SENIOR TWO

SENIOR TWO

LOWER SECONDARY
NEW CURRICULUM
1ST EDITION
1st /01/ 2023

NEXT GENERATION LEARNER

Mr. Onderi Kenneth [email protected]
0705476300 / 0771940855
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface…………………………………………………………………………….I
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………..II
Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………………1
Work, energy and power……….….………………………………………….2
Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………….41
Turning effect of forces, centre of gravity and stability………….…..42
Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………….56
Pressure in Solids and Fluids ………………….………………………….57
Chapter 4……………………………………………………………………….96
Mechanical Properties of Materials: Hooke’s Law………………………97
Chapter 5……………………………………………………………………..117
Reflection By Curved Surfaces …………………………………………..118
Chapter 6……………………………………………………………………..132
Magnets and magnetic field……………………………………………….133
Chapter 7……………………………………………………………………..148
Electrostatics…………………………………..……………………………149
Chapter 8……………………………………………………………………..162
The solar system………………………………..…………………………..163
 Preface
This Learner’s workbook has been written in line with the revised
Physics syllabus for the new lower secondary curriculum. The
revision questions, worksheets and activities of integration have been
incorporated into this workbook. Through those activities of
integration provided at the end of each chapter the learner is able to
produce new knowledge, values and skills are required in the 21st
century.
This has been done by providing a range of activities of integration
which will enable the learner to research more through the internet
in order to understand the applicability of knowledge learned at his
or her respective school.
The learner is expected to be able to work as an individual, in pairs
and groups according to the nature of the activities in order to be
able to share learning experiences with their colleagues.
This Learner’s workbook is one of the materials which are to be used
to support the teaching and learning process of the new lower
secondary curriculum.

Mr. Onderi Kenneth

Physics Teacher, Kakungulu Memorial School Kibuli.

i
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express a sincere appreciation to all those who worked
tirelessly towards the production of this Learner’s workbook.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my family and friends for
supporting all my initiatives both financially and spiritually. my
parents Mr. Omwandi Philemon, and Mrs. Akoth Rose Mary, my
siblings Atosa Jonathan and Omwandi Philemon Junior, Adikini
Esther lucy and Akoth Georgina. My friends Ashraf, Ntambi and
Genza.
My gratitude also goes to the various institutions which provided staff
who natured and supported me to become the physics teacher I am
today. My thanks go to Kakungulu memorial school Kibuli which
provided the best environment to work from, best reference books
and best experienced colleagues like Mr. Hassan, Mr. Mukiibi, Mr.
Abiib, Tr Gilbert, Mr. Kintu.
Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge Greenhill Academy
Kibuli for the good environment that enabled me to get used to the
next generation teachers like Mr. Bemba, Mr. Amayo, Mr. Guma, Tr.
Moses.
I welcome any suggestions for improvement to continue making my
service delivery better. Please get to me through
[email protected] or contact 0705476300 or 0771940855

iii
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

Chapter 1
Work, energy and power

Key learning outcomes

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to;

✓ Know that the sun is our major source of energy and the different forms of energy.
✓ Know that energy can be changed from one form to another and understand the law of
conservation of energy.
✓ Understand the positive and negative effects of solar energy.
✓ Understand the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources with
respect to Uganda.
✓ Know and use the relationship work done, force and distance moved and time taken.
✓ Understand that an object may have energy due to its motion or its position and change
between kinetic and positional potential energy.
✓ Know the mathematical relationship between positional potential energy and kinetic
energy and use it in calculations.
✓ Understand the meaning of machines and explain how simple machines simplify work.
✓ Understand the principles behind the operation of simple machines.

Introduction
As we all know that without energy life would not exist on earth, the sun’s energy for
example is the sole reason why green plants can still exist together. The heat from the sun
is the reason we have liquid water; animals wouldn’t exist without plants as well. Other
energy sources include wind, wood fuel, water, nuclear etc. we also shall cover work,
power and simple machines.

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Worksheet (Short Answer Questions)

ENERGY
This is the ability to do work. The SI unit of energy is joule (J).

