Maths - First Year (CM) - CHPT 1, 1.1,1.2. DR - MMSZ

University of Technology (Yatanarpon Cyber City)
Computational Mathematics
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Professor & Head
Department of Engineering Mathematics
• Functions and Their Graphs

§1.1
• Combining Functions and Shifting

§1.2
• Trigonometric Functions
§1.3
• Exponential Functions
§1.5
• Inverse Functions
§1.6
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Professor and Head, UTYCC, S I, 2022-2023 2/36
⁂ Functions; Domain and Range

EXAMPLE 1:
Let’s verify the natural domains and associated ranges of some simple
functions. The domains in each case are the values of x for which the formula
makes sense.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
If 𝑥 = −2 ֜ 𝑓 −2 = 4
If 𝑥 = −1 ֜ 𝑓 −1 = 1
If 𝑥 = 0 ֜ 𝑓 0 = 0
If 𝑥 = 1 ֜ 𝑓 1 = 1
If 𝑥 = 2 ֜ 𝑓 1 = 4
and so on
For any real number x, we get a real y-value.

Thus, domain is −∞, ∞ and the range is [0, ∞)
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

1
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
1 1
If 𝑥 = −∞ ֜ 𝑓 − ∞ = 0 If 𝑥 = 0 ֜ 𝑓 0 = 0 = ∞
1 1 1
If 𝑥 = −2 ֜ 𝑓 −2 = − 2 If 𝑥 = 2 ֜ 𝑓 =2
2
1 1
If 𝑥 = −1 ֜ 𝑓 −1 = −1 If 𝑥 = 3 ֜ 𝑓 =3
3
1 1 1 1
If 𝑥 = − 2 ֜ 𝑓 − 2 = −2 If 𝑥 = 4 ֜ 𝑓 4
=4
1 1 and so on
If 𝑥 = − 3 ֜ 𝑓 − 3 = −3
1 1
If 𝑥 = 1 ֜ 𝑓 1 = 1
If 𝑥 = − 4 ֜ 𝑓 − 4 = −4 1
If 𝑥 = 2 ֜ 𝑓 2 = 2
and so on and so on
1 1 1
If 𝑥 = 0 ֜ 𝑓 0 = = ∞ If 𝑥 = ֜𝑓 =0
∞ 0 ∞
For every x except x=0, we get a real y-value.

Thus, domain is −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ and the range is −∞, 0 ∪ 0, ∞ .
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 = 4−𝑥 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥2
Since 𝑥 ≥ 0, Since 𝑥 ≤ 4, For every x in the closed interval

Domain:(−∞, 4]. from -1 to 1,
Domain: 0, ∞ . Domain:[-1,1]
Range: 0, ∞ . Range: 0, ∞ .
Range:[0,1].
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

EXAMPLE 2 Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 over the interval [-2,2].

Solution:
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

The Vertical Line Test for a Function

A function ƒ can have only one value f(x) for each x in its domain,
so no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once. If a is
in the domain of the function ƒ, then the vertical line x =a will intersect the
graph of ƒ at the single point (a, f(a)).
Vertical lines intersect the circle twice. Thus, a circle cannot be the graph of
a function.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
Piecewise-Defined Functions
Example: The absolute value function
𝑥 ,𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
Domain: −∞, ∞ .
Range: 0, ∞ .
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
EXAMPLE 4 The function (Piecewise-Defined Functions)
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
1, 𝑥>1
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Increasing and Decreasing Functions
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Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
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EXAMPLE 8:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+1
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 +1 = 𝑥 2 + 1, ∀𝑥𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥, ∀𝑥 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 + 1, for 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 , ∀𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
Thus, even function and Thus, even function and Thus, odd function Thus, it is not even
symmetry about y-axis. symmetry about y-axis. and symmetry about function and
the origin. −𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 − 1, for 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
Thus, it is also not odd
function.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Exercises 1.1
Functions
Find the domain and range of each function.
𝑁𝑜.4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑃𝑔.11
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0
𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 3
Domain: 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 3
Range: 𝑦 ≥0
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Graph the function. What symmetries, if any, do the graphs have? Specify the intervals over which the function is
increasing and the intervals where it is decreasing.
𝑁𝑜. 41
𝑦= 𝑥
𝑃𝑔. 12 If 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥1 = 0
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
If 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥2 =2
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥 ={ ∴ 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , and 𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2 .
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
But,
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 If 𝑥1 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥1 = 0
𝑥 ={
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0 If 𝑥2 = −4, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥2 =2
∴ 𝑥1 > 𝑥2 , and 𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2 .
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑥, 𝑥 < 0 Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is increasing on
−𝑥 = {
−𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 0, ∞ and 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is decreasing
−𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 on(−∞, 0].
−𝑥 = {
𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Thus, even function and

