Name: Vikash Singh

CE403
Assignment (1)

Que 1.
a) For an isolated residential building with 10 users, the following sewage disposal methods can
be considered:
1. Septic tank system: In this system, a tank is installed underground where sewage is
collected and allowed to settle. The settled solids are then broken down by bacteria and
the effluent is drained out to the surrounding soil through a drainage field. Advantages of
this system include low cost, low maintenance, and no need for electricity. However, the
system requires periodic cleaning and the drainage field can become clogged over time.
2. Composting toilet: This is a self-contained system that separates solid waste from urine.
The solid waste is mixed with carbon-rich materials and allowed to compost. The urine is
drained into a separate container and can be used as fertilizer. Advantages of this system
include low water usage, no need for a septic tank or drainage field, and the production of
compost that can be used as a soil amendment. However, the system requires regular
maintenance and may not be suitable for all users.
b) For a small town of 2000 persons located on the bank of a river, the following sewage disposal
methods can be considered:
1. Sewage treatment plant: In this system, sewage is collected and transported to a treatment
plant where it is treated and discharged into the river. Advantages of this system include
effective treatment of sewage, the ability to handle large volumes of sewage, and the
ability to remove harmful pollutants. However, the system requires a significant
investment in infrastructure, ongoing maintenance, and may have negative impacts on the
environment.
2. Septic tank system: A decentralized septic tank system can be installed for individual
households or small groups of households. Advantages of this system include low cost
and the ability to operate without electricity. However, the system requires regular
maintenance and can lead to groundwater contamination if not properly maintained.
c) For a town of 10,000 persons located on the bank of a small river, the following sewage
disposal methods can be considered:
1. Sewage treatment plant: A centralized sewage treatment plant can be constructed to treat
sewage and discharge treated effluent into the river. Advantages of this system are similar
to those listed above for a small town. However, the system requires a larger investment
in infrastructure, ongoing maintenance, and may have significant impacts on the
environment.
2. Constructed wetlands: In this system, wastewater is treated by natural processes in a
constructed wetland before being discharged into the river. Advantages of this system
include low energy consumption, the ability to remove pollutants, and the potential for
 habitat creation. However, the system requires a significant land area, ongoing
maintenance, and may not be effective in removing all pollutants.
In summary, the choice of sewage disposal method depends on various factors such as
population size, location, cost, and environmental impact. It is important to carefully consider the
advantages and disadvantages of each method before making a decision.

Que 2.

a) The proportionate depth of flow can be found using the standard chart for proportionate
hydraulic elements for circular sewers. At a flow depth of 70% full, the proportionate depth is
0.81.
b)
i) To find the velocity of flow at average flow, we need to first find the flow rate at minimum
flow (Qmin) and then use the given ratios to find the flow rate at average flow (Qavg) and
maximum flow (Qmax). We can use the Manning's formula to find the flow rates at the different
flow conditions:
(2/3) (1/2)
𝑄 = (1/𝑛) * 𝐴 * 𝑅 * 𝑆
where Q is the flow rate, n is the Manning's roughness coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area
of flow, R is the hydraulic radius, and S is the slope of the sewer.
Assuming a constant slope for the sewer, we can solve for the flow rate at minimum flow (Qmin)
as follows:
(2/3) (1/2)
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1/𝑛) * 𝐴 * 𝑅 * 𝑆
where A is the cross-sectional area of flow when the sewer is flowing at 70% full, which is given
by:
2
𝐴 = π/4 * 𝐷 * 0.7
where D is the diameter of the sewer.