Renewable and non-renewable energy

Renewable (Non-Exhaustible) sources of energy:
These are sources of energy which can be re-used to produce energy. They can
be utilized repeatedly without and do not get used up.
Non-Renewable (Exhaustible) source of energy:
These are sources of energy which cannot be re-used to produce energy. They
cannot be utilized repeatedly. They can get used up entirely.
1. The figure below contains various energy sources commonly used around the
world to help people do work. Study it carefully and answer the questions
that follow

wind

wood water

uranium
sun
Natural gas
nuclear

Oil mining Coal mining tides

Oil mining Coal mining Ocean tide

1. Identify the energy source and classify them as either renewable or non-
renewable.
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Forms of energy
1. You are provided with the forms of energy and their meaning and you are
required to match them accordingly.

FORMS OF ENERGY MEANING

Heat This is the form of energy produced by hot bodies

and enables us to see

Sound This is form of energy produced when unstable

nucleus splits through nuclear fission or two light
nuclei fuse together through nuclear fusion.

Light This is a form of energy which is transferred from

one point to another without causing any
permanent displacement of medium itself. This
form of energy causes a disturbance through the
medium

Electrical This is the form of energy that is transferred from

region of high temperature to region of low
temperature.

Chemical This is a form of energy produced when particles

in the medium are set into vibrations. This form
of energy is heard by the ear

Nuclear This is a form of energy due to the flow of charges.

wave This is a form of energy that can be converted to

heat by burning.

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2. Study the picture in the table below and identify the form of energy, its real-
life applications, and dangers it possesses to man and environment.
Picture Form of Energy Applications Dangers

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3. In the last decade oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Albertine region
in western Uganda. During the world climate summit held in Egypt this year,
the European union were against Uganda’s plan to exploit the oil reserves.
They believed that all new oil drilling should be stopped for the purposes of
environmental preservation. They also claim the world should stop using
fossil fuels and resort to cleaner energy sources which don’t harm the
environment.
(a) What form of energy is oil and gas.
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(b) As a physics student discuss the benefits this mineral discovery can bring
to Uganda’s economy.
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(c) What dangers does this discovery pose to our natural environment?
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(d) What possible solutions would you recommend the oil drilling company to
enforce to preserve and protect the regional natural environment like water
bodies, air, land, and vegetation
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Solar energy
1. The figure below illustrates how the sun is the major source of energy on
planet earth. Study it carefully and use it to help you explain and prove that
the sun’s energy is the main reason there is life on earth.

a) Explain how the sun is the major source of energy on earth with the help
of the above illustrations.
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2. The pictures below show some positive and negative effects of solar energy.

a) List down the advantages of solar energy to man and the environment
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b) Explain the dangers of solar energy to man and the environment
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c) Suggest the possible ways of minimizing the dangers caused by solar
energy to man and environment
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d) List down atleast four devices or technology that use solar energy to
operate.
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Mechanical energy
This is divided into two forms of energy namely
i) Kinetic energy.
ii) Potential energy.
kinetic energy
This is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. It depends on the
speed of the body.
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
where: K.E is kinetic energy, m is mass of a body and v is velocity of a body

kinetic energy calculations

1. A body of mass 3kg moves with a speed of 30ms-1. Find its kinetic energy
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2. An object of volume 100cm3 and density 8gcm-3 moves with a speed of 10ms-
1. Find its kinetic energy

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positional Potential energy
This is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position in the gravitational
field.
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Where P.E is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, h is
height above the ground level. where g is 10ms-2 on planet earth
positional potential energy calculation
1. Find the potential energy of an object of mass 350g when it is 10m above the
ground.
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2. A 5kg mass falls from a height of 20m. Calculate the potential energy lost
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Relationship /Interchange between K.E and P.E

The transformation of energy between kinetic and potential energy can be seen
in a body freely falling, a ball bouncing and can also be seen in a swinging
pendulum.

Example and Illustration

✓ A mango on top of tree has
maximum potential energy (P.E)
because it is at maximum height.
It has zero kinetic energy (K.E)
because it is not moving
✓ When a mango starts to fall, its
height above the ground level
reduces so its potential energy
also reduces since P. E=mgh. Its
kinetic energy begins to increase
because as the mango falls, its
speed also increases.
✓ At midway its K. E=P.E
✓ Just As it is about to hit the
ground its K.E is maximum
because of maximum speed and
P.E is zero because of zero height.

Therefore; 𝐆𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐊. 𝐄 = 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐏. 𝐄.

