ADVANCED

SURVEYING
INSTRUMENT
S

AJEY KUMAR V G
M.Tech- Construction Technology
BMS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Surveying?

Surveying is the science and art of determining

the relative positions of points above, on, or
beneath the earth’s surface and locating the
points in the field.
The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final point
locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and recording data
in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations based
upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to produce a map, plat, or
chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the
proper locations in the field.
Different categories of Surveying

1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base for

fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat
horizontal surface.
2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to determine relative
positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and directions which
require the consideration of the size and shape of the earth.
(Takes the earth’s curvature into account.)
Types of surveying
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or other
sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries, and
areas of land parcels.
3. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the
building Civil Engineering projects
4. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps showing the
locations of natural man-made features and elevations of points of the ground.
5. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow
projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways, railroads,
pipelines)
6. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom of
bodies of water.
Instruments used for surveying past decades
• Chain.
• Ranging.
• Cross Staff.
• Steel band.
• Tape.
• Plane tables.
• Compass.
• Levelling.
• Theodolites. (Vernier &
Micrometer)
• Tacheometer.
• By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use electronic
distance measuring devices, called EDM’s were in use.
• The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic
components enabled the building of theodolites that measure angles
electronically, called Electronic Theodolite
• Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance
meter, and software running on an external laptop computer known as
a data collector, called Total Station
•
T h e G ol b a l P o s ti i o n ni g S y s t e m G
( P S )
ap p li ca ti o n s. It s p r i m a ry p u r p o s ew a s to
track of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their
w a s de s i g n d f r m il itary
targets
al lo w s o l d ier s to k ee p
• A computerized data base management system for capture, storage,
retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS
Advanced surveying equipments

• Electronic Theodolite
• EDM – Electronic distance measurement eqp.
• Auto Level.
• Digital Level.
• Laser Level.
• Laser Distance meter
• Total station.
• GPS – global positioning system.
1.Electronic Thoedolite

• For precise surveys the vernier

theodolites are replaced by modern
theodolites such as optical and
electronic theodolites.
• The electronic theodolites have
optical system to scan both
horizontal and vertical circles and
display them digitally on a screen
2. EDM (Electronic Distance meter)

1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter

2. Measurement of distance is done by a
modulated microwave or infrared
carrier signal
3. The distance is determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies, and
determining the integer number of
wavelengths to the target for each
frequency.
Principle of EDM
• The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-magnetic (EM)
beam from one transmitter at the master station to a reflector at the remote
station and receiving it back at the master station.
• The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and receiver by
modulating the continuous carrier wave at different frequencies, and then
measuring the phase difference at the master station between the outgoing and
the incoming signals. This establishes the following relationship for a double
distance (2D):
OPERATION WITH
EDMI
• Measurement with EDMI involves four basic steps:
(a) Set up
(b) Aim
(c) Measure
(d) Record
• Setting up: The instrument is centered over a station
by means of tribrach. Reflector prisms are set over the
remote station on tribrach.
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
WITH EDMI

1. Instrument errors :
• centering at the master and slave station.
• pointing/sighting of reflector.
• entry of correct values of prevailing atmospheric
conditions.
2. Atmospheric errors :
Meteorological conditions (temperature, pressure,
humidity, etc.) have to be taken into account to
correct for the systematic error arising due to this.
These errors can be removed by applying an
appropriate atmospheric correction model that takes
care of different meteorological parameters from
the standard one.
3. Instrumental error :
Consists of three components - scale error, zero error
and cyclic error. These are systematic in nature
3. Auto Level
• Now most commonly used levelling instruments are - Auto level.
• Auto level, as name sounds it has a auto level compensator and corrects
automatically if instrument goes out of level within it’s range.
• With auto level:-
1. Survey work can be done fast,
2. Less chances of error,
3. Magnification available is more,
4. Range is more,
5. Image is erect so less chances of error.
4. Digital Level
• They are not popular instead auto levels are more
extensively used.
• The Trimble DiNi Digital Level : Determine accurate
height information 60% faster than with automatic
leveling
• Eliminate errors and reduce rework with digital
readings
• Transfer data to the office easily
• Measure to a field of just 30 cm
5. Laser Level
• The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation and is the name
applied to an intense beam of highly monochromatic,
coherent light.
• Laser rangefinders use these relationships to
calculate Distance
• Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
• The time refers to time of pulse to go from the
instrument to the tree and back again
• By using this Laser distance meter we
can calculate the distance, area and
volume accurately
• We can use this in night also
 6. GPS – Global Positioning System.

What is GPS?

 GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is

the only system today able to show you your exact
position on the Earth anytime, in any weather,
anywhere.
 Global Positioning System – A network of satellites
(24 total – 21 in use, 3 spares) that continuously
transmit coded information which makes it possible
to precisely identify locations on earth by
measuring distance from the satellites.
7.EDM + Theodolite
• EDM is used to measure the horizontal
distances.
• Some EDM are attached with electronics
theodolite which has the adapter system.
• Some are advanced models which itself reads the
distance without theodolite
8.Total Station

• A Total station integrates the functions

of a Electronic theodolite for
measuring angles, an EDM for
measuring distances, digital data and a
data recorder
• Angles and distances, coordinates and
height differences and many other items
can be computed, displayed and stored
into internal memory.
Features of Total Station
• Total solution for surveying work,
• Most accurate and user friendly,
• Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.
known point (base point),
• Compatibility with computers,
• Measures distance and angles and displays
coordinates,
• Auto level compensator is available,
• Can work in lesser visibility also,
• Can measure distances even without prismatic
target for lesser distances,
• Is water proof,
• On board software are available,
• Can be used for curve layout after feeding
data
Features of Total Station

• New total stations have atmospheric

correction, and auto-focus.
• In addition, these series incorporates a
quick distance measuring mode and a
high data storage capacity for increased
productivity.
• The new Total station gives the unique
opportunity for long range distance
monitoring of up to 9000m to a single
prism.
• Using the scan functionality of software
allows fully automated monitoring of the
prism in direction of the line of sight.
Parts of Total Station
 Engineering Educa tion
for today’s classroom.

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

USES:
-
Total Stations can be used for:

• General purpose angle measurement

• General purpose distance measurement

• Provision of control surveys

• Contour and detail mapping

• Setting out and construction work

 STORAGE
• Most TS have on-board storage of records using
PCMCIA memory cards of different capacity. The
card memory unit can be connected to any external
computer or to a special card reader for data transfer.
• The observations can also be downloaded directly
into intelligent electronic data loggers. Both systems
can be used in reverse to load information into the
instruments.
• Some instruments and/or data loggers can be
interfaced directly with a computer for immediate
processing and plotting of the data (Kavanagh, 2003).
 FIELD OPERATION WITH TS
• Various field operations in TS are in the form of wide
variety of programs integrated with microprocessor
and implemented with the help of data collector.
• All these programs need that the instrument station
and at least one reference station be identified so
that all subsequent stations can be identified in
terms of (X, Y, Z). Typical programs include the
following functions:
• Point location
• Missing line measurement (MLM)
• Resection
• Remote distance and elevation measurement
• Offset measurements
• Layout or setting out operation
• Area computation
• For details on above functions, one can refer to the
user manual of any TS.
 Different Types of TS and
accessories
• Trimble(5600IR)
Factors influencing the use of Total Stations:
• A clear line of sight between the instrument
and the measured points is essential.
• The precision of the instrument is dependent
on the raw repeatabilities of the direction and
distance measurements.
• A well defined measurement point or
target/prism is required to obtain optimal
precision and accuracy.
• The accuracy of direction and distance
measurement is subject to a number of
instrumental errors and the correct field
procedures.
 Auxiliary Equipment Required
• Targets or Prisms to accurately define the
target point of a direction measurement.

• A data recorder if one is not integrated into

the total station.

• A download cable and software on a PC to

capture and process the captured digital data
to produce contour and detail maps.
Normal Accuracy and ranges of total
stations

 Angular accuracy up to 1”
 Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM
 Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4KM.( with single prism)
 Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.
Basic Principle of Total Stations

These instruments are measuring the distances of prism poles mounted

with prisms with the help of Laser beam or Infrared rays.
These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and reflected
back to instruments by the prism mounted on the prism poles.
 The time interval between emission and reception helps to
calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are
precisely known. D = (t/2) x v
 D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity
Setting up of Total Station
Centering:
• Place the legs at equal intervals and the
head is approximately level
• Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
• Place the instrument on the tripod stand
• Supporting the instrument with one
hand,
tighten the centering screw on the
bottom of the unit
• Looking through the optical plummet eye
piece
• focus on the Surveying point
Levelling:
• Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
• point in the optical plummet reticule
• Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening o by
lengthening the tripod leg
• Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered
i the center circle
• Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of the
instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line between
leveling foot screws A & B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A &
simultaneously
• Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
• The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws
A&B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C
 Eliminating parallax
• This is the relative displacement of the target image with respect to the reticle
when the observer’s head is moved slightly before the eyepiece.
• Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle

Format of Storage in Total Station

1. Point Id
2. Easting (x – Coordinate)
3. Northing (y – Coordinate)
4. Elevation (z-Coordinate)
5. Point code [String like
TR for tree CW for
compound wall etc]
Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)

