INTRODUCTION

“Time and health are two precious assets that we do not recognize and appreciate until
they have been depleted.” -Denis Waitley

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social status. Health of an individual deteriorates with variations in physiological
and biological aspects of the body. Health depends upon the diet, age, mental peace, type of
work etc. Substance abuse has become one of the leading causes that deteriorates the health of
the individual.1

Substance abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human society as
the most important social damage. Substance abuse is a nonadaptive model of drug use, which
results in adverse problems and consequences and includes a set of cognitive, behavioural, and
psychological symptoms. Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of
psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. One of the key impact of illicit
drug use on society is the negative health consequences experienced by its members. Drug
abuse also puts a heavy financial burden on individuals, families, and society.2

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties that has been widely used
in many cultures for centuries. The harmful use of alcohol causes a serious disease, social and economic
burden in societies. Environmental factors such as economic development, culture, availability of
alcohol and the level and effectiveness of alcohol policies are relevant factors in explaining differences
and historical trends in alcohol consumption and related harm. Alcohol-related harm is determined
by the volume of alcohol consumed, the pattern of drinking and on rare occasions, the quality
of alcohol consumed. The harmful use of alcohol is a component cause of more than 200
diseases most notably alcohol dependence, liver cirrhosis, cancers, and injuries. The latest
causal relationships established are those between alcohol consumption and incidence of
infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.3

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The common causes of alcohol abuse include genetic factors, early childhood events, attempts
to relieve emotional pain, consume alcohol often in large amounts or start early in life,
experienced trauma such as physical or sexual abuse, family history of alcohol abuse, mental
health issues such as grief, anxiety, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder.4

The various symptoms of alcohol abuse includes blacking out or not remembering things that
happened, continuing to drink even if it causes distress or harm to alcoholic or others, drinking
more or longer than the person plans, feeling irritable or cranky when the person is not drinking,
frequent hangovers, getting into dangerous situations when the person is drinking (for example,
driving, having unsafe sex, or falling), giving up activities so that person can drink, having
cravings for alcohol, having repeated problems with work, school, relationships, or the law
because of drinking, need to drink more and more to get the same effect, not being able to stop
drinking once the person have started, spending a lot of time drinking or recovering from
drinking, wanting to cut back but not being able to and obsession for alcohol.5

A person with alcohol abuse also might experience symptoms of withdrawal when they cut
back or stop drinking such as: anxiety, depression, irritability, nausea, dry heaves, racing heart,
restlessness, shakiness, sweating, trouble sleeping, seizures, seeing things that are not there
(hallucinations), delirium termers, coma, and death6.

There are four stages of alcoholism: At-risk stage: This is when the person drink socially or
drink to relieve stress or to feel better. Person may start to develop a tolerance for alcohol. Early
alcoholism: In this stage, the alcoholic person has progressed to blackouts, drinking alone or
in secret, and thinking about alcohol a lot. Mid-stage alcohol use disorder: In this stage
alcohol use is now out of control and causes problems with daily life (work, family, financial,
physical, and mental health). Organ damage can be seen on lab tests and scans. End-stage
alcohol use disorder: Drinking is now the focus of persons life, to the exclusion of food,
intimacy, health, and happiness. despair, complications of organ damage and death are now
close.7

Treatment and management of alcoholism includes (i) Behavioural therapies- In this,

counselling or talk therapy with a healthcare provider like a psychologist or mental health
counsellor can teach alcoholic patient ways to change his behaviour, motivational, cognitive-
behavioural, contingency, and 12-step facilitation are the most used techniques,(ii)
medications- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved naltrexone and
acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol abuse. Topiramate and gabapentin can also decrease
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cravings in some people. An older medication — disulfiram is now used rarely. These
medications seem to help decrease the background obsessional thinking around alcohol, (iii)
support groups: In this, group meetings with other people who are alcoholic can help the
person to stay sober. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings are usually free and are available
in most communities. Other styles of recovery groups include Celebrate! Recovery (Christian
focus), Rational Recovery (non-spiritual) and Recovery Dharma (mindfulness or Buddhist
focus).8

