Reviewer in TLE - is known as the researcher’s educated or

intellectual guess about the possible

result of the study
LESSON 1: TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN RESEARCH
➔ e.g. Quality of sleep affects
academic performance.
RESEARCH
- Is an art of scientific investigation or inquiry through 5. METHODOLOGY

facts in any branch of knowledge - partially answers the research problem

- Is a careful and detailed study into a specific through data gathering using various

problem, concern, or issue using scientific method techniques

- is regarded as systematic efforts to gain knowledge - provides an interpretation of the gathered

- Is a process of systematic inquiry that entails: data to arrive at the conclusion

● collection of data ▶ Aim of methodology: ensures valid and reliable results

● documentation of critical information that address the research objectives
● analysis and interpretation of that
▶ Things to decide for:
data/information,
▶ in accordance with suitable methodologies set by a. what data to collect and to ignore
specific professional fields and academic disciplines. b. who to collect it from (sampling design)
c. how to collect it (data collection method)
-------------------
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way
of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS. 6. POPULATION
- refers to the entire group that you want to
O - because it has a definite set of procedures and steps to draw conclusions about
follow to get the most accurate results
- The target group is under investigation. The
S - because it is planned and not spontaneous, is limited to
a specific scope population is the entire set under
FA - because it provides enlightenment to a hypothesis or consideration. Samples are drawn from
research questions
populations.
Q - because it needs to have focus, drive, or purpose
7. SAMPLE

------------------- - refers to a smaller part/subgroup of the

TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH population
- (the ones who will participate in the study
1. ABSTRACT – is the summary of your completed
through surveys or interviews)
research (not detailed)
▶ Reasons for sampling:
2. INTRODUCTION
a. Necessity (possibility)
- comes next after the abstract
b. Practicality (easiness and efficiency)
- leads the reader from a general subject
c. Cost-effectiveness (fewer participants, laboratory
area to a particular topic of inquiry
equipment, and researcher costs involved)
3. LITERATURE REVIEW – provides an overview of
d. Manageability (smaller datasets for reliability)
sources you have explored such as books,
▶ Under sampling:
scholarly articles, other studies, etc.
a. Respondents
4. HYPOTHESIS
- are used in quantitative research
- A tentative explanation based on theory
- respond to questionnaires
to predict a causal relationship between
b. Participants
variables.
- are used in qualitative research
- supports the prediction that will be tested
- participate in interviews or answers survey
by research
in a detailed way
 - Individuals whose physiological and/or b. Data
behavioral characteristics and responses - any information that has been collected,
are the object of study in a research observed, generated or created to validate
project. original research findings
- Factual information (as measurements or
8. VARIABLE statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
- is any factor, trait, or condition that can be discussion, or calculation.
manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment 10. RESULTS
- Any characteristic or trait that can vary from one - are also known as findings
person to another (face, gender, academic major) - provide the data collected during the research
or for one person over time (age, political beliefs).
▶ Common types of variables: 11. DISCUSSION
a. Independent (can be changed or manipulated and - interprets and describes the significance of your
assumed to have direct effect on the dependent findings in light of what was already known about
variable) the research problem investigated
b. Dependent (responds to the changes and is being - explains any new understanding that emerged as a
tested and measured) result of your study or the problem
▶ Purpose of the discussion
9. INSTRUMENTS a. to reiterate the research problem and to state the
- Is any tool that a researcher may use to collect, major findings
obtain, measure, and analyze data b. relate the findings to similar studies
➔ e.g. questionnaires, surveys, interviews, c. to consider alternative explanations of the findings
checklists, simple tests, etc. d. to acknowledge the study’s limitations
▶ What makes a good research instrument? e. to make suggestions for further research
a. has been validated and has proven reliable
b. assists in answering the research questions and 12. CONCLUSION
objectives (either to prove or disprove the - helps the readers understand why the research
hypothesis of the study) should matter to them
c. has no any bias in the way that data is correct - is NOT merely a summary or a restatement of your
▶ Under research instrument research problem but a synthesis of key points
a. Questionnaire
- main instrument for collecting data (has ▶Several key goals
items that follow a fixed scheme in order to a. restate the research problem addressed in the
collect individual data) paper
- Structured sets of questions on specified b. summarize the overall arguments or findings
subjects that are used to gather c. suggest the key takeaways from the paper
informations, attitudes, or opinions.
- It is a written document containing prompts 13. REFERENCE
or questions that are used to obtain an - is the last page of a research paper that lists all the
individual's perceptions or beliefs. sources used in the study
- gives credit to authors you have consulted for their
ideas
- APA citation
 definition in which
14. APPENDIX concepts are
defined in terms of
- serves as a space for materials that help clarify the
other concepts.
research, but do not belong to the main text
TRIANGULATION - A multimethod or
- contains an attached copy of research instruments
pluralistic approach, using
such as interview transcripts, surveys, or different methods in order
to focus on the research
questionnaires
topic from different
viewpoints and to produce
a multifaceted set of data.
THEORY - A general explanation Also used to check the
about a specific behavior or validity of findings from any
set of events that is based one method.
on known principles and
serves to organize related UNIT OF ANALYSIS - The basic observable
events in a meaningful entity or phenomenon
way. A theory is not as being analyzed by a study
specific as a hypothesis. and for which data are
collected in the form of
RELIABILITY - The degree to which a variables.
measure yields consistent
results. If the measuring VALIDITY - The degree to which a
instruments (eg. survey) is study accurately reflects or
reliable, then administering assesses the specific
it to similar groups would concept that the researcher
yield similar results. is attempting to measure. A
Reliability is prerequisite for method can be reliable,
validity. An unreliable consistently measuring the
indicator cannot produce same thing, but not valid.
trustworthy results.

