Fakulti

Pengurusan
Perniagaan

TPT510 Logistics of Humanitarian Mission

Topic 5
Technology Meets
Humanitarian
Logistics

Presented by
Ts Dr Abdul Khabir
Rahmat
Contents

Fleet Management in Relief Operation

5.1) Computer Networking

5.2) Wireless Communications
5.3) Tampere Convention
5.4) Satellite Communications
5.5) Radio Communications
5.6) Terrestrial Connections
5.7) GPS Systems and Devices
5.8) 3D printing
5.9) Remotely piloted aircraft systems
5.10) Hybrid cargo airships
5.11)Cash transfer programmes
Technology in Relief
operations
 Common Terms in ICT
ISP Short for "Internet Service Provider" - any company that provides internet to a user or agency. 

Propagation The method by which a radio signal is transmitted and interacts with the physical environment.

Frequency The common measurement used in radio communications - measured by how close wavelengths of a radio wave are. 

LEO Short for "Low Earth Orbit" - when a satellite orbits close to the earth's surface. 

Geostationar
An object in orbit of the earth that stays in a singular fixed location. 
y

Short for "Network Operation Centre" - a central hub through which internet communication passes through, usually for
NOC linking remote connections with the rest of the global internet.

Carrier A company that provides mobile voice communication.

Omnidirectio
An antenna does not have to be specifically pointed, and can send/receive signals from any orientation.
nal 

Unidirectional
An antenna that can only send and receive signals in one direction, and has to be pointed directly at the satellite.
 
Part 1:
5.1) Computer Networking
The computer networking needs of an
office or compound are very specific to
the budgets, the size, the capacity,
and the overall operational needs of
the agency. Agencies should
investigate hiring dedicated IT and
networking staff to support setting up
office and sub office networks.
Office/Compound Set Up

Connection to External ISP – Connection to an external Internet Service Provider (ISP) may come in the form
of satellite internet, telephone line, or some other form of dedicated connection to a grid proved by the ISP.
Modem – Modems receive signals coming from ISPs and translate them into usable signals by home or office
networks.
Router – A Router is a device that splits and manages internet traffic, enabling multiple computing devices to
have their own unique IP and MAC addresses, and communicate with the internet and each other at the same
time over a network.
Firewall – A firewall is any device that specifically monitors and filters internet content coming from outside
networks. Firewalls are useful for preventing malicious software, casual unauthorised intrusion into networks,
or even block content not allowed by the IT policy of individual organisations.
Switch – A network switch is like an advanced form of a router – it controls and distributes the internet
between multiple networked devices, however switches are capable of detailed monitoring and control down
to the individual device level.
Server – Servers are defined a computers that are fully dedicated to storing and sharing files within a
network. Servers can be as simple as regular desktop computers, or as complex as large specialised
computing devices that have special installation requirements.

Technology in Relief
operations
5.1.1 Basic office compound Setup

1 External ISP

2 Modem

Router/Firewal
3
l

4 Wi-Fi Router

Network
5
Switch

6 Server
5.1.2 Operational Security

Access Control – Only authorised persons should have access to networks and
computing devices

Malicious Software – All computing devices on networks should have some form
of anti-virus software, and operating systems should always be up to date.

IT Policy – Agencies should develop and share internal IT policies for all
employees and users of the network.
5.2 Wireless Communications

5.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation

waves of energy in the electromagnetic field, which carry – sometimes referred to as “propagate” –
electromagnetic radiant energy across three dimensional space.
 5.2 Wireless Communications - cont’d

5.2.2 Wavelength and Frequency

In electromagnetic radiation, there is a direct relationship between energy, wavelength and frequency.
The shorter the wavelength, the shorter the period between the peaks of two waves

IT in Relief opeation
 Technology in Relief
operations

5.2.3 Antenna Size/Structure

There is also a direct correlation between wavelength and the size of the required antenna to
transmit/receive a signal.
Practically this means that the higher the frequency of a signal, the smaller the receiving antenna
needs to be, the implications being that radio waves on the lower end of the frequency of
transmission will require significantly larger antennas.
For humanitarian agencies, there are real world trade-offs between the usefulness of a certain
band of transmission, and how large their radio reception equipment can actually be.
 Technology in Relief
operations

5.2.4 Radio Propagation

Propagation speed is defined as the length of time it takes for one thing to move to another.

