Sewerage System Design:

Statement:
To design the sewer system for Bahria Town Rawalpindi Phase 2.
Objectives:
 Different sewers have different discharge. House sewers have smaller discharges,
so they should be sized accordingly for economy considerations. Similarly manes
and trunks should have larger sizes.
 Maximum and minimum velocity requirements should be met for safe operation
of sewerage system.
 There should be a proper slope for the placement of sewers to have flow under
the action of gravity.
 Cost of sewerage should could be calculated from the data of hydraulic statement.
 Sewer profiles generated for sewerage design helps in excavation for pipes.
Related Theory:
Sewage:
It is the Liquid Waste or Waste-water produced as a result of water use.
Sewer:
It is a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes place
under gravity.
Sewerage:
Sewerage is the system of collection of waste-water and conveying it to the point of
disposal with or without treatment.
Types of Sewers:
1. Sanitary Sewer:
It carries sanitary sewage like waste from municipalities including domestic and
industrial waste-water
2. Storm Sewer:
It carries storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash
3. Combined Sewer:
It carries domestic, industrial and storm Sewage.
4. House Sewer:
It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common
municipal system
5. Lateral Sewer:
This sewer carries discharge from houses sewer.
6. Sub-Main:
This sewer receives discharge from two or more laterals.
7. Main/Trunk Sewer:
Receives discharge from two or more sub-mains.
8. Outfall Sewer:
It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point of final
disposal.
Manhole:
A manhole is the top opening to a sewer. Its purpose is cleaning, inspection and house
connection.
Manhole is provided in sewers at:
 Change in sewer direction
 Change in sewer diameter
 Change in sewer slope
(1) Invert Level:
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer is known as the invert level at
that cross section.
 Single Sewer:
U/S Invert Level = NGSL/RL – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer –
Dia of Sewer
 D/S Invert Level = U/S Invert Level – Drop (Length x slope)
Two or More Sewers of Same Size:
When equal diameter sewers discharge in a manhole and the same diameter sewers
receives the total discharge, LOWEST D/S I.L. among the discharging sewers will be
carried as U/S I.L. for the receiving sewer.
Sewers of Different Size:
When receiving sewer diameter is greater than the discharging sewer;
 Keep the crowns at the same level
 Drop the U/S I.L. of the receiving sewer by the difference in the diameter of the
two sewers.
Average Daily Sewage Flow:
Average daily sewage flow is taken as 80% of daily water consumption.
Average Daily Sewage Flow = 0.8 X Daily Water Consumption

Peak Sewage Flow:

It is the product of average sewage flow and peaking factor.
Herman Formula for Peaking Factor:
This formula is used to estimate the ratio of maximum flow to
average flow.
14
M  1
4 P
Where,
P = Population In 1000s
M = Peak Factor
Design Flow:
For a partially combined system it is the sum of peak sewage flow, storm flow and
infiltration.
Qdesign= Peak sewage flow + Storm flow + Infiltration
According WASA’s criterion:
Storm flow = Peak Sewage Flow
So:
Qdesign= 2 X Peak sewage flow + Infiltration

Design Equation:
Manning’s equation is used for design of sewers in which flow takes place under
gravity.
2
1 3 12
V R S
n
Where:
V = Velocity of flow m/sec
R = Hydraulics mean depth = Area/Perimeter = D/4 (For Circular Sewer)
S= Slope of sewer
n= Coefficient of roughness for pipe (0.013-0.015)
Minimum Self Cleansing Velocity (Vfull):
Self cleansing velocity is minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended
matter in the sewer
Sanitary sewer = 0.6m/s
Storm sewer= 1m/s
Partially combined = 0.7m/s
Minimum Sewer Size:
According to WASA minimum diameter for laterals is 225mm. The selected diameter
should be easily available in the market.

Diameter in Diameter in
mm inches
225 9
310 12
380 15
460 18
530 21
610 24
690 27
760 30
840 33
910 36
1070 42
1220 48
1370 54
1520 60
Procedure:
1. Selected a suitable disposal stations.
2. Placed the manholes as per requirement of cleaning and inspection etc.
3. Numbered the manholes such that house sewers and laterals get a lower number
(for the sake of ease of calculations) and manes and outfall sewers get a bigger.
4. Connected the manholes to establish a sewer system.
5. Calculated ratio of the distance on map and the actual distance.
6. Measured distance on map between different sewers and converted it to actual
distance using the factor calculated.
7. Counted the number of houses and other utilities corresponding to every
manhole.
8. Calculated W.C contributing to every manhole taking care of the sewage of
previous houses falling in manhole.
9. Calculated average daily flow and converted it to m3/sec. Multiply it with peaking
factor to calculate peak flow.
10. Calculated design flow taking infiltration and storm sewage into account.
11. Assuming minimum self-cleansing velocity, calculated diameter of sewer and
selected a diameter from the list of given diameters. Selected thickness of pipe.
12. Calculated hydraulic radius and slope of sewer.
13. Calculated Qfull from Vfull and calculated ratio of Q/Qfull.
14. Determined y/D from the curves and calculated depth of flow.
15. Calculated V/Vfull from y/D ratio and calculated V which should be greater than
0.3 m/sec. If it is not so, increase Vfull.
16. Calculated fall by multiplying slope with length of pipe.
17. Calculated I/L of pipes taking care of scenario when two or more pipes join at
one manhole.
18. Estimated cost of sewers and excavation by using the rates given MRS.
Sewers Profiles for Manes:
Estimation of Sewerage System:
Cost of Pipes:

Pipe Diameter 225 mm 310 mm 380 mm 460 mm 530 mm 610 mm 690 mm 760 mm 840 mm Total

Length of Sewer (m) 11601.14 1255.1 419.7 411.77 316.77 67.31 75.23 0 411.78 14558

Cost (Rupees) 4556928 1695075 695884 746004 733592 186126 288112 0 1980909 10882630

Cost of Excavation:
Volume = 25374.23 m3
Cost = Rs. 13494661/-

Total Cost:
Rs. 24377290/-
Comments:
 Vfull value for partially combined system of 0.7 m/sec is enough for most of the
sewers except where there is very little discharge.
 Diameter needed for many house sewers is very less but we have to provided 225
mm diameter sewer because is the lowest diameter pipe in the list of available
diameters.
 Since our design is for partially combined system so storm flow is taken equal to
peak sewage flow.
 Qa/Qfull ratio criteria required for air spaces is not met for some sewers.
References:
I. Water supply and sewerage by E.W. Steel.
II. Theory lecture of Environmental Engineering 2.
III. MRS Rawalpindi for cost estimation.
IV. WACA guidelines.