The Automatic Packaging Machinery Sector in Italy and Germany

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BUSINESS
Marco Fortis
Monica Carminati
The Automatic
Packaging
Machinery Sector
in Italy and
Germany
SpringerBriefs in Business
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8860
Marco Fortis · Monica Carminati
The Automatic Packaging

Machinery Sector in Italy
and Germany
13
Marco Fortis Monica Carminati
Department of International Economics, Fondazione Edison
Institutions and Development Milan
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Italy
Milan
Italy
ISSN 2191-5482 ISSN 2191-5490 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-12762-0 ISBN 978-3-319-12763-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953921
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© The Author(s) 2015

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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Structure and Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Mechanical Engineering in Bologna: Origins and Protagonists.

Some Historical Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 From the Origins to the Second World War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 The 50 Years Following the War and the Economic Miracle. . . . . . . 13
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 The Emilia Automatic Packaging Machinery District: History

and Keys to Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 Origins of the District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 The District’s Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Factors for the District’s Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5 Italy and Germany: The Two Leading Countries

in the Packaging Machinery Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 Exports and the Trade Balance of Italy and Germany According
to Eurostat Data: 2008–2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2.1 Analysis by Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces of the World Market. . . 31
5.3.1 Geographical Breakdown of Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3.2 Main Export Destinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3.3 Territorial Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
v
vi Contents
6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7 The Size of the German Packaging Machinery District . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.1 The Main Areas of German Manufacturing in Automatic
Wrapping and Packaging Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1.1 The Ivo Mossig Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1.2 The Fondazione Edison Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.2 How Big Are the Two Adjoining Districts of Schwäbisch Hall
and Waiblingen? Difficult to Say! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8 Emilia and Schwäbisch Hall-Waiblingen: The Two Districts

Compared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 1
Introduction
Keywords Industrial districts · Packaging machinery industry · Emilia/Bologna

packaging machinery district · Baden-Württemberg packaging machinery district
Industrial districts are one of the central pillars of the Italian economy. At the dawn
of the new millennium the rise of the globalization and the advent of Asian com-
petition brought profound changes to the production dynamics of the districts and
their dominant model of specialization (Fortis 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005a, b,
2006, 2011; Fortis and Quadrio Curzio 2006; Fortis and Carminati 2007a, b, 2009,
2012; Quadrio Curzio and Fortis 2000, 2007, 2012).
Over the last decade in particular we have seen a contraction of the districts oper-
ating in the more traditional sectors, such as personal items and household goods
(textiles-clothing, leather-footwear, furniture, tiles, etc.), and significant growth of
medium and high-tech districts such as aircraft at Vergiate and Naples, pharmaceu-
ticals in Latina and Frosinone, biomedical products in Mirandola, and electronics in
the Etna Valley, to name but a few. Then there are the many districts in the mechani-
cal engineering sector. Alongside the better known industrial segments such as indus-
trial machinery, taps/valves, pumps and mechatronics, etc., a particularly interesting
sector that combines traditional engineering with more advanced mechanics and
electronics is that of the Emilia/Bologna automatic packaging machinery district.
This case is especially interesting because it competes directly with a major industrial
hub in an advanced economy, such as Germany, world leader in the machinery sector
and the benchmark for competitiveness, where the state of Baden-Württemberg has
one of the biggest concentrations of producers of automatic packaging machines.
The city of Bologna is especially well known worldwide for its high concentra-
tion of industrial companies specialized in the manufacture of packaging machin-
ery. This is a strongly export-oriented sector, with a ratio of exports to total sales
equal to 88.1 %, the highest among Italian manufacturers of capital goods. In
October 2013 Unindustria Bologna launched “Globol”, the first international forum
dedicated to packaging, with Romano Prodi, the leader of the scientific committee.
The Emilia/Bologna district is a competitor of international importance, as Martin
Schulz, German President of the European Parliament, made clear in an interview
© The Author(s) 2015 1

M. Fortis and M. Carminati, The Automatic Packaging Machinery Sector
in Italy and Germany, SpringerBriefs in Business,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_1
2 1 Introduction
with the magazine l’Espresso in May 2013: “Italy has companies with great tradi-
tions and creative ability. Emilia is every bit as good as the Neckar valley, the heart
of the Baden-Württemberg region” (Vastano 2013).
This paper sets out to analyze the economy of the Emilia/Bologna wrapping and
packaging machinery district and compare the most recent trends with those of its
direct German rival, Baden-Württemberg. The Emilia/Bologna district, which spread
out from the original province of Bologna to that of Modena, but can also be more
broadly defined to include Parma and Reggio Emilia, employed over 16,000 workers
in 2011 for a turnover of more than 3.7 billion euros. The German district, covering
the adjacent towns of Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen in Baden-Württemberg to
the north-east of Stuttgart, had an estimated 13,000 employees in 2010.
References
Fortis M (1998) Il made in Italy. Il Mulino, Bologna

Fortis M (2000) Il made in Italy nell’economia italiana e mondiale: il rilievo delle piccole e
medie imprese e dei distretti. In: Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M (eds) Il made in Italy oltre il
2000. Fondazione Edison Series, Il Mulino, Bologna
Fortis M (2001) Innovazione tecnologica e sistemi territoriali: specializzazioni produttive e inter-
dipendenze. In Atti dei Convegni Lincei, no. 177, conference “Tecnologia e Società”, volume
I—Tecnologia, Produttività, Sviluppo, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome
Fortis M (2004) La dinamica dei Sistemi locali e dei Distretti italiani: dal territorio ai mercati
internazionali. In Garonna P and Gros-Pietro G M (eds) Il modello italiano di competitività,
Ricerca per il Convegno Biennale 2004 del Centro Studi Confindustria, Edizioni Il Sole 24
Ore, Economia e Management
Fortis M (2005a) Il made in Italy nel “nuovo mondo”. Protagonisti, Sfide, Azioni, Ministero delle
Attività Produttive. Report prepared for the 2nd national conference on Foreign Trade, Rome,
Feb 26
Fortis M (2005b) Le due sfide del made in Italy: globalizzazione e innovazione. Profili di analisi
della Seconda Conferenza Nazionale sul commercio con l’estero. Fondazione Edison Series.
Bologna, Il Mulino
Fortis M (2006) I distretti produttivi e la loro rilevanza nell’economia italiana: alcuni profili di
analisi. In: Fortis M, Quadrio Curzio A (eds) Industria e distretti. Un paradigma di perdurante
competitività italiana. Fondazione Edison Series, Bologna, Il Mulino
Fortis M (2011) Esportazioni, investimenti diretti esteri e competitività del sistema Paese nel
mercato internazionale. In Economia italiana, 1/2011
Fortis M, Quadrio Curzio A (eds) (2006) Industria e distretti. Un paradigma di perdurante com-
petitività italiana. Fondazione Edison Series, Bologna, Il Mulino
Fortis M, Carminati M (2007a) I distretti industriali nella concretezza economica e normativa:
i «campioni territoriali» dell’Italia. In: Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M (eds) Valorizzare un’economia
forte. L’Italia e il ruolo della sussidiarietà. Fondazione Edison Series, Bologna, Il Mulino
Fortis M, Carminati M (2007b) Industrial districts: the economic reality and legislative frame-
work in Italy. In Review of economic conditions in Italy, no. 1/2007
Fortis M, Carminati M (2009) Sectors of excellence in the Italian industrial districts. In: Becattini G,
Bellandi M, De Propis L (eds) A hand-book of Industrial districts. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Fortis M, Carminati M (2012) Il contributo delle «4 A» del made in Italy e dei distretti indus-
triali nella storia dell’export italiano: il caso della meccanica. In: Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M
(eds) L’industria nei 150 anni dell’unità d’Italia Paradigmi e protagonisti. Fondazione Edison
Series, Bologna, Il Mulino
References 3
Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M (eds) (2000) Il made in Italy oltre il 2000. Fondazione Edison Series,
Bologna, Il Mulino
Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M (eds) (2007) Valorizzare un’economia forte. L’Italia e il ruolo della
sussidiarietà. Fondazione Edison Series. Bologna. Il Mulino
Quadrio Curzio A, Fortis M (eds) (2012) L’industria nei 150 anni dell’unità d’Italia. Paradigmi e
protagonisti. Fondazione Edison Series. Bologna. Il Mulino
Vastano S (2013) Il nuovo governo vi salverà. Interview with Martin Schulz by Stefano Vastano.
In l’Espresso, 16 May 2013
Chapter 2
Structure and Methodology
Abstract This chapter describes the structure of the essay and explains the research
methodology used to estimate the size of the Emilia automatic packaging machinery
district and that one of Baden-Württemberg.
Keywords Prodcom classification codes · HS96 international classification codes ·

