Q4L1ENGLISH

Q4L1: FAULTY REASONING, UNSUPPORTED FACTS, & 3.
Self-contradiction
EMOTIONAL APPEAL - The writer states a position that
contradicts an earlier stated premise.
1. LOGICAL FALLACIES
Strategy to detect, look for statement that
- Are flawed, deceptive or false arguments
the beginning and ending will be
that can be proven wrong with reasoning.
opposites- they will contradict each other.
2. FAULTY LOGIC
- Faulty means having faults or imperfect Examples:
and logic means reason or sound
 I am hardworking student. I will do my
judgement. Therefore, faulty logic is an
homework after watching Netflix.
imperfect reason.
 I am proud that I am humble.
Examples: 4. False Causality
- This occurs when two events happen at
 Claire is an eloquent speaker because she
the same time, and an assumption is
speaks so well.
made that one event causes the other.
 I loved that movie we saw last night with
Strategy, look for a cause-and-effect
Brad Pitt. I am going to rent all of his
relationship, the cause will be FALSE.
movies, and I am sure I’ll like all of them.
Examples:
TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
 I am singing aloud, and it rains hard.
1. Circular reasoning
There is no connection between the
- The writer or speaker supports a claim
singing and the rain.
with restatements of that same claim. The
 Every time I forget my umbrella. It rains.
argument goes around and around with
Therefore, I cause the rain by leaving my
the reason making the same claim as the
umbrella at home, and guarantee a nice
original argument.
day by bringing my umbrella.
- The strategy to detect this, is by checking
5. Over-simplification
if there are statements that the ending
- This occurs when a single cause is
will be almost the same or, at least, very
assumed to have created a problem or an
similar to the beginning.
issue. In reality, the problem or issue may
Examples: have been created by a number of causes.
- Strategy, look for the cause mentioned in
 Nica is a great communicator because she the statement. If many causes have been
delivers her speech well. cut down to ONE CAUSE, it contained over
 I know Jairus is an honest man, because simplification.
he told me he never lies.
 Eighteen- year-olds have the right to vote Examples:
because its legal for them to vote.
 Typhoon Ondoy brought flood in the
2. Overgeneralization
metro. The flood was caused by heavy
- The writer reaches conclusions from a
rains. Remember that there are many
limited number of facts. The strategy here
factors and reasons of flood not only the
is look for context clues like all, every,
heavy rains.
always, never.
 The answer to childhood obesity is to
Examples: teach kids to just say no to bad food.
6. False Assumptions
 All flight attendants are tall. Nica is a - This occurs when the writer may be
flight attendant; therefore, she is tall. proven false or may be merely stating an
 Every time I’ve been to Florida, the opinion. In detecting the assumptions, the
weather has been rainy. It’s always strategy is to ask yourself with these
raining in Florida! questions:
 My mother, sister, and girlfriend diet o Does this statement involve a
all the time. Women are always on stereotype?
diet.
o Is this statement just an opinion?
o Can this statement be proven false?
If the answer is yes to any of these

questions, then the faulty logic is probably
an assumption.
Examples:
 Planting helps boost immune system.

 Pregnancy without morning sickness
means you’re having a boy.
 Eating at night makes you fat.
3. UNSUPPORTED FACTS
- Are those claim that don’t have adequate
evidence to prove it. There should be
enough evidence to prove your claim. It
can come from different resources and
not just from the opinion of others.
Therefore, if your claim doesn’t have
concrete evidence, it is considered as
unsupported fact.
Examples:
 Men are naturally more violent than

women.
 Nike shoes have been proven to support
your leg muscles and make you stronger.
4. EMOTIONAL APPEAL
- Is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater
attempts to win an argument by trying to
get an emotional reaction from the
opponent and audience. In an emotional
appeal, persuasive language is used to
develop the foundation of an appeal to
emotion-based arguments instead of
facts. Producing an emotional appeal
requires an understanding of your
audience and what may strike their
emotions the most.
Examples:
 Malnourished children were used on a

television commercial about milk
supplement.
 Santa Claus must be real; it would
make me sad if he wasn't.
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Q4L1: FAULTY REASONING, UNSUPPORTED FACTS, & 3.

If the answer is yes to any of these

 Planting helps boost immune system.

 Men are naturally more violent than

 Malnourished children were used on a

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