Kingdoms Science 8 4th Qtr

● LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF 7. Species

CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Animalia
○ Classification- Grouping objects - encompasses all animals.
according to their similar - Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
characteristics. - However, unlike plants, they don't possess
○ Taxonomy- The science of chlorophyll or a cell wall.
classifying living things. - They’re heterotrophic, meaning they cannot
Why do we need to classify? produce their own food and must consume other
- To know how many known species in the world organisms to survive.
- To know characteristics of each species Things to Remember:
- To know relationships between species 1. Arthropoda
- Contains a wide diversity of animals
● Scientists behind Taxonomy with hard exoskeletons and jointed
○ Aristotle appendages.
- first person to come up with a - insects, spiders, scorpions,
classification system for living things. centipedes, and millipedes on land,
- divided animals into three groups: crabs, crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, and
those that walked, swam and flew. barnacles in water.
○ Carolus Linnaeus 2. Chordata
- In the 1700's, disagreed with - consists of animals with flexible rod
Aristotle’s classification system. supporting dorsal or back sides.
- invented modern classification system - derives from Greek root word
we use today, BINOMIAL chord- meaning string.
NOMENCLATURE - Most species are vertebrates, or
● LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM OF animals with backbones
CLASSIFICATION (subphylum Vertebrata).
Binomial Nomenclature 3. Echinodermata
- naming system - Echinoderms are named for the
- gives every living thing a TWO word name. spines or bumps covering the outer
- This unique two-word name is called surface of the bodies of many of
SCIENTIFIC NAME. them.
7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION - (Greek root word echino- meaning
1. Kingdom spiny; Latin root word - derm
2. Phylum meaning skin).
3. Class - Examples of echinoderms include
4. Order sea stars, sea urchins, sea
5. Family cucumbers, brittle stars, and feather
6. Genus stars.
 4. Mollusca Classification of Plants:
- animals have soft-bodies, triploblastic a. Plant Body
and bilaterally symmetrical and - Presence or absence of
coelomate. well-differentiated root, stem, and
- called Malacology. leaves.
- sluggish invertebrates, with thin fleshy b. Vascular System
envelope or mantle covering visceral - Presence or absence of vascular
organs. tissues like xylem and phloem to
- term Mollusca derived from the term transport water and other
given by Aristotle to cuttlefish. substances.
Mollusk means soft. c. Seed Development
- play very important role in lives of - Presence or absence of flowers and
humans. seeds are naked or enclosed in a
- source of jewelry as well as food, fruit.
natural pearls formed within these
mollusks.
5. Porifera
- They are commonly known as
sponges.
- They are the simplest multicellular
animals belonging to the animal Things to Remember:
kingdom. 1. Subkingdom Cryptogamae
- Their bodies are composed of porous - Cryptogams consist of seedless plants and
structures that facilitate water plant-like organisms.
circulation through canals and - Cryptogams do not form flowers and fruits
chambers. as well.
- Sponges hold ecological importance - Most cryptogams do not have a vascular
by providing habitat, contributing to system.
nutrient cycling, and even offering - The plant body is not differentiated into
potential medicinal applications roots, stems, and leaves.
through their chemical compounds. - They are less evolved plants.
- They can reproduce by spores.
Kingdom Plantae - Cryptogams can be divided into
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta.
- includes all plants.
A. Thallophyta
- eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic
- Thallophytes are eukaryotic, autotrophic
organisms.
(holophytic), chlorophyll-containing, non-
- plant cell - contains rigid cell wall.
vascular plants.
- have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment
- The plant body is thalloid. The plant body
required for photosynthesis.
is without stem, leaf, or root differentiation.
 - They are colonial, can exist with filament, ● Angiosperms - form flowers and fruits.
and may or may not have branches. A. Gymnosperms
These are the most primitive and simple - They are also known as Phanerogamic
forms. Spermatophyta (seed-bearing). They
- These are mainly present in both marine exhibit the following characteristics:
and freshwater habitats. ○ Gymnosperms are naked seeded
- Some common thallophyta examples are plants, which evolved earlier than
Volvox, Fucus, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix, the flowering plants.
Chara, and Spirogyra. ○ They include medium-sized trees or
tall trees and shrubs.
B. Bryophyta ○ The pollens are always carried by
- amphibians of plant kingdom. wind (Anemophily).
- Exhibit characteristics ○ Mostly, all gymnosperms are
- do not possess proper vascular tissues, but heterosporous, producing
some have hydroids (like xylem) and microspores (male spores) and
peptoids (like phloem) help in conduction megaspores (female spores).
of water and food respectively. ○ The gymnosperms show an
- sex organs are multicellular. alternation of generation in their life
○ antheridium - male sex organ cycle with a diplontic life cycle.
○ archegonium - female sex organ B. Angiosperms
- They are also known as flowering plants.
C. Pteridophyta They exhibit the following characteristics.