 An REM is a function used to

measure the height to a point where
a target cannot be directly installed
such as power lines, overhead
cables etc.,
9.REMOTE
SENSING
• Science and art of obtaining information about an
object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of
data acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object, area, or phenomenon under
investigation
REMOTE SENSING
SYESTEM
• A typical remote sensing system consists of
the following sub-systems:
(a) scene
(b) sensor
(c) processing (ground) segment
• Various stages in these sub-systems are indicated in
the next figure.
• The electro-magnetic (EM) energy forms the
fundamental component of a RS system
APPLICATION OF REMOTE
SENSING
Agriculture:-
• Crop condition assessment.
• Crop yield estimation
Urban Planning:-
• Infrastructure mapping.
• Land use change detection.
• Future urban expansion planning
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED:

Risk modelling; Early warning; Identifying escape routes; Damage assessment; KALPANA-1;
vulnerability analysis. long-range climate crisis mapping; spatial planning. INSAT-3A; QuikScat
modelling impact assessment; radar; Meteosat
cyclone
monitoring;
storm surge
predictions.

Example: IN CYCLONE:

Cyclone Lehar by KALPANA 1 Cyclone Helen by Mangalayan

 IN EARTHQUAKES:
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED
Building stock assessment; Measuring strain Planning routes for search Damage assessment; PALSAR; IKONOS
hazard mapping. accumulation. and rescue; identifying sites for 2; InSAR; SPOT;
damage assessment; rehabilitation. IRS
evacuation planning;
deformation mapping.

The World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction (WAPMERR) uses remote sensing
to improve knowledge of building stocks — for example the number and height of buildings. High resolution imagery can
also help hazard mapping to guide building codes and disaster preparedness strategies.
 IN FLOODS:
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED
Mapping flood-prone Flood detection; Flood mapping; Damage assessment; Tropical Rainfall
areas; early warning; evacuation planning; spatial planning. Monitoring Mission;
delineating flood-plains; rainfall mapping. damage assessment. AMSR-E; KALPANA I;
land-use mapping.

Sentinel Asia — a team of 51 organisations from 18 countries — delivers remote sensing data via the Internet as
easy-to-interpret information for both early warning and flood damage assessment across Asia.
It uses the Dartmouth Flood Observatory's (DFO's) River Watch flood detection and measurement system, based on
AMSR-E data, to map flood hazards and warn disaster managers and residents in flood-prone areas when rivers are likely
to burst their banks.

Flood In Uttarakhand Flood In Assam

DISASTER IN OTHER PREPAREDNESS
MITIGATION RECOVERY RESCUE SATELLITES USED

DROUGHT DISASTERS:
Risk modelling;
vulnerability analysis;
land and water
Weather forecasting;
vegetation monitoring;
crop water requirement
Monitoring
vegetation;
damage assessment.
Informing
drought
mitigation.
FEWS NET; AVHRR;
MODIS; SPOT
management planning. mapping;
early warning.

Risk modelling; Emissions monitoring; Mapping lava flows; Damage MODIS and AVHRR;
VOLCANO hazard mapping; thermal alerts. evacuation planning. assessment; Hyperion
digital elevation spatial planning.
models.

Mapping fire-prone Fire detection; Coordinating fire Damage MODIS; SERVIR;

FIRE areas; predicting spread/direction of fighting efforts. assessment. Sentinel Asia; AFIS
monitoring fuel fire;
load; early warning.
risk modelling.

Risk modelling; Monitoring rainfall and slope Mapping affected Damage PALSAR; IKONOS
LANDSLIDE hazard mapping; stability. areas; assessment; 2; InSAR; SPOT;
digital elevation spatial planning; IRS
models. suggesting
management
practices.
10.LiDA
R
LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is
an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the
distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating
the target with light, often using pulses from a laser..
 Basic Principle
• LiDAR is fundamentally a distance technology. From an airplane or
helicopter, LiDAR systems actively sends light energy to the ground.
This pulse hits the ground and returns to the sensor.
• Basically, it measures how long it takes for the emitted light to return
back to the sensor. In the end, it gets a variable distance to the Earth.
11.Drones(UAV) in surveying
• An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly
known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human
pilot onboard. UAVs are a component of an
unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which include a
UAV, a ground-based controller, and a system of
communications between the two.

• Drone technology allows for safe mapping of terrains

and property, producing high-quality surveying results
that equal or surpass traditional methods, and is a
cost-efficient way to complete more projects in less
time.
Advantages of drone surveying
 Risk Reduction - Safety and accidents related to falling due to rugged terrain or land
elevations can add to construction budgets and impact construction workflow.
 Faster Acquisition of Data - While 'time is money', in the construction industry time is
generally not valued over and above the quality of data - because in the long run, quality
information will save time and money.
 Improved Data Resolution - For construction projects that may have used manned
helicopters or planes to retrieve topographic data, drones can fly closer to the ground
surface and supply much-improved data resolution for aerial surveying and photography.
 Access to Unreachable Locations - The most common use for drone surveyance is in
measuring locations where vehicles and personnel can not otherwise access.