.

48
 CAST IRON PIPES
• ADVANTAGES:
– MODERATE COST
– EASIER JOINTING
– CORROSION RESISTANT
– LONGER LIFE
– SERVICE CONNECTIONS ARE EASIER
• DISADVANTAGES:
– SUBJECTED TO TUBERCULATION RESULTING INTO @ 50-
70% REDUCTION IN CARRYING CAPACITY
– HEAVIER, HENCE NOT ECONOMICAL BEYOND 120 CM DIA.
– NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PRESSURES > 7 KG / SQ CM
– FRAGILE

49
 STEEL PIPES

• STEEL SHEETS: GENERALLY BENT AND

WELDED (SOMETIMES RIVETED) TO
MANUFACTURE STEEL PIPES
• WELDED PIPES: STRONGER & SMOOTHER
THAN RIVETED PIPES.
• CHANCES OF RUSTING ARE HIGH, HENCE
PROTECTIVE “COATINGS” ARE USED.
• NORMAL LIFE SPAN: @ 40 YEARS.
• MAIN DISADVANTAGE: CAN’T WITHSTAND
–VE PRESSURE / VACUUM PR.--
50
COLLAPSES
 STEEL PIPES

• GET EASILY AFFECTED BY ACIDIC /

ALKALINE WATERS / SURROUNDINGS
HENCE INSIDE & OUTSIDE COATINGS ARE
MUST.
• AS DIFFICULTY IN CONNECTIONS IS HIGH,
NOT COMMON FOR DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS ---- REASON

• #
51
 CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
• PCC : UPTO 0.6 M DIA
• RCC: UPTO 4.5 M AS WELL
• CAN BE PRECAST / CAST IN SITU
• CAST BY:
– BAR + MESH REINFORCEMENT + POURED
CONCRETE, TAMPING
– ROTATING MOULDS USING CENTRIFUGAL
ACTION (SPUN PIPES)
– LINING STEEL MOULDS (INSIDE & OUTSIDE)
WITH CONCRETE – STRONGER THAN FIRST
TWO
52
 CONCRETE PIPES
• ADVANTAGES:
– CAN RESIST EXT COMPRESSIVE LOADS; DO NOT
COLLAPSE UNDER NOMINAL VACUUM & TRAFFIC
LOAD.
– NO CORROSION WITH NORMAL POTABLE WATERS
(INSIDE) AND NORMAL SOILS (OUTSIDE)
– QUITE STRONG, USEFUL LIFE 75+ YEARS
– EASY TO CONSTRUCT (ON SITE / IN FACTORIES) WITH
LOCAL INGRADIENTS.
– LOW COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION, NO EXPANSION
JTS RQUIRED (ESPECIALLY FIOR ABOVE GROUND
LAYING)
– WHEN LAID UNDER WATER: EMPTY PIPES DO NOT
FLOAT DUE TO HEAVY WEIGHTS.
53
 CONCRETE PIPES
• DISADVANTAGES:
– ACIDS / ALKALIS / SULPHATES --- ATTACK THE PIPES
EASILY
– DIFFICULT TO REPAIR WHEN DAMAGED
– CAN’T WITHSTAND HIGH PRESSURES.
– HEAVY & BULKY, HENCE DIFFICULT TO TRANSPORT.
– JOINTING / CONNECTION: DIFFICULT
– LEAKAGES DUE TO SHRINKAGE & POROSITY LIKELY.
• JOINTS MAY BE OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
TYPES.
I) BANDAGE JOINT
ii) Spigot and socket joint (rigid and semi-flexible)
iii) Collar joint (rigid and semi-flexible)
iv) Flush joint (Internal and external)
• jointing procedures reference may be made to IS 783-1985. 54

• Refer IS 458-1971.for tests

 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES

• ASBESTOS, CEMENT & SILICA: CONVERTED

UNDER PR. IN A DENSE, HOMOGENEOUS MASS –
AC
• ASBESTOS (NATURAL MATERIAL) – A FIBER
SERVES AS REINFORCEMENT.
• AVAILABLE FROM 10 CM TO 90 CM SIZES
• CAN WITHSTAND PR OF 3.5 KG / SQ CM TO 14
KG/SQ CM AS PER CLASS.
• SIMPLEX JOINT: SPECIAL TYPE OF COUPLING IS
USED.