1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
The above illustration shows that energy is conserved. Mechanical energy is
continually transformed between kinetic and potential energy

Calculations of P.E and K.E

1. A block of mass 2 kg falls freely from rest through a distance of 3m.

i) Find the K.E of the block. (Ans: =60J)
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ii) Potential energy (Ans: =60J)
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iii) The velocity with which the body hits the ground.
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2. A body of mass 5kg falls freely through 3m. Calculate the velocity with which
it hits the ground.
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3. A stone of 150g is dropped from a height of 80m. Calculate the;
(i) Kinetic energy when it is 50m above the ground.
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(ii) Its velocity when its 50m above the ground.
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4. A 200g body falls from a height of 0.2m. Find the kinetic energy just before
it hits the ground
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5. A ball has a mass of 5 kg and is placed on the edge of a table 1 m tall. What
is its gravitational potential energy? If the ball is pushed over the edge what
would the kinetic energy of the ball be one-third of the way to the ground?
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6. During working hours, every man would want to hire a highly efficient
machine to complete a task at hand.
a) Machine A performs 900 J of work when supplied with 1000 J of energy.
Machine B performs 800 J of work when supplied with 900 J of energy.
b) Which machine wastes less energy?
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c) In part (a) above machine A performs the work in one hour and machine
B performs working 45 minutes. Which machine gives the greater power
output?
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d) Why is it important to determine the efficiency of a machine?
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e) Why is there no machine 100% efficient in the whole world?
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f) How would you improve on the efficiency of a machine?
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7. A ball is released from rest and rolls down a track from the position shown.
What is the furthest position the ball could reach and why?

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Energy transformations and law of conservation of

energy
It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but changes from one
form to another
As energy is changed from one form or state to another, an energy converter
(Device) is required to ease the conversion. Examples of such devices are shown
in the table below.
The devices listed in second table carry out the energy transformations like
Chemical to electrical Light to electrical Electrical to light
Sound to electrical Kinetic to electrical Electrical to heat
Electrical to sound Electrical to kinetic Heat to electrical

In each case you are required to identify the energy changes that occurs in each
device shown below. (Use the table above to aid you answer the table below

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State the energy transformations for;

a) For a body falling freely.

b) For a freely swinging pendulum

c) When lighting a match box

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d) When a boy compresses the spring
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e) When lighting a lamp connected to a battery
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f) Catapult pulled by a person to propel a stone
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g) In the following diagram, suppose that the girl drops a ball with a mass
of 2 kg from a height of 6 m.
State and explain the energy changes the ball goes through
in positions;

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B……………………………………………………………
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C……………………………………………………………
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WORK

This is the product of force and distance moved in the direction of force.
OR work is done when the point of application of force moves in the direction of
force. The SI unit of work is a joule (J).
A joule is the work done when a force of 1N moves a body through a distance of
1m in the direction of force.
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
If the body is projected vertically the force acting is the weight of the body
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝑑= mgd

Calculations of work done

1. An object is pulled through a distance of 2 m by a force of 55 N on the first
day. The same object is again pulled through a distance of 20 cm by a force
of 1500 N on the second day. Calculate the work done on;
(i) First day
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(ii) Second day
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(iii) On which day was much work done? And why do you think so?
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(iv) Explain the factors that determine the amount of work done on any
given day from the results obtained above
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2. Sometimes work is not done even if there is an applied force. Describe some
situations when this is so.
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3. A crane is used to raise 20 tonnes of concrete to the top floor of a building
30m high. Calculate the total work done by the crane.
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4. A man of mass 70 kg runs up a staircase of 20 stairs, each of vertical height
50 cm. Find the work done against gravity.
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5. The figure bellow shows a 50kg bale of hay being pulled up an inclined plane
with a force of 200N.

(i) Calculate the work done by the force If the bale moves down the
incline a distance of 5m.
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(ii) If the bale moves up the incline a distance of 5m, Calculate the work
done by the force
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(iii) Explain your answer.
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POWER
Power is the rate of doing work. Or
Power is the rate of transfer of energy.
Note: Work done is the same as energy transferred
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹. 𝑉
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

The S.I unit of power is watt (W).

Other units of power include
kilowatt (kW) and megawatt (MW).
1kW = 1,000W
1MW = 1,000,000W
1W=1Js-1 where Js-1 stands for joule per second
A watt is the rate of transfer of energy of one joule per
Or it is the rate of doing work of 1joule in one second.