Import · Export · Trade balance
Before going into the details of the analysis, the paper traces the evolution of man-
ufacturing in Bologna which saw the extraordinary growth of automatic wrapping
and packaging machines, a central pillar of Italian mechanical engineering. It then
goes on to describe the history of the Emilia district, highlighting the factors that
led to its success.
The analysis proper proceeds with: (a) an examination of the export figures and
trade balance for the sector in Italy and Germany based on Eurostat data; (b) rank-
ing of the two countries in global trade taking into account the world’s 10 top pro-
ducing countries of packaging machinery, based on UN data1; (c) analysis of the
size of the two districts (Emilia and Baden-Württemberg) in terms of number of
companies, sales and size of workforce.
(a) Italian and Germanv exports/imports on the basis of Eurostat data
For figures on exports and imports of packing and wrapping machines we adopted
the Prodcom classification codes used by Eurostat:
• 28292180—Machinery for packing or wrapping (excluding for filling, closing,
sealing, capsuling or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers);
• 28292150—Machinery for filling, closing, sealing, capsuling or labelling bot-
tles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers, machinery for aerating beverages.
1 Data elaborated by Stefano Corradini.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_2
6 2 Structure and Methodology
(b) Global trade based on UN data

To rank the two countries in global trade we used the HS96 international classifi-
cation, and specifically the codes:
• HS 842220—Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers;
• HS 842230—Machinery for filling, closing, sealing, or labelling bottles, cans,
boxes, bags or other containers; machinery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and
similar containers; machinery for aerating beverages;
• HS 842240—Other packing or wrapping machinery (including heat-shrink
wrapping machinery);
• HS 842290—Parts.
(c) Turnover and workforce of Italian and German companies

Figures for overall sales and employees for the Emilia district were obtained from
the AIDA database for Ateco2007 code:
• 28.29.3—Manufacture of automatic machines for dispensing, packaging and
packaging (including parts and accessories).
This data was filled out with balance sheet information on the biggest companies,
taken either from Chamber of Commerce statistics or directly from company web
sites.
Evaluating the size of the German companies in terms of sales and employees
was more complicated owing to the scarcity of available figures. Statistics for the
sector compiled by the (VDMA) Verband Deutscher Maschinen und Anlagenbau—
German Engineering Federation are only communicated to its members, while the
AMADEUS database (that collects business information on Europe’s biggest com-
panies) gives data only for broad aggregates of economic activity and does not pro-
vide details for individual companies in the specific sector of packaging machinery.
We therefore made reasoned estimates on the basis of financial statements for the
biggest and best known firms in the sector, taken from AMADEUS.
Chapter 3
Mechanical Engineering in Bologna:
Origins and Protagonists. Some Historical
Profiles
Abstract This section presents a selection of the principle metalworking firms

that emerged in the Bologna area from the dawn of industrialization in the pre-
unification era to the present day, in order of foundation.
Keywords Historical profiles · Bologna metalworking · Principle

industry
metalworking firms · Bologna motorcycle industry
3.1 From the Origins to the Second World War
The history of the Bologna metalworking industry has its origins in the years prior
to Italian unification, when two private companies in particular dominated the
sector:
• CALZONI was founded in 1834 as a repair shop for agricultural machinery and
later focused on producing steam engines, machines for oil and grain milling and
metal fabrication. In 1907 it was the first Italian company to build hydraulic turbines.
• SOCIETÀ ITALO-SVIZZERA, formerly the “Officina meccanica e fonderia”
(founded in Castelmaggiore in 1853 and later transferred to Bologna), produced
tractors and steam engines for farming, mainly for large estates (Rinaldi 2008).
We cannot speak about a genuine industrial system until after Italian unification
when several major companies emerged:
• GAETANO BARBIERI, founded in 1870, initially produced steam boilers and
locomotives, machines tools for working iron and wood and other equipment
for small manufacturers; it went on to specialize in making refrigeration plants.
• OFFICINE MACCAFERRI, based in Zola Predosa from 1879, produced metal
container fencing for river banks and chains to protect premises.
• OFFICINA DELLA SOCIETÀ PER LE STRADE FERRATE MERIDIONALI,
which manufactured and maintained rolling stock for the company responsible
for building the railways in Southern Italy.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_3
8 3 Mechanical Engineering in Bologna: Origins and Protagonists …
• LABORATORIO PIROTECNICO DELLO STATO, the state munitions factory