55
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES

56
 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
• ADVANTAGES:
– CORROSION FREE
– HEAT AND FIRE RESISTANT
– 5 METERS IN LENGTH AND SAVES LABOR AND JOINTING
COST
– DURABLE UP TO 100 YEARS AND MORE
– LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY / EXCELLENT INSULATION
– EASY JOINTING
– LOW FRICTION LOSS
– COST EFFECTIVE
– STRONG FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
– LOW MAINTENANCE
– HIGH CARRYING CAPACITY
– LIGHT WEIGHT
– SMOOTH INTERNAL SURFACE 57
– EXCELLENT IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
• COSTLY
• LESS STRENGTH, BRITTLE & SOFT. GET DAMAGED BY
EXCAVATING TOOLS / DURING TRANSPORTATION
• NOT SUITABLE FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AS RUBBER
GASKETS GET DAMAGED EASILY
• MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF PIPES USED:
– WROUGHT IRON
– GI PIPES
– PLASTIC PIPES (COMMONLY KNOWN S PVC
PIPES IN INDIA)

58
 PIPE APPURTENANCES: VALVES

• SLUICE / GATE VALVES

• AIR RELIEF VALVES
• REFLUX VALVES
• RELIEF VALVES
• ALTITUDE VALVES
• SCOUR VALVES

59
SLUICE / GATE VALVES

60
 SLUICE / GATE VALVES

• ALSO CALLED SHUTOFF / STOP VALVES

• MAINLY USED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR
FLOW STOPPAGE / CONTROL IN SP. AREA
• SPACING: 150-300 M
• LOW COST (THAN OTHER TYPES), NO
RESISTENCE TO FLOW OF WATER WHEN
FULLY OPEN.
• GENERALLY MADE UP OF CI WITH BRASS
MOULDINGS

61
 AIR RELIEF VALVES

AN AIR RELEASE VALVE IS A

PIPE FITTING THAT ALLOWS AIR
TRAPPED INSIDE PLUMBING
TO ESCAPE. AUTOMATIC
VALVES THAT VENT WHENEVER
AIR IS PRESENT IN THE SYSTEM
ARE AVAILABLE, ALONG WITH
VALVES THAT MUST BE
MANUALLY OPERATED TO VENT AIR.
THIS TYPE OF FITTING COMES IN A
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT STYLES
FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS

62
 AIR RELIEF VALVES

• WATER ----– SOME AIR ENTRAPPED -----

ACCUMULATES AT HIGHER PTS &
INTERFERES WITH FLOW; AIR RELIEF /
RELEASE VALVES ARE PROVIDED AT
SUMMIT TO PROVIDE ESCAPE FOR
ENTRAPPED AIR
• ALSO DISCHARGES AIR WHEN PIPE IS
BEING FILLED & ADMITS AIR WHEN PIPE IS
BEING EMPTIED.

63
REFLUX VALVES

64
 REFLUX VALVES / CHECK VALVES /
NON-RETURN VALVES
• ALLOWS WATER TO FLOW IN ONLY ONE
DIRECTION
• PLACED IN WS LINES GETTING WATER
DIRECTLY BY PUMPING.
• WHEN PUMP STOPS (INTENTIONALLY /
ACCIDENTLY) WATER DOES NOT RUSH
BACK AND PREVENTS DAMAGE.
• PIVOTED PLATE OPENS IN THE DIRECTION
OF FLOW & CLOSES WHEN FLOW TRIES TO
REVERSE.
65
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES /
AUTOMATIC CUTOFF VALVES / SAFETY
VALVES

This valve protects pipe from

sudden increase in pressure.
It is a device attached with a
boiler or other vessel for
relieving the pressure of steam
automatically before it becomes
enough to cause burst.

66
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES /
AUTOMATIC CUTOFF VALVES / SAFETY
VALVES
• LOCATED AT SUCH POINTS WHERE
MAX. PR. IN WATER MAIN IS LIKELY TO
BE ACTING.
• WHEN PR > DESIGN PR, VALVE OPENS
AUTOMATICALLY & PR. IS REDUCED.
• EXERCISE: TRY TO FIND PR. RELIEF
VALVE IN ENV ENGG LAB. IF U GET IT
DON’T TELL OTHERS IF U DON’T GET IT
ASK YOUR TEACHER
67
ALTITUDE VALVES

68
 ALTITUDE VALVES
• MAINLY USED ON THOSE LINES WHICH
SUPPLY WATER TO ELEVATED TANKS /
STAND PIPES.
• CLOSE AUTOMATICALLY WHEN TANK IS
FULL & OPEN WHEN PRESSURE ON THE
PUMP SIDE IS LESS THAN THAT ON THE
TANK SIDE OF THE VALVE.

