TOPIC 6: SETTING OUT

SURVEY

Subtopic:
• Introduction to principle of EDM &
Total Station
• Application in control surveying for
horizontal and vertical road curve
 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this topic, student should be able
to:
• Define and described how Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM) and Total Station works
in surveying works.
• Define and discuss the advantage and working
principle of Global Positioning System (GPS),
Geographical Information System (GIS) and
Remote Sensing in variation of surveying
application.
 COURSE OUTCOME
CO1: Describe survey methods and suitable
equipments used for engineering survey.
CO2: Justify the effective communication
on survey engineering activities.
CO3: Organize survey equipment for field
work in civil engineering project.
 PROGRAME OUTCOMES
PO1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization
to wide practical procedures and practices.
PO5: Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering
problems, with an awareness of the limitations.
PO10: Communicate effectively on well-defined engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society
at large, by being able to comprehend the work of others,
document their own work, and give and receive clear
instructions.
 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT (EDM)
INTRODUCTION
With this device, surveyor can measure short or long
distance with extraordinary speed & precision
These devices save money, time & also reduce the size
of conventional survey equipments.
They may used with the same facility where there are
obstacles intervening such as lakes, canyons, standing
crops, heavy traffics & etc.
It also automatically display direct readout
measurements with the mistakes are greatly reduced.
Basic Terms
• Electronic Distance Measuring Devices
An inst. That transmits a carrier signal of electromagnetic energy
from its position to a receiver located at another position.
• Visible Lights
Defined as that part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the
eye is sensitive. It has the wavelength in the range of 0.4 – 0.7
micrometer.
• Infrared Light
Has the frequencies below the visible portion of the spectrum. It lies
between light & radio wave with wavelengths from 0.7 – 1.2
micrometer.
• Microwave
An electromagnetic radiation that has a long wavelength & low
frequency & lies in the region between infrared & shortwave from
10 – 100 micrometer.
 TOTAL STATION
INTRODUCTION
• In field survey, the use of electronic-based instruments is
now widespread that it would be difficult to imagine any
contemporary site surveying without it
• Total Station or electronic tacheometers (ET) combines an
EDM, electronic digital theodolite & a computer in one unit.
• T.S. can read & record horizontal & vertical angle together
with slope distances
• These are operated using a multi-function keyboard which
is connected to a microprocessor built in the instrument
• The microprocessor in the T.S. can perform a variety of
mathematical operation
 The Operations of T.S.
• Average multiple angle measurements
• Averaging multiple distance measurement
• Calculation of rectangular coordinates
• Calculation of slope correction
• Distance between remote points
• Remote object elevations
• Atmospheric & instrumental correction
• Store observation directly using an internal
memory
 Feature of T.S.
• Angle measurement
– An E.T. of a T.S. is used to measure angles
– All the feature of E.T. are applicable to T.S.
– A T.S. can record angles with a resolution between 1”
and 20”
• Distance measurement
– A T.S. measures a slope distance & the microprocessor
uses the vertical angle recorded by the theodolite along
the line of sight to calculate the horizontal distance
– All the T.S. uses co-axial optic in which the EDM
transmitter & receiver are combine with the theodolite
telescope
 Feature of T.S.
• The range of a T.S. is typically 1 – 3 km to a single prism
assuming good visibility
• The precision of a typical T.S. is 5 mm
• The distance readings are automatically corrected for
atmospheric effect such as pressure & temperature
• Control Panel
– T.S. consists of keyboard & multiple line liquid crystal display
(LCD)
– The LCD is moisture proof & can incorporate contrast control to
accommodate different viewing angles
– The keyboard enables the user to select & implement different
measurement modes, enables instrument parameters to be
changed
 Feature of T.S.
• Power Supply
– Rechargeable nickel – cadmium batteries are used for
power supply
– The usage time 2 – 10 hours
• Accessories
– Track light or Lumi-guide
• A visible light which enables a pole mounted prism to be set
directly on the line of sight
• Flash 3 colour of lights:
– If the prism is to the left of the line of sight, a GREEN light
flashes
– If the prism is to the right, a RED light is seen
– If the prism is on the line, a WHITE light flashes
 Feature of T.S.
• Geotronics Unicorn
✔ – It is a communication system which allows speech to
be
✔ transmitted from the instrument to the prism
✔ – This consists of small microphone on the control
panel
✔ which is activated by pressing a key & a receiver with
small
✔ loudspeaker mounted on the prism pole.

