COURSE NO: IPE 4011

COURSE NAME: ADVANCE MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

ASSIGNMENT -01

NAME: AHMED YASIR JAHIN YEAR/SEMESTER: 4/1

ID NO: 19.02.07.124 SECTION:B

PROGRAM: INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 25th AUGUST, 2023

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING
 ‘‘The different varieties of composite and their
applications’’
Two or more materials with different chemical and physical properties are incorporated to form
composite materials. To enhance the characteristics of its base materials, a composite material is
used. Composites surpass mono-material equivalents in many material performance regions,
particularly when each of its constituent parts are utilized. A great deal of artificial composites
mix flexible high tensile fibers with a matrix that transforms the fibers into a hard structure that
absorbs the compressive strength of the matrix material. The combined material resulting from it
is dependable, stiff, and bend-tolerant because of the benefits of the matrix's compressive
strength, the fiber reinforcer's tensile strength, and their marriage. Despite having physical or
chemical characteristics that are clearly different, composite materials are combined to produce a
material with qualities that are distinct from its individual components. Simply put, composites
are composed of components. Combining two or more natural or manufactured elements (each
one with different kinds of chemical or physical properties) produces composite materials, that
are stronger as a whole than the sum of each of them. Each of the components combine and
contribute their strongest attributes to enhance the result or finished product, rather than fully
combining or losing their distinct identities. With more resilience, efficiency, or strength in
mind, composite materials are frequently created. Let's define composite material and talk about
its features, types, and other important aspects.

Here are the different varieties of composites and their

applications are given below:

Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Fiber-reinforced composites are utilized across a wide

range of industries due to their unique combination of properties, which includes high strength,
low weight, and exceptional durability.

In the aerospace sector, these composites are integral in the construction of aircraft and
spacecraft components. They are used to manufacture lightweight yet strong parts like wings,
fuselages, and engine components. The reduced weight achieved through these composites
translates to increased fuel efficiency, extended range, and improved overall performance in the
aerospace industry.

The automotive industry benefits significantly from fiber-reinforced composites, which are used
for manufacturing components such as body panels, chassis reinforcements, and interior parts.
These composites contribute to reducing the weight of vehicles, thereby enhancing fuel economy
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, they can provide safety advantages by
absorbing energy in the event of a collision.

In the realm of sports and recreational equipment, fiber-reinforced composites are found in a
variety of products. Tennis rackets, golf clubs, bicycle frames, and even sports helmets are
designed with these materials to improve performance. Their high strength and stiffness-to-
weight ratio make them ideal for creating sporting equipment that is both effective and
lightweight.

Within the construction industry, fiber-reinforced composites are used for structural components
like bridges, buildings, and pipelines. Their resistance to corrosion and high strength are
advantageous in harsh environments, ensuring longevity and safety in infrastructure projects.

In the marine sector, boats and ships benefit from the corrosion resistance of fiber-reinforced
composites. They are used in hulls, masts, and other critical components to withstand the
corrosive effects of saltwater while offering excellent strength-to-weight ratios.

Military and defense applications involve the use of fiber-reinforced composites in armored
vehicles, protective gear, and aircraft components. Their ability to absorb and dissipate energy
makes them valuable in safeguarding personnel and equipment.

Additionally, fiber-reinforced composites are employed in wind turbine blades for renewable
energy production, medical equipment, and industrial machinery components, among other
applications.

The adaptability of fiber-reinforced composites, allowing for tailored properties to meet specific
needs, continues to drive their use in various sectors. As technology advances and materials
science evolves, the applications for these composites are expected to expand even further.

Figure (2): Glass fiber, Carbon fiber and Aramid fiber reinforced

Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/trssXPPnkbwJhKx78

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alformet.com%2Fsto
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%2F%2F
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https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia
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ons.wiki

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs): Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are widely
applied in diverse industries due to their versatility, lightweight nature, and ability to be tailored
to specific performance requirements.

One prominent area of application for PMCs is the aerospace industry. They are used extensively
in aircraft components, such as fuselages, wings, and interior structures. PMCs offer the
advantage of reduced weight compared to traditional materials like aluminum, contributing to
increased fuel efficiency and overall aircraft performance. Their resistance to corrosion is also
beneficial in the harsh environments encountered during aviation.

