EL104-UNIT 2 · The speaker has access to every

CREATIVE SPEECH PRODUCTION word they’ve prepared in advance.

IMPROMPTU, EXTEMPORANEOUS, · There is no guesswork or

memorization needed.
MEMORIZED, AND MANUSCRIPT
READING · It comforts some speakers’ nerves
as they don’t have to worry about
Human communication through spoken
that moment when they might freeze
language is referred to as speech.
and forget what they’ve planned to
Speeches are used in business
say.
meetings, educational settings, and any
other situation where a presentation in · Capable of making precise quotes
front of others is required. from their source material.

Methods of Speech Delivery Disadvantages:

· Manuscript Speech · There are many words on the page in

front of them.
· Memorized Speech
· This reduces one of the most crucial
· Impromptu Speech
aspects of delivery: eye contact.
· Extemporaneous Speech

Manuscript Speech
Memorized
Manuscript Speech is the word-for-word
A memorized speech is also one that has
repetition of a written message. Other
been thoroughly prepared in advance
than when using visual aids, the
and in which the speaker does not use
speaker in a manuscript speech
any notes. Word-for-word memorization
keeps their attention on the printed
may be appropriate for an occasion
page
speech such as a quick toast, a brief
Tips for this type of speech include: dedication, or a brief eulogy.
● Using the large font for easy
Advantages:
reading.
● Prereading the manuscript • A memorized speech has the
ahead of time. advantage of allowing the speaker to
● Practice the speech to ensure face their audience and make lots of eye
correct pronunciation. contact fully.
● Speak clearly and slowly.
• Being note-free allows you to
● Speaking conversationally will move around the stage freely and make
promote engagement. gestures with your hands. If you use

Advantages:
visual aids in your speech, this freedom says what they're most passionate
is even more valuable. about at the time.

Disadvantages: · JefMenguin (2010) stated that it can

help you improve your oral
• The problem with memorized expression of thought, gain
speeches is that speakers can become confidence in public speaking, think
nervous and forget the parts they've quickly on your feet, and develop
memorized. your leadership and communication
skills.
• Without notes to rely on, the
speaker may pause and leave a lot of Disadvantages:
dead air in the room while attempting to
recall what was planned. · Since there is no time for
preparation, finding research to
support claims such as quotes or
facts cannot be included.
Advantages:
· Some speakers become more
· A memorized speech has the nervous as a result of their lack of
advantage of allowing the speaker to preparation, and they may struggle to
face their audience and make lots of engage the audience as a result of
eye contact fully. their nerves.
· Being note-free allows you to move Extemporaneous
around the stage freely and make
gestures with your hands. If you use An extemporaneous speech is one
visual aids in your speech, this where you will have time for preparation
freedom is even more valuable. and practice but will not be expected to
read from a manuscript or to have the
Disadvantages: speech memorized.
· The problem with memorized Extemporaneous speech delivery is
speeches is that speakers can difficult to prepare for even though it
become nervous and forget the parts gives the speaker the appearance of
they've memorized. being well-versed in their subject. It
takes a lot of practice to be able to speak
· Without notes to rely on, the speaker
in a conversational tone with few notes.
may pause and leave a lot of dead air
The presenter must practice their speech
in the room while attempting to recall
several times until they feel confident
what was planned.
delivering it in front of an audience while
Advantages: appearing at ease.

· The benefit is that it can be exciting Difference between the extemporaneous

as the speaker thinks on the cuff and and impromptu speech
Impromptu speakers have no time to ARGUMENTATION AND
prepare, whereas extemporaneous
speakers have anywhere from a short DEBATE REVIEWER
period of time, such as 5 to 30 minutes,
to a few weeks. Also, impromptu speech Argumentation
is generated instantly and delivered
immediately, whereas extemporaneous -It is the action or process of
speech is delivered using just a few
reasoning systematically in support
notes.
of an idea, action, or theory. It can
Advantages:
also be defined as the communicative
· The speakers can speak more
conversationally by letting the cards activity of producing and exchanging
guide them but not dictate every
word they say. reasons to support claims or

· This method allows the speakers to defend/challenge positions,

make more eye contact with the
audience. especially in situations of doubt or

· The shorter note forms also prevent disagreement.