• Retroreflector
✔ A special form of reflector known as corner cube prism
✔ Constructed from glass cubes or blocks
✔ Return a beam along a path exactly parallel to the
incident path
 Capabilities of T.S.
• Monitors; battery status, signal attenuation, horizontal & vertical
axis status,
collimation errors
• Computer coordinates
• Traverse closure & adjustment
• Topography reductions
• Remote object elevation
• Distance between remote points
• Inversing
• Resection
• Horizontal & vertical collimation corrections
• Setting out
• On – board software
• Records, search & review
• Transfer of data to the computer
• Transfer of computer files to data recorder
 Sources of Errors
• Instrumental errors
– Plate bubble out of adjustment
– Horizontal axis not perpendicular to vertical axis
– Axis of sight not perpendicular to horizontal axis
– Eccentricity of centers
– Errors caused by peripheral equipment
• Worn tribrachs, optical plummet out of adjustment, unsteady tripod etc.
• Natural errors
– Wind
• Vibrates tripod, on high setup-it can vibrate to the extent that precise pointing become impossible
• Shielding the instrument & use optical plummet
– Temperature effect
• Cause unequal expansion on parts of instrument
• This can caused the bubble to run which can produce erroneous observations. Can avoid by shielding
the instruments
– Tripod settlement
• On soft ground, support with hard material
• Personal errors
– Instrument not set up exactly over point
– Bubbles not centered perfectly
– Improper use of clamps & tangent screws
– Poor focusing
 Application IN CONTROL
SURVEYING (Curve)
The design stage and setting out of curves is very
important aspect of an engineer’s work:
E.g. In geometric design of roadways, railways,
pipelines etc. all these required introduction of
curve in design.
Initially all route design is usually based on a series
of straight sections.
In fact it is impossible to accommodate this in
design where positions and locations are affected
based on the topography condition of the area.
A curve that intersect on horizontal plane
is called horizontal curve. Eg. A turning
curve to the left or the right of a road
section.

And a curve that intersect on vertical

plane is called as vertical curve. Eg. A
road on a rising gradient or falling
gradient as in hilly area.
 Horizontal Curves
1) Simple circular curve
2) Compound curve
(Combined)
3) Reverse curve
4) Transition curve
5) Broken-back curves.
1) Simple Curve
Is a curve connecting 2 intersecting straight (T1 I & T2 I)
having constant radius all through curve length.
It is tangential to the straights at the joining end.
In figure below, T1 T T2 is a simple circular curve of radius R,
joining the two straight T1 I and T2 I intersecting at a point I.
2) Compound Curve
Two or more simple curves that is joint together.
A curve that has different radius,
Alignment of curve that is turning in the same direction
It is joint with two intersecting straight T1I and T2I.
In figure beside, T1TT2 is a compound curve with two simple
circular curves T1T and TT2 of radii R1 and R2 respectively.
Line ATB is common tangent and T is the common point. (share
same point)
3) Reverse Curve
Similar with a combined curve.
But the direction of curve are opposite to each other
In figure beside, T1T T2 is a reverse curve, formed from the curves
T1TV and T2TU of radii R1 and R2 respectively, joining the two
straight T1U and T2V.
It is suitable to use in common in railway system.
Unsuitable for modern highspeed highways.
These are also known as serpentine curve or S- curve because of the
“S” shape.
4) Transition Curve
It is a curve usually introduced between a simple circular curve and a straight
or between two simple circular curves.
It is also known as an easement curve.
A transition curve has a radius, gradually changing from finite to infinite value
or vice versa.
It is widely used on highway and railways, since its radius increases or
decreases in a very gradual manner.
In figure below, T1TD is the transition curve introduced between the simple
circular curve T4DD’T5 and the straightT1I and T2I
HORIZONTAL CURVE
Vertical curves
Summit vertical curve
Sag vertical curve
Vertical Curve
These are curves in a vertical plane used to join two intersecting
grade lines.
The reduced level of these curves change from point to point in a
gradual and systematic manner.
A vertical summit (a) curve is provided when a rising grade (T1I)
joins a falling grade (T2I).
A vertical sag (b) curve is provided when falling grade (T3I) joins a
rising grade (T4I).
Elements of Simple Circular Curve:
• Point I is called point of intersection (P.I.)
• Δ is called deflection angle i.e. external angle between two (2)
intersecting straights
• Angle AIB (θ) is called the angle of intersection.
• The sum of Δ + θ = 180°
• Point T1 is beginning point of curve and known as point of curve (P.C.)
• Point T2 is last point of curve and known as point of tangency (P.T.)
Elements of Simple Circular Curve:
• IT1 and IT2 are known as tangent length and always
equal in length.
• LengthT1 C T2 is called as total length of curve.
• Point C is in the middle of the curve and can be
called as summit or apex.
• The chord joining the point of curve and the point
of tangency is known as long chord.
• Distance between points I and apex point (C) is
called apex distance.
• Angle T1OT2 at the centre of the curve (O) is
known as central angle. The central angle is equal
to the deflection angle.
Relation between Degree and Radius of Curve
E.g. 1 (Horizontal Curve)
Two tangents intersect at CH1250m.
Angle of intersection is 1500 and
radius of curve is 250m. Tabulate the
setting out data with the interval is
20m into the proper table.
Elements of Vertical Curve:
Elements of Vertical Curve:

• Chainage of T1 = Chainage of B – l
• Chainage of T2 = Chainage of B + l
• Reduce level of T1 = RL of B – gl
• Reduce level of T2 = RL of B – gl
• Reduce level of B2 = ½ (Reduce level of T1 + Reduce level of
T2)
• Reduce level of B1 = ½ (Reduce level of B + Reduce level of
B2)
• Tangent correction at distance x : 𝑦𝑥= (𝑔𝑔−𝑔𝑔)400𝑙𝑥2
E.g. 1 (Vertical Curve)
E.g. 2 (Vertical Curve)
(Q&A)

azland.uitmsarawak