In the automotive sector, PMCs play a crucial role in lightweighting vehicles. Components like
body panels, bumpers, and interior parts are often made from PMCs to enhance fuel economy
and reduce emissions. Additionally, PMCs are used in racing cars to achieve superior strength-
to-weight ratios, enhancing overall performance.

The sporting goods industry benefits from PMCs due to their ability to provide high strength and
stiffness while remaining lightweight. Products like tennis rackets, golf club shafts, and bicycle
frames utilize PMCs to improve performance characteristics and responsiveness.

Construction also sees the use of PMCs in structural elements like bridges, reinforcing bars, and
pipes. These composites enhance durability and longevity, especially in corrosive environments.
In the marine sector, PMCs are employed for boat hulls and components that require resistance
to saltwater corrosion.

Military applications of PMCs include armor systems, vehicle components, and lightweight
structures. Their high strength and impact resistance make them valuable in protecting military
personnel and equipment.

Within the electronics industry, PMCs are utilized in circuit boards, where their electrical
insulating properties are advantageous. Their lightweight and customizable properties are ideal
for creating intricate electronic components.
Furthermore, PMCs are employed in the manufacturing sector for various tools and equipment,
benefiting from their wear resistance and ease of machining.

As technology advances and the need for lightweight, high-performance materials grows, the
applications for PMCs continue to expand. Ongoing research and development efforts are
focused on further improving their properties and manufacturing processes, ensuring that PMCs
remain a valuable material choice across numerous industries.

Figure : Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) fiber reinforced

Source : https://images.app.goo.gl/MPNv5YnHENvBkVpK9

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) have found
extensive applications across diverse industries owing to their remarkable combination of
properties that combine the advantages of metals and reinforcing materials.

In the aerospace industry, MMCs are crucial for manufacturing components that demand high
strength, stiffness, and heat resistance. These composites are employed in aircraft and spacecraft
structural elements, such as wing structures, engine components, and heat shields. By using
MMCs, aerospace manufacturers can achieve reduced weight and enhanced performance,
contributing to fuel efficiency and advanced aerospace technology.

The automotive sector employs MMCs for various purposes. Components like brake rotors,
engine pistons, and connecting rods benefit from the improved thermal and mechanical
properties of MMCs. Their lightweight nature helps in reducing the overall weight of vehicles,
enhancing fuel efficiency, and minimizing emissions.

In the electronics industry, MMCs are used for heat sinks and electronic packaging. Their high
thermal conductivity efficiently dissipates heat generated by electronic devices, ensuring optimal
performance and longevity.

MMCs are also integral in the energy sector, particularly in power generation and transmission.
Components in gas turbines, nuclear reactors, and electrical transmission lines use MMCs to
withstand high temperatures and harsh operating conditions, thereby improving the efficiency
and reliability of energy production and distribution.

Defense applications involve MMCs in armor and ballistic protection. These composites provide
superior strength and impact resistance, enhancing the protection of military personnel and
equipment in hostile environments.

Moreover, MMCs have utility in the manufacturing industry for precision machining tools and
equipment due to their excellent wear resistance and hardness.

Their versatility extends to sporting goods, where MMCs are used in golf club heads, bicycle
frames, and baseball bats, enhancing performance through a combination of strength and
lightweight properties.

With ongoing advancements in materials science and manufacturing technologies, MMCs

continue to expand their applications. Industries are continually discovering new ways to
leverage their unique properties, leading to enhanced performance and efficiency in various
fields.

Figure : Metal matrix composites

Source No:
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stuttgart.de%2Fimages%2FC-
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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have a wide
range of applications across various industries due to their exceptional properties, particularly
their ability to withstand high temperatures and harsh environments.

In the aerospace industry, CMCs are extensively used in jet engines, particularly in the hot
sections where temperatures can exceed the limits of traditional metallic components.
Components like turbine blades and vanes benefit from CMCs' high-temperature resistance and
lightweight properties, contributing to improved fuel efficiency and overall engine performance.
Additionally, CMCs are used in heat shields for reentry vehicles and spacecraft, where they
protect against the extreme heat generated during atmospheric reentry.