speakers from getting lost in their
words. Numbering these cards also Debate
helps if one gets out of order.
-A formal discussion on a particular
Disadvantages:
topic in a public meeting or
· Extemporaneous speaking has the
legislative assembly, in which
disadvantage of requiring extensive
preparation for both the verbal and
opposing arguments are put forward.
nonverbal components of the speech.
Adequate preparation cannot be It is an organized argument or contest
accomplished the day before your
scheduled presentation. of ideas in which the participants

· The speakers may forget what else discuss a topic from two opposing
was planned to say or find a card to
be out of order. sides. Those who agree with this

statement or idea are the "Pro"

side. Those who will not agree with

this statement or idea are the "Con"

side. debate. However, in this type of

Types of Debate debate, there are about two or three

1. Lincoln-Douglas Debate members in both the affirmative and

-It Is a kind of debate where there is the negative side. In this debate, all

only one speaker in the side of the the speakers have a chance to refute

affirmative as well as in the side of the argument of the opponent with

the affirmative side opens the debate the exception of the first affirmative

then followed by the negative speaker who is given the opportunity

speaker. to start the debate.

2. Rebuttal Debate 4. Oregon-Oxford Debate

-It is a kind of debate where each -It is a kind of debate where it uses

team from the affirmative and the traditional format used in

negative side is composed of about elementary, governors’ debate, house

two or three members. As the debate rules, parliamentary debate

debate starts, the affirmative speaker rules, high school debate, colleges

opens the constructive speech, and and all over the country.

the negative speaker starts the BASICS OF DEBATE

rebuttal. Every speaker is allowed to ➔ Constructive Speech

deliver a rebuttal speech. The debate -The presentation of each

is closed with the affirmative side team member's arguments

delivering their closing arguments. and evidence for each aspect

3. One Rebuttal Debate of the case.

-It is considered as a modified form Speech Types of Constructive

of the Lincoln-Douglas type of Speech:

 ● Reading Method speaking or singing
● Memory Method
● Extemporaneous whereby the human
● Mix Method or
● memory and voice is used
● conversational
powerfully and clearly.
● or dramatic.
● Interpellation

-The opportunity for the

➔ Tips
● Poise- It is an ease and opposing debater to ask

dignity of manner, and questions regarding the

balance and stability of speech of the other side of the

carriage as in bearing debate.

of the body and head. ● Reasons

❖ To clarify points
● Gestures-It is a
❖ To expose errors
movement of the body ❖ To show the judge how
❖ cool you are so they
or limbs that expresses ❖ WANT to vote for you

or emphasizes an idea

or a feeling. ● Rebuttal

● Audience Contact-It is -The summary and defense

a deliberate look in the of each team's arguments

eyes of an audience and evidence, to be delivered

member who can by the team captain.

communicate how ● Proposition

much you care about -Formal topics or Issues for

their thoughts. debate which Is argued upon

● Voice Projection-It by two bodies or sides. They

is the strength of are written in a declarative

way. debate without any biases.

Members of the Body Audience

Moderator -These are the members of the

-To reveal the Issue, Involve body that need to be

the debate. persuaded.

-To rule on points of Affirmative (PROS)

clarification about the Issues -In favor of the proposition

or questions and answers given.

made during the Interpellation Negative (CONS)

-To see to It that the debate Is -Against the given

orderly and follows the rules proposition.

of parliamentary procedures. Timekeeper

-To time the speakers and

debaters accurately GROUP INTERPRETATION

REVIEWER
-To give the speakers a
Group Interpretation
one-minute warning with the
It is a 30-minute performance in which
ringing of the bell once before groups of three (3) or more students
interpretively present literature. It is also
his/her time Is up.
understood to mean any performance with
-To prevent the debater from or without staging devices, for the purpose
of conveying the emotions of the audience.
exceeding the time allotted to
Purpose of Group Interpretation:
them by ringing the bell twice.
Ø To give students experience in the
Jury group performance of literature
such as:
-To judge and determine to
Ø The movement of the literature
what group or side won the and character voices controls the
performance.
 Ø To encourage the students to 2. Blocking
create a scripted ensemble
performance that displays their a. Accessibility,
interpretive skills without the aid Grouping, Script
of costumes, make-up, set or use
props.
b. Focus- Off-stage or
Factors to Consider In doing Group mixed focus
Interpretation:

1. Interpretation
3. Overall Impression
a. Voice, Clarity, Articulation,
a. Undue emphasis should
Projection, Inflection,
not be placed on
Enunciation
technical elements or
b. Tone, Balance, Timing, Cue judges’ preferences, likes
pick-ups, Flow, Pacing and or dislikes of literature
handling
b. Selection-
c. Involvement, Focus, Mood, Appropriateness,
Commitment Audience Engagement,
Interest and
d. Physical reactions, Body Effectiveness
language, Gestures (Gesture
and pantomime should be used
as justified by interpretation of
text)

e. Uniformed dress is allowed.