69
SCOUR VALVES / BLOW-OFF VALVES /
WASHOUT VALVES
• LOCATED EITHER AT DEAD ENDS / LOWEST
POINTS IN THE W S MAINS
• PROVIDED TO REMOVE SAND / SILT LIKELY
TO GET DEPOSITED IN THE W S PIPELINE.
• MANUALLY OPERATED.

70
 WATER QUANTITY REQUIREMENTS
• BASIC NEEDS TO BE SATISFIED BY A PIPED
W S INCLUDE:
– DOMESTIC NEEDS- DRINKING, COOKING,
BATHING, WASHING, FLUSHING OF TOILETS, A/Cs
– INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS
– PUBLIC UTILITIES – STREET WASHING, FLUSHING
OF SEWERS, WATERING IN PUBLIC PARKS
– INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL USES INCLUDING
CENTRAL A/Cs
– FIRE FIGHTING
– REQUIREMENT FOR LIVE STOCK
– MIN PERMISSIBLE UFW (UNACCOUNTED FOR
WATER) --- RECOMMENDED @ 15%; MALAKAPUR
71
<5%
 FACTORS AFFECTING WATER DEMAND
• SIZE OF THE CITY:
– LARGER THE SIZE MORE THE CONSUMPTION…
POSSIBLE REASONS?
• LIVING STANDARD & POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS:
– HIGs --- BUNGALOWS– HIGHER WATER CONSUMPTION --- WHY?
– MIG--- FLATS ---- MEDIUM
– LIG --- SLUMS ---- LESS (FACTS?)
• INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE:
– TYPE & NO. OF INDUSTRIES (WITHIN THE CITY), COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES (BUSINESS, RETAIL& WHOLESALE MERCANTILE
HOUSES, OFFICE BUILDINGS etc.)
• CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:
– HOT WEATHER: MORE CONSUMPTION THAN COLDER
• WATER METERING:
– METERED WS--- LESS CONSUMPTION THAN FLAT RATE
(EXAMPLE OF MALAKAPUR NAGAR PARISHAD) 72
 WS SCHEMES: RECOMMENDED SUPPLY
LEVELS FOR A) DOMESTIC & NONDOMESTIC
NEEDS
SR. CLASSIFICATION OF TOWN / CITY RECOMMENDED
NO. MAX. WS LEVELS
(LPCD)

1 TOWNS WITH PIPED WS BUT W/O 70

SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
2 CITIES WITH PIPED WS WITH 135
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS (EXISTING /
CONTEMPLATED -- PLANNED)

3 METRO/MEGA CITIES WITH PIPED 150

WS & WITH SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
(EXISTING / CONTEMPLATED --
PLANNED)

73
 WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
DOMESTIC PURPOSES
• WATER: REQUIRED FOR BATHING, DRINKING, COOKING, WASHING
OF CLOTHES, UTENSILS, HOUSES, FLUSHING OF TOILETS.
• IS: 1172 – 1957, GIVES THE BREAKUP AS FOLLOWS:

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT OF WATER

(LPCD)
1 BATHING 55
2 WASHING OF CLOTHES 20
3 FLUSHING OF W.C. 30
4 WASHING OF HOUSES 10
5 WASHING OF UTENSILS 10
6 COOKING 05
7 DRINKING 05
74
TOTAL 135
 B) INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS
SR NO TYPE OF INSTITUTION LPCD RECOMMENDED
1 HOSPITALS (INCL LAUNDRY)
NO OF BEDS > 100 450 PER BED WHY?
NO OF BEDS < 100 340 PER BED
2 HOTELS 180
3 HOSTELS 135
4 NURSES’ HOMES & MEDICAL QUARTERS 135
5 BOARDING SCHOOLS / COLLEGES 135
6 RESTAURANTS 70 PER SEAT
7 AIR PORTS & SEA PORTS 70
8 JUNCTION & INTERMEDIATE STNS (INCL 70
MAIL & EXPRESS STOPPAGE
9 TERMINAL STATIONS 45 WHY?
10 INTERMEDIATE STNS (EXCL MAIL & 45
EXPRESS STOPPAGE)
11 DAY SCHOOLS / COLLEGES 45
12 OFFICES 45
13 FACTORIES 45 75
14 CINEMAS, CONCERT HALLS, THEATERS 15
 C) FIRE FIGHTING DEMANDS
• COMMONLY FF DEMAND IS A COINCIDENT DRAFT ON
THE DISTR. SYS ALONGWITH THE NORMAL WS
• NORMALLY 100*(P)1/2 --- IN KL IS QTY PROVIDED (P: POP
IN THOUSANDS– FOR <5000 POP.) 1/3RD IN SERVICE
RESERVOIRS --- REMAINING IN SEVERAL STATIC TANKS
AT STRATEGIC POINTS.
• TANKS: MAY BE FILLED FROM NEARBY PONDS / CANALS
/ STREAMS
• HIGH RISE BUILDINGS --- MANDATORY TO HAVE F F
SYSTEM OF OWN