CMCs are also vital in the energy sector. Gas turbines and power plants utilize CMCs for
components exposed to high-temperature and high-stress conditions. These composites help
increase the efficiency and reliability of power generation systems. In nuclear energy, CMCs are
used as fuel cladding due to their resistance to radiation and high-temperature stability.

The automotive industry is exploring CMCs for various applications, including lightweight brake
discs and exhaust components. By reducing the weight of these parts, CMCs can improve fuel
efficiency and reduce emissions.

In the industrial sector, CMCs are used for wear-resistant components, cutting tools, and furnace
linings due to their excellent hardness and resistance to wear and corrosion.

Within the electronics industry, CMCs are employed in components like heat sinks and
substrates. Their high thermal conductivity helps dissipate heat efficiently, preventing electronic
devices from overheating.

CMCs also find use in the defense sector for armor applications. Their high-strength and
resistance to ballistic impact make them suitable for protecting military vehicles and personnel.

In the field of manufacturing, CMCs are used in cutting tools and abrasive machining
applications. Their hardness and wear resistance make them effective for precision machining.

As research continues to advance, the range of applications for CMCs is expected to expand
further. Their unique combination of properties, including high-temperature resistance,
lightweight nature, and mechanical strength, positions them as valuable materials for industries
seeking improved performance and efficiency, particularly in extreme and demanding
environments.

Figure : Ceramic matrix composites

Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalspec.com%2F
ImageRe pository%2FLearnMore%2F20134%2FRX11C-hurwitz1-
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&w=430 &h=323&hl=en-US&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim%2F3

Natural Fiber Composites: Natural fiber composites (NFCs) have found diverse
applications across various industries due to their eco-friendly and sustainable characteristics.
These applications include automotive, construction, packaging, and consumer goods.

In the automotive industry, NFCs are utilized for interior components like door panels, seat
backs, and dashboards. Their lightweight nature and environmental benefits make them an
attractive choice for car manufacturers aiming to reduce vehicle weight and improve fuel
efficiency while minimizing environmental impact.

In construction, NFCs are employed in non-structural elements such as partitions, cladding, and
decorative panels. They offer a natural aesthetic appeal while still providing sufficient strength
and durability for these applications. NFCs align with the construction industry's growing
emphasis on sustainable and green building materials.

Packaging applications benefit from the biodegradability of NFCs. These composites are used in
the production of sustainable packaging materials, reducing the environmental footprint of
packaging products.
Consumer goods also incorporate NFCs into various products like furniture, toys, and sporting
goods. The use of natural fibers in these applications provides a more sustainable alternative to
conventional synthetic materials.

As sustainability and environmental concerns continue to grow, NFCs are likely to find even
more applications in various industries. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to
improve the mechanical properties and durability of NFCs, making them increasingly
competitive with synthetic composites in high-performance applications while maintaining their
eco-friendly advantages.

Figure : Natural Composites

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/TKpAHnkhC7mQ3v9k8

Hybrid composites: Hybrid composites are advanced materials that combine two or more
different types of reinforcements, often with various matrix materials, to create composites that
exhibit a wide range of properties. These tailored materials find applications across diverse
industries due to their ability to address specific engineering requirements effectively.

In the automotive sector, hybrid composites are used to create lightweight, high-strength
components that enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. For example, combining carbon
fibers with glass fibers in the matrix can result in automotive parts that offer a superior balance
between cost-effectiveness and performance. Hybrid composites are used in body panels, interior
components, and structural elements, contributing to improved vehicle performance and safety.

In aerospace, hybrid composites are utilized for aircraft structures, reducing weight while
ensuring strength and durability. The aerospace industry often combines carbon or aramid fibers
with advanced polymer matrices to create components with exceptional mechanical properties.
These composites are found in aircraft wings, fuselages, and engine components, helping to
reduce the overall weight of the aircraft and enhance fuel efficiency.
In construction, hybrid composites are employed to develop building materials with enhanced
properties. By combining traditional materials like concrete with advanced fibers and polymers,
it's possible to create structures that are more resilient, durable, and earthquake-resistant. Hybrid
composites also contribute to reduced maintenance and longer lifespans for infrastructure
projects.