Individual character costuming
and/or character specific
costuming is prohibited .

f. Character make-up is prohibited

g. Props shall be prohibited;

creative use of scripts shall not
be interpreted as use of props

h. Sound effects may be used, but

music may be used only as
background or to establish
mood
INTERPRETATIVE READING meaning of the selection
through the use of
Interpretative reading in its simplest fundamental techniques
form of public speaking
during the actual
· It consists of one person reading
performance.
a load to another.
· express the color
Interpretative reading in its most
and substance of
complex form
your selection much
· It is an art by which a reader more effectively by
communicates the meaning of controlling over your
great literature to an appreciation vocal volume, pitch,
audience. rate, and quality.

Interpretative reading three major · Even if you have

components memorized the
selection, you should
The author who writes the piece. use a manuscript to
constantly remind
The interpreter who reads it. your audience that
the thoughts and
The audience who listens to it.
feelings you express
In the process of oral originate from the
communication, the interpreter selection and not
serves as a medium or link between from you.
the author and audience and as such
· Remember to
has corresponding obligations to
maintain eye contact
both of them.
with the audience.
There are three tasks that you must
· get better audience
be prepared to accomplish if you
reaction by using
wish to be an effective interpretative
visible actions as
reader:
facial expression,
1. Try to understand the gesture, posture, and
meaning of the total bodily response.
selection.
· Voice is the chief
2. Work for effective instrument you use
expression of the for oral
communication.
 3. Your third and most Reading of Prose
important task as an
interpreter is Prose includes the largest
intensifying the meaning classification of literature namely:
of the selection. essays, speech, stories, sermons,
lecture, novels, and other forms of
· experiencing of the informal compositions.
content of literature
while reading to The principles applied in the reading
others. of poetry may also be applied to the
reading of prose. Just like poetry, the
· Aggers call this vivid main purpose of prose is to
experiencing of the communicate.
idea at the moment of
utterance as the life ● Your first consideration,
blood of all effective therefore, as an interpreter is
speech but especially to present the author's
of oral interpretation purpose.
of literature. ● Is it to inform? To persuade?
Or to entertain?
· You cannot produce ● The second consideration is:
experiences in your "Do you recognize the imagery
listeners if you used by the author?"
yourself do not ● Imagery is anything that comes
experience what you to mind brought about by our
are reading when you experiences as we respond to
are reading aloud. the printed words. Images are
perceived through the use of
To accomplish the task, therefore, the senses.
you must learn to concentrate upon
the ideas and feelings of the As an effective interpreter, you
selection at the moment of oral should be able to communicate to the
reading so that you can generate the listeners the relationship among
same appreciation for these ideas sound, sense and structure.
and feelings in your audience.
DECLAMATION The speech you select is
crucial.
Definitions of Declamation
Speech First and foremost, you must
enjoy it. There is no benefit to
-The action or art of selecting something because
declaiming; the repeating or you believe it will please or
uttering of a speech, etc. with impress your teacher or
studied intonation and gesture. judges. You'll be working on
this piece to make it your own.
As a result, the theme and
1. A public speech or address message must accurately
of rhetorical character; a set reflect you.
speech in rhetorical
Second, it requires a
elocution.
combination of the qualities
2. Declaiming or speaking in listed in the following
an impassioned oratorical classifications:
manner; fervid denunciation
Style of language: Elevated,
with appeals to the
inspirational, elegant, poetic,
audience.
masterful - the speech should
3. A speech of a rhetorical be an example of 'beautiful'
kind expressing strong language and construction.
feelings and addressed to
Structure: Look for the
the passions of the hearers,
coherence of purpose. The
a declamatory speech, or a
piece must be structurally
harangue.,
coherent, with a beginning,
4. Renunciation, repudiation, development, and conclusion.
disclaimer. It is not a haphazard ramble or
a collection of impressions
Purpose of Declamation devoid of structure.
Speech
Theme: The message or theme
-The speaker's role is to running through it should be
reinterpret the original and worthy of oratory, i.e., the
reinterpret its power. language style specified
above. It must be significant
Choosing a Declamation and relevant beyond the time it
Speech was delivered. For example,
Martin Luther King's "I Have a
 Dream" speech has carried its MONOLOGUE
theme down the generations.
What is a Monologue?
Impact: The speech must have
touched and captivated the A monologue is a speech given by a single
hearts and minds of its character in a story. In drama, it is the
audience. It will have vocalization of a character’s thoughts, in
persuaded people to think literature, the verbalization. It is
differently and act differently, traditionally a device used in theater—a
uniting and inspiring them speech to be given on stage—but
toward a common goal or nowadays, its use extends to film and
course of action. television.