Calculations of power
1. An engine raises 20kg of water through a height of 50m in 10 seconds.
Calculate the power of the engine.
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2. An electric bulb is rated 100W. How much electrical energy does the bulb
consume in 2hours.
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3. A man uses an electric motor whose power output is 3000W for 1hour. If the
motor consumes 1.44×107 J of electricity in that time, find the efficiency of
the motor.
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4. What is the power of the crane which can lift a box of mass 1000kg vertically
through a height of 15m in 40 seconds?
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5. A boy whose mass is 60kg can run up a flight of 28 steps each 25 cm high
in 56 seconds. Calculate the power developed by the boy.
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6. A pump raises 100kg of water through a height of 30m in 10s. What is the
power developed by the pump
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7. A 50kg girl runs up a staircase of 50 steps each step is 15cm in height in
5s. Find
i. Work done against gravity by the girl
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ii. Power, she used to run
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8. How much power is required to accelerate a 1000kg car from rest to 26.7m/s
in 8s?
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9. A crane lifts 4 bricks per minute through a height of 150cm. Find the power
that is expended if each brick weighs 100N.
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MACHINES

A machine is a device on which a force applied at one point, is used to

overcome a force at another point. OR
A machine is a device, which simplifies works by magnifying the effort.

Principle of machines:
It states that a small force (effort) moves over a large distance to produce a
bigger force that moves the load over a small distance.
Terms used in simple machines
The table below represents terms commonly used in machines and their
meanings. Match the term used to its respective meaning

Term Meaning
Machine This is the ratio of the load to the effort.

Effort It is defined as the ratio of the distance

moved by the effort to the distance moved by
the load in the same time

Load This is the ratio of the useful work output

to the work input expressed as a
percentage.

Mechanical is a device on which a force applied at one

advantage point, is used to overcome a force at another
point

Velocity ratio Is the force applied at one point of a

machine to overcome the load.

Efficiency Is the force, which is overcome by the

machine using the effort.

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Formulars used

✓ 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐮𝐭 = 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 × 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

✓ 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐩𝐮𝐭 = 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 × 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡

✓ 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡
× 100%

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
✓ 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑀. 𝐴) =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡

✓ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑉. 𝑅) = Load
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑀.𝐴
✓ 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑉.𝑅
× 100%

Types of simple machines

The figure below shows the commonly used simple machines. Identify, write
the name and use of each machine shown below.

Name Name Name

use Use Use

Name Name Name

Use Use Use

Name Name Name

use Use Use
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Levers
A lever is a rigid body is free to turn about a fixed point. The fixed point at which
the lever turns is called the pivot or fulcrum

Classes of levers and examples

There are three classes of levers namely;
➢ First class lever. 1st class 2nd class 3rd class
➢ Second class lever. Pivot is between Load is between Effort is between
➢ Third class lever load and effort pivot and effort load and pivot

1. What is the difference between 1st class, 2nd class and 3rd class levers
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2. Using a well labeled diagram draw an illustration of a lever

3. From your illustration above explain briefly the meaning of a simple machine
called lever
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4. The table below contains real life images of machines that fall under levers.
Where P, L, and E represent points of application of pivot, load and effort
respectively. You are required to classify the levers according to their
respective classes, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

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NOTE:
❖ Load arm is the distance of the load from pivot.
❖ Effort arm is the distance of effort from pivot.

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚

❖ 𝐌. 𝐀 = 𝐕. 𝐑 = =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚
❖ Hence, a lever system is more efficient compared to other machines.
5. A lever was used to overcome a load of 500N by applying an effort of 100N.
Find the M.A of the lever
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6. A lever is used to overcome a load of 2000N. If the M.A 2. Calculate the
effort applied
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7. A machine of V.R 5 is used to raise load of weight 200N using an effort of
50N;
a) Calculate the M.A
b) The efficiency of the machine
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8. A machine which is 75% efficient uses an effort of 100N to lift a load of 300N.
Find the velocity ratio of the machine
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Pulleys
A Pulley is a wheel with a grooved rim on which a rope
passes. There are three types of pulley systems and these
are;
(i) Single fixed pulley
(ii) Single movable pulley
(iii) Block and tackle pulley

1. You are provided with three types of below shown in the figure below. You are required to
name each type of pulley shown below.

