Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

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EG2010 Materials Science

and Engineering
Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021
Examination

College of Science & Engineering

Examination Duration: 120 minutes

Reading Time: 15 minutes

Exam Conditions:

This is a Restricted Book Exam - you can only bring items listed under Permitted Materials.

Exam paper will not be released to the Library

Exam paper MUST be handed in by student

Materials Permitted In The Exam Venue:

(No electronic aids are permitted e.g. laptops, phones)

Calculator - Any

Dictionary - Bilingual

Dictionary - English

Ruler

Materials To Be Supplied To Students:

1 x Answer book/s required

Instructions To Students:

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

Question 1. (10 marks)

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a common compound found in nature and results from the
bonding of magnesium with oxygen. The characteristics of these elements is in Table 1.

Table 1 – Characteristics of magnesium and oxygen elements.

Element Valence Atomic Radius (nm) Electronegativity
Mg 2+ 0.17 1.3
O 2- 0.14 3.5

(a) Calculate the ionic character for MgO, and based on this result what type of
interatomic bonding would you expect to be found in this compound?

(b) Calculate the force of attraction between these two ions at their equilibrium
interionic separation (i.e., when the ions just touch one another).

(c) What is the force of repulsion at this same separation distance?

Question 2. (10 marks)

The figure below shows a unit cell for a hypothetical metal. This unit cell belongs to the
tetragonal crystal system.

(a) What would this crystal structure be called (body-centered tetragonal or face-
centered tetragonal)?

(b) Calculate the density of the material, given that its atomic weight is 141 g/mol.

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

Question 3. (10 marks)

For the pre-deposition heat treatment of a semiconducting device, gallium atoms are to be
diffused into silicon at a temperature of 1200°C for 2.5 h. If the required concentration of
Ga at a position 4 mm below the surface is 0.30 wt%, compute the required surface
concentration of Ga. Assume the following:

(a) The surface concentration remains constant

(b) The initial concentration is 0.10 wt% Ga.

(c) Pre-exponential and activation energy values are 2x10-5 m2/s and 150 kJ/mol,
respectively.

Question 4. (10 marks)

A cylindrical rod 500 mm long and having a diameter of 12 mm is to be subjected to a

tensile load. If the rod is to experience neither plastic deformation nor an elongation of
more than 1.3 mm when the applied load is 30,000 N, which of the four metals or alloys
listed in the following table are possible candidates? Justify your choice(s).

Modulus of Elasticity Yield Strength Tensile Strength

Material (GPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Aluminum alloy 70 255 420
Brass alloy 100 345 420
Copper 110 210 275
Steel alloy 207 450 550

Question 5. (20 marks)

The Iron-carbon phase diagram is represented in the figure below. Consider 10 kg of

austenite containing 2.0 wt% C at 1000°C that will be cooled to 600°C.

(a) What is the melting point of Iron and Carbon?

(b) Identify all eutectic and eutectoid points in the phase diagram below.

(c) What is the proeutectoid phase?

(d) What are the phases, respective compositions and mass fractions of this alloy at
600°C?

(e) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form at 600°C?

Page 3 of 8
Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

(f) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form 600°C?

(g) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

Question 6. (4 marks)

What is a composite? Fiber-reinforced composites do not have catastrophic failure,

why?

Question 7. (12 marks)

Cold work is a common strengthening mechanism for metals; however, after cold
working metals are usually subject to thermal treatment.

(a) Explain how the cold work increases metal strength.

(b) Explain the need for thermal treatment (after cold working) and its impact on
mechanical properties and grain size.

(c) List and explain the main steps on thermal treatment.

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

Question 8. (6 marks)

Ceramic materials do not have plastic deformation, why? List three main characteristics
and applications of ceramics.

Question 9. (8 marks)

For the nylon polymer whose stress–strain behaviour can be observed in the figure
below, determine the following:

(a) The yield strength.

(b) The approximate ductility, in percent elongation.

Question 10. (10 marks)

A key property of metals is its good electrical properties. A cylindrical copper specimen
with 7.5 mm diameter and 60 mm in length has been designed for a specific application.

(a) Explain why metals are good electrical conductors.

(b) Calculate the electrical conductivity of the specimen in which a current of 0.25 A
passes in an axial direction. A voltage of 24 V is measured across two probes that
are separated by 45 mm.

(c) Calculate the resistance over the entire length of the specimen.

END OF EXAMINATION

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

nA σyield = σ0 + k y d−0.5
ρ=
Vc NA
nf nc A0 − Ad
n = ni + + %Cw = × 100
2 8 A0

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 dn − dn0 = Kt
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 a 0.5
σm = 2σ0 � � = K t σ0
ρt
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁 = 𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴 + 𝐸𝐸𝑅𝑅 = − +
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛
2Eγs 0.5
σc = � �
1 πa
𝐴𝐴 = (|𝑍𝑍 |𝑒𝑒)(|𝑍𝑍2 |𝑒𝑒)
4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0 1
K = Yσ√πa
2.31 × 10−28 𝑁𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 2
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴 = (|𝑍𝑍1 |)(|𝑍𝑍2 |) σmax + σmin
𝑟𝑟 2 σm =
2
n = 2G-1
σr = σmax − σmin

measured scale length (μm) σmax − σmin

M= σa =
scale bar (μm) 2

LT σmin
l̅ = R=
PM σmax

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

𝑀𝑀 2 σT = F⁄Ai
𝑁𝑁 � � = 2𝐺𝐺−1
100
ϵT = ln(li ⁄l0 )
25400⁄𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
√𝑁𝑁 σT = σ(1 + ϵ)

G = −6.6457logl ̅ − 3.298 ϵT = ln(1 + ϵ)

F Lf − L0
σ= %EL = × 100
A0 L0

li − l0 A0 − Af
ϵ= %RA = × 100
l0 A0

τ = tanθ σworking = σy ⁄N

𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑
σ = Eϵ 𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐷0 exp �− �
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(𝑋𝑋 −𝑋𝑋 )2
− 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝐶𝐶
%IC = �1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 4 �× 100% = 𝐷𝐷 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥
𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥,𝑡𝑡 − 𝐶𝐶0 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶𝐶 = 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � �
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 − 𝐶𝐶0 2√𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝜀𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐹𝐹 ⁄𝑚𝑚 3𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

𝜎𝜎 =
2𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2
𝑄𝑄 𝜌𝜌 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �− 𝑣𝑣 � ; 𝑁𝑁 =
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝜎𝜎 =
𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐽𝐽 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 (1 − 1.9𝑃𝑃 + 0.9𝑃𝑃 2 )

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎𝜎0 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(−𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 )

𝐽𝐽 = −𝐷𝐷
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛1 − 𝑛𝑛2 2
𝑦𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒𝑒 (−𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛) 𝑅𝑅 = � �
𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2

𝐹𝐹 𝐿𝐿3 𝑇𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸 =
𝛿𝛿 4𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑3
𝑛𝑛2 sin 𝜃𝜃2 = 𝑛𝑛1 sin 𝜃𝜃1
𝐹𝐹 𝐿𝐿3
𝐸𝐸 =
𝛿𝛿 12𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅4
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 6.022 × 1023 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 𝑅𝑅 = 8.3145 𝐽𝐽⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝐾𝐾
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =
𝑚𝑚
�

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Formal Exams SP2/9 , 2021 EG2010 Materials Science and Engineering

𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝜎𝜎 = 1⁄𝜌𝜌

𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 =
𝜌𝜌 = 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 + 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑
𝑙𝑙 =
𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 = � 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐

𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 + 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝

𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖

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