1

EX.NO: _________ FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

Date: __/__/____
Aim
To calculate the undammed natural frequency of spring mass system

Apparatus required

Weights, Thread, Ruler, Stopwatch

Description:
Description The setup is designed to study the free or forced vibration of a spring mass system
either damped or undammed condition. It consists of a mild steel flat firmly fixed at one end through a
grunion and in the other end suspended by a helical spring the grunion has got its bearings fixed to a
side member of the frame and allows the pivotal motion of the flat and hence the vertical motion of a
mass which can be mounted at any position along the longitudinal axis of excitation force during the
study of forced vibration experiment. The experiment consists of mass unit is also called the exciter and
its unbalanced mass can create an We feels mounting unbalanced dines. The magnitude of the mass of
the exciter can be varied by adding extra weight, which can be screwed at the end of the exciter

Formula used

Stiffness, k- load/deflection N/m

Experimental natural frequency, foy"l Hz

Theoretical natural frequency lat -1/2(9/6) Hz

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OBSERVATION:

S. Spring length Time taken for Deflection Natural frequency Percentage

No: (cm) 10 oscillation (m) (HZ) Of
Error
Initial Final (Sec) (m) Theoretical Practical %
1
2
3

CALCULATION:

1. Stiffness
load N
K or S = = N/m
deflection Δ

2. Experimental natural frequency:

No :of oscillation
fn (exp) = ( HZ )
Time period

3. Critical natural frequency:

Fn (Ther.) =
1 √ g ( HZ )
2π √s

4. Percentage of errors:

T h ertical−practical value
×100
T h ertical value

Percentage of Error =_________%

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Procedure
Determination of spring stiffness

1. Fix the top bracket at the side of the scale and insert one end of the spring on the

2. At the bottom of the spring fix the other platform.

3.Note down the reading corresponding to the platform.

4.Add the weight and observe the change in deflection with this determine spring stiffness.

Graph:
Load vs Experimental natural frequency

Determination of natural frequency

1. Add the weight and make the spring to oscillate for 10 times

2. Note the corresponding time taken for 10 oscillations and calculate time

3. From the time period calculate experimental natural frequency

Result:

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Thus the longitudinal under dumping natural frequency of an given open coil helical spring mass
specimen Boss conducted and the frequency in ________ HZ for the mass of 50 kg.

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OBSERVATION:

Constant. = 2.45

Young's modulus E. = 2.06×10 ^11 N/m²

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 N/s²

Length of the shaft, l. = 1m

Diameter of the shaft, d. = 5mm

Density. = 6mm

Tabulation:

First node:

S. No: Dia. Of shaft Length of Measured speed Natural Critical speed

(m) the shaft (RPM) frequency (RPM)
(m) (HZ)
1
2
3
4

Second node:

S. No: Dia. Of shaft Length of Measured speed Natural Critical speed

(m) the shaft (RPM) frequency (RPM)
(m) (HZ)
1
2
3
4

Calculation:

First node:

1. Mass = Density *Area*Length

π 2
= 7850 × × d ×l
4
= 7850 × 0.785×(2.5×10^-5)×1.30
= 0.154 kg
Mass = 0.154 Kg
2. Weight = Mass × gravity
= 0.154×9.81

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 EX NO: ________ WHIRLING OF SHAFT
DATE: __/__/____

Aim:
To determine theoretically the critical speed of the given shaft with the given end conditions
Description:
The speed at which the shaft runs so that additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of rotation
becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
Normally the Centre off gravity of a loaded shaft will always displace from the axis of rotation
although the amount of displacement may be very small. As a result of this displacement, the Centre
of gravity is subjected to a centripetal acceleration as soon as the Shaft begins to rotate. The inertia
force acts radially outwards and bend the shaft. The bending of shaft not only depends upon the value
of eccentricity, but also depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates.
Formula used:

Were,
√
fn = K EgI and N= fn X 60
wl 4

fn= natural frequency of vibration in Hz

g= acceleration due to gravity, (9.81m/s2 ),
E= modules of elasticity of the shaft l=moment of inertia of shaft in m4 ,
w= weight [unit length in N/m
I =effective length of the shaft between supports in m. and

N= speed of the shaft in RPM

K= constant (2.45)

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 W = 1.51 N
π 4
3. I = × ( 0.003 )
4
= 3.06×10^-11 m^4

4. fin=K
√ EgI
w l4

=2.45
√
fin = 15.67 HZ
( 2.06 ×1011 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 3.06 ×10−11 )
( 1−51 ) ( 14 )

Second Node:

1. Mass = Density *Area*Length

π 2
= 7850 × × d ×l
4
= 7850 × 0.785×(0-0.006)×2×1
= 0.22 kg
Mass = 0.22 Kg
2. Weight = Mass × gravity
= 0.22×9.81
= 2.17 N
π 4
3. I = × ( 0.006 )
4
= 6.35×10^-11 m^4

4. fin=K
√ EgI
w l4

=2.45
√
fin = 16.85 HZ
( 2.06 ×1011 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 6.35 ×10−11 )
( 2.71 ) ( 14 )

fn = 16.85 HZ

N = fn ×60 = 16.85 × 60
= 1011.5 RPM

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Result:

First node:

Natural frequency = ___________HZ

Critical speed. = __________RPM

Second note:

Natural frequency = ___________HZ

Critical speed. = __________RPM

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 S. Speed No. of Force Transmission Force Exceed Transmission ability
No: (RPM) LED (N)
1 460 1
2 480 2
3 500 3
4 540 4
5 560 5
6 650 6
7 860 7
8 900 8
9 960 7
10 1020 6
11 1050 5
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OBSESSION:

1. Fix mass = 0.5 kg

2. Eccentricity e = 5mm = 5×10^-3 m

3. Overall mass m = 7.5 kg

4. Spring coil diameter = 3mm

5. Outer side diameter = 10mm

6. No. Of turning = 8

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EX NO: _________ VIBRATION TABLE
DATE: __/__/____
Aim:
To determine the transmissibility ratio using vibrating table

Apparatus required:
1. vibration table
2. masses
3. speed controller

Procedure:
1. Fix the mass to the vibration table

2. Start the motor observe the vibration of the table and deflection
of the table.

3. Repeat the steps for different amounts of masses.

Formulae used:
Initial velocity, V1= 2πR1N / 60 (m/s)

Final velocity V2= 2πR2N / 60 (m/s)

Linear acceleration, a= (V2-V1)/t (m/s²)

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 CALCULATION:

1. Force transmitted = LED ×0.125

= 0.120 N
2. Force Excited. = m. w².l

( )
2
2 ( 3.14 )( 460 )
= 0.15 ( 0.005 )
60
= 0.120 N
force transmition
3. Transmissibility ratio =
force excited
0.125
¿
0.120
T = 1.04
4. Spring stiffness K = (80 ×10 9 ×(0.003)4 ¿ /(8 ×0.013 ×8)

K = 67500 N/m

5. Natural frequency w=
√ √
m
k
=
6. Theoretical critical speed = ω n
67500
7.5
=94.86 RPM

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Normal acceleration, an = V2 2/R2. (m/s²)

Tangential acceleration, at =√(a2-an2), m/s2

Angular acceleration α = ad/ R2 (rad/s)

2
mV 2
Centrifugal force F=
R2N
Mass moment of inertia I= MR

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 Result:

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Thus, the natural frequency and critical speed is determined by give vibration table.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1:

S. NO: Shaft Length L Time taken for Theoretical Actual Natural

one oscillation Natural Frequency
(t) in sec Frequency ω2 I1
ω1
1
2
3

OBSERVATION TABLE 2:

S. NO: Shaft Length L Time taken Theoretical Actual

for one Natural Natural
oscillation Frequency Frequency I1 I2
(t) in sec ω1 ω2

1
2
3

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Ex. No: __________ B) TWO ROTOR SYSTEM (Un-Damped)
Date: __ /__ /____

AIM:
To study the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency of vibration
theoretically and experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRE:

1. Stop watch
2. Loads
3. Shaft
4. Fly wheel
5. Measuring tape
6. Spanner
7. Slider

DESCRIPTION:

Fig No.9 shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment. Two disc having different mass
moment of inertia are clamped one at each end of shaft by means of collect and chucks. Attaching the
cross-lever weights can change Mass moment of inertia of any disc. Both discs are free to oscillate in the
ball bearings. This provides negligible damping experiment.

SPECIFICATION:

1. Dia. Of disc A (Big Disc) = 250 mm.

2. Dia. Of disc B (Small Disc) = 200 mm.

3. Wt. Of disc A= Kg.

4. Wt. Of disc B = Kg.

5. Length of the cross arm =150mm

6. Dia. Of shaft = 3mm

7. Length of shaft between rotors L = 1100 mm

8. Arm Weights: 190gms & 380gms-2 No. s, each.

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CALCULATION:

1. Find Kt of shaft as follows:

GI
Kt¿
L
Were,
6 kg
G = models of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 ×10 2
cm
2
πd
Ip = polar moment of inertia of shaft ¿
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Let, IA = moment of inertia of disc A
IB = moment of inertia of disc B (on cross arm)
d = shaft diameter

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PROCEDURE:

1. Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearings.

2. Deflect the discs in opposite direction by hand and release.

3. Note down time required for number of oscillations.

4. Fit the cross arm to one of the discs say B and again note down time.

5. Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm and note down
the time.

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Result:

Thus, we conduct the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency
of vibration theoretically and experimentally.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Following graphs should be plotted:

a) Force vs radius of rotation.

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement.

TABULATION:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

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EX NO: __________ UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
Date: __/__/_____

Aim:

To determine the characteristics of curve of sleeve position against control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Governor apparatus

2. Tachometer

3. Graduated

4. scale

The apparatus can perform following experiments…

1.Determination of characteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling force and speed.
2.Plotting of characteristic curve of radius of rotation.

GOVERNOR SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Electric Motor DC Motor, Capacity-% hp, 1500rpm speed. Single Phase, 180 V DC.

2. Dimmerstat-2 Amp., DC Type-for controlling the speed.

3. Separate linkages with balls are provided for Watt & Porter type Governor and Proell governor
mechanism.

4. Spring loaded linkage for Hartnell Governor Mechanism

5. Weights for Porter and Proell Governor.

Formula:
1. Watt
2. Porter
3. Proell

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 a) Al-2mN/60

b) h No-x/2

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22
 c) a = cos [h/l]

d) r = SO + sin L

f = me*r

4. Hartnell:

a) r=fro+[x*(a/b)]

b) h=ho-x/2

c) f=méa'r

EXPERIMENTS:

1. WATT GOVERNOR:

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.5 by using the proper linkages provided. Tighten the bolts and nuts
properly. The assembly is ready for conducting the experiment. Now follow experimental procedure as
mentioned above.

a) Length of each link L –0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor-ho = 0.120m C)

Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.105m

D) weight of each ball -W = 0.5kgs

Radius of rotation “r” at any position could be found as follows

A) find height h =ho-x/y mtr

B) Find” α “by using a = Cos-1 (h/L) in degree

C) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin a mtrs
D) Angular Velocity 'w' = 2πN/60 rad / S

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 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

Following tables should be plotted:

a) Force vs radius of rotation

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement

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 2) PORTER GOVERNOR

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig. 5 by using the proper linkages & weights provided. Tighten the
bolts and nuts properly. The assembly is ready for conducting the experiment. Now follow
experimental procedure as mentioned above.

Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ and
corresponding sleeve displacement “X.”

Dimensions

a) Length of each link L =0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor ho = 0.120 m. C)

Initial radius of rotation – ro= 0.105 m.

D) Weight of each ball – W= 0.5 kgs.

E) Weight of Sleeve weight= 0.5 kgs.

Radius of rotation ‘r at any position could be found as follows

a) Find height h = ho-X/2 mtr. Ho= m

b) Find “a” by using a = Cos -1 (h/L) in degrees

c) Then r= 0.05 + L Sin a mtr

d) Angular Velocity ‘o’ 2πN/60 Rad / sec

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3) PROEL GOVERNOR

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.

In the Proell governor, with the use of fly weights (forming full ball) the governor becomes highly
sensitive. Under these conditions large sleeve displacement is observed for very small change in
speed. Hence, it is suggested that increase the speed of the motor very slowly and carefully to get
the lift.

Dimensions

a) Length of each link – L = 0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor-ho = 0.100 m

c) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.115.25 m.

d) Weight of ball – W = 0.5 kgs

e) Extension of length BG 0.075 m.

Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation 'N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'X'.

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Complete the following observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

a) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement

b) Angular Velocity 'o' = 2RN/60 rad/sec

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Following graphs to be plotted:

a) Sleeve Disp. ‘X’ Vs ‘r’ Radius of rotation.

To draw this graph, proceed as follows:

1) Keep the Governor in static position.

2) By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the sleeve displacement

and corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.
b) Force Vs Radius of rotation ‘r’.

c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

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4. HARTNEL GOVERNOR

Make the arrangements as shown In the figure.

Dimensions

a) Length – a = 0.075 m

b) Length – b = 0.115 m

c) Weight of ball – W = 0.5 kgs

d) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.152.5 m

e) Spring stiffness – P = 5 kg / cm

f) Free Length of spring = 0.135 m

1) Measure initial compression of the spring.

2) Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation 'N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'X'. Radius of rotation at any position could be found as
follows:

r = ro + x (a/b) mtr.

3) Angular Velocity 'o' 2N/60

4) Spring force =in (Kgs.) rad/sec (Free Length of Spring-Compressed Length of Spring) x spring Stiffens

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Following graphs then be plotted to study governor characteristics:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement

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DIMENTION:

1. Watt governor

2. Porter governor
a) Length of each link (L) = 125mm.

b) Initial height of governor (h.)-94mm

c) Initial radius of rotation (ro) 136mm

d) Weight of each ball (m) = 0.7kg

3. Proell governor

a) Weight of each ball (m) = 0.7kg

b) Initial radius of rotation= 136mm

4. Hartnell governor

a) Weight of each ball- 0. 1 kg

b) Initial radius of rotation (10) 177.5mm

c) Length of extended arm (a) -77mm

d) Length of link (b) = 122mm

e) Spring stiffness 2kg/cm

f) Free length of spring-103mm

g) Initial spring force (103-94) *2-1.8kg

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35
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The Governor mechanism as desired, to be tested is fitted with the chosen weights and spring,
where applicable, to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut & bolts of all the moving parts and of the
spindle shaft are properly tightened. Then following simple procedure is to be follow

1. Keep the knob of the dimmer stat in zero position before switching on the main supply

2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due to this the
center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial lift of the
sleeve.

3. Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of the motor is to
be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the spindle.

4. Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the readings of
sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be entered in a tabular
observation table.

5. This procedure is adopted for all the other three Governor mechanisms by properly fitting the
assembly to the spindle shaft.

6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmer stat to its original position i.e. zero
slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply

7. Then the results may be plotted as.

a) The graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter & Proell Governor.

b) Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Watt Governor.

c) Plot the Governor characteristic after doing the necessary

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CALCULATION:

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38
Result:

Thus, the characteristics curve of the sleeve position against the control of universal governor is
obtained.

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