b) Which of the three pulley types shown do you think is the most efficient for;
(i) Raising a flag………………………………………………………………………
(ii) For raising heavy loads in lifts…………………………………………………….
(iii) For Lifting building materials during construction…………………………………
(iv) For raising heavy loads in cranes…………………………………………………...
(v) For lifting wrecked vehicles off the road using breakdown vehicles.
………………………………………………………………………………………
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝
c) For a single fixed pulley 𝐌. 𝐀 = 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 = 𝟏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
effort distance
𝐕. 𝐑 = = 1 because load distance = effort distance
load distance

However, in practice the mechanical advantage and Velocity ratio of a single fixed pulley
is less than one. State any two reasons why.
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d) Explain why a construction worker would prefer to use block and tackle pulley while lifting
blocks on the fifth floor of the building?
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2. The table below shows some examples of block and tackle pulley systems and their respective
velocity ratio, (V.R), Effort (E), and Load (L). COMPLETE the table below.

V.R=2 V.R=3 V.R=4

V.R=5 V.R=6 V.R=7

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3. Below are some applications of pulley systems in your community. Identify and State any four
real life common applications of pulleys in your community

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4. In an experiment to show the variation of mechanical advantage or efficiency of pulley system

with the load the graph shown below is plotted
a) Explain the shape of the graph
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b) State the reasons why the efficiency of a pulley system is always less than 100%
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5. In a construction site, an effort of 50N is required to raise a load of 200N using a pulley
system of velocity ratio 5.
a) Draw a diagram to show the pulley system. b) Find the efficiency of the system.
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b) Calculate the work wasted when the load is raised through 120cm.
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c) Give two reasons why the efficiency of the above pulley is less than 100%.
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d) State three ways how you can possibly increase on the efficiency of the above pulley system?
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6. An effort of 125N is used to lift a load of 500N through a height of 2.5m using a pulley system.
If the distance moved by the effort is 15m, calculate;
a) the work done on the load.
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b) the work done by the effort.
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c) Efficiency of the pulley system.
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7. The effort required to raise a load of 100N is 40N as shown below.
Calculate;
c) Work done on the load if it
a) Mechanical advantage. is raised through a distance
of 6m.

b) Efficiency

8. A block and tackle pulley system with a velocity ratio of 5 and 60% efficiency is used to a lift
blocks of mass 60kg through a vertical height of 2m in a certain construction site in jinja
municipality. What effort must be exerted?
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Inclined plane
An inclined plane is a smooth flat rigid surface slanted at an angle to the
horizontal. Also, it’s called ramp

Where;

❖ Distance moved by load= vertical height =Ld

❖ Distance moved by Effort =slanted height=Ed

𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃 𝐋 𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐓 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐄𝐝

𝐌. 𝐀 = = 𝐕. 𝐑 = =
𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐓 𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐋𝐝

1. A force of 600 N is used to move a load of 3000 N up an inclined plane. Given that the slanted
height and vertical height of the plane are 18 m and 3m respectively.
Find
a) Velocity ratio of the plane
b) Mechanical advantage
c) Efficiency of the plane
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2. A loaded wheelbarrow weighting 800 N is pushed up an inclined plane by a force of 150 N
parallel to the plane, if the plane rises 50 cm for every 400 cm length of the plane. Find the
velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency

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………………………………………………………………..………………………………..
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3. Identify and name any four places where inclined planes are commonly used in real life
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Wheel and axle
It consists of two wheels of different radii on
the same axis.
The effort is applied to the wheel and a string
attached to the axle raises the load

𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝐑 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥

𝐕. 𝐑 = = = =
𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐𝛑𝐫 𝐫 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐱𝐥𝐞

1. The figure below shows a wheel land axle system, which uses an effort of 200N to raise a load
of 1000N using an axle of radius 5cm and a wheel of radius 50cm.
Calculate the;
(i) velocity ratio
(ii) Efficiency of the system
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………………………..………………………………………………………..………………
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2. A common windlass is used to raise a load of 480N by an application of an effort 200N at right
angles to the handle. If the handle has a radius of 33cm from the axis and the radius of the axle
is 11cm,
calculate; 200N
(i) Velocity ratio.
(ii) Efficiency of the windlass. r = 11cm

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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R = 33cm
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480N
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3. State any three common applications of a wheel and axle machine
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Screws
A screw is a nail or bolt with threadlike windings.
It is like a spiral stair case. The screw is used for
the purpose of holding things together. pitch
Pitch: This is the distance between any two
successive threads of a screw.
thread
NOTE
In order to use a screw, a screw driver or brace or
screw jack is used to drive screws in and out of the
material.