MODELS - Representations of
objects, principles, LESSON 2: TECHNICAL &OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
processes, or ideas often
used for imitation or
emulation. DEFINITION OF TERMS
- enable us to have a common understanding of a
word or subject; they allow us to all be on the same
page when discussing or reading about an issue
- is a list of important terms, acronyms, or jargons
used in a study
- has two types: technical and operational
MEASUREMENT - Process of obtaining a
numerical description of the
-------------------
extent to which persons, TECHNICAL DEFINITION
organizations, or things - is the universal or standard meaning of a term
possess specified - comes from different references or materials
characteristics. including dictionaries, encyclopedias, books,
journals, websites, etc.
CONSTRUCT - It refers to any of the
following:
● something that SOME GUIDELINES IN WRITING TECHNICAL
exists theoretically DEFINITIONS
but is not directly ● Be Accurate (Use precise terms)
observable ● Be Objective (Use facts)
● a concept ● Use the right level of detail
developed for
● Grade your language
describing relations
among phenomena ● Avoid Circular Definitions
or for other
research purposes
● theoretical 3 VARIOUS TYPES OF TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS
 PARTS OF AN EXPANDED DEFINITION
PARENTHETICL SENTENCE EXPANDED
DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS 1. Definiendum = Name
- It is the subject, word, or concept that is to
be defined.
More Multiple terms are Terms are defined 2. Genus = Class
straightforward, defined in a series very specifically,
simple term is used. of sentences. wherein its - It is the category that a definiendum is a
A description placed corresponding part of.
inparenthesis NAME - CLASS - explanation 3. Differentia
follows the term. DEFINING accompanies visual
CHARACTERISTIC examples. - It is the distinguishing mark of a
S definiendum that sets it apart and distinct
from the rest of the genus
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Mercury EXAMPLE:
The viscosity is a metal that is A guitar is a
(thickness)of the liquid at room musical instrument
syrup made it temperature. belonging to the
difficult to pour. string family;
LESSON 3: SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC
George Washington
knows how to play a RESEARCH TOPIC
song using his guitar.
- is the main focus of the paper
- is a well-defined subject to be explored
------------------- - is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION in when conducting research.
- refers to how the term is applied or used in the
study GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
- also refers to a specific definition of a concept in a
research 1. Interest in the subject matter
- is formulated by the researcher which is objectively 2. Availability of information
anchored on the technical definition 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
4. Limitations on the subject
GUIDELINES IN DEFINING TERMS 5. Personal Resources
1. Only terms/phrases that have special or unique
meanings in the study are defined. RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
2. Know what to define by including:
a. important words in the title (variables) and 1. Too broad subjects
b. words for treatments and measurement 2. Too narrow subjects
(data analysis terms, etc.). 3. Vague subjects
3. Define terms technically, operationally, or both, and 4. Controversial topics
these should be short and clear/unambiguous. 5. Highly technical subjects
4. If the terms are from dictionaries, books, other 6. Hard-to-investigate subjects
publications, etc. (technical definitions),
acknowledge the source.
PROCESS IN SELECTING A TOPIC
5. If there are uncommon acronyms, spell them out
1. Discuss the subjects of interest.
and give the meanings.
2. Ask yourselves about the research questions your
------------------- group wants to address.
EXPANDED DEFINITION 3. Look for the background information of the topics
- Writing an expanded definition is dependent on the (references, sources, etc.).
concept that the word wishes to represent, and not 4. Seek for local and foreign relevant studies, articles,
merely the meaning of a word or literature and a standardized test.
- It starts with sentence definition 5. Use alternative search phrases in researching.
- Uses other way of defining such as: 6. Keep all of the gathered sources, materials, articles,
➔ Word history & etymology relevant studies, standardized tests, etc. for future
➔ Examples purposes.
➔ Negation
➔ Division into parts
➔ Similarities & differences
➔ Analogy
➔ Graphics
LESSON 4: WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
▶refers to the list of all beneficiaries of the study
STUDY and STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It must contain the following:
a. contribution to the accumulation of knowledge or to
RESEARCH REPORT filling in a knowledge gap
- refers to a document that systematically, b. contribution to building, validating, or refining
coherently, and methodologically presents the theories
research work in written form c. contribution to improve education, income, health,
- is written clearly and concisely about your research inter-relations, and the like
topic so that readers can easily understand its
purpose and results
LESSON 5&6: METHODOLOGY, DATA ANALYSIS,
I INTRODUCTION RESULTS, and DISCUSSION
M METHODS
PRE-SURVEY
R RESULTS - It is administered prior to a specific treatment or
intervention especially if it is needed.
A and