Line of Sight Propagation – Line of sight propagation means radio signals can only successfully
be received and transmitted if there is no large object blocking the path between the two.

Groundwave Propagation – Radio waves can be propagated using what is called groundwave or
“surface waves”.

Skywave Propagation – HF radio waves in the earth’s atmosphere propagate using skywave or
“skip” propagation
 Technology in Relief
operations

5.2.4 Radio Propagation - Cont’d

All spectrum of radio waves interact with their environment in many different ways

Absorbed – Radio waves are absorbed and neutralised by large stationary objects like buildings.
Refracted – As radio waves pass through any medium of varying density, their course may be
altered.
Reflection – Radio waves bounce off stationary or solid objects, sending signals in a new
direction.
Diffraction – The tendency for radio waves to bend towards large objects as they pass
over/around them objects.
 Very High Frequency (VHF)/Ultra High Frequency (UHF)

Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios are by far the mostly commonly
used radio type by governments, military, police, maritime organisations, emergency responders
and other entities that operate in environments when regular communications networks may be
inconsistent or not properly functioning.

VHF radio waves occupy band between 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz)

while UHF radio waves occupy the range between 300 MHz and 3 gigahertz (GHz)
The maximum broadcast distance of a VHF radio is around 160 km while the maximum broadcast distance of UFH
radio is around 60 km – these distances are greatly variable however and depend on a number of operating and
environmental factors

Communication Devices Approximate Communication Range

Handheld to handheld about 5 km depending on terrain

Vehicle to vehicle about 20 km depending on terrain

Vehicle to base about 30 km depending on terrain

Base to base about 50 km depending on terrain

Common Problems with VHF/UHF Communications

Dead spots - areas where signal is impossible to find

and communication cannot occur.

Electromagnetic Interference - Objects that

produce sufficient electric currents, such as
overhead power lines or electrical plants can also
block or interfere with signals

Antenna Direction - VHF/UHF radios transmit signals

using line of sight propagation, meaning that their
signals work best when perpendicular to the earth's
surface
VHF/UHF Walkie Talkies
Vast majority of response organisations prefer VHF/UHF radios due to their
portability
The size of the VHF/UHF wavelengths don’t require massive or specialised antennas,
Low energy requirements enable long lasting battery powered portable “walkie-talkies.”
Handheld walkie-talkie radios can be relatively expensive, but they are still cheap enough to buy in bulk
and distribute to key personnel on the move.
VHF/UFH Base Stations Vehicle VHF/UHF Radios

UHF Car Antenna

Roof Mounted Antennas

Using Radios For Voice Communication

Channels
Separate calling channels used to establish communication with other radio users,
As soon as such communication is established both radio stations should move to determined
talking channel to leave calling channel for other stations to establish contact.
in networks with high volumes of shared traffic, or in networks hosted by third parties such as UN
repeater networks which multiple humanitarian agencies might use.
Etiquette
Pro-Word Phrase Meaning

Affirmative Yes/Correct

Break, Break, Break Interrupt ongoing transmission for an urgent message

Correct You are correct, or what you have transmitted is correct

Negative No/Incorrect

Negative Copy Your last message was not understood

Wrong Your last transmission was incorrect

Over This is the end of my transmission to you and a response is expected. Go ahead and transmit.

Out This is the end of my transmission to you and no answer is requiredDo not use OVER and OUT together!

Relay To Transmit the following message to the identified addressees/recipients

Roger I have received your last transmission satisfactorily

Repeat the last message.Do not say “repeat” on the radio! Repeat is commonly used by militaries to request
Say again
soldiers to continue firing a weapon.