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝟐𝛑𝐑

𝐕. 𝐑 = = =
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡

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1. The handle of the screw jack is 35 cm long and the pitch of the screw is 0.5 cm. what force
must be applied to the end of the handle when lifting a load of 2200 N, when efficiency of the
jack is 40%.
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2. The handle of a screw jack is 12cm long. The screw jack is used to drive a screw of pitch
18cm. if an effort of 5N is applied on the jack to move a screw of 15N,
Calculate;
(i) Velocity ratio.
(ii) Mechanical advantage.
(iii) Efficiency
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3. Identify and name any three real life applications of the knowledge of screws.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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N
Gear systems n
A gear is a device consisting of a set of
toothed wheels that control the
movement (speed) of a machine.
If the effort is applied on a small gear,
it drives a large gear which has a load
attached on it.
A large V.R is obtained only when
the effort is applied on a small gear
so that it drives the large gear.

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐍

𝐕. 𝐑 = =
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐧

1. In a gear system, the number of teeth on the driving wheel is 10 and the teeth on the driven
wheel are 40. If the system is able to lift a load of 300N with an effort of 100N.
Find;
……….………………………………………….………………………………………….……………
(i) V.R
…………………………….………………………………………….……………………………………
(ii) M.A
…….………………………………………….…………………………………….……………………
(iii) Efficiency
…………………….………………………………………….………………………………………….
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2. A bicycle has a chain wheel with 32 teeth, and the driven wheel has 80 teeth. If the efficiency
is 88%,
find the;
(i) Velocity ratio.
(ii) Mechanical advantage.

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…………………….………………………………………….…………………………………
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3. Identify any four machines where gears are commonly applied in your community.
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4. Briefly explain what would happen to the speed of the racing bicycle when;
(i) The number of teeth on the chain of the driven wheel is increased
…………………….………………………………………….…………………………
……………….………………………………………….………………………………
(ii) The number of teeth on the chain of the driving wheel is increased
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Wedges
Is a machine that is sharp on one end and blunt on the opposite end. a wedge is often attached to a
handle to make it easier to use.
1. Briefly explain why a sharp axe is easier to use to chop wood compared to a blunt one.
…………………….………………………………………….…………………………………
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2. Peter used an axe with a long handle to chop firewood whereas Mohammed opted for a short
handle axe instead.
(i) Which of the two people used the best understanding of simple machines?...................
(ii) Briefly explain your answer in 2(i) above
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3. Name any other three examples of wedges commonly used in your community besides an axe
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ACTIVITY OF INTEGRATION
SCENARIO
In the last decade oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Albertine region in
western Uganda. The Ugandan government together the French company TOTAL
energy signed a contract for the oil drilling and processing
However, during the world climate summit held this year in Egypt, the European
union were against Uganda’s plan to exploit the oil reserves. They believed that
all new oil drilling should be stopped for the purposes of environmental
preservation. They also claim the world should stop using fossil fuels and resort
to cleaner energy sources which don’t harm the environment. This proposal
irritated the government of Uganda to the extent that the president said that if
TOTAL energy company doesn’t work with them then they will find someone else
to work with and achieve their objective by 2025

SUPPORT MATERIAL

TASK
a) As a physics student discuss what form of energy is oil and gas are and what
are the benefits this mineral can bring to Uganda’s economy?
b) What dangers does this discovery pose to our natural environment
c) What possible solutions would you recommend the oil drilling company to
enforce to preserve and protect the regional natural environment like water
bodies, air, land, and vegetation

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[email protected]
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

ACTIVITY OF INTEGRATION
SCENARIO
One day Ainebyona happen to have no transport fare to go home but as he was
walking along the highway, a truck driver who happens to be a good Samaritan
stopped and offered him a lift. Ainebyona was so happy, however the happiness
was short lived when they reached a point where rain had damaged the road
creating a small raise on the road surface that the vehicle engine was not
powerful enough to climb. They stopped for a moment and wondered how they
were going to solve this problem. On their truck were strong long pieces of wood,
a spade and hard-core stones.