NEED OF THE STUDY

Harmful use of alcohol was the cause for 5.9% of all deaths and 5.1% of the global burden of
disease and injury. India is the third largest market for alcoholic beverages in the world with
estimated 62.5 million alcohol user in 2005. Prevalence and perceived health effects of alcohol
use among male undergraduate students in Owerri, Nigeria was conducted by Chikere IC and
Mayowa OM The prevalence and perceived health effects of alcohol was estimated for 482
male undergraduates of four higher institutions in Owerri, South-East Nigeria between October
2008 and March 2009. Information was obtained using a semi-structured, self-administered
questionnaire. The mean age of the students was 24 years. Majority of the respondents
confirmed they were current users of alcohol given a prevalence of 78.4%, with twenty-seven
percent of them being heavy drinkers (≥4 drinks per day). Reasons given by respondents for
alcohol drinking include makes them feel high (24.4%); makes them belong to the group of
"most happening guys" on campus (6.6%); makes them feel relaxed (52.6%) while (16.4%)
drinks it because their best friends do. Perceived health impacts of alcohol use among current
users include it enhances pleasure during moment of sex (51.1%), causes drowsiness and
weakness (63.8%), may precipitate defective memory and impaired perception (64.3%) and
serves as risk factor for most chronic diseases (68.5%).9.

Alcohol consumption, particularly heavier drinking, is an important risk factor for many health
problems and, thus, is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. In fact, alcohol is a
necessary underlying cause for more than 30 conditions and a contributing factor to many more.
The most common disease categories that are entirely or partly caused by alcohol consumption
include infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, neuropsychiatric diseases (including alcohol use
disorders), cardiovascular disease, liver, and pancreas disease, and unintentional and intentional
injury10.

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According to WHO, in 2011 it estimated that 320,000 young people between the ages of 15

and 29 die from alcohol related causes. This represents 9% of all deaths in this age group. The

2011 Global Status Report on alcohol and health states that there has been a marked increase in

alcohol consumption amongst young people in recent years. The 2008 Global report from 73

countries showed a five-year trend in under-age drinking with 71% of countries reporting an

increase.11

As per Indian Statistics, about 15 and 20 percent of Indian people consume alcohol, and, over
the past twenty years, the number of drinkers has increased from one in 300 to one in 20.
According to The Hindustan Times, it is estimated that of these 5 percent can be classed as
alcoholics or alcohol dependent. This translates into about five million people addicted to
alcohol. A study conducted by AIIMS at one de-addition centre, the study findings showed that
every 5th teenager between 15-19 age group in the capital takes alcohol regularly, around
3,00,000 are addicted and another 1 lakh need medical attention for alcohol related disorders.12

Seva Doan (2000) a social organization, carried out a survey among 3000 eleventh standard
students of 13 schools in Mumbai. This survey revealed that 48% of the children did not think
that alcohol was harmful, 47% said it helped to decrease mental tension. Study carried out at
the National Institute for Mental health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS-2000) reveals that
70% of HIV patients were alcoholics and they had been teenagers.13

Over the years, scientists have documented the effects of alcohol on many of the body's organ
systems and its role in the development of a variety of medical problems, including
cardiovascular diseases, liver cirrhosis, and fatal abnormalities. The need of my study is to
assess the knowledge of labour workers regarding impact of alcoholism on health in selected
slum areas of Jammu as labour workers are not having adequate knowledge regarding ill-effects
of alcoholism.

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 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme
regarding the Impact of Alcoholism on Health Among the Labour Workers in Selected
Slum Areas of Jammu.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of study is to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding the
impact of alcoholism on health among labour workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.

OBJECTIVES

➢ To assess the pre-test knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health among the labour
workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.
➢ To assess the post-test knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health among the labour
workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.
➢ To compare the pre-test and post-test knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health
among the labour workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.
➢ To find out the association between knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health level
among the labour workers with their selected demographic variables.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
➢ Assess: It refers to the identification of the level of knowledge among the labour workers in
selected slum areas.
➢ Knowledge: It refers to the awareness regarding the impact of alcoholism on the health
among the labour workers in selected slum areas.
➢ Impact: It refers to the effect of alcoholism on health.

➢ Alcoholism: It is the excessive use of alcohol and dependence on it.

➢ Labour workers: It refers to those workers who are wage-earners and perform only labour
work.
➢ Slum area: It refers to those areas which are poorly serviced, overcrowded with unsafe,
unhealthy, and socially undesirable environment.

ASSUMPTIONS

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 1. Labour workers may have poor knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health.
2. Planned teaching program will improve the knowledge of labour workers regarding impact of
alcoholism on health.