D DISCUSSION MEAN
- It is a statistical tool that describes, summarizes,
and characterizes samples being studied.
-------------------
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM METHODS
- a problem which arose from a situation of need or - tells the readers how the researchers conducted the
of unresolved difficulties study
- has two categories: - includes information about the method, instrument,
➔ major problem (a broad statement and has population, sampling, etc.
abstract and immeasurable concepts) - refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of
➔ specific problem (a detailed statement of research.
purpose and has attainable and - It is about how a researcher systematically designs
measurable concepts) a study to ensure valid and reliable results that
address the research aims and objectives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOP ➔ Research Design
SOP must be: ➔ Research Locale
a. stated precisely, accurately, and clearly; ➔ Research Respondents
b. written either in declarative or interrogative form; ➔ Research Instruments
c. formulated with one main statement/question, a ➔ Sampling Method
series of questions, or a combination of these ➔ Statistical Treatment
forms; and ➔ Data Gathering Procedure
d. defined in terms of data that can be obtained.
-------------------
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
Scope
- coverage or the parameters
- inclusions in the study
Limitation
- shortcomings, conditions, or influences that cannot
be controlled by the researcher's
Delimitation
- choices made by the researchers which should be
mentioned (boundaries)
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES - Types of data in research:
- refers to how researchers may reduce the ➔ QUALITATIVE DATA
population due to restrictions or limitations. - When the data presented has
words and descriptions, then we
Sample call it qualitative data.
- represents the characteristics or traits of the whole ➔ QUANTITATIVE DATA
population - Any data expressed in numbers of
- 2 Types: numerical figures are called
➔ Probability Sampling quantitative data.
- giving every member of the ➔ CATEGORICAL DATA
population a chance of being - It is data presented in groups.
selected However, an item included in the
- involves randomization or chance categorical data cannot belong to
more than one group.
-------------------
RESULTS
➔ Non-Probability Sampling - reports the research findings
- not every member of the population - should directly answer the research questions
has the equal chance in the (SOP) which are imposed in the introduction
selection - must consider the APA 7th Edition format in
- can rely on the subjective judgment creating tables, graphs, etc.
of the researcher
DISCUSSION
▶Convenience Sampling - includes Conclusion and Recommendation
- selecting a sample based on the availability of the - summarizes the main findings with interpretation
member and/or proximity to the researcher - explains how findings fit with other studies (RRL)
- also known as accidental or grab sampling - shows the implications of the study (why it matters)
▶Purposive Sampling
- selecting samples based on the goals of the study CONCLUSION
- is based on knowledge - This is a section in the research paper that focuses
- has traits or passes conditions needed on providing a comprehensive summary of the
findings and points out what were learned from the
▶Quota Sampling – considers the proportion of the groups study.
in the population
▶Snowball Sampling – asks participants to recruit other
members for the study
LESSON 7: RESEARCH RECOMMENDATION
RESEARCH DESIGN
- Quantitative or Qualitative RECOMMENDATION
- descriptive, correlational, experimental, or review - are the added suggestions that you want people to
- It is the backbone of research follow when performing future studies.
procedure/methodology. - These are based off of what you have found or
what you might be interested in doing at some point
STATISTICAL TREATMENT in the future.
- application of the statistical method to a data set - Must be precise
- transforming data set from a group of meaningless
numbers into a meaningful output APA
- descriptive statistics - Refers to a quotation of reference from a book,
- getting the mean, median, mode, percentage, etc. paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

- a process used by researchers for reducing data to
a story and interpreting it to derive insights.
- it helps in reducing a large chunk of data into
smaller fragments, which makes sense.

- GLUCK! 🤞🏻