The renewable energy sector benefits from hybrid composites in wind turbine blades. These
composites provide the necessary stiffness, strength, and fatigue resistance required for efficient
power generation. By optimizing the combination of materials, manufacturers can create blades
that withstand the rigors of wind energy production.

In the electronics industry, hybrid composites play a role in producing lightweight, thermally
conductive materials for electronic packaging and heat management. These composites ensure
that electronic devices operate efficiently by dissipating heat effectively.

Moreover, hybrid composites are used in various consumer products, such as sporting goods,
where they enhance the performance of items like tennis rackets, golf clubs, and bicycle frames.
Their customizable properties allow manufacturers to design products that cater to the needs of
athletes and outdoor enthusiasts.

In summary, hybrid composites are versatile materials with a broad range of applications. Their
ability to combine different reinforcements and matrices enables engineers and manufacturers to
tailor materials to meet specific performance and functionality requirements, making them
invaluable in multiple industries.

Figure : Hybrid composites

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/b21PR4xzy5j2QdRH8

Thermoplastic Composites: Thermoplastic composites are used extensively in industries

where lightweight, high-strength materials with excellent durability and recyclability are
essential. In the automotive sector, these composites are utilized for components like interior
panels, bumpers, and under-the-hood parts. Their ability to reduce vehicle weight contributes to
improved fuel efficiency.

In aerospace, thermoplastic composites are crucial for manufacturing aircraft components like
interior structures, brackets, and engine components. These materials offer high strength-to-
weight ratios and resistance to harsh environmental conditions.

The energy sector employs thermoplastic composites in oil and gas applications, where their
resistance to corrosion, high-temperature stability, and durability are advantageous. They are
used in pipes, tanks, and offshore platforms.

Thermoplastic composites are also used in the construction industry for structural elements like
beams, columns, and reinforcement bars. Their lightweight nature and resistance to weather and
environmental factors contribute to durability and longevity in building projects.

Furthermore, these composites have applications in sporting goods, consumer electronics, and
medical devices, where their versatility, strength, and lightweight properties enhance product
performance and reliability.

Bio-Based Composites: Bio-based composites, derived from renewable and sustainable

sources, find applications across various industries due to their eco-friendly properties. In the
automotive sector, they are used for interior components like dashboards and door panels,
offering lightweight, durable alternatives to traditional plastics.

The construction industry employs bio-based composites for building materials such as
insulation, siding, and structural components, contributing to energy efficiency and reduced
environmental impact.

In consumer goods, bio-based composites are used for products like furniture, toys, and
packaging materials, offering a more sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. They
align with the growing demand for eco-conscious choices in everyday products.

Bio-based composites also have applications in the renewable energy sector, where they are used
for wind turbine blades and solar panel components. These materials support the development of
cleaner energy sources.

Furthermore, bio-based composites have medical applications, such as in the production of

biodegradable implants and prosthetics, promoting sustainability in healthcare.

The versatility of bio-based composites, combined with their environmentally friendly

characteristics, positions them as a valuable choice for industries striving to reduce their carbon
footprint and adopt more sustainable practices.
Functionally Graded Composites (FGCs): Functionally graded composites (FGCs) are
materials engineered with a gradual variation in composition, structure, or properties over their
volume. This unique design allows FGCs to serve specialized functions in various industries.

In aerospace, FGCs are applied in aircraft and spacecraft components like engine nozzles and
thermal protection systems. The gradual transition of materials in FGCs helps manage extreme
temperature variations during flight and re-entry.

The energy sector employs FGCs for high-temperature applications in gas turbines, nuclear
reactors, and heat exchangers. Their tailored properties withstand demanding conditions while
improving energy efficiency.

The medical field benefits from FGCs in dental implants and bone substitutes. The graded
composition of these materials promotes better integration with natural tissues, reducing the risk
of rejection.

In electronics, FGCs find use in microchips and thermal management solutions. Their ability to
dissipate heat efficiently enhances device performance and prolongs lifespan.

Moreover, FGCs are applied in the automotive industry for brake discs and engine components,
contributing to enhanced safety and efficiency.

Functionally graded composites continue to evolve, offering innovative solutions for industries
that demand materials with customized and optimized properties.