HYPOTHESIS

H0: There will be no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test knowledge
score on the impact of alcoholism on health among the labour workers in selected slum areas.
H1: There will be significant difference between the pre-test and post-test knowledge score on
the impact of alcoholism on health among the labour workers in selected slum areas.

DELIMITATIONS
The study is limited to 100 labour workers residing in selected slum areas of Jammu.

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature related to the prevalence and effect of alcoholism: -

Chinnusamy M., Egin R.P., Janakiraman S. (2021)14 conducted a cross-sectional study on

the effect of alcoholism on the family members of alcoholic patients at hospital in Pondicherry.
The sample size was 100 and structured questionnaire was used to gather financial and
psychosocial wellbeing of family from family member accompanying the person. Out of 100
patients; 59 patients were admitted due to various reasons secondary to alcohol intake.
The result revealed that score of >4 was suggestive of alcohol dependence: 73% (73)
of the participants had a score of >4; 65% of the participants family member s gave a
positive history of impaired interpersonal relationships; 45% gave a positive history of
battering and 69% had mental health issues such as depression, lack of confidence,
inferiority complex, and decreased sleep. Also, 51% gave a positive history of financial
contribution by the participant toward the family expenses.

Kumar D.R., Siva S., Kalaiselvi J. (2020) 15 conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study
to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption and risk associated other diseases in Tamil
Nadu. The sample size was 100 adults of age 19-30 years which was selected by using cluster
random sampling. Demographic data and risk factors were determined by taking history,
physical examination, and laboratory test. The result revealed that 22.6% of men and 13.9%
were alcoholics 45.3% of men and 34.2% of women were currently smokers, 36.34% of men
and 28.85% of women were currently hypertensive patients, 1.78% and 1,21% were having
Diabetes mellitus, 5.4% of men and 9.9% of women were dyslipidaemia and 14.5% of men and
13.9% of women were obese. The result Studies showed that alcohol consumption increases
the risk factor for those diseased condition i.e., it increases the risk of stroke, hypertension,
coronary artery disease, Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle. Results from quantitative meta-analysis
showed that drinkers with average intake of less than 30 gram per day and no episodic heavy
drinking had a lowest risk on above complication.

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Kondal N. (2018)16 conducted the study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching
programme on knowledge and attitude regarding alcohol withdrawal syndrome among family
members of alcoholic patients at selected hospital in Jalgaon. The sample size was 60 family
members of alcoholic clients and non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. The
pre-test and post-test knowledge means were 15.16 and 20.55 respectively. The standard
deviation for pre-test and post- test were 4.95 and 2.20 respectively. The mean difference was
2.75. The calculated’ value 12.02 is greater than table value at degree of freedom 0.05 level.
The pre-test and post-test attitude means were 62.96 and 84.08 respectively. The standard
deviation for pre-test and post-test were 13.59 and 7.41 respectively. The mean difference was
21.12. The result revealed that there was a marked increase in knowledge and positive attitude
of family members after exposing them to structured teaching programme on alcohol
withdrawal syndrome.

Snehalatha R., Bhagyalakshmi M., Hemalatha S. (2017)17 conducted a study to assess the
effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding alcohol use and its
harmful effects among high school children at municipal corporation School in Tirupati Andhra
Pradesh. The sample size was 60 boys and girls of 8th to 10th class students which was selected
by using non-probability sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire was used for data
collection. The study findings revealed that among 60 high school children 15 school children
(25%) had inadequate knowledge, 24 (40%) had moderate knowledge and 21 (35%) had
adequate knowledge in pretest after administration of structured teaching program, the post-test
findings revealed that 8 (13.3%) had inadequate knowledge 28 (46.7%) had moderate
knowledge and 24 (40%) had adequate knowledge.