How it differs from other types of

speech?
In theater, a monologue is a speech
- declamation speeches are not delivered by a single character, often to
original speeches created by the speak their thoughts out loud, though
speaker, but instead, they are occasionally they will also address the
speeches that have already been audience or another character directly.
written and delivered by someone Both dramatic and non-dramatic forms of
else. The speaker's job is to bring the art, such as poetry, frequently use
words to life by delivering them with monologues.
passion and emotion, rather than
Types of Monologues
creating new content.
A. Soliloquy
Searching for a Declamation Speech
A speech that a character gives to
-Looking for just the right extract
himself—as if no one else is
takes time.
listening—which voices his inner thoughts
Understanding your Declamation aloud. Basically, a soliloquy captures a
Speech character talking to himself at length out
loud. Of course, the audience (and
Begin with thoroughly understanding sometimes other characters) can hear the
the piece. Without that, the delivery speech, but the person talking to himself
will be colorless and empty. is unaware of others listening. For
example, in comedy, oftentimes a
-Make learning your piece your top character is pictured giving themselves a
priority. lengthy, uplifting speech in the
mirror…while a friend is secretly
watching them and laughing. The
soliloquy is one of the most fundamental Related Terms
dramatic devices used by Shakespeare in
his dramas. Aside

B. Dramatic Monologue An aside is when a character briefly

pauses to speak directly to the audience,
A speech that is given directly to the but no other characters are aware of it. It
audience or another character. It can be is very similar to a monologue; however,
formal or informal, funny or serious; but the primary difference between the two is
it is almost always significant in both that an aside is very short; it can be just
length and purpose. For example, a scene one word, or a couple of sentences, but it
that captures a president’s speech to a is always brief monologues are substantial
crowd exhibits a dramatic monologue in length. Furthermore, an aside is always
that is both lengthy and important to the said directly to the audience, usually
story’s plotline. In fact, in TV, theater, accomplished (in film and television) by
and film, all speeches given by a single looking directly into the camera. As an
character—to an audience, the audience, example, asides are a key part of the style
or even just one character—are dramatic of the Netflix series House of Cards; the
monologues. main character Francis Underwood often
looks directly into the camera and openly
C. Internal Monologue addresses the audience as if they are
present, while the other characters do not
The expression of a character’s thoughts
know that the audience exists.
so that the audience can witness (or read,
in literature) what is going on inside that Dialogue
character’s mind. It is sometimes
(depending on the style in) referred to as While a monologue is a given by one
“stream-of-consciousness.” In a piece of character (“mono” = single), a dialogue is
writing, internal monologues can often be a conversation that occurs between two or
easily identified by italicized blocks of text more characters. Monologues and
that express a character’s inner thoughts. dialogues are similar in that they both
On TV and in films, internal monologues deliver language to the audience. For
are usually spoken in the character’s instance, in a movie, a race winner’s
voice, but without seeing him actually speech is a monologue, however, a speech
speak; thus giving the feeling of being collectively given by several members of a
able to hear his thoughts. team is dialogue. Both techniques can
address the audience, but the difference
lies in how many people are speaking.
ORAL INTERPRETATION You are not the author. You are not
sharing your own personal thoughts
What is Oral Interpretation? and feelings as you would in public
speaking.
According to Mellessa Denny
(2022), oral interpretation is the study You perform the author's words by
of literature through performance by direct reading. As an interpreter, you
communicating one's interpretation bring to life the exact words of
of an author's work. McGraw-Hill, another person.
(2004) added that it involves the
performing of literature aloud to You interpret a piece of literature.
communicate meaning to an Your goal is to share the meaning of
audience. From the word itself, the literature as you interpret it.
“interpretation”, we interpret and
analyze a given literary piece and we You remain yourself during the
try to communicate it to the performance. When you are acting,
audience. you take on the role of a character in
a play. When you interpret, you use
Purpose of Oral Interpretation your voice and body to suggest the
mood or the characters, but you do
So, what is the purpose? Why not become a character.
do we perform an oral interpretation?