Stand-by Do not transmit until contacted. I need extra time.

Use the NATO Phonetic Alphabet:
Letter

Phonetic Letter Phonetic

A Alfa N November

B Bravo O Oscar

C Charlie P Papa

D Delta Q Quebec

E Echo R Romeo

F Foxtrot S Sierra

G Golf T Tango

H Hotel U Uniform

I India V Victor

J Juliet W Whiskey

K Kilo X X-Ray

L Lima W Yankee

M Mike Z Zulu

example, a mobile ambulance vehicle might have the call sign “Mobile Ambulance 1” or MA1 for short.
When pronounced using the phonetic alphabet, it would be spoken as “Mike Alpha 1”.
Keep messages short - Messages sent over the radio must be brief and to the point. If longer conversations
cannot be avoided, they should be broken into segments. Long conversations may block other users from
accessing the network as well.

Use Radios for Official Business Only – Communication should be kept to official business. No personal
business should be conducted over radio waves, including personal conversations.

Making Calls - Before making a call, always verify that the intended radio channel is not in use by listening in for
a few moments. If needed, increase the audio output.

(BF3 Calling) - "BF31, BF31 (from) BF3"

(BF31 Responding) - "BF3 go ahead."
(BF3 Responding) - "Please give me the status of shipment
Example: 12345, over."
(BF31 Responding) - "12345 is packed and shipped already, over."
(BF3 Responding) - "Thanks, nothing further, BF3 out."
(BF31 Responding) - "BF31 out."
 Technology in Relief
operations

5.3 Tampere Convention

“Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation
and Relief Operations”
binding international convention that governs the use of radio and satellite communications in
response to disasters
“the installation and operation of reliable, flexible telecommunication resources to be used by
humanitarian relief and assistance organisation.
only apply to member state who have fully ratified the convention. At the time of writing this
guide, only 49 member states have fully ratified the Tampere Convention, with another 31
agreeing to ratify in the future.
Prior to importing communications equipment into a country, humanitarian agencies should
consult with local authorities, customs brokers, and other humanitarians on the ground to
understand what restrictions may be in place.
 Technology in Relief
operations

5.4 Satellite Communications

5.4.1 Technical Considerations with Satellite Communications
National Regulations
Some countries may require special licenses and registrations for the use of satellite equipment,
while other countries may ban them outright. Many governments have close ties with local
telecommunications providers which enables them to monitor and control voice and internet
traffic – satellite communications devices can and do circumvent many of these controls.
Latency
The delay in time between when a signal or packet of information is sent and when it is received
is known as “latency” in ICT terms. Latency is something that impacts all forms of electronic
communication, however users of satellite communications are especially impacted by this.
Antenna Focus
Omnidirectional – Antenna does not have to be specifically pointed, and can send/receive
signals from any orientation.
Unidirectional – Antenna can only send and receive signals in one direction, and has to be
pointed directly at the satellite. Unidirectional antennas tend to be used for stronger signals.
Technology in Relief
operations

Spot Beams
Satellites use a variety of antennas to transmit and receive frequencies.
The satellite will break the signal up into many smaller geographically coverage areas
Spot beams directly correspond to physical hardware components, such as processors,
individual antenna components or other stand alone features
the maximum data output capable of the entire satellite cannot necessarily be used in just one
location

Real World Spot Beams Coverage : Inmarsat

Importance of understanding Spot Beam for Humanitarian Logistics

Understanding spotbeam coverage is important for humanitarian organisations utilising

satellite communications.
Often times, in post disasters or in complex emergency settings, many humanitarian
agencies are co-located in the same clusters of towns and compounds.
In situations where most or all actors are trying to access the same satellite
communications service at the same time, they can overload the capacity of that specific
spot beam.
This is why even if only one or a few persons are using voice or data within your
compound the system may still run slow – all of your neighbours may be doing the same
thing at the same time.
Contention Ratio