Ramanan V. V., Singh K S., (2016)18 conducted cross-sectional study on alcohol use and its
related health and social problems in rural Pondicherry (India) in 850 households selected from
19 villages of two primary health centres. A total of 30 clusters were selected, and from each
cluster, 28 houses were surveyed by random walk method. Information was collected on
predesigned and pretested questionnaire forms and analysed. Chi-square test was used for
statistical significance. The overall prevalence of alcohol use among ≥18 years of age was 9.7%
and exclusively among males was 17.1%. The highest prevalence (17.1%) was among 46–55
years age groups and the residents of joint families (37.0%). One-third of the users began
drinking before 20 years of age and half of them consumed for getting relief from
pain/strain/tiredness. About half of the users had strained relations with their family members
and neighbours both. The majority had alcohol dependence problems and about one-fifth had
chronic health problems, diabetes mellitus hypertension.
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Jani V., Sammy P.G.N., Ravindra H.N., Varghese R. (2014)19 conducted a research study to
evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching program on the knowledge regarding the ill
effects of alcohol consumption among the adolescents of selected higher secondary school of
Vadodara district. The sample of the study comprised of 60 adolescents studying in Heaven
higher secondary school and Astha Vidyalaya in Vadodara district. In this study nonprobability
convenience sampling technique was used. The results of the study in pre-test adolescents were
having on average 43.43 % knowledge regarding ill effects of alcohol consumption and mean
score was 12.43±2.645 and in post-test, average 65.33 % knowledge regarding ill effect of
alcohol consumption and mean score was 19.60±2.599.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH APPROACH
(Quantitative Research Approach)

RESEARCH DESIGN
Pre-Experimental(Descriptive) Research Design

RESEARCH SETTING
Selected Slum Areas of Jammu

POPULATION
Labour Workers

TARGET POPULATION
Labour Workers Residing in Slum Areas

SAMPLE SIZE AND TECHNIQUE

100 Labour workers and convenient Sampling Technique

TOOL AND METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

• Socio-demographic Variables
• Self-structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding
impact of alcoholism on health.
• Planned teaching program (Provision of information booklet to
improve the knowledge among labour workers )
•

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Fig. Schematic Diagram of Research Methodology.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodology adopted for present study is “A study to assess the
effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding the impact of alcoholism on health
among the labour workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.” The research methodology
involves the systematic procedure by which researcher starts the initial identification of the
problem, collects, and analyses the data fill its conclusion to accomplish the research objectives.
Research methodology is a system of methods that follow various principles, strategies,
approaches, methods, and designs. The methodology of research indicates the pattern for
organizing the procedures together valid and reliable data for investigation. This chapter
discusses the methodology used for a descriptive study.
RESEARCH APPROACH: Quantitative research approach will be used in the in the study.

RESEARCH SETTING: Study will be conducted in the selected slum areas of Jammu.

ASSESSIBLE POPULATION: Labour workers.

TARGET POPULATION- Labour workers residing in slum areas.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES-Simple convenient sampling techniques used in the study.

SAMPLE SIZE: 100 labours workers in selected slum areas of Jammu.

VARIABLE UNDER STUDY:

Independent Variable: An independent variable is the variable that stands alive and is not
dependent on any other. In the present study, the independent variable refers to class, gender,
and occupation, literacy level of parents and area of living.

Dependent Variable: The dependent variables are the variable the research is interested in
understanding, explaining, or predicting. In the present study, the dependent variable refers to
knowledge regarding impact of alcoholism on health.

SAMPLING CRITERIA:

INCLUSIVE CRITERIA:

1. Labour workers who will be residing in selected slum areas Jammu.

2. Labour workers who will be present at the time of data collection.
3. Labour workers who will be willing to participate in the study.

. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA :
1. Labour workers who will not be present at the time of data collection.
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 Labour workers who will not be willing to participate in the study.
PILOT STUDY: It will be conducted to find out the reliability of the tool and feasibility of
the study by taking one tenth of the total sample.
DATA ANALYSIS METHOD: Data analysis will be through descriptive and Inferential
statistics.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:
▪ Permission of research will be taken from higher authority in selected slum areas of Jammu.
▪ Written consent will be obtained from the participants before conducting the study.
▪ Anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects will be maintained.
DISCUSSION: It will be based on the statistical technique, current results, and previously
related research.
CONCLUSION: The conclusion will be made according to the findings of the study.

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REFERENCES:

1) The Meaning of Health and its Promotion. Available from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080455/
2) Topic Substance abuse Available from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/substance-abuse.
3) Shield KD, Parry C, Rehm J. Chronic diseases, and conditions related to alcohol use. Alcohol Res.
2013;35(2):155-73. PMID: 24881324; PMCID: PMC3908707.
4) Topic Alcohol Available from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/alcohol
5) Topic Alcohol use disorder symptoms . available from. https://www.penmedicine.org/for-patients-
and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/alcoholism
6) Topic. What Is Alcohol Withdrawal. Available from.https://www.webmd.com/mental-
health/addiction/alcohol-withdrawl-symptoms-treatment
7) Topic Stages of alcoholism. Available from https://alcohol.org/alcoholism-types/stages/
8) Drug abuse alcohol abuse disorder. Available from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Treatment for Alcohol Problems: Finding and
Getting Help. (https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/treatment-
alcohol-problems-finding-and-getting-help) Accessed 6/2/2021.
9) Chikere, Ebirim IC and Morakinyo Oyewale Mayowa. “Prevalence and perceived health effect of
alcohol use among male undergraduate students in Owerri, South-East Nigeria: a descriptive cross-
sectional study.” BMC Public Health 11 (2011): 118 - 118.
10) Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, August 27). drug abuse. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/drug-abuse
11) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Use
Disorder. (https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-use-disorder) Accessed
6/2/2021.
12) Ahuja, N (2004) Textbook of Postgraduate Psychiatry.(5th edition). Jaypee Brothers medical
publishers, New Delhi, India
13) Basavanthappa. BT. (2007) Psychiatric Mental health Nursing, (1st edition). Jaypee Brothers
publications, New Delhi, India
14) Basavanthappa. BT. (2007) Psychiatric Mental health Nursing, (1st edition). Jaypee Brothers
publications, New Delhi, India
15) Chinnusamy, Manokaran & Eugin, Priscilla & Janakiraman, Sathiyanarayanan. (2021). A Study on
the Effect of Alcoholism on the Family Members of Alcoholic Patients. Journal of Health and Allied
Sciences NU. 11. 10.1055/s-0040-1722426.

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16) Dinesh, Kumar & J, Kalaiselvi & Siva, Satthvik. (2020). A cross sectional study of alcohol
consumption and risk factors. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Developmental
Research. 034-037. 10.17352/ijpsdr.000032.
17) Kondal Naik.2019. “Study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and
attitude regarding alcohol withdrawal syndrome among family members”; International Journal of Scientific
Research ,8,(2). ISSN: 2319-706
18) : R Snehalatha, M Bhagyalakshmi S Hemalatha (2017) A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of
Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Alcohol Use and Its Harmful Effects Among
High School Children at Municipal Corporation School in Tirupati. New York, Penguin. J Drug
Abuse Vol.3 No.3:25
19) Ramanan VV, Singh SK. A study on alcohol use and its related health and social problems in rural
Puducherry, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016 Oct-Dec;5(4):804-808. doi: 10.4103/2249-
4863.201175. PMID: 28348995; PMCID: PMC535381817) Jani, Vibhuti H., Swamy Pgn, Ravindra
H.N and Ruhi Varghese. “Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding ill
effects of alcohol consumption.” IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science 3 (2014): 16-21.

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DESCRIPTION OF TOOL
In the current study the data collection will be done by using the self -structured questionnaire.
The tool will help the researcher, to assess the level of knowledge level regarding Impact of
Alcoholism on Health Among the Labour Workers in Selected Slum Areas of Jammu. The tool
consists of two parts:

Consists of socio demographic variables

including age, gender, religion, marital
SECTION 1 Status. qualification, type of family, mode
of transportation to school, source of
information and previous knowledge

self-structured questionnaire will be

administered to selected samples,
consisting of 30 questions regarding impact
SECTION 2
of Alcoholism on health among the labour
workers in selected areas of Jammu.

SCORING PROCEDURE
Each correct answer carries one mark (1) and wrong answer carries zero mark (0)
Criteria measure used for scoring the tool.
Level of knowledge regarding Impact of Alcoholism on Health Among the Labour Workers.
Level of knowledge
The score level will be measured as

S.No. Level of knowledge %

1 Excellent 75-100
2 Good 50-75
3 Average 30-50
4 Below average <30

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CONSENT FORM
The subject –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––will be fully informed about the nature and
purpose of the study. The subject has been asked if any questions have arisen regarding the study and these
questions have been answered to the best of the investigation ability. A signed copy of this form will be
made available to the subject.
Investigator's signature:

–––––––––––––––––––

I agree to participate in the study, " A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned
Teaching Programme regarding the Impact of Alcoholism on Health Among the Labour Workers in
Selected Slum Areas of Jammu".
I have been given an opportunity to ask questions and have been answered to my satisfaction.
I furthermore recognize the fact that I am free to withdraw this consent and to discontinue participation in
this project at any time without prejudice to care.
I voluntarily give consent to participate in this study.
Name of the Participant:

–––––––––––––––––––––––
Signature:

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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