76
 D) INDUSTRIAL NEEDS
• SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES WITHIN CITY ARE CONNECTED TO PUBLIC
WS
• PER UNIT PRODUCTION HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED? – IS THE
BASIS FOR ARRIVING AT THE REQUIREMENT.
• VIRTUAL WATER?
IND. TYPE UNIT OF PROD. WATER
REQUIREMENT (KL /
UNIT PROD.)

AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE 40
DISTILLERY KILOLITER OF ALCOHOL 122-170

SUGAR TONNE OF CANE 1-2

CRUSHED
STEEL TONNE 200-250
SPL. QLTY PAPER TONNE 400-1000
LEATHER 100 KG (TANNED) 4
77
 POPULATION FORECASTING
• GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:
– DESIGN POPULATION – TO BE ESTIMATED WITH DUE
REGARD TO ALL THE FACTORS GOVERNING FUTURE
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT OF AREA (INDUSTRIAL /
COMMERCIAL/EDUCATIONAL / SOCIAL /
ADMINISTRATIVE)
– SPL FACTORS (INFLUX DURING FESTIVALS
(PANDHARPUR / DEHU), MIGRATION etc.
– DIFF. METHODS ARE AVAILABLE, WHICH ONE TO BE
SELECTED?
• THAT WHICH MATCHES WITH CITY TREND
1. DEMOGRAPHIC METHOD:
• 3 WAYS OF POPULATION CHANGE –
1. BIRTHS 2. DEATHS 3. MIGRATION
(IN / OUT)
1.NET EFFECTS OF BIRTH ~ DEATHS: NATURAL CHANGE
2. MIGRATION: ALSO AFFECTS “BIRTHS / DEATHS” &
THEREFORE “PROJECTIONS OF NET MIGRATIONS” TO BE
PREPARED ALONGWITH “PROJECTIONS FOR NATURAL 78
CHANGE”
 POPULATION FORECASTING
• DEMOGRAPHIC METHOD (CONTND.)
– METHOD TAKES INTO A/C, PREVAILING & ANTICIPATED
“BIRTH RATES” & “DEATH RATES” OF THE REGION OR CITY
FOR “PERIOD UNDER CONSIDERATION”
• EMIGRATIONS (OUT FROM CITY) & IMMIGRATION (TO
CITY) – TO BE STUDIED & “NET CHANGE IN
POPULATION” – CALCULATED BY ARITHMETIC MEAN.
MUMBAI, THANE NASHIK, NAGAR

PUNE: EDUCATIONAL HUB, IT,

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES OTHER STATES.

79
SHOLAPUR, NAGPUR
SANGLI, KOLHAPUR
 ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD
APPLICABLE FOR “LARGE & OLD CITIES” (REACHING SATURATION)
REF TO CENSUS DATA FOR LAST 6-7 DECADES.
• CALCULATE “AV. INCREASE PER DECADE” FROM PREVIOUS CENSUS
DATA. ADD IT TO “PRESENT POPULATION” TO GET POPULATION IN NEXT
“NTH” DECADE.
• NOT SUITABLE FOR “DEVELOPING CITIES: SINCE GIVES VALUES ON
“LOWER SIDE”.
• ASSUMPTION? INCREASE IN POPULATION / DECADE : ASSUMED TO BE
CONSTANT
• MATHEMATICALLY,
 dP / dT = K; dP / dT = Rate of Change of Population; K = Constant.
• REF. TO CENSUS DATA FOR PREVIOUS 4/5 DECADES; FIND
INCREASE IN POPULATION FOR EACH DECADE; FOR EACH
SUCCESSIVE FUTURE DECADE, AV. INCREMENT IS ADDED.
• FUTURE POPULATION IS CALCULATED AS:
• Pn = P + nI; Pn = Future population at the end of “n” decades.
• P = Present Population
• I = Av. Increase / Increment for a decade.
• n = “n”th decade for which future population is expected. 80
 LET’S UNDERSTAND THE ARITHMETIC
INCREASE
METHOD THR’ A SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION.
• population forecast numericals.xls