Refers to the ratio of the potential bandwidth capacity of a network compared to its actual
network usage
Refers to the number of individual base stations that are using the same connection and the
same channel at the same time
Ratio of 8:1 would indicate that eight total base stations are connecting to the satellite at
once, and any organisation using a contract with a built on 8:1 ratio must be prepared to
share bandwidth with seven other organisations at any given time.
In humanitarian response settings, the contention ratio of users can cause problems quickly
Number of concurrent organisations utilising a satellite communications network can add up
quickly
Many satellite communications providers can offer tailor made packages that guarantee
lower contention ratios,
 Network Operation Centre (NOC)

Refer to any location where a satellite routes terrestrial traffic through

Very few satellites offer direct communication point-to-point, while the vast
majority of the time the other receiving end, either a computer, mobile phone
hosted service is on a different network entirely.

1 External ISP

2 NOC

3 Satellite

4 Base Station

Satellite
5
Modem
Bands of Transmission
Communicating with satellites from the earth and vice versa requires wavelengths that can penetrate the
atmosphere and deal with a wide range ambient interference

the most common bands of transmission are:

L 1.0 - 2.0 gigahertz (GHz), radio range

C 4.0 - 8.0 gigahertz (GHz), microwave range

Ku 12.0 - 18.0 gigahertz (GHz), microwave range

Ka 26.5 - 40.0 gigahertz (GHz), microwave range

Understanding
Orbits
The further a satellite is from the
earth, the longer it’s circular orbital
path.
Understanding how satellites work is
essential for humanitarian
organisations that plan to use
satellite communications as an
integral part of their own operations.
 When the time it takes for a satellite to complete one
full orbit matches the time it takes for the earth to
complete one full revolution on its axis, and when the
satellite is orbiting directly above the equator and in the
same direction as the earth’s revolution, it is in what is
known as a “geosynchronous” orbit

Fixed altitude of 35,786 km

Reach approximately 40% of the earth’s surface

Delay of at least 240 milliseconds, or 0.25 seconds
between the time data/a message is sent

useful for when there are only one or a few

satellites required or used to provide a continuous
service to a wide area

IT in Relief Operation
VSAT
One of the most established and widely used forms of
satellite communication by humanitarian agencies
VSAT – short for “Very Small Aperture Terminal” –
technology was developed in the 1960s
VSAT connections are usually billed on a monthly
basis just like a regular terrestrial based internet
provider
The monthly cost for VSAT provided internet varies
dramatically, depends on the data plan, usage, the
number of VSATs governed under one contract, and
the general geographic location, but can easily cost
upwards of 1,000 dollars a month for a basic
connection. Download speeds also vary, and depend
on the hardware and the terms of the contract.
 Common Type of VSAT
Fixed VSAT Installations
the dishes themselves are usually firmly attached to a standalone metal pole
Mobile VSATs
the dishes themselves are usually firmly attached to a standalone metal pole
Before attempting to buy a mobile VSAT, an organisation should understand it’s intended
end use. A mobile VSAT should never be used in place of a permanent VSAT wherever
possible.
VSAT Components

Satellite Dish (also called a “reflector”) – a

parabolic dish of non-radio transparent
material that reflects information going to and
from the satellite to the focus of dish.
Block up Converter (BUC) – BUC units convert
low energy signals to high energy signals, and
are used to “send” the signal from the VSAT
Low Noise Block Converters (LNB) – LNBs
convert high energy signals to low energy
signals, and are used to convert data received
rom the satellite into a usable signal for the
modem.
Modem – proprietary hardware that translates
the signal from the satellite into usable data
for a computer or computer network.
 Common Problems with VSATs

The bands used by VSATs – C and Ku – can be adversely impacted by bad weather, including
Bad Weather heavy rain, thunderstorms, sandstorms and even thick fog. Any tiny particles suspended in the
atmosphere can and will impact the radio signals coming to and from a satellite.