Moreschi, et. al., (2019) said

that oral interpretations are very How are we going to select material
productive types of genres for for oral interpretation? As you select
students. Why? It is because here in your performance material, think
oral interpretation, students will have about these standards:
a chance to show their critical,
interpretive skills, their ability to Quality of Literature. Literature
organize their ideas and to express should help the reader see ordinary
them with effective language choices. ideas in a new way.
It also helps the students to build and
Audience Appeal. Refers to how your
to boost their self-confidence.
listeners will respond to the material
you selected.

Characteristics of Oral Interpretation Oral Possibilities. Look for words and

ideas that can be clearly
Oral Interpretation is different communicated; Look for words that
from public speaking and acting. This “live.” (Ted Hughes) Those which we
is because in oral interpretation... hear like “click” or “chuckle.” Or
which we see, like “freckled” or Creating an Introduction. An
“veined” or which we taste, like introduction tends to catch the
“vinegar” or “sugar” or touch like audience's attention. It also gives the
“prickle” or “oily” or smell like “tar” audience an idea about how you are
or “onion”. Or words that act and use going to interpret a given material.
their muscles, like “flick” or
“balance.” Effective Introductions:

Your Feelings. You must feel a • Capture the audience's

connection to the material. attention

• Does it connect with common • Tell the Author and Title

human experiences?
• Give any necessary
• Is it appropriate to the background information about the
audience and to the occasion? piece or author

• Will listeners be able to grasp • Set the scene

the meaning in one reading?
• If possible, tie the piece to the
• Do you feel personally audience's experience
connected to the material?

Non-verbal Thing to Consider

Preparing the Material
Sense Recall. Remembering physical
Cutting. Cutting the literature means experiences, you have had, which
shortening it by taking out parts will help to suggest images or sense
without changing its meaning. In memories to your audiences.
shortening a literary piece, you can
Body Recall. Your kinesthetic of or
cut the following:
bodily responses when you had
• Unnecessary Descriptions feelings such as fear, anger, anxiety,
or great joy.
• Descriptions of Action or
Manner of Speaking Use of Voice. Your voice will sound
different depending on the tone of the
• Statements of "He said" or piece, and who your characters are.
"She said"
Use of Body. You bring characters to
• Offensive Words life by using posture, gestures and
facial expression.
• Unnecessary Characters
Preparing a Performance Script SPEECHES FOR SPECIAL
OCCASION
Ordering the Pieces. Order the
literature pieces in order you will What is Speech for a special
perform them. occasion?