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
Professor and Head, UTYCC, S I, 2022-2023 symmetry about y-axis. 15/36
Even and Odd Functions
Say whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
Give reasons for your answer.
𝑁0.50
. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑃𝑔. 12
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 + −𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
−𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓 𝑥
Thus, this function is neither even nor odd function.

There is no symmetry about the X axis or Y axis.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Homework
Exercises
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Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

§1.2. Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

EXAMPLE 1: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 : 𝐷 𝑓 = [0, ∞) and Domain of g 𝑥 : 𝐷 𝑔 = (−∞, 1]
𝐷 𝑓 ∩ 𝐷 𝑔 = 0, ∞ ∩ −∞, 1 = [0,1]
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Composite Function (Combining Function)
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Shifting a Graph of a Function

Shift Formula
❖Vertical Shifts
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝒌 Shifts the graph of f up k units if 𝒌 > 𝟎
Shifts it down 𝒌 units if 𝒌 < 𝟎
❖Horizontal Shifts
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝒉) Shifts the graph of f left 𝒉 units if 𝒉 > 𝟎

Shifts it right 𝒉 units if 𝒉 < 𝟎
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

EXAMPLE 3 (a) Adding 1 to the right-hand side of the formula

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to get 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 shifts the graph up 1
unit.
(b) Adding −2 to the right-hand side of the

formula 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to get 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 shifts the
graph down 2 units.
To shift the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝒖𝒑 𝑜𝑟 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏 ,

we add 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑜𝑟 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝑒 constants to the
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
formula for 𝑓
(c) Adding 3 to x in 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to get (d) Adding −2 to x in 𝑦 = 𝑥 and then adding

− 1 to the result, gives 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − 1 and
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)2 shifts the graph 3 units to
shifts the graph 2 units to the right and 1 unit
the left.
down.
To shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the left, we add

a positive constant to x. To shift the graph to the Shifting the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥
right, we add a negative constant to x. 2 units to the right and 1 unit
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
Professor and Head, UTYCC, S I, 2022-2023
down.
26/36
Exercises 32:
How many units and in what directions the graphs of the given equations are to be shifted.
Give an equation for the shifted graph. Then sketch the original and shifted graphs together,
labeling each graph with its equation:
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 + 5, Down 5, right 1
2
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Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Scaling and Reflecting a Graph of a Function
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Example 4 Here we scale and reflect the graph of

(a) Vertical: Multiplying the right-hand side of 𝑦 = 𝑥 by 3 to get 𝑦 = 3 𝑥
stretches the graph vertically by a factor of 3, whereas multiplying by
1
compresses the graph by a factor of 3.
3
Figure: Vertically stretching and compressing the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 by a

factor of 3.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

(b) Horizontal: The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 is a horizontal compression of the
graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 of by a factor of 3, and 𝑦 = 𝑥/3 is a horizontal stretching by a
factor of 3. Note that 𝑦 = 3𝑥 = 3 𝑥 so a horizontal compression may
correspond to a vertical stretching by a different scaling factor. Likewise, a
horizontal stretching may correspond to a vertical compression by a different
scaling factor.
Horizontally stretching and compressing the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 by a factor of 3.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

