CV 222/MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

The University of the South Pacific

School of Information Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and
Physics
CV 222/MM 222 – Fluid Mechanics

Lab 2: Impact of Jets

Lab Session Time:12-3pm Monday

Student Name: Ravikesh Reddy(S11197354) (CV), Kalani Wakeham (S11196283) (CV)

AIM

To determine the force exerted by a water jet when it strikes a vane of different geometry

INTRODUCTION

Forces may be applied to objects in contact with moving fluid in natural or artificial systems.
For the purpose of analysing fluid motion, a finite section of the fluid (referred to as the
"control volume") is typically chosen. and the gross impacts of the stream, such as its force or
torque on an object, are computed the net mass rate that streams into and out of the control
volume. Newton's second law or the momentum equation can be used to calculate these
forces, much like in solid mechanics (Ravi Agarwal,2017). By using the momentum equation,
the force a jet of fluid exerts on a flat or curved surface can be calculated. Understanding
these forces is crucial for understanding fluid mechanics and hydraulic equipment.

Figure 1: General layout of the apparatus

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The use of water turbines for electricity production is widespread around the world. Here, a
turbine wheel's vanes are exposed to a pressurized fluid. From this, mechanical work can be
produced. The force created when the jet hits the vanes then causes rotation to occur. The
Pelton wheel is one of the most common varieties of water turbine. Here, buckets or vanes
that can be mounted to the rim of the turbine disc are the targets of tangential water jets. The
wheel rotates and develops power as a result of the torque created by the impact of water on
the vanes.

EQUIPMENT

 Masses
 Hydraulic Bench
 Stop watch
 Impact Jet apparatus with 3 different vanes

METHODOLOGY

The flow rate was set, the top plate from the transparent cylinder was removed. And a flat
plate was screwed on to the shaft. The weight gauge was adjusted to the datum line of the
weight pan, the flow valve was opened and masses were added to the weight pan to balance
the weight pan to the datum line. After that the masses on the weight pan was recorded on a
table. The same procedure was carried out for the other 2 plates (120° cone, Hemisphere)
after all the data was collected for all the other plates, 5L of water was collected in the water
tank and the time taken for the water to fill the tank was recorded.

Results
 Flat Plate
Volume Time(s) Q(m / s ) Velocity
3 Mass(kg) Force Force
of water (m/s) (Experimental) (Theoretical)
(L) (N) (N)
5 27.81 1.80 ×10 3.58
−4 0.1 0.98 0.64
5 14.56 3.43 ×10 6.83
−4 0.32 3.18 2.34
5 19.97 2.50 ×10 4.97
−4 0.15 1.47 1.23
5 24.65 2.02 ×10−4 4.02 0.08 0.70 0.81

 120° cone
Volume Time(s) Q(m / s ) Velocity
3 Mass(kg) Force Force
of water (m/s) (Experimental) (Theoretical)
(L) (N) (N)
5 27.78 1.79 ×10 3.57
−4 0.15 1.47 0.63
5 14.56 3.43 ×10−4 6.83 0.63 6.23 3.51
5 29.25 1.70 ×10 3.40
−4 0.15 1.47 0.58
5 24.65 2.02 ×10−4 4.02 0.13 1.28 1.22

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 Hemisphere
Volume Time(s) Q(m / s ) Velocity
3 Mass(kg) Force Force
of water (m/s) (Experimental) (Theoretical)
(L) (N) (N)
5 29.23 1.71 ×10 3.40
−4 0.185 1.81 0.58
5 14.56 −4
3.43 ×10 6.83 0.56 5.49 4.68
5 30.04 1.66 ×10 3.30
−4 0.15 1.47 0.55
5 24.65 2.02 ×10−4 4.02 0.16 1.57 1.62

Analysis
Sample calculation for Vanes:

Flat Plate 120° Cone Hemisphere

5 ×10−3 5 ×10−3 5 ×10−3

Q= Q= Q=
27.81 27.78 29.23
¿ 1.80 ×10−4 m3 / s ¿ 1.79 ×10−4 m3 / s ¿ 1.71× 10−4 m 3 / s

A=x r 2 A=x r 2 A=x r 2

2 2 2
¿ x (0.004) ¿ x (0.004) ¿ x (0.004)
−5 2 −5 2 −5 2
¿ 5.03 ×10 m ¿ 5.03 ×10 m ¿ 5.03 ×10 m

Q= AV Q= AV Q= AV
−4 −5 −4 −5 −4 −5
1.80 ×10 =5.03 ×10 V 1.79 ×10 =5.03 ×10 V 1.71 ×10 =5.03 ×10 V
V =3.58 m/ s V =3.57 m/s V =3.40 m/ s

F (theoratical)= p A V 2 F (theoratical)= p A V 2 F (theoratical)= p A V 2

¿( 998)(5.03× 10−5 )(3.58)2 ¿( 998)(5.03× 10−5 )(3.57)2 ¿( 998)(5.03× 10−5 )(3.40)2
¿ 0.64 N ¿ 0.63 N ¿ 0.58 N

F (experimental)=mg F (experimental)=mg F (experimental)=mg

¿(0.1)( 9.8) ¿( 0.15)( 9.8) ¿( 0.185)( 9.8)
¿ 0.98 N ¿ 1.47 N ¿ 1.81 N

Graph

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F(experimental)N VS Velocity
Flat cone 120 cone hemisphere
7

5
F (experimental) N

0
12.816 16.16 24.701 46.649

Velocity

The graphs give’s a clear indication that the 120°cone requires more force to keep the weight
pan at the datum line followed by the hemispherical vane and the flat vane

Discussion

While conducting this experiment it was observed that the 120° cone required more force to
keep the weight pan at the datum line which is more when compared to the hemispherical
vane. But when the experimental values are compared to the theoretical value it shows that
theoretically the hemispherical vane requires more force to keep the weight pan at the datum
line, followed by the 120°cone and the flat vane. This is a clear indication that while
conducting this experiment there were a lot of human errors, because of these errors the
experimental force of the 120° cone is more than the hemispherical vane It can be said that a
flat plat will be more efficient in a turbine because it uses less force and the hemispherical
and the 120° plate will not be that much suitable because it requires more force to function.

The impact of jets is significant in turbomachinery. The turbomachine is a gadget that confers
energy to a constantly moving stream of liquid. It is the power creating machine which
progressively pivots. it ingests ability to increment liquid strain or delivers power by growing
liquid to a lower pressure. As a result, by applying the jet to the surface of the turbomachine,
the force generated by the impact of the jet is typically utilized in the design of machines to
aid in the system rotating dynamically.

Conclusion

Conclusively, it can be said that while conducting this experiment it was found out that the
120° cone vane required more force to be at the weight datum line. Which is wrong
theoretically, because in theory the hemispherical vane should require more force to be in the
datum line therefore the experiment which was conducted has a lot of errors, like human
errors. That is why the theory and the experimental results don’t match at all.
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Reference

Ravi Agarwal, Impact of Jet Vanes, Scribd [internet], accessed: 12 September, 2022,
available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/65108627/Fluid-Mechanics-Impact-of-Jet-
Vanes-experiment

John Conor, Impact of a Jet Lab Report, Scribd [internet], accessed: September, 2022,
available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/51634941/Impact-Of-A-Jet-Lab-Report

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