○ Angiosperms are seed-bearing
- They are known as the first true land
plants.
plants. They exhibit the following
○ They can be found in different types
characteristics:
of habitats.
○ Pteridophytes are seedless,
○ The seeds are enclosed in an ovary
vascular cryptogams.
which develops into a fruit.
○ The plant body is sporophyte and
○ They exhibit double fertilization.
divided into stem, leaves, and roots.
○ They are further divided into
○ These are the first plants to evolve
monocots and dicots depending on
vascular tissues.
the number of
○ These are mostly found in cool,
cotyledons present in seeds.
damp, and shady places.
○ They possess compound leaves
Kingdom Monera
with leaflets known as the pinna.
- belongs to prokaryote family.
○ They show heterospory, which
- Bacterial Shape - possess different
gives rise to seed habit in higher shapes:
plants. ○ Cocci
- Bacteria are spherical or oval in
2. Subkingdom Phanerogamae shape.
● Gymnosperms - seeded plants.
 - can be micrococcus (single), - The structure of the cell wall is different
diplococcus (in pairs), from that of the other bacteria which helps
tetracoccus (in fours),
them survive in extreme conditions.
streptococcus (in chains),
- The mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
and staphylococcus (in
clusters like grapes) - The nucleotide sequences of its t-RNA and
○ Bacilli r-RNA are unique.
- rod-shaped bacteria with or B. Eubacteria
without flagella. - also known as “true bacteria”
○ Vibrios
- The cell wall is rigid and made up of
- These are comma or
peptidoglycans.
kidney-shaped small
- It moves with the help of flagella.
bacteria with flagella at one
- They are divided into two categories;
end.
gram-positive and gram-negative,
○ Spirillum
depending upon the nature of the cell wall
- These are spiral or coiled
and the stain they take.
shaped. They are rigid forms
- Rhizobium and Clostridium are two
due to the spiral structure
eubacteria.
and bear flagella at one or
C. Cyanobacteria
both the ends.
- These are also known as blue-green algae.
○ Filament
- These bacteria are photosynthetic in
- The body consists of small
nature.
filaments like fungal
- They contain chlorophyll, carotenoids and
mycelia.
phycobilin.
○ Stalked
- They are found in the aquatic region.
- The bacterium possesses a
- Some of these even fix atmospheric
stalk.
nitrogen.
○ Budded
- Nostoc, Anabaena, Spirulina are some
- The body of the bacterium is
cyanobacteria.
swollen at places.
Classification of Monera:
Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Monera is classified into three
- Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms
sub-kingdoms-Archaebacteria, Eubacteria,
neither plants nor animals or fungi.
and Cyanobacteria.
- unicellular in nature but also found as
A. Archaebacteria
colony of cells.
- most ancient bacteria found in most
- Most protist live in water, damp terrestrial
extreme habitats such as salty area
environments or even as parasites.
(halophiles), hot springs
- term ‘Protista’ derived from Greek word
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas
“protistos”, meaning “the very first “.
(methanogens).
 - unicellular, and cell of these organisms deposits. They are photosynthetic
contains a nucleus which is bound to the organisms.
organelles. - Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic
- Some possess structures that aid and found in various colors,
locomotion like flagella or cilia. according to the pigment present in
Classification of Protista: them. They show bioluminescence
and known to cause red tide.
A. Protozoa - Euglenoids are the link between
- Protozoans are unicellular plants and animals. They lack a cell
organisms. Historically, protozoans wall but perform photosynthesis. In
were called “animal” protists as the absence of sunlight, they act as
they are heterotrophic and showed a heterotroph and feed on small
animal-like behaviors. organisms. The outer body covering
- parasitic protozoans which live in is a protein-rich layer known as a
the cells of larger organisms. Most pellicle. E.g., Euglena,
of the members do not have a Trachelomonas, etc.
predefined shape.
B. Slime Molds
- Slime molds are saprophytic
Kingdom Fungi
organisms (they feed on dead and
- eukaryotic organisms include
decaying matter). These are tiny
microorganisms such as yeasts, molds and
organisms that have many nuclei.
mushrooms.
- Usually, Slime molds are
- organisms contain a cell wall and are
characterized by the presence of
omnipresent.
aggregates called plasmodium and
- classified as heterotrophs among living
are even visible to the naked eye.
organisms.
C. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates and
- a few appearance of black spots on bread
Euglenoids
left outside for some days, mushrooms and
- These are generally single-celled or
yeast cells, commonly used for production
multicellular organisms.
of beer and bread are also fungi.
- These are photosynthetic, found
- also found in most skin infections and other
mostly in freshwater sources or
fungal diseases
marine lakes. They are characterized
Based on Mode of Nutrition:
by a stiff cell wall.
a. Saprophytic
- Chrysophytes include diatoms and
- fungi obtain nutrition by feeding on dead
golden algae. They are
organic substances.
characterized by the presence of a
- Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium and
hard siliceous cell wall.
Aspergillus.
Diatomaceous earth is formed due
to the accumulation of cell wall
 b. Parasitic Ascomycetes
- obtain nutrition by living on other living
organisms (plants or animals) and absorb - They are also called sac fungi.