(c)Reflection: The graph of 𝑦 = − 𝑥 is a reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 across

the x-axis, and 𝑦 = −𝑥 is a reflection across the y-axis
Reflections of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 across the coordinate axes.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Example 5
Given the function f x = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 10, find formulas to
(a) compress the graph horizontally by a factor of 2 followed by a reflection across the y-axis.
(b) compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2 followed by a reflection across the x-axis
Solution
(a) We multiply x by 2 to get the horizontal
compression, and by −1 to give reflection
across the y-axis. The formula is obtained
by substituting −2𝑥 for x in the right-hand
side of the equation for ƒ:
𝑦 = 𝑓 −2𝑥 = (−2𝑥)4 −4 −2𝑥 3 + 10

= 16𝑥 4 + 32𝑥 3 + 10
The original graph of f. The horizontal compression of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) original graph by a

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin factor of 2, followed by a reflection across the y-axis.
(b) compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2 followed by a

reflection across the x-axis
1 1 4
𝑦 = − 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 − 5
2 2
The original graph of f. The vertical compression of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of 2,

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin
followed by a reflection across the x-axis.
Vertical and Horizontal Scaling
➢ To stretch vertically, multiply the right-hand side by a factor.

➢ To compress vertically, multiply the right-hand side by 1/factor.
➢ To stretch horizontally, multiply function by a factor.
➢ To compress horizontally, multiply function by 1/factor.
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Vertical and Horizontal Scaling

Exercises 62:
Tell by what factor and direction the graphs of the given functions are to be stretched or
compressed. Give an equation for the stretched or compressed graph.
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, stretched vertically by a factor of 3
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1
Vertically stretched To stretch vertically upward,

𝑦 = 3𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 + 1
Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

1.3 Trigonometric Functions
NEXT
LESSON
1.5 Exponential Functions
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Reference
Thomas’ Calculus
EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS
Twelfth Edition
George B. Thomas,
Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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University of Technology (Yatanarpon Cyber City)

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

• Functions and Their Graphs

• Combining Functions and Shifting

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

⁂ Functions; Domain and Range

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

For any real number x, we get a real y-value.

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

For every x except x=0, we get a real y-value.

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Since 𝑥 ≥ 0, Since 𝑥 ≤ 4, For every x in the closed interval

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

EXAMPLE 2 Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 over the interval [-2,2].

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

The Vertical Line Test for a Function

EXAMPLE 4 The function (Piecewise-Defined Functions)

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Thus, even function and

Thus, this function is neither even nor odd function.

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

§1.2. Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Shifting a Graph of a Function

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝒉) Shifts the graph of f left 𝒉 units if 𝒉 > 𝟎

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

EXAMPLE 3 (a) Adding 1 to the right-hand side of the formula

(b) Adding −2 to the right-hand side of the

To shift the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝒖𝒑 𝑜𝑟 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏 ,

(c) Adding 3 to x in 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to get (d) Adding −2 to x in 𝑦 = 𝑥 and then adding

To shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the left, we add

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Example 4 Here we scale and reflect the graph of

Figure: Vertically stretching and compressing the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 by a

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

Horizontally stretching and compressing the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 by a factor of 3.

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

(c)Reflection: The graph of 𝑦 = − 𝑥 is a reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥 across

Reflections of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 across the coordinate axes.

Dr. Min Min Swe Zin

𝑦 = 𝑓 −2𝑥 = (−2𝑥)4 −4 −2𝑥 3 + 10

The original graph of f. The horizontal compression of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) original graph by a

(b) compress the graph vertically by a factor of 2 followed by a

The original graph of f. The vertical compression of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of 2,

Vertical and Horizontal Scaling