Marking the Script. Mark up the A special occasion speech is a

pieces to reflect your thinking on speech designed to address and
how you will perform them. engage the context and audience’s
emotions on a specific occasion. Like
Tips for marking a script: informative or persuasive speeches,
special occasion speeches should
• Pauses: use one diagonal line
communicate a clear message, but the
(/) to show a pause two diagonal lines
manner of speaking used is typically
(//) to show a longer pause.
different. The word “special” in the term
• Emphasis: use a solid “special occasion speeches” is
underlining (______) to indicate somewhat subjective in that while some
words to be stressed; a wavy line to speaking occasions truly are special.
underline words that need a special The goal of a special occasion speech is
tone or special emphasis. ultimately to stir an audience’s emotions
and make them feel a certain way in
• Pronunciation: write the letter response to the situation or occasion. Of
x over a syllable that needs stress. all the types of speeches we are most
likely to have to give during our lives,
• Movement: write cue (cue) to many of them will fall into the special
show a special movement . occasion category. These often include
speeches that are designed to inspire or
• Rate: use highlighter colors to
motivate an audience to do something.
show changes in pace.
A special occasion speech has the
Creating the Structure. Create the general purpose to: Celebrate,
overall structure of the performance Commemorate, Inspire and to Entertain.
including transitions between pieces,
Types of Special Occasion Speeches
and insertion of the introduction.
We’re done defining what special
occasion speeches and their goal or
general purpose. Now we will proceed
to the types of special occasion
speeches. Unlike the informative and
persuasive speeches, special occasion
speeches are much broader and allow
for a wider range of topics, events, and dedication is delivered when a new
approaches to be employed. But before store opens, a building is named after
we start, who can tell me some types of someone, a plaque is placed on a wall,
special occasion speeches? There’s a a new library is completed, and so on.
lot of different special occasion These speeches are designed to
speeches so let’s proceed. highlight the importance of the project
and possibly those to whom the project
1. The first type of special occasion has been dedicated.
speech is the speech of introduction,
which is a mini-speech given by the host 5. At one time or another, almost
of a ceremony that introduces another everyone is going to be asked to deliver
speaker and their speech. Just like any a toast. A toast is a speech designed to
other speech, a speech of introduction congratulate, appreciate, or remember.
should be a complete speech and have First, toasts can be delivered for the
a clear introduction, body, and purpose of congratulating someone for
conclusion—and you should try to do it an honor, a new job, or getting married.
all in under two minutes. You can also toast someone to show
your appreciation for something he or
2. The second type of special occasion she has done. Lastly, we toast people to
speech is the speech of presentation. remember them and what they have
A speech of presentation is a brief accomplished.
speech given to accompany a prize or
honor. When preparing a speech or 6. A roast is a very interesting and
presentation, it’s always important to ask peculiar speech because it is designed
how long the speech should be. Once to both praise and good-naturedly insult
you know the time limit, then you can a person being honored. Because of this
set out to create the speech itself. combination of purposes, it is not hard
to argue that the roast is probably a
3. The complement to a speech of challenging type of speeches to write
presentation is the speech of given the difficult task of simultaneously
acceptance. The speech of acceptance praising and insulting the person.
is a speech given by the recipient of a Generally, roasts are given at the
prize or honor. There are three typical conclusion of a banquet in honor of
components of a speech of acceptance: someone’s life achievements.
1) thank the givers of the award or
honor, 2) thank those who helped you 7. A eulogy is a speech given in
achieve your goal, and 3) put the award honor of someone who has died. Not to
or honor into perspective. sound depressing, but since everyone
who is alive will someday die, the
4. A fourth special occasion speech is chance of your being asked to give a
the speech of dedication. A speech of eulogy someday for a friend or family
member is significant. However, when sadness, joy, excitement) but also to
the time comes to deliver a eulogy, it’s motivate the audience to do something
good to know what you’re doing and to with that emotional arousal. A
adequately prepare your remarks. motivational speech helps to inspire
people in a broader fashion, often
8. A speech of farewell allows without a clearly articulated end result in
someone to say good-bye to one part of mind. As such, motivational speaking is
his or her life as he or she is moving on a highly specialized form of persuasive
to the next part of life. Maybe you’ve speaking commonly delivered in
accepted a new job and are leaving your schools, businesses, religious houses of
current job, or you’re graduating from worship, and club or group contexts.
college and entering the work force.
Periods of transition are often marked To help us think through how to be
by speeches of farewell. When effective in delivering special occasion
preparing a speech of farewell, the goal speeches, let’s look at four key
should be to thank the people in your ingredients: preparation, adaptation to
current position and let them know how the occasion, adaptation to the
much you appreciate them as you make audience, and mindfulness about the
the move to your next position in life. time.

9. A speech of commencement · Be Prepared

(or, as it is more commonly known, a
“commencement speech”) is designed First, and foremost, the biggest
to recognize and celebrate the mistake you can make when
achievements of a graduating class or standing to deliver a special
other group of people. These typically occasion speech is to
take place at graduation ceremonies. underprepare or simply not
prepare at all. We’ve stressed the
10. After-dinner speeches are need for preparation throughout
humorous speeches that make a this text, so just because you’re
serious point. These speeches get their giving a wedding toast or a
name from the fact that they historically eulogy doesn’t mean you
follow a meal of some kind. After-dinner shouldn’t think through the
speakers are generally asked to speak speech before you stand up and
(or hired to speak) because they have speak out. If the situation is
the ability both to speak effectively and impromptu, even jotting some
to make people laugh. basic notes on a napkin is better
than not having any plan for what
11. A motivational speech is designed you are going to say.
not only to make an audience
experience emotional arousal (fear, · Adapt to the Occasion
 Not all content is appropriate for introduced in a style that
all occasions. If you are asked to prepares them to appreciate that
deliver a speech commemorating person’s remarks.
the first anniversary of a school
shooting, then obviously using Special occasion speaking is the most
humor and telling jokes wouldn’t varied type of speaking to cover;
be appropriate. Remember that however, there are some general rules
being a competent speaker is to keep in mind regardless of what type
about being both personally you are engaged in. Remember that
effective and socially appropriate. using good, evocative language is key,
Different occasions will call for and that it is important that you deliver
different levels of social your speech in a way that both conveys
appropriateness. the proper emotion for the occasion as
well as allows you to give the speech
· Adapt to Your Audience exactly as you wrote it.