81
 GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD / UNIFORM %
GROWTH METHOD
• ASSUMPTION?
– % INCREASE IN POPULATION FROM DECADE TO
DECADE IS CONSTANT.
• HOW TO USE THIS METHOD?
– FROM CENSUS DATA FOR PREVIOUS 3 - 4 DECADES,
FIND % INCREASE IN POPULATION, FIND ITS
AVERAGE.
– LET Ig = AV. % INCREASE PER DECADE, rg =
INCREASE/DECADE (EXPRESSED AS
RATIO),POPULATION Pn AFTER N DECADES IS
FOUND AS
– Pn = P*(1 + Ig/100)n= P*(1 + rg)n
– DERIVATION?
82
 DERIVATION?
• LET P = PRESENT POPULATION, P1 = POPULATION AFTER
ONE DECADE.
• P1 = P + (Ig/100)*P = P (1+Ig/100)1
• SIMILARLY, POPULATION P2 AT THE END OF 2ND DECADE
IS,
 P2 = P1 + (Ig/100)*P1 = P1 (1+Ig/100)1 = P(1 + Ig /100)2
• HENCE, CONTINUING ON SAME BASIS IN GENERAL FOR n
DECADES, WE GET:
 Pn = P * (1+ Ig/100)n
• ARITHMETIC AVERAGE METHOD: ANALOGOUS TO “SIMPLE
INTEREST METHOD” WHEREAS GEOMETRIC METHOD:
ANALOGOUS TO “COMPOUND INTEREST METHOD”.
• GIVES HIGHER RESULTS AS - % INCREASE NEVER
REMAINS CONSTANT BUT INSTEAD DECREASES WITH THE
GROWTH OF THE CITY TOWARD SATURATION.
• A CITY POPULATION NEVER REACHES SATURATION:
WHY? 83
 rg i.e. Increase Per Decade Can Be Found As
rg = (Pn / P)1/n -1
Alternatively,
rg Can Be Determined By Computing The Av. Of Growth Rates
Of Several Known Decades Of The Past.
r = (increase in population)
-------------------------------
(original population)
Knowing r1, r2…rn for each decade, av. value rg can be found
either by Arithmetic Average Method or by Geometric
Average Method.
1. By Arithmetic Average Method:
rg = (r1+r2+….rn)/n
2. By Geometric Average Method:
rg = (r1*r2*……….rn)1/n
84
 LET’S UNDERSTAND THE GEOMETRIC
INCREASE METHOD THR’ A SIMPLE
ILLUSTRATION.

• population forecast numericals.xls

85
 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• Here Per Decade Growth Rate is not assumed to be constant (as in
earlier methods) but is progressively increasing / decreasing –
depending upon whether the av. of the incremental increases in the
past data is +ve or –ve.
• The method is a combination of Arithmetic Increase Method and
Geometric Increase Method.
1. From Census Data, find actual increase in each decade.
2. Find Av. Increment of “Increases” i.e. “Incremental Increase.
3. Population in next nth decade is found as:
Pn = P + nI + n(n+1)*r
2
Where:
P = Present Population.
I = Average Increase / Decade.
r = Av. “Incremental Increase”
86
 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
• Derivation:
• Let P = Present Population.
• Population after 1st decade will be:
• P1 = P + 1*(I )+ 1*r ----- (i)
• Similarly,
• P2 = P1 + I + 2*r
= (P + 1*I + 1*r) + I + 2*r ----- Substituting for P1 from eqn (i) above
= P + 2 I + 2(2+1)*r ------ Rearranging the terms
2
P3 = P2 + I + 3*r = [P + 2*I +2(2+1)*r] + I +3*r
2
= P + 3*I + 3(3+1)*r
2
Continuing we get,
Pn = P + n*I + n(n+1)*r
2 87
 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
THR’ AN ILLUSTRATION

• population forecast numericals.xls

88
 DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH METHOD
• ~ TO G. I. METHOD; INSTEAD OF A CONSTANT VALUE OF %
INCREASE IN POPULATION/ DECADE, DECRASING VALUE OF
% INCREASE IN POPULATION IS ADOPTED.
• DECREASING VALUE OF % INCREASE IN POPULATION /
DECADE IS FOUND BY SUBTRACTING AV DECREASE IN %
POPULATION / DECADE FROM LATEST % INCREASE.
• THUS, FROM NO. OF KNOWN POPULATIONS FOR
SUCCESSIVE DECADES, % INCREASE IN POPULATION /
DECADE IS FOUND. THEN, DIFFERENCE IN % INCREASE IS
FOUND & ITS AVERAGE IS FOUND OUT.
• Method Is Applicable To ONLY that Area, where Rate of
Growth shows a Downward Trend.
• GENERAL FORMULA TO BE USED IS:
• Pn = Pn-1 +(rt –r’)Pn-1
100 89
 DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH
METHOD thr’ AN ILLUSTRATION
• population forecast numericals.xls