founded in 1880 which saw rapid growth during the First World War.
• OFFICINE CEVOLANI, founded in 1900, repaired and built bicycles and
produced bottle capsuling machines. In 1934, after the death of the founder
Edoardo, CEVOLANI became a precision mechanical and electrical engineer-
ing workshop.
Alongside these large companies were a host of small workshops producing a
whole range of products from agricultural machinery and surgical instruments to
metal gates, furniture and carriages, which later went on to produce machine tools
for the paper and food industries (Zamagni 1986; Rinaldi 2008).
So industrialization truly got underway at the end of the 19th century.
A major period of growth in the Bologna metalworking industry occurred
from 1903 and 1911 when the number of workers grew dramatically from 2,200
to 9,800, making mechanical engineering the biggest manufacturing segment in
the province. During the Giolittian Era (1901–1914) demand came above all from
local government, the army and the railways. The army commissioned metal racks
for meat storage, caging for river defences, bores for artesian wells and machin-
ery for producing ammunition. The railways needed carriages and coaches, and
local authorities required mechanical solutions for water supply and equipment for
transportation. In this period the main driver of growth in the Bologna machinery
segment was therefore the State (Rinaldi 2008).
In 1914 the MASERATI brothers set up their eponymous OFFICINE, initially
specializing in repairing automobiles and building racing engines. In 1926 they
announced the first wholly Maserati car, the Tipo 26, which won the Targa Florio
on its debut1 driven by Alfieri, one of the Maserati brothers. The most prestigious of
the firm’s many successes were the consecutive victories in the Indianapolis 500 in
1939 and 1940. In 1937 the Maserati production facilities were sold to the steel
manufacturing Orsi family and moved to Modena (Maserati 2012, www.maserati.it;
Biblioteca Salaborsa 2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it).
The outbreak of the First World War gave a further boost to Bologna mechani-
cal engineering, albeit only briefly. The STABILIMENTO PIROTECNICO
STATALE employed 12,000 employees and the military arsenal just over 6,000.
CALZONI employed 480 workers and converted to producing machines for the
preparation and wrapping of cartridges. OFFICINE BARBIERI had 226 work-
ers in 1916 and began producing refrigerated machines for making explosives.
By July 1918 the 104 Bologna mechanical plants which were declared ‘auxiliary’
to the war effort alone employed over 20,000 people, the vast majority of them
women (Rinaldi 2008).
1915 saw the start of SCIPIONE INNOCENTI’s career with a small work-
shop making postage stamps which later converted to producing electromechani-
cal instruments and systems for rail and highway signalling. In 1933 he founded
1 The Targa Florio is one of the oldest automobile races. Along with the Mille Miglia, it is the
most famous Italian race in the world.

3.1 From the Origins to the Second World War 9
SASIB, one of the pioneers of what was to become the world’s most important
hub for automatic packaging machinery (see Sect. 4.1).
At the end of the Great War many other companies emerged and went on to
have great success. Among these we should mention:
• OFFICINE MECCANICHE BOLOGNESI, founded in 1918 and converted in
1921 to SABIEM—Società Anonima Bolognese Industrie Elettromeccaniche,
produced 23 different types of machines for a variety of applications, from
drawing pasta to making up cigarettes. After 1929 SABIEM specialized in man-
ufacturing electromechanical lifting equipment.
• CARROZZERIA MENARINI & C., founded in 1919 by Ettore Menarini, began
with simple bodywork repair and developed by 1925 into a builder of complete
industrial vehicles (vans, lorries, ambulances), especially trams and buses, in
collaboration with FIAT.
• FABBRICA DI MACCHINE UTENSILI MINGANTI, founded in 1919 by
Giuseppe Minganti, designed, produced and sold machine tools (drills, lathes,
milling machines, etc.), including spare parts and accessories, also handling
installation, maintenance and repair. The presence of Fiat and RIV among
its biggest customers was one of the factors behind the success of the com-
pany, which became first the main competitor and later the heir to the leading
Bologna mechanical engineering firms, from Calzoni to Barbieri.
• OFFICINE di CASARALTA was founded in 1919 by Carlo Regazzoni and
Cesare Donati who bought out the munitions firm Sigma after it fell into diffi-
culties after the war. They began with the production and repair of coaches, car-
riages and mechanical equipment for railways and general purposes, but quickly
specialized in building trams.
But the emergence of such firms does not mean that Bologna was immune to the
dramatic consequences of post-war conversion. The workforce at the Stabilimento
Pirotecnico Statale fell to 2,000 from the 12,000 employed during the war and the
Arsenal shed around 6,000 workers.
Despite unfavourable economic conditions for all European manufacturers who
were struggling with post-war reconstruction, in the 1920s the Bologna machinery
industry found new dynamism and began to express its full potential. This period
saw the birth of a number of companies which later grew to considerable size.
Among them, in chronological order, were:
• BREVETTI BARONCINI, founded by Ettore Baroncini in 1920, produced spe-
cial spark plugs for the aviation and automobile industries.
• WEBER, founded in 1923 by Turin engineer and pilot Edoardo Weber. In
1925 it built the first carburettor for the Fiat 501 and grew to occupy a lead-
ing position in the European powertrain market eventually reaching a 65 %
share. Besides Fiat the company also supplied other leading auto manufacturers
including Maserati, Ferrari and Alfa Romeo. After the Second World War it was
absorbed by Fiat and subsequently by Magneti Marelli (Biblioteca Salaborsa
2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it).
• ANONIMA COSTRUZIONI MACCHINE AUTOMATICHE—ACMA, founded

in 1924 by Gaetano Barbieri, was the outstanding pioneer of the future Bologna
packaging machinery district (see Sect. 4.1).
• GD, founded by lawyer Mario Ghirardi and engineer Guido Dall’Oglio in 1923,
began as a motorcycle manufacturer. After the war it switched to making packaging
machines for sweets, cigarettes and medicines and is today the leading player in the
industry (and the district) (see Sect. 4.1). The company played a fundamental role
in the growth of the Bologna machinery industry. It represented “not only the coor-
dination point of an articulated and integrated cluster of companies, but also the
main nursery for engineers and entrepreneurs who went on to set up the biggest
mechanical engineering firms in the province” (Rinaldi 2008). GD spawned many
spin-off firms that were together responsible for the extraordinary development of
the segment. One of the 1923 founders, engineer Guido DALL’OGLIO, set up by
himself to build motorcycles under in his own name. Mario Mazzetti left GD to join
Alfonso Morini, Angelo Mattei and Giuseppe Massi-Mazzi and in 1924 they set up
another major company, FABBRICA ITALIANA MOTOCICLETTE MORINI—
MM which by the outbreak of war was the biggest motorcycle maker in the city.
Alfonso Morini in turn later left MM to create MOTO MORINI in 1946. GD also
produced Mario Cavedagna, who in 1930 left to found the company CM. Later still,
in 1951, Vittorio Minarelli, GD’s former chief mechanic, joined Franco Morini
(nephew of Alfonso) to create FBM—FABBRICA BOLOGNESE MOTOCICLI2
manufacturing small cc engines (Rinaldi 2008).
• SOCIETÀ RADIO BREVETTI DUCATI was founded by the Ducati family in
1926 to produce components for the nascent radio broadcasting industry. In the
mid 1940s Ducati decided to extend its range of activities and began construction
of the Cucciolo (an auxiliary engine for bicycles) acquiring the production rights
from its inventor SIATA3 of Turin, before going on to enjoy huge success in motor-
bike manufacturing, playing a leading role on the world’s motorcycle racing tracks.
• DEMM was founded as a gear maker in Milan in 1919 by the Daldi brothers and
Luigi Matteucci; in 1927 it moved to Porretta Terme in the province of Bologna
and broadened its output to engine components and precision instruments.
Under the technical direction of Giuliano Mazzini, DEMM achieved fame as a
manufacturer of mopeds and small-cylinder motorbikes for both touring and rac-
ing. In 1956 the DEMM Siluro broke 24 world records on the Monza racetrack.
• CURTISA, founded in 1929, produced metal shutters and door/window frames.
• OFFICINA MALAGUTI, set up by Antonio Malaguti in 1930, began as a bicy-
cle manufacturer and in the 1950s switched to building the frames of the cel-
ebrated Mosquito followed by mopeds and scooters.
2 FBM went on to produce 20 models a day of the famous Gabbiano, while the 50 cc Pettirosso
engine remained in production for 30 years. In 1956 FBM split into two derivations: Franco
Morini and Minarelli Motori. By the 1970s the turnover of these two firms far exceeded that of
all other Bologna firms in the sector put together. See www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it.
3 SIATA—Società Italiana Applicazioni Tecniche Auto-Aviatorie was a small Italian automobile
manufacturer active from 1926 to 1970.