nutrients from the host. - They can be coprophilous, decomposers,

- Examples: Taphrina and Puccinia. parasitic or saprophytic.

c. Symbiotic - Sexual spores are called ascospores.

- fungi live by having interdependent relationship Asexual reproduction occurs by

with other species which both are mutually conidiospores.

benefited. - Example – Saccharomyces.

- Examples: Lichens and mycorrhiza.

Basidiomycetes
○ Lichens
- symbiotic association between - Mushrooms are the most commonly
algae and fungi. found basidiomycetes and mostly
- both algae and fungi mutually live as parasites.
benefited as fungi provide - Sexual reproduction occurs by
shelter for algae and in reverse basidiospores.
algae synthesis carbohydrates - Asexual reproduction occurs by
for fungi. conidia, budding or fragmentation.
○ Mycorrhiza - Example- Agaricus.
- symbiotic association present
between fungi and plants. Deuteromycetes
- Fungi improves nutrient uptake
- They are otherwise called imperfect fungi
by plants, whereas plants
as they do not follow the regular
provide organic molecules like
reproduction cycle as the other fungi.
sugar to fungus.
- They do not reproduce sexually. Asexual

Based on Spore Formation: reproduction occurs by conidia.

- Example – Trichoderma.
Zygomycetes
Reproduction in Fungi
- These are formed by the fusion of two - both sexual and asexual means.
different cells. a. Vegetative reproduction in fungi –budding,
- The sexual spores are known as fission and fragmentation.
zygospores, while the asexual spores are b. Asexual reproduction – with help of spores
known as sporangiospores. called conidia or zoospores, or sporangiospores.
- The hyphae are without the septa. c. Sexual reproduction – occurs by ascospores,
- Example – Mucor. basidiospores, and oospores