90
 GRAPHICAL METHOD: 1. BASED ON
SINGLE CITY
• PLOT POPULATION DATA OF LAST FEW DECADES FOR
CITY UNDER CONSIDERATION.
• SMOOTHLY EXTEND THE CURVE UPTO THE DESIRED
DECADE
year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

population 27500 30500 34000 39000 45000

GRAPHICAL METHOD

100000

80000
POPULATION

60000
population
40000

20000

0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
YEAR
91
 GRAPHICAL COMPARATIVE METHOD:
(BASED ON MANY CITIES’ POPULATION
• CITY IN QUESTION IS COMPARED WITH “OTHER
CITIES” THAT HAVE UNDERGONE “SAME PHASES
OF DEVELOPMENT” WHICH THE CITY UNDER
CONSIDERATION IS LIKELY TO UNDERGO.
• BASED ON THIS COMPARISON, A GRAPH
BETWEEN POPULATION AND DECADES IS
PLOTTED.
• GRAPH ON BOARD
• LOGISTIC CURVE METHOD

92
 ZONING METHOD / MASTER PLAN
METHOD.
• DEV. OF CITIES / TOWNS: NOT ALLOWED IN
HAPHAZARD MANNER. “MASTER PLANS” SHALL BE
USED FOR PLANNING OF W.S. PROJECTS AS WELL.
• DIVIDE CITY AREA INTO VARIOUS ZONES LIKE
COMMERCIAL CENTERS, INDUSTRIAL AREAS,
RESIDENTIAL AREAS, SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, PARKS ETC
• STRICT ADHERENCE TO BYE-LAWS IS MUST.
• MASTER PLAN: NEXT 25-30 YEARS PLANNING HAS TO
BE CONSIDERED.
• POPULATION DENSITIES FOR VARIOUS AREAS ARE TO
BE FIXED IN THE BEGINNING.
• THEREFORE,
– TOTAL POPULATION FOR A PARTICULAR AREA =
– POPULATION DENSITY * AREA OF THAT CATEGORY
93
94
 RECOMMENDED POPULATION
DENSITIES
SR. NO. TYPE OF AREA NO. OF PERSONS /
Ha
1 Residential Areas
a) Single Family Dwellings 10-40
(Large lots)
b) Single Family Dwellings 40-90
(Small lots)
c) Multiple Family Dwellings 90-250
d) Apartments / Tenement 250-2500 or more
Houses
2 Commercial Trade Areas 40-75
3 Industrial Areas 10-40
4 Total exclusive of Park, 25-125
95
Playgrounds etc
 RATIO & CORRELATION METHOD
• POPULATION GROWTH OF A SMALL TOWN / AREA IS RELATED
TO BIG TOWNS OR BIG AREAS.
• INCREASE IN POPULATION OF BIG CITIES BEARS A DIRECT
RELATIONSHIP TO THE POPULATION OF THE WHOLE STATE /
COUNTRY --- e.g. MUMBAI--NASHIK
• LOCAL / STATE / NATIONAL POPULATION RATIO: DETERMINED
FOR PREVIOUS 3-4 DECADES
• AS CONDITIONS PREVAIL (IND. GROWTH / EDU. HUB /
NATURAL CALAMITIES ETC.) – CHANGING RATIO MAY BE
ADOPTED.----- GUJRATH DEV POLICY--- PROSPERITY
• THESE RATIOS ARE USED FOR PREDICTING FUTURE
POPULATION.
• METHOD TAKES INTO A/C REGIONAL AND NATIONAL
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH.
• USEFUL FOR ONLY THOSE AREAS WHOSE POPULATION
GROWTH IS THE PAST IS FAILRLY CONSTANT WITH THAT OF
STATE / NATION. 96
 FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION
GROWTH
• ECONOMIC FACTORS: DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
INDUSTRIES; OIL & MINERAL WEALTH IN NR. BY
AREA
• DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: DEV. OF
PROJECTS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE (POWER
PROJECT, RAILWAY, WATER RESOURCE etc.)
• COMMUNICATION LINKS: CONNECTION TO OTHER