To find the flow rates at average and maximum flow, we can use the given ratios:
Qavg = 2.5 * Qmin
Qmax = 3 * Qmin

Now that we have the flow rates, we can use the Manning's formula to find the velocities at the
different flow conditions. Assuming a roughness coefficient of 0.013 (typical for concrete pipes),
we have:

Vavg = Qavg / A = (2.5 * Qmin) / [(π/4) * D^2 * 0.81] = 1.39 m/s

Vmax = Qmax / A = (3 * Qmin) / [(π/4) * D^2 * 0.7] = 1.67 m/s
ii) To find the velocity of flow at minimum flow, we can simply use the Manning's formula with
Qmin and A as given above:
Vmin = Qmin / A = Qmin / [(π/4) * D^2 * 0.81] = 1.11 m/s

Que 3.

To establish a relationship between the width of the rectangular sewer and the diameter of the
circular sewer, we can use the principle of hydraulic equivalence, which states that two conduits
of different shapes are hydraulically equivalent if they have the same cross-sectional area, the
same wetted perimeter, and the same slope.

Let's assume that the circular sewer has a diameter of D and the rectangular sewer has a depth of
d and a width of b. Since the sewer is running at full depth and only three sides of the rectangular
sewer are wetted, we have:

Area of rectangular sewer = b * d

Wetted perimeter of rectangular sewer = 2b + d
Area of circular sewer = π/4 * D^2
Wetted perimeter of circular sewer = π * D

Since the two sewers are hydraulically equivalent, we have:

b * d = π/4 * D^2
2b + d = π * D

Solving the first equation for b, we get:

b = (π/4 * D^2) / d

Substituting this expression for b in the second equation, we get:

2(π/4 * D^2) / d + d = π * D

Simplifying and solving for D, we get:

D = [8(d^3) / (π^2 + 4π)]^(1/4)

Therefore, the relationship between the width of the rectangular sewer (1.5 times the depth) and
the diameter of the circular sewer is:
D = [8(1.5d)^3 / (π^2 + 4π)]^(1/4)
Que:4

To design a grit chamber for the treatment of peak design flow of 70 MLD of sewage, we need to
follow the given specifications and assumptions. We will use the following formula to calculate
the surface overflow rate (SOR):

SOR = Q / (L x W)

Where Q is the flow rate, L is the length of the grit chamber, and W is the width of the grit
chamber.

First, we need to calculate the settling velocity (Vs) of grit particles using the following formula:
Vs = [((d^2 * g * (ρs - ρw)) / 18μ) * n * η]^½

Where d is the particle size, g is the acceleration due to gravity, ρs is the specific gravity of grit
particles, ρw is the density of water, μ is the dynamic viscosity of water, n is the empirical
constant, and η is the correction factor for temperature.

Substituting the given values, we get:

Vs = [((0.2^2 * 9.81 * (2.4 - 1)) / (18 * 0.001)) * (1/8) * 0.75]^1/2
Vs = 0.31 m/s

Next, we need to calculate the detention time (t) required for grit particles to settle using the
following formula:
t = (H - h) / Vs
Where H is the total depth of the grit chamber, h is the grit storage depth.

Substituting the given values, we get:

t = (1 - 0.25) / 0.31
t = 2.02 s

Now, we can calculate the required length and width of the grit chamber using the SOR formula
and assuming a reasonable value for SOR:
SOR = Q / (L x W)

Let's assume a surface overflow rate of 0.15 m/s.

Q = 70 MLD = 70,000 m^3/day = 8.10 m^3/s
SOR = 0.15 m/s
Substituting the values, we get:
0.15 = 8.10 / (L x W)
L x W = 54 m^2/s

Since the length should not be larger than 22 m and L = 7.92 x W, we can assume W = 6.8 m and
calculate L as follows:
L = 54 / 6.8
L = 7.94 m

Therefore, the required dimensions of the grit chamber are:

Length (L) = 7.94 m
Width (W) = 6.8 m

We can assume the effective depth as 1 m and the free board as 0.25 m.
Total depth (H) = effective depth + free board + grit storage depth
H = 1 + 0.25 + 0.25
H = 1.5 m

Thus, the designed grit chamber has the following specifications:

Surface overflow rate: 0.15 m/s
Length: 7.94 m
Width: 6.8 m
Total depth: 1.5 m