Bologna therefore established itself from the 1920s as a major centre for motor-
cycle manufacturing. The traditional local passion for motorcycle racing, which
dates back to before the First World War, led to the emergence of numerous bike
producers and repair shops. Many other companies from that period, besides the
ones above mentioned, specialized in mounting engines on bicycles or assembling
components for small cc motorbikes. The models produced by these companies
include motorized bicycles like the ABRA (1923), the DIANA (1923–1925) and
the MBR (1924–1926), the DE TOGNI side by side two-seater motorbike (1932),
and the AQUILA (1926–1935) and AUGUSTA (FIAB) small engine motorcycles.
But the motorbike segment was not the only one that took root and grew in the
area. During this period the bases were laid for what would become after the war
the pillar of Bologna mechanical engineering, the automatic wrapping and pack-
aging machines sector (see Chap. 4). There was also the huge industrial machin-
ery segment, specializing in anything from meat grinders and tomato squeezers
(Zocca, Roberti, F.lli Zanardi), to machines for making ice-cream (Cattabriga
Otello) or matches (Laffi). Meanwhile agricultural machinery, which CALZONI
(initially) and SOCIETÀ ITALO-SVIZZERA had dominated, were on the decline.
As we have seen the period also saw closer ties between various Bologna firms
(Weber, Minganti, Menarini) and the big manufacturers in the Milan-Turin-Genoa
triangle, FIAT especially (Zamagni 1986).
In the decade that followed the most important development was the expansion
of DUCATI which in the 1930s became Bologna’s biggest company. The company
had still not begun to build the motorcycles which would make it famous world-
wide. With the construction of the Borgo Panigale plant in 1935 DUCATI consoli-
dated its leadership in radio and electrical engineering and increased its workforce
to 750 and later to 2,000 (Ferretti 2001). The first Manens static capacitor was
followed by other types (variable in 1928, electrolytic in 1932, and the Manens
tank capacitor in 1935). From 1936 on, with production of precision radiophonic
components well established, DUCATI began to diversify into other devices such
as the Dufono, a speakerphone for indoor communications (1935); Bimar marine
binoculars with night vision, the Raselet, the first Italian electric razor (both 1940),
and the Duconta electronic calculator (1942).
The 1930s also saw the birth of VERLICCHI, initially producing hand-crafted
tubular steel parts such as handlebars and exhaust pipes for the motorcycle man-
ufacturers GD, MM and CM. After the Second World War the company began
making the complete chassis for mopeds and motorcycles (later the Cucciolo, pro-
duced by Ducati from 1946, would be mounted on Verlicchi frames) and from the
1950s it supplied Morini, Malanca and Cimatti.
In the second half of the 1930s rearmament by the Fascist regime led to a spate
of government contracts which drove a new phase of growth for the Bologna met-
alworking industry. Employment rose dramatically, absorbing huge numbers of
women workers from the rural economy. On 16 July, 1935 new legislation decreed
that the biggest Bologna manufacturers were to convert to military production. So
by 1938 jobs in the industry rose to 22,000 from 12,000 in 1927 (Zamagni 1986;
Rinaldi 2008).
Thus the Second World War saw a repetition on a larger scale of events dur-
ing and after the Great War, with the vigorous development of many firms which
were required to contribute to the war effort. CALZONI switched to making
hydrodynamics systems for aircraft and submarines as well as servo-controls for
tanks. SAIBEM began to manufacture artillery components; SASIB made gun-
mountings and munitions, and serviced engines for the airforce; ACMA received
orders for aircraft torpedoes and engines and for arms construction; BREVETTI
BARONCINI went into full-scale production of spark plugs for the airforce, which
were regenerated by ALMA; WEBER made carburetors for the German army;
OFFICINE CASARALTA made rolling stock; GD built engines for the airforce
and the army, as well as parts for Breda anti-aircraft guns; CEVOLANI made
weapons parts and aircraft engines; CURTISA switched to making magazines and
mines and later pontoon bridges; DUCATI produced radio transmitters and receiv-
ers for the army, as well as engine pumps for the Germans, capacitors, optical
equipment, weapons parts and aircraft engines; BARBIERI expanded its produc-
tion of refrigeration and freezer plants; MM had to curtail its output of three-wheel
vans and set aside motorcycle production; MINGANTI made milling machines for
engine sumps. By the end of 1943 the Bologna firms had converted most of their
production to military purposes and, especially during the early years of the con-
flict, employment grew dramatically. DUCATI employed 7,000 workers (10,000
according to some sources) (Ferretti 2001); the MINGANTI workforce rose from
600 in 1938 to 1,550 in 1941; CALZONI employed 1,600 workers in round-the-
clock shifts (Biblioteca Salaborsa 2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it).
In the immediate post-war period many firms had to face a serious reconver-
sion crisis, in some cases laying off much of their workforce (Zamagni 1997)
[between 1948 and 1954 it is estimated that around 9,000 people were laid off,
though some of these sackings were for political reasons (Alaimo and Capecchi
1992)]. The drying up of government contracts led to an inevitable contraction of
the biggest local firms, many of which had been seriously damaged by the bomb-
ing. But for motorcycle manufacturing they were years of rapid expansion. The
motorcycle had become a very different item from previous years, in terms of
technical characteristics, look, type of demand satisfied and type of buyer. The
costly, fast and heavy pre-war racing bikes were replaced by cheaper, lighter and
slower vehicles better suited to city use for the general public (Ferretti 2001).
Among the firms either created or entering the motorcycle sector in this period
were (Biblioteca Salaborsa 2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it):
• CIMATTI, founded by cyclist Marco Cimatti in 1937, initially as a bicycle man-
ufacturer, in 1950 entered the 50-cc segment (the so-called “cinquantini”) pro-
ducing a vast range of models.
• MALANCA, founded in 1947, began as a maker of bike components and in
1956 began making complete motorcycles.
• MARZOCCHI, founded by the Marzocchi brothers in 1949, specialized in pro-
ducing telescopic forks and hydraulic shock absorbers which were to be so suc-
cessful on the Mondial, Ducati and CM bikes.
Beginning in the second half of the 1940s DUCATI (which was saved from col-
lapse by state intervention) saw the potential in motorcycle manufacturing and
decided to try and take advantage of it. Without abandoning the radio-electronics
sector, in 1946 it began construction of the Cucciolo, the first DUCATI motor-
cycle product. At first sold as a kit, and later with its own chassis, the Cucciolo
became the most famous engine of its type in the world, with more than 100,000
units produced. In July 1949 DUCATI began production of its first complete bike
(the Ducati 60) and 1952 saw the Cruiser 125, the first electrical ignition scooter
(Ducati 2012, www.ducati.it).
The other pre-war motorcycle manufacturers (except GD which abandoned the
industry to devote itself to automatic machinery), returned with traditional bikes
updated to meet the new demand, especially smaller cylinder engines.
To sum up, in the first half of century mechanical engineering in Bologna spe-
cialized in three main areas:
• radio and film equipment (DUCATI);
• motorcycles (GD, MM, CM);
• machinery, ranging from agricultural machines (CALZONI, DE MORSIER)
and machine tools, (BARBIERI, MINGANTI), to automatic bottling, wrapping
and packaging machines which still today represent the most characteristic seg-
ment of Bologna’s industry.
The presence in the area of important centres of education undoubtedly played a
vital role in driving mechanical engineering in the area in the first half of the cen-
tury. The university and its faculty of engineering helped to create a robust man-
ufacturing tradition that built upon local manual skills. The Aldini-Valeriani
technical school also helped to spread a culture of mechanical engineering, produc-
ing many of Bologna’s specialist technicians and workers (Alaimo and Capecchi
1992). But the State also played an important part. Major government contracts for
munitions and armaments prior to both world wars did much to drive the expansion
of Bologna’s biggest firms without compromising their versatility or flexibility.
3.2 The 50 Years Following the War and the Economic