TOWNS, CITIES, AGRICULTURAL & INDUSTRIAL
HUBS
• TOURISM: KONKAN REGION
• COMMUNITY LIFE: SOCIAL SECURITIES
• UNFORESEEN FACTORS: NATURAL CALAMITIES
– EARTHQUAKE, FLOODS, TSUNAMI 97
 RAW WATER QUALITY
• WATER ANALYSIS:
– HELPS TO KNOW VARIOUS TYPES OF IMPURITIES PRESENT
IN WATER. CARRIED OUT FOR BOTH RAW & TREATED
WATER.
– HELPS TO DECIDE @ TYPE & EXTENT OF TREATMENT TO
BE GIVEN TO MAKE IT POTABLE--- FIT FOR DRINKING.
• OBJECTIVES OF WATER TESTING / ANALYSIS
– TO CLASSIFY WATER wrt GENERAL LEVEL OF MINERAL
COMPOSITION (SOFT / HARD / ….)
– TO DETERMINE NATURE OF MATTER IN SUSPENSION
– TO DETERMINE LEVEL OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
– TO DECIDE @ PURIFICATION PROCESSES TO BE ADOPTED
& TO DECIDE @ VARIOUS STAGES INVOLVED.
– TO CHECK WHETHER DESIRED DEGREE OF TREATMENT
HAS BEEN REACHED OR NOT.
98
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• COLOUR: WATER GETS COLOUR DUE TO LEAVES, LOGS,
LITTER etc, & OTHER ORGANIC MATTER EITHER IN SOLUTION
OR IN SUSPENSION.
• VARIOUS SCALE OF MMT AVAILABLE: PLATINUM-COBALT,
HAZEN SCALE etc
– PRECAUTIONS:
– REMOVE SAMPLES CAUSING TURBIDITY BY CF FORCE.
– FOR COLORIMETRIC COMPARISON: PREPARE SAMPLES WITH STD.
COLOUR; DRAW CALIBERATION CURVE; SUPERIMPOSE OBS. OF SAMPLE
UNDER TEST ON THIS CURVE.
– COLOUR INTENSITY IN WATER: MEASURED USING ARBITRARY COLOUR
OF UNIT ON COBALT SCALE (VALUE NOT >20, & PREF, BE < 10 UNITS)
• TASTE & ODOUR:
– MAINLY DECIDES @ PALATABILITY OF MINERAL WATER.
– TASTE & ODOUR: MAINLY DUE TO MINERAL SALTS, INDUSTRIAL WASTES,
DOMESTIC WASTE etc. DECOMPOSING ORGANIC MATTER, PHENOLS etc.
– MOST DIFFICULT TO MEASURE AS NO NUMERIC SCALE
• ODOUR: BASIS OF MMT- “THRESHOLD OF ODOUR NO.”
99
RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR PHYSICAL
& CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SR NO CHARACTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE CAUSE FOR
REJECTION
1 TURBIDITY (NTU) 1 10
2 COLOUR (P-CO SCALE) 5 25
3 TASTE & ODOUR UNOBJECTIO OBJECTIONA
NABLE BLE
4 pH 7 TO 8.5 <6.5, >9.2
5 TDS 500 2000
6 TOTAL HARDNESS (AS 200 600
CaCO3); mg/l
7 CHLORIDES, SULPHATES, FLUORIDES, NITRATES,
CALCIUM, IRON, MANGANESE, Cu, Al, ------ MANY MORE
8
9 ALKALINITY (Mg/l) 200 600
10 RESIDUAL CHLORINE 0.2 >1.0
(mg/l) 100
 RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS – toxic materials
SR NO CHARACTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE CAUSE FOR
REJECTION
1 ARSENIC mg/l 0.01 0.05
2 CADMIUM (AS Cd) mg/l 0.01 0.01
3 CHROMIUM (AS 0.05 0.05
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
Cr6+) mg/l
4 CYANIDES (AS CN) mg/l 0.05 0.05
5 LEAD (AS Pb) mg/l 0.05 0.05
6 & MANY MORE
7 RADIOACTIVITY
8 GROSS ALPHA ACTIVITY 0.1 0.1
Bq/l)
9 GROSS BETA ACTIVITY 1.0 1.0
Bq/l)
101
 BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING
WATER
ORGANISATION GUIDELINE VALUE

All Water Intended For Drinking:

E coli or thermo-tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample.