SUPPORT MATERIAL

wood

stones

TASK
As you passed by you found them still struggling to pass over the raised road
surface, explain to them what simple machine they need to design to help them
solve this problem. (Include the steps taken to make the machine and how the
machine works. Include a well labelled illustration)

Page 35 of 179
[email protected]
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

ACTIVITY OF INTEGRATION
SCENARIO
In the last decade oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Albertine region in
western Uganda. The Ugandan government together the French company TOTAL
energy signed a contract for the oil drilling and processing
However, during the world climate summit held this year in Egypt, the European
union were against Uganda’s plan to exploit the oil reserves. They believed that
all new oil drilling should be stopped for the purposes of environmental
preservation. They also claim the world should stop using fossil fuels and resort
to cleaner energy sources which don’t harm the environment. Though oil and
gas are the main factors contributing to environmental degradation, there are
also other sources of energy which can cause long term harm to our
environment.

SUPPORT MATERIAL

TASK
As a physics student, write a short, brief and clear proposal to the international
body of environmental protection on the best possible energy sources you think
will help the world heal from human encroachment and greed.
Before you conclude your proposal also briefly explain the energy sources that
you feel should be phased out or banned for the better future of our planet.

Page 36 of 179
[email protected]
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

ACTIVITY OF INTEGRATION
SCENARIO
This year just like it has happened in the past, Karamoja region suffered from
hunger as a result of prolonged sunny season which hindered crop production
in Uganda overall. This time round many people lost their lives due to the hunger
and poverty in this semi desert region of Uganda. This prolonged sunny season
has also contributed to increased prices of food stuff most especially matooke
and posho flour which has become a big problem to many schools which mainly
rely on posho as the main food served in Ugandan schools.
We may pray to God and curse the sun but we should also remember that
Uganda is still blessed with the largest lake in Africa, the longest river in the
world and many other water bodies. The question that bothers me is whether we
should still keep on blaming the sun’s energy as the cause of problems or we
should embrace new better ways of solving existing problem with the available
solutions at hand.

SUPPORT MATERIAL

TASK
As a concerned, patriotic Ugandan, write a proposal to the ministry of disaster
preparedness of Uganda on how best we can solve this problem of prolonged
drought using the available resources Uganda is blessed with, including the
sun’s energy itself as part of this solution.

Page 37 of 179
[email protected]
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

ACTIVITY OF INTEGRATION
SCENARIO
Bicycles have been used in Uganda over the years for activities such as
transportation, physical exercise, leisure and cross-country games. Bicycle
cross-country racing is a common game in Uganda and the world overall. The
games are not only for fun but it is also a money-making business across the
world. The winners always go home with not just a trophy but money as well.to
win in these cycling races the best made and serviced bicycles always determines
the winners besides other factors at play. This year your friend is going to
participate in the race and he needs your help to help to win the race.

SUPPORT MATERIAL

TASK
a) Using knowledge of simple machines explain the scientific facts about how
a bicycle operates and name some parts of the bicycle that can determine
the efficiency of the bicycle.
b) Explain the adjustments you need to make on his bicycle in order to
increase on his chances of winning the competition.
c) What other recommendations would you offer to your friend to enable him
win the racing competition?

Page 38 of 179
[email protected]
Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

Page 39 of 179
[email protected]
 Onderi Kenneth 0705476300 or 0771940855

For full version of the book contact the Author to get book 1,2 and 3
This book will ease your work as a teacher following competence-based
curriculum.
This will ease the student’s work since all types of questions have been
included which require knowledge application and research where necessary
The questions have been made as simple as possible to enable students
easily understand (very many examples, pictures and illustrations)
The various Activities of integration have also been included at the end of
each topic to enable students apply the knowledge attained from the already
learnt topic.
The worksheet is to help students practice as many questions as possible.
The space provided is just enough for each question asked.
The books provide a brief introduction, short answer questions in the right
sequence as it is recommended by other text books available in the market.

For any consultations call the following contacts

Contact 0705476300
Contact 0771940855
Name Onderi Kenneth
Teaching subjects physics and math
School Kakungulu memorial school Kibuli
Email address [email protected]
Location Central Uganda

Contact the Author for FULL version of the book

Page 40 of 179
[email protected]