Miracle
In the second half of the last century the industrial structure of the Bologna area
saw a reinforcement of existing specializations (Capecchi 1997). From 1951 to
1981 employment in mechanical engineering in Bologna alone quadrupled from
22,000 to more than 86,000. A multitude of small and medium sized firms were set
up, predominantly by ex-employees of the older established companies. Rarely did
the post-war firms employ more than 500 workers. Sometimes this was a deliber-
ate decision by owners not to risk losing family control. In many cases the owners
simply didn’t see the need to expand given the presence of a close-knit network of
highly qualified and specialized subcontractors for any kind of job (Rinaldi 2008).
In particular the motorcycle and automatic packaging sectors both had a

large number of small and medium sized firms which grew in importance in the
50 years following the war. We will begin by describing the former.
The Bologna motorcycle industry was quick to take advantage of the “eco-
nomic miracle”, offering the public an alternative form of mass transport to
the bicycle at a time most working people could still not afford to buy a motor
car. From the end of the 1940s to the early 1960s numerous motorcycle mak-
ers or related businesses sprang up to join the older established pre-war firms. In
1957 there were around 70, of which only Ducati and Demm had more than 600
employees; all the rest employed fewer than 100 (Rinaldi 2008).
In the 1950s the organizational model of Bologna’s motorcycle industry was
essentially a more modern version of what had held sway between the wars: a
closely integrated network of mostly small and medium sized firms, each one spe-
cializing in one or more component. The Marzocchi brothers focused on fabricat-
ing forks (from 1952 Marzocchi forks were mounted on Mondial, CM, Maserati
and Ducati bikes); Fonderpress focused on welding sumps and engine heads;
Morini and Minarelli specialised in engines; Verlicchi in frames; Bonazzi in sus-
pensions, etc. The owners of these firms often came from the older established
companies in the area like Ducati, GD, Moto Morini and CM. The companies at
the end of the supply chain handled the design, assembly, and machining of some
parts and the marketing of the finished product (Ferretti 2001).
In the second half of the 1960s the vitality of the motorcycle sector began to
wane, partly due to the disappearance of several well known names, and partly
with the end of the intense wave of start-ups that had characterized the industry in
previous years. The motorbike began to be replaced by the motor car, now within
reach for most Italians and the Bologna motorcycle sector was hit by the reces-
sion of the years 1963–1965. In subsequent years production began to expand
again, driven by demand for mopeds and scooters which from the mid-Seventies
reached the levels of big motorbikes. Meanwhile, however, sales fell off for small-
engine motorcycles in which the biggest Bologna firms were specialized. In addi-
tion, it was precisely this segment which saw the imperious rise of the Japanese
manufacturers, which began to invade foreign markets including Italy starting in
the late 1960s. For all these reasons, as well as the financial weakness of many
firms, and their scarce attention to marketing and a limited interest in mass pro-
duction, many small Bologna motorcycle makers disappeared in the 1970s. The
companies that survived were those who focused on industrial-scale manufactur-
ing like Ducati or Malaguti, those who moved into segments different from those
invaded by the Japanese, such as Malaguti and Italjet, or who despite their high
prices continued to hold a fascination for bike enthusiasts, such as Ducati or Moto
Morini. Some components makers also managed to become suppliers for some
of the world’s leading motorcycle manufacturers, such as Minarelli and Franco
Morini for engines, or Marzocchi, Grimeca, Verlicchi and Paioli for other compo-
nents (Ferretti 2001).
References 15
References
Alaimo A, Capecchi V (1992) L’industria delle macchine automatiche a Bologna: un caso di spe-
cializzazione flessibile. In: D’Attorre PP, Zamagni V (eds) Distretti imprese classe operaia.
L’industrializzazione dell’Emilia-Romagna, FrancoAngeli, Milan
Biblioteca Salaborsa (2012) Cronologia di Bologna dall’Unità ad oggi. http://www.
bibliotecasalaborsa.it/cronologia/bologna. Accessed 14 Oct 2012
Capecchi V (1997) In search of flexibility: the Bologna metalworking industry, 1900–1992. In:
Sabel CF, Zeitlin J (eds) World of possibilities: flexibility and mass production in Western
industrialization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ducati (2012) La storia Ducati. http://www.ducati.it/storia/index.do. Accessed 16 Sept 2012
Ferretti R (2001) Reti di imprese e sistema economico locale. Industria meccanica e comparto
motoristico a Bologna (1919–1971). In: Amatori F, Colli A (eds) Comunità di imprese. Sistemi
locali in Italia tra Ottocento e Novecento. Il Mulino, Bologna
Maserati (2012) L’azienda. http://www.maserati.it/maserati/it/it/index/maserati/company.html.
Accessed 16 Sept 2012
Rinaldi A (2008) I distretti industriali italiani a specializzazione metalmeccanica dalle origini
agli anni Novanta. In: Russo M (ed) L’industria meccanica in Italia. Analisi spaziale delle
specializzazioni produttive e degli intrecci intersettoriali 1951–2001. Carocci, Rome
Zamagni V (1986) L’economia. In Zangheri R (ed) Bologna. Laterza, Bari
Zamagni V (1997) Una vocazione industriale diffusa. Lo sviluppo industriale in Emilia-Romagna
1880–1990. In: Finzi R (ed) Emilia Romagna, Einaudi, Turin
Chapter 4
The Emilia Automatic Packaging Machinery
District: History and Keys to Success
Abstract This chapter describes the emergence and evolution of the Emilia/