Treated Water Entering the Distribution System:

E coli or thermo-tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Total Coli form Bacteria: Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Treated Water In the Distribution System:

E coli or thermo-tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Total Coli form Bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. In
case of large supplies, where sufficient samples
are examined, must not be present in 95% of
samples taken throughout any 12 month period.
102
 VARIATIONS IN WATER DEMAND
• ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY DEMAND / CAPITA / DAY
– = QTY OF WATER SUPPLIED IN A YR.
NO. OF DAYS OF WS/YR * POPULATION
AADD : NOT CONSTANT; NOT ONLY VARIES FROM YR. TO YR, SEASON TO
SEASON BUT VERY IMPORTANTLY FROM DAY TO DAY & HR TO HR
• VARIATIONS: EXPRESSED AS % OF A. A. D. D. THE COMMON
VALUES ADOPTED ARE:
1. MAX. SEASONAL CONSUMPTION : 130% OF A A D D
2. MAX. MONTHLY CONSUMPTION: 140% OF A A D D
3. MAX. DAILY CONSUMPTION: 180% OF A A D D
4. MAX. HOURLY CONSUMPTION: 150% OF A D D
• ANALYTICAL FORMULA BY R. O. GOODRICH:
– P = 180*T^(-0.1)
– P = % OF A A CONSUMPTION
– T = TIME IN DAYS (2/24 TO 360 DAYS RANGE)
– FOR T = 1, P = 180 i.e. CONSUMPTION FOR MAX D D = 180% OF AADD
– FOR T = 30 DAYS P = 180(30)^-0.1 = 128% (~ 140% AS ABOVE)

103
 FIRE DEMAND
• KUCHLING’S FORMULA:
– Q = 3182 (P)^1/2
– Q = QTY. OF WATER (LPMIN)
– P = POPULATION IN THOUSANDS
• BUSTON’S FORMULA:
– Q = 5663 (P)^1/2
• FREEMAN’S FORMULA:
– Q = 1136(P/5 + 10)
• NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDER WRITER’S FORMULA:
– Q = 4637 (P)^1/2 (1 – 0.01 P^1/2)
• NORMALLY.
– FIRE HYDRANTS ~ 15 – 20 CM DIA.
– PRESSURE : 1 – 2 KG/SQ CM (10 -20 M)
• INDIAN CITIES: @ 1LPCD IS CONSIDERED IN DESIGN

104
HOURLY VARIATION IN WATER DEMAND

18
CONSUMPTION IN ML/DAY
16

14

12

10

6
CONSUMPTION IN
ML/DAY
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

105
 HOURLY VARIATION IN WATER DEMAND
• ABOVE GRAPH SHOWS VARIATION IN WATER CONSUMPTION
THROUGHOUT THE DAY.
• IN MOST OF THE INDIAN CITIES: PEAKS IN WATER DEMAND ARE
FOUND IN MORNING (8-11) & EVENING (6 – 9 PM)
• NIGHT CONSUMPTION IS BELOW AVERAGE
• MAX. HOURLY DEMAND? USED TO INDICATE CONSUMPTION OF
MAX. HR ON MAX. DAY OF MAX. MONTH OF MAX. SEASON
– ANY SUCH DAY THAT U CAN GUESS? --------
• EXAMPLE:
– RATE OF CONSUMPTION ON “MAX. DEMAND DAY” = 1.8 * 150 = 270 LTRS
– MAX. HOURLY CONSUMPTION = 1.5 *MAX. DEMAND DAY’S. DAILY CONSUMPTION
» = 1.5 * 1.8 * (150/24) = 16.9 LPH
– ABSOLUTE MAX. HRLY DEMAND = (150/24) * 1.3*1.4*1.8*1.5
» = 30.7 LPH
– WHERE AS A A D D = 150 / 24 = 6.25 LPH
• VARIATION IN DEMAND : 6.25 MIN ---- 30.7 MAX.
• EFFECT?
106
HOURLY VARIATION IN WATER DEMAND – EFFECTS?
• W S S HAS SEVERAL COMPONENTS. DESIGN OF EACH UNIT
SHOULD MATCH WITH HOURLY, DAILY & SEASONAL VARIATION.
1. FILTERS & PUMPS: NORMALLY DESIGNED FOR 1.5 AADD;
e.g. IF AADD = 150 lpcd, POPULATION = 50,000; THEN FILTER WILL
BE DESIGNED FOR 1.5*50*50000 = 1,12,50,000 LTRS;
SIMILARLY, PUMPS: TO BE DESIGNED FOR 1,12,50,000 LTRS IN 24
HRS.; IF PUMPING HRS ARE ONLY 12 OR 8, - PUMPING
CAPACITY IS REQUIRED TO BE DOUBLED / TRIPLED.
1. DISTRIBUTION MAINS: DESIGNED FOR MAX. HOURLY DEMAND
OF MAX. DEMAND DAY; PEAK FACTOR = 1.5 * 1.8 = 2.7
2. SEDIMENTATION TANK, WATER RESERVOIRS : DESIGNED FOR
AV. DAILY RATE OF CONSUMPTION.
• THUMB RULE?
– LESSER DETENTION TIME – HIGHER PEAK FACTOR;
– MORE D. T. – LESSER PEAK FACTOR

107