Once again, we cannot stress the

importance of audience
adaptation enough in this text.
Different audiences will respond
differently to speech material, so
the more you know about your
audience, the more likely you’ll
succeed in your speech.

· Be Mindful of the Time

The last major consideration for

delivering special occasion
speeches successfully is to be
mindful of your time. Different
speech situations have their own
conventions and rules with regard
to time. Acceptance speeches
and toasts, for example, should
be relatively short (typically under
two minutes). A speech of
introduction should be extremely
brief—just long enough to tell the
audience what they need to know
about the person being
READERS’ THEATER · Choose text that is within the
reach of your readers and that
What is Readers’ Theater? they can read aloud
successfully, given repeated
Readers' Theatre is a particular type of
practice.
dramatic pedagogy that involves
performance and scripts to improve text Once you have selected the piece of
comprehension. text you wish to adapt to script
form…
Selecting Text for a Readers’ Theater
· Determine what portions of the
Script
text to leave in to be true to
Readers’ Theater may be performed the story line, characters, or
with many kinds of literature including topic and which portions can
picture books, short stories, parts of be deleted.
novels, poetry, folk tales, works of · Rewrite or modify those
non-fiction, newspaper or magazine passages that need to be
articles. included but require
adaptation.
Look for literature that …
· Keep speeches and narrative
· is interesting or has compelling passages short.
content. · Divide the parts for the readers.
· has a strong story line,
Characteristics of an Effective
interesting characters,
Readers’ Theater Reader
conflict, plot action and
humor. An effective reader….
· uses dialogue.
· Reads with expression, proper
· is not filled with descriptive
emphasis, and clear
passages.
enunciation, using his/her
· flows at a steady pace. voice effectively to convey
meaning.
Tips for Creating a Readers’ Theater
Script · Projects to the audience.
· Is familiar with the part and is
· It is not necessary to use a able to read it with fluency.
piece of literature in its
· Paces himself/herself effectively.
entirety.
· Uses props, when employed,
· Be sure to keep in mind the
effectively (the script is a
reading level of the readers in
prop).
selecting a piece of text.
· Demonstrates poise and STORYTELLING
self-confidence. is about telling stories, it is about using
stories to engage your audience, or to
make something more clear. Photos,
pictures and film of course really help to
tell a good story too. Stories have always
been a way to communicate. Before
people learned how to write, they would
tell each other stories. The term
"storytelling" can refer specifically to oral
storytelling but also broadly to techniques
used in other media to unfold or disclose
the narrative of a story. It is the social and
cultural activity of sharing stories,
sometimes with Improvisation, theatrics or
embellishment.
Four Types of Stories
• Origin Story
It creates a story about you and the
reason why you exist in this world.
• Value Story
It tells something about your culture and
shares your values.
• Vulnerable Story
Drives emotional impact by shedding light
on something you might not normally
share with the world. It often leads your
fear into the right direction.
• Personal Story
Sharing stories about people in your
organization (not about you). When
people start to connect with your
organization’s story, your story becomes
their story.
Different Genres of Story
• Fiction- any situation or story that is not
true.
• Fable- featuring animals that behave Steps In Telling A Good Story
and speak as human beings, told in order 1. Know your audience
to highlight human follies and
weaknesses. - It is important to know your audience,
who wants to hear your story and who will
• Short Story- a piece of prose fiction that benefit and respond. You need to
can typically be read in a single sitting. understand your readers to create a
• Fantasy- a genre of speculative fiction compelling story.
involving magical elements, sometimes 2. Define your core message
inspired by mythology and folklore.
- Whether your story is more than twenty
• Legend- resemble folktales in content; page, it should have a core message. Like
they may include supernatural beings, the foundation of a home you need to set
elements of mythology, or explanations of up your core message before moving
natural phenomena, but they are forward.
associated with a particular locality or
person and are told as a matter of history. 3. Decide what kind of story you're telling