Bologna wrapping and packaging machinery district, bringing attention to the fac-
tors that have made it the success.
Keywords Emilia/Bologna wrapping and packaging machinery district · Origin of

the district · Evolution of the district · Factors for the district’s success · Anonima
Costruzioni Macchine Automatiche (ACMA) · Ghirardi and Dall’Oglio (GD) ·
Società Anonima Scipione Innocenti Bologna (SASIB) · Aldini-Valeriani Institute
4.1 Origins of the District
As we have seen, wrapping and packaging machinery was the most important sec-
tor in post-war mechanical engineering in the Bologna area.
The forefather of the Emilia packaging manufacturing was Anonima Costruzioni
Macchine Automatiche (ACMA), founded in Bologna in 1924 by Gaetano Barbieri.
The first semi-automatic ACMA machine, the Acma 713, was designed to mecha-
nize the filling of sachets of Idrolitina, a brand of baking soda made by GAZZONI,
previously performed by hand. However, orders from Gazzoni (where Barbieri was
a partner prior to setting up ACMA) were not enough to guarantee the survival and
success of the new company. Nor was the local market, characterized by numer-
ous small manufacturers with only a marginal output of consumer goods. This
led ACMA from the outset to address the wider Italian market and focus on the
chemicals and pharmaceuticals and confectionery industries with new machines
to dose and wrap powders, sweets and chocolates, and print and make paper bags.
Meanwhile ACMA’s international vocation was quickly in evidence. The first
sales in Argentina and Brazil date from the 1920s and the company won an award
at the 1929 Barcelona Universal Exposition. By the end of the 1930s its machines
were being sold to industrialized economies across Europe and the United States
(Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_4
18 4 The Emilia Automatic Packaging Machinery District …
Società Anonima Scipione Innocenti Bologna (SASIB) was founded in 1933

through the transformation of an existing company. In 1937, due to problems
in the road and railway signaling sector in which operated, it began to focus
on automatic machines in 1937, when it took on an order to build 10 cigarette
packaging machines for the Bologna Manifattura Tabacchi (one of the state
tobacco manufacturing plants). These machines were designed and patented by
a US company, American Machine Foundry (AMF), and the order was awarded
to SASIB by the State Monopoly which had acquired the license for their
manufacture. Subsequently SASIB began to produce its own cigarette pack-
ing machines based on the earlier models, a move which was to prove decisive:
unlike the AMF machines, which were covered by patent and could only be sold
to the Italian Monopoly, the new machines could be sold anywhere, enabling
SASIB to begin to build its own market. In 1942 the manufacture of packaging
machines was still in its infancy and development was very gradual, but the first
steps had been taken. The sector offered more interesting and lasting prospects
than road and railway signaling, thanks especially to new agreements with the
American AMF with which SASIB acquired the rights to manufacture all AMF
machines and gained access to its sales network. SASIB thus became AMF’s
European production hub for the tobacco industry. At the same time, besides
those produced for AMF, SASIB began to export its own machines which it con-
tinued to develop, consolidating its presence in the industry. Although it con-
tinued to operate in the signaling sector, this was largely limited to government
contracts and by the early 1950s had been far outstripped by sales of automatic
machines. In 1957 SASIB was acquired by the U.S. company and Scipione
Innocenti left the company he had founded the following year (Alaimo and
Capecchi 1992).
GD, founded in 1923 by Ghirardi and Dall’Oglio, began as a small-scale
manufacturer of motorcycles, bicycles and spare parts, later making parts for truck
engines, especially in the run up to the war when it was declared ‘auxiliary’ to
re-armament. During the war it made parts for machine guns, engines for the
airforce and army and the Ursus tank. In the late 1930s GD was bought out by
Enzo Seragnoli and at the end of the war, following a suggestion by his cousin
Ariosto (who had previously worked in the electrical engineering department
at ACMA), he completely transformed the company to produce packaging
machines for sweets, cigarette and medicines.
GD right away began to pursue an aggressive strategy. It quickly succeeded
in dominating the sweets and confectionary sector which up till then had been
the preserve of ACMA. In the Sixties GD expanded into tobacco, compet-
ing head on with SASIB, making machines to pack and cellophane-wrap ciga-
rettes (Biblioteca Salaborsa 2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it). Success in this
sector was sealed with the appearance of the revolutionary 4350/Pack auto-
matic packaging machine which became the outright leader and led the way
for further machines in the coming years which handled the complete tobacco
cycle from individual cigarette manufacture to complete packs (Coesia 2012,
www.coesia.com).
4.2 The District’s Evolution 19
4.2 The District’s Evolution
Up until the Second World War ACMA, SASIB and GD were just three of the
many manufacturers rooted in the tradition of small-scale mechanical engineering
in the Bologna area dating back to the second half of the 19th century (Alaimo and
Capecchi 1992).
At the end of the war numerous engineers and other specialists (designers, elec-
tricians, testers, fitters, etc.) left ACMA to found their own companies. Others took
their skills and know-how to existing companies. Still others left ACMA to join
other firms and then went on to set up on their own. Notable among these are:
• GIOVANNI PRECI, a fitter at ACMA, in 1945 set up a company which initially

built machines to make almond brittles and later manufactured packaging machines.
• NATALINO CORAZZA, another fitter at ACMA, started a business repair-
ing automatic machines largely supported by orders from ACMA, and in 1955
began to produce machines to wrap stock cubes, butter and cheese.
• ARIOSTO SERAGNOLI, an electrician at ACMA, instead of founding his own
company, joined GD which his cousin Enzo had bought in the late 1930s, con-
verting production entirely from motorcycles to packaging machines, helping to
relaunch the firm and go on to become industry leader.
• BRUTO CARPIGIANI, technical director at ACMA until his death (in 1945), in
1942 founded Anonima Riparazioni Costruzioni Automatiche (ARCA), as sup-
plier to ACMA while continuing to run the technical department (shortly before
his death he also set up an ice cream machine company under his own-name
which became hugely successful).
• ANTONIO MARTELLI, a design engineer at ACMA, in the early 1950s cre-
ated Costruzioni Automatiche Martelli (CAM) to produce packaging machinery
for the pharmaceuticals industry.
• DANTE MANTOVANI, a mechanical engineer, left ACMA to become a key
designer at Antonio Martelli’s CAM.
• AGOSTINO BILLI set up a firm in 1954 and shortly afterwards began to collabo-
rate with Carle e Montanari, a Milanese manufacturer of machines to make sweets
and chocolates, with Billi as technical director of its Bologna unit. The new com-
pany later attracted other engineers from ACMA (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).
In the post-war period the new companies created by technicians leaving ACMA
served the demand above all from the food manufacturers and, to a lesser extent,
the pharmaceuticals and tobacco industries. But the paper, chemicals and cosmet-
ics sectors soon saw a need to automate product wrapping, both to combat rapidly
rising labour costs and also for technical and commercial reasons.
The second larger wave of automatic machine manufacturers began in the
1960s and early 1970s, started by engineers who had themselves left companies
founded by former ACMA employees. This second generation differed from the
first in that it focused more keenly on pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and less on
food and confectionary, dominated by existing companies.
The second generation of companies included:
• WRAPMATIC, founded in 1960, which produced winding machines for toilet