Satellite dishes used for VSATs should have a direct line of sight to sky to properly function.
Buildings and structures, trees, hills, vehicles and even people can block signals if placed in
front of satellite dishes.When installing a satellite dish, users should plan for activities that
might occur around the dish, or future changes that might impact the installation. Trees may
eventually grow to block a signal, and the tree will either need to be pruned or the dish moved.
Blocked Signals
Sometimes parked vehicles or stored materials can block dishes un-intentionally.  Also, do to
the mostly permanent nature of the dishes, users may simply forget how they work – building a
new structure or raising a compound wall may block the signal.If users are experiencing
problems with VSAT signals in good weather, they should investigate if something is blocking
the signal first.

VSATs equipment still requires power to receive, transmit and interpret signals from space.
Sometimes, under-powered equipment may still appear to be working but not actually able to
Low Power
perform well. Low powered or under-powered  equipment may come from a poorly maintained
generator or power grid.
 Mobile Voice and Data Satellite
Systems

There has been an increase in

the number of and availability of
mobile voice and data devices
that work off communications
satellites

Iridium
The benefits of the Iridium
network are that its coverage is
global, and will realistically
work on any place on the
earth’s surface. Iridium is
beneficial for agencies that may
send users to any or multiple
locations on the planet,
especially in unplanned
emergencies.
Thuraya
Offering consumer grade satellite voice services and has become a widely used and
trusted network. Began in 2003, uses two geostationary satellites to provide voice
and data services to ground users.
Only serves a fixed number of geographic locations on the earth, predominantly in
Europe, Africa, the middle est, South and Central Asia, and Oceania
Offers internet service through a proprietary terminals.
Can easily reach speeds of to 400 kilobytes per second.

IT in Relief Operation
 Inmarsat began its life as a non-profit organisation in
Inmarsat/BGAN support of maritime vessels, but was privatised in 1998.
Inmarsat began offering global satellite internet data
starting in 2008 through what is called the Broad Global
Area Network (BGAN)

BGAN Terminals
General Guidance on Mobile Satellite Device Management
Operating Costs - extremely prohibitive for many agencies
Hazards -emit harmful amounts of radio and microwaves when in use , never stand within 1 meter of the
front of a unidirectional ground terminal, and ideally terminals should be placed at higher elevation to avoid
risk of mismanagement.
Radio Transparency
Material such as concrete, sandbags, metal rebar, and other common building components can interfere
with and block radio waves all together. Satellite connected devices might be able to work under some
materials, such as tent material or plastic tarpaulin,
Extensions/Masts
Extension cables – to mount some devices on roofs or above tree lines.
External antennas – to increase signal and broadcast strength.
Docking stations – to permanently power or mount some devices like sat phones.
Self-orienting options – devices that can auto detect and point data terminals while in motion.
Calling Codes
Iridium/Thuraya : +882 16
Inmarsat : +8707
SIM Cards and Devices
Resellers/Providers
 IT in Techniology Basic info needed

Humanitarian
Logistics Definition
Current Industry Usage
3D Printing
How it is used in Humanitarian context
Group 1 Technology for
Issues and challenges
Humanitarian
other technology not listed in this class
that can be used for humanitarian

Class Definition
Current Industry Usage

Activities
How it is used in Humanitarian context
Remotely piloted
Group 2 Issues and challenges
Aircrafts
other technology not listed in this class
that can be used for humanitarian

15 Person Per Group Discuss and

Definition
Present as follows. Current Industry Usage
Face 2 Face class next week Group 3 Hybrid Cargo Airships
How it is used in Humanitarian context
Issues and challenges
Present basic info needed other technology not listed in this class
Include examples if necessary that can be used for humanitarian
Create Quizes
Definition
Current Industry Usage
Cash Transfer
Group 4 How it is used in Humanitarian context
Programs
Issues and challenges
 Website
www.mitrans.uitm.edu.my

References
logcluster.org

Thank you Email Address

[email protected]