• Historical Fiction- a story that takes - Not all stories are created equal. To
readers to a time and place in the past. decide what kind of story you’re telling,
figure out how you want your audience to
• Mystery- the nature of an event, usually feel or react as they read. This will help
a murder or other crime, remains you figure out how you’re going to weave
mysterious until the end of the story. your story and what goal you’re pursuing.
• Horror- the focus is on creating a feeling 4. Establish your call-to-action
of fear.
- Your objective and call-to-action (CTA)
• Fairy Tale- belongs to the folklore genre, are similar, but your call-to-action will
such stories typically feature magic, establish the action you’d like your
enchantments, and mythical or fanciful audience to take after reading.
beings.
5. Choose your story medium
• Romance- focuses on the idea of love
and relationships of the characters. - Your chosen story medium depends on
your type of story as well as resources,
• Thriller- often takes you on a ride from like time and money. Stories can take
start to finish. They pull you in, build many shapes and forms, sometimes
tension with intriguing suspense, and people read stories and other times they
keep you guessing until the very end. watch or listen.
• Comedy- a genre that places characters 6. Write!
in amusing situations for the sake of
humor. - Now it’s time to put pen to paper and
start crafting your story. For many
storytellers, this is the fun part but for
others it can also be the hardest part
because it can be tough to create on cue.
ONE PLAYLET
A short play or drama piece spoken parts of the play this
that tells a story involving a takes the form of conversation
human conflict by means of between characters.
dialogue and action to be SETTING-The setting is where
performed by actors and the action of the play takes
actresses. Playlet is usually place. A playlet should be set
less than 12 minutes in in a single location
duration. So, here are key considering that this is a one
elements of one playlet. playlet so it is expected to
Key Elements start and end in the same
CHARACTERS- A playlet will setting.
have four or fewer characters
that are developed in varying Plot- A chain of events linking
degrees. Also depending on the story together and
the story that you are trying to presenting it in a cohesive
tell there may be one or more and compelling way. A playlet
main characters. In terms of must have one central plot it
developing the characters it is needs to have conflict that is
usually developed primarily resolve by the end, needs to
through the dialogue, a playlet be a complete compact drama
must have a fewer characters with the beginning, middle,
because having too many and end. In terms of complete
characters might result in and compact drama it needs
underdevelopment of to have the following elements
characters and overcrowding which is the exposition, rising
that will lessen the effect of action in a relation to the
the play. conflict, climax, falling action,
DIALOGUE-This takes the form and a resolution.
of conversations between Theme- A playlet must have a
characters. It is just important team in which it is the main
as character in any play idea that integrates everything
because it propels the action in the story.
forward and informs the
audience about what is
happening on stage, who the
characters are, and their
relationship to one another.
Dialogue encompasses all the
CHAMBER THEATER Characteristic of a Chamber
Theater
Chamber Theater
1. A good plot.
Chamber Theater is a method of
adopting literary works to the stage - The plot should be simple
using a maximal amount of the enough to be understood yet
works original text and often minimal with some conflict to make it
and suggestive settings. In Chamber interesting. Event are often
Theater, narration is include in the chronologically sequenced.
performed text and the narration
might be played by multiple actors 2. A clearly defined characterization.

When was Chamber Theater - This is needed so that the

invented? audience can easily
differentiate a personality
1947 type from another.

Chamber theatre is to Proscenium 3. Enough dialog

Theater what a chamber music
venue is to a symphony venue. One - There should be sufficient
is intimate and close to the lines to show the interaction
audience, the other encompasses between the characters. This
an entire stage and projects out to a does not refer to direct
large auditorium. First introduced in dialogs enclosed in quotation
1947 by Professor Robert S. marks only. The lines that
explain action or feeling can
The skills it develops also be said in the manner of
dialog.
● Creativity variety creation of vocal
interpretation 4. Scenes easy to portray on stage.
● Use of sense memory
● Use of movement, gesture, posture, - Stories with scenes that
and facial expression do not need so much
● Overall clarity and entertainment movement (like a battle
value of performance scene) or realistic props that
are bulky are preferred.
Choosing a Selection for Chamber
Theater

· The choice for a chamber

theater material is often a prose
narrative: a fable, a legend
modern short story, or even part
of a novel. Sometimes a
narrative poem is chosen.