paper and large reams of paper (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).
• Industria Macchine Automatiche (IMA) was founded in 1961 by ANDREA
ROMAGNOLI, a mechanical engineer trained at Aldini-Valeriani who joined
ACMA as a design engineer (from 1948 to 1953) and later worked in the GD
technical department (from 1953 to 1960) (Rinaldi 2008). Initially the company
entered the food packaging segment with a machine for chocolate eggs in 1961.
In 1967 it introduced the first machine for making tea bags, a sector in which
the company would become world leader. In the 1970s it began to produce blis-
ter packaging machines for the pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries. In
1986 it acquired Farmomac and in 2011 completed the acquisition of Corazza
Group (IMA-Industria Macchine Automatiche 2012, www.ima.it).
• FARMOMAC was founded in 1961 by AURELIO RICCI and DINO LULLINI,
another technician from Aldini-Valeriani, with a background at ACMA, Carle
e Montanari and Zanasi. The company’s first venture into the industry was a
machine for filling perfume bottles (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).
• Fabbrica Italiana Macchine Automatiche (FIMA) was founded in 1961 by two
former GD engineers (TARTARINI and RABBI). The company’s first product
was a machine for wrapping Easter eggs. This was followed by machines for
wrapping chocolates such as Boeri and Gianduiotti. Alongside food packag-
ing machines they quickly expanded into machines to wrap yarns and thread
(Biblioteca Salaborsa 2012, www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it).
• ICA was founded in 1963 by GINO RAPPARINI, formerly with CAM, special-
izing in dosing machines for granular products.
• Fabbrica Macchine Automatiche Ricci (FAMAR), was founded in 1969 by
AURELIO RICCI after his Farmomac experience. The company produced
the first fully automatic blister packaging machine thus launching the blister
industry. In the 1980s FAMAR was taken over by a large tissue manufacturer
and subsequently by a German multinational in the tobacco industry (Famar
Packaging 2012, www.famarpackaging.com).
The third generation of companies, created between the 1970s and 1980s, targeted
other segments not yet dominated by existing companies. Among these we should
mention:
• GRANDI R., created in 1970 by RENATO GRANDI, a former Officine Corazza

employee. The company found its own niche market in machines for filling and
packaging large sacks of building materials (liquid cement or sand) and agricul-
tural products (fertilizers) (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).
• AM, founded in 1977 by ANIDRITI and MINELLI, two technicians from FIMA (by
this time Nuova Fima), produced machines for packaging rulers and schools rulers.
• MAB, created in 1980 by FRANCO BARILLI, who left IMA to set up his own
business producing machines for wrapping (commissioned by IMA it-self) and
packaging in boxes.
4.2 The District’s Evolution 21
With the 1980s the growth of new packaging machinery producers around
Bologna tapered off, although it retained its competitiveness on world markets.
The most significant change in the structure of the packaging industry was the
emergence of large groups of independent companies under a single parent, as in
the case of GD (today Coesia), IMA, Marchesini and Martelli (Rinaldi 2008).
Between 1981 and 1991 the number of firms and workers in the Bologna
area fell, largely in favour of the neighbouring provinces of Modena and Reggio
Emilia. This was mainly due to the high density of manufacturing in the town and
the lack of suitable growth opportunities for new firms which chose to move out to
nearby areas thus expanding the confines of the district.
In 2001 the number of companies and jobs began to grow again both in the
province of Bologna itself and across the entire Emilia district. In 2007, prior
to the global economic crisis there were 5 fewer companies in the province of
Bologna compared with 2001, and 12 fewer in Emilia, reflecting the consolidation
of the industry into a smaller number of restructured firms. “The need for continu-
ally increasing investments, especially in innovation, has led companies to become
bigger and adopt more robust forms of incorporation such as limited companies”
(Promo Bologna 2010).
4.3 Factors for the District’s Success
As we have seen, the development from a context of a few isolated firms into a
proper mechanical engineering industry composed of a hundred companies pro-
ducing wrapping and packaging machinery only began after the war and consoli-
dated throughout the 1950s (Capecchi 1997; Rinaldi 2008). Employment by GD
or earlier by ACMA represented an important source of skills and training for the
creation of new entrepreneurs. New firms appeared primarily as spin-offs of the
mother company, as technicians and engineers left to set up their own businesses.
At least three generations of companies were created in this way, the primary
fountainhead of these initiatives being ACMA, as we have seen. Occasionally
existing firms decided to convert production, seeking out expert designers of auto-
matic machinery, the most significant case being GD.
The historic reasons for Bologna’s success in making automatic packaging
machines are many and varied. Among them are the engineering prowess and tech-
nical skills that enabled firms to satisfy a broad range of demands for individual
machines and complete lines. Alaimo and Capecchi point out the salient character-
istics of ACMA’s machines—features which were largely maintained by its spin-
offs—as vital factors for their success: they were simple machines which could be
operated by unskilled workers; they were small, the biggest being no more than two
metres long and often less than a metre; they performed rapidly and were extremely
versatile—machines designed for a specific function could be used to carry out
many different jobs. A packaging machine could be used to wrap sweets, tablets,
pills or any item with a regular shape. In other cases flexibility was achieved by
producing different versions of a basic model, or variations of the same machine: in

this case machines had a fixed part and a changeable part, or “format”. Often basic
models were adapted for individual customers at the trial stage, introducing little
changes and adjustments ad hoc. This offering of flexible customized machines
capable of rapidly performing complex tasks for different companies was the key to
success for the company (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992) and the entire district.
The demand for specific machines tailored to the client’s requirements also
led to the creation of highly specialized technicians who, besides knowing how to
operate the machine, also understood the technical project and were able to design
them or at least contribute to their design. This explains how it was possible for
people without a higher education to build machines capable of competing inter-
nationally. In almost all of these firms the head of the technical department was
not an engineering graduate but a mechanic from the Aldini-Valeriani Institute
who in most cases did not even have a high school diploma (Alaimo and Capecchi
1992). The presence of the Istituto Aldini-Valeriani in the area played a vital
role in the development of mechanical engineering in the area and the packaging
machinery sector in particular (Farrell and Lauridsen 2001).
Another crucial factor for the Emilia district’s success was the high degree of col-
laboration between managers, technicians and a broad range of specialist workers, as
well as the close collaboration between each company and its network of subcontrac-
tors. Companies which served a market often put out a large part of their production
to the numerous small-scale local suppliers who were capable of carrying out highly
skilled machining work. Relations between the client firm and its subcontractors were
so close that sometimes an able worker was encouraged to set up his own business by
the parent company itself which guaranteed a loan for the initial purchase of equip-
ment and a stable flow of orders over the long-term (Alaimo and Capecchi 1992).
The foreign literature also recognizes the many strengths that explain the
extraordinary success of the Emilia packaging machinery industry, giving par-
ticular importance to the role played by the lead firms. According to a study
“Interpreting the competition. Italy and Germany states: Behind their success in
world export markets for packaging machinery”, by the Packaging Machinery
Manufacturers Institute: “…The success of the Italian packaging machinery indus-
try in the international marketplace seems to derive from a unique set of circum-
stances which have come together both as the natural result of Italian geography,
culture and industrial organization. And, perhaps most importantly, their success is
the result of deliberate improvements taken by lead firms. […] The answer to our
question, 'what’s the secret?' appears to lie with the following:
• Geographic concentration in the rapidly growing economic ‘third’ region of
Italy (e.d. Emilia Romagna, Veneto, Trentino, Tuscany, Marche).
• Prevalence of micro ‘family-owned or founded’ firms, exhibiting tightly-bound
operations and an unprecedented level of flexibility.
• Emergence of industrial districts or ‘clusters’ of firms which are not only
located near one another but also engage and cooperate in different stages of
the production of the same or related products. Industrial districts featured long-
standing and informal ties; culture of knowledge and technical know-how being
4.3 Factors for the District’s Success 23
handed down from generation to generation; expertise in highly-specialized

manufacturing; strong entrepreneurial and experimental environment; interac-
tion between academics and industrialists to facilitate the diffusion of design
and engineering capabilities; culture of consultation and compromise among the
network of small manufacturers—reinforcing the culture for industrial relations
based on cooperation and competition and helping to foster a sense of commu-
nity among local manufacturers.
• Reconstitution of clusters by lead firms which created the best of both worlds
through the marriage of management, strategy, and global marketing with the
innate strengths of the clusters while keeping the small firm structure intact.
• With lead firms exploring foreign markets close to end-users, the entire business
group moves along the innovation learning curve and to adapt more quickly to
customer demand.
• The lead firms’ presence in a wide variety of international markets provides
the firms in the group with the necessary order quantities to achieve econo-
mies of scale—hence lower costs leading to better pricing strategies.” (PPMI—
Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute 2004).
References
Alaimo A, Capecchi V (1992) L’industria delle macchine automatiche a Bologna: un caso di spe-
cializzazione flessibile. In: D’Attorre PP, Zamagni V (eds) Distretti imprese classe ope-raia.
L’industrializzazione dell’Emilia-Romagna, FrancoAngeli, Milan
Biblioteca Salaborsa (2012) Cronologia di Bologna dall’Unità ad oggi. http://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.
it/cronologia/bologna. Accessed 14 Oct 2012
Capecchi V (1997) In search of flexibility: the Bologna metalworking industry, 1900–1992. In:
Sabel CF, Zeitlin J (eds) World of possibilities: flexibility and mass production in Western
industrialization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Coesia (2012) Group history. http://www.coesia.com/en/home/thegroup/grouphistory. Accessed
15 Oct 2012
Famar Packaging (2012) L’esperienza Famar. http://www.famarpackaging.com. Accessed 21 Oct
2012
Farrell H, Lauridsen AL (2001) Collective goods in the local economy: the packaging machinery
cluster in Bologna. Mimeo (also in: Crouch C, LeGalès P, Trigilia C, Voelzkow H (eds) Local
production systems in Europe, vol II. Oxford University Press, Oxford)
IMA—Industria Machine Automatiche (2012) Group information. http://www.ima.it/. Accessed
23 Oct 2012
PPMI (Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute—IDA Consulting) (2004) Interpreting the
competition. Italy and Germany: behind their success in world export markets for packaging
machinery
Promo Bologna - Agenzia per il Marketing territoriale (2010) Filiera macchine automatiche.
Studi e ricerche. December 2010 data
Rinaldi A (2008) I distretti industriali italiani a specializzazione metalmeccanica dalle origini
agli anni Novanta. In Russo M (ed) L’industria meccanica in Italia. Analisi spaziale delle
specializzazioni produttive e degli intrecci intersettoriali 1951–2001. Carocci, Rome
Chapter 5
Italy and Germany: The Two Leading
Countries in the Packaging Machinery
Industry
Abstract Italy and Germany are the world’s two leading exporters of automatic
wrapping and packaging machines. This section presents the situation, beginning
with a comparison of the exports and trade balance of the two countries, based
on Eurostat data. This is followed by an analysis of the UN figures for the major
exporting countries which shows the clear dominance of Italy and Germany in
world exports of wrapping and packaging machines.
Keywords Wrapping and packaging machinery industry · German export · Italy

export · Geographical breakdown of exports · Territorial concentration
5.1 Exports and the Trade Balance of Italy and Germany

According to Eurostat Data: 2008–2012
The Table 5.1 shows figures for the two main segments of the wrapping and pack-
aging machinery industry over the period 2008–2012. It reveals the clear suprem-
acy of Italy, in both exports and trade balance, in the segment “Machinery for
packaging or wrapping”, and Germany’s dominance in the segment “Machinery
for filling, closing, sealing, capsuling or labelling”.
The data show how both countries were hit by the crisis that began in 2008,
leading to a dramatic falloff in exports, but also that the damage was less severe in
Italy than in Germany. In 2009 Italy saw its exports of “Machinery for packaging
or wrapping” fall by −17.9 % against the previous year compared with a decline
of 36.4 % over the same period for German exports of “Machinery for filling,
closing, sealing, capsuling or labelling”. Taking an aggregate of the two segments
German exports fell by −26.6 % while Italian exports fell by −19.4 %.
In addition, while Italian exports in both segments began to grow again as early as
2010, German exports continued to contract, only recovering in 2011. But even more
important is the fact that by 2012 Italy had already fully recovered and exceeded
its pre-crisis levels, while Germany remained well below this threshold. German
exports for its top segment stood at 2.6 billion euros in 2008, fell to 1.5 in 2010 and

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_5
26 5 Italy and Germany: The Two Leading Countries …
Table 5.1 Value of export and trade balance of German and Italian packaging machinery:
2008–2012 (million euros)
Export Trade balance
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cod. 28292180—Machinery for packing or wrapping
Germany 1,584 1,418 1,380 1,711 1,768 1,315 1,189 1,150 1,433 1,481
Italy 1,726 1,416 1,555 1,911 1,987 1,600 1,331 1,448 1,802 1,872
Cod. 28292150—Machinery for filling, closing, sealing, capsuling or labelling
Germany 2,594 1,650 1,514 1,571 1,897 2,481 1,545 1,410 1,426 1,730
Italy 1,124 881 1,096 1,165 1,234 1,029 793 973 1,058 1,116
Cod. 28292180 + Cod. 28292150
Germany 4,178 3,068 2,894 3,282 3,665 3,795 2,734 2,560 2,859 3,211
Italy 2,850 2,298 2,651 3,076 3,221 2,629 2,124 2,421 2,861 2,988
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on Eurostat Database (Eurostat 2014)
rose to 1.9 billion in 2012. Meanwhile Italian exports in its top segment were 1.7
billion euros in 2008, fell to 1.4 in 2009 and rose to 2 billion in 2012. The aggre-
gate data show 4.2 billion euros for German exports in 2008 and 3.7 billion euros in
2012, a full half a billion below its pre-crisis peak. Italian exports stood at 2.8 billion
and reached 3.2 billion by 2012, around 400 million euros more than 2008.
The same goes for the trade balance where Italy is ahead in “Machinery and
equipment for packing or wrapping” and Germany prevails in “Machinery and
equipment for filling, closing, sealing or labelling”. Again by this measure Italy
in 2012 amply exceeded its pre-crisis levels, both overall and taking the two seg-
ments separately. Germany, instead, remained below this level both in its leader-
ship segment and taking the two segments together.
To sum up the historic comparison, over the 5 years period (2008–2012) the
gap between Italy and Germany narrowed steadily both in exports (from 1.3 bil-
lion euros in 2008 to 0.4 billion euros in 2012), and in terms of the trade balance
(from 1.2 to 0.2 billion euros).
The latest data for the period November 2012–October 2013 (Fig. 5.1), confirm
the marked narrowing in the gap between German and Italian exports of packaging
machinery compared with pre-crisis peaks. In the period November 2012–October
2013 the gap was 0.4 billion euros, against a gap of 1.4 billion in the period
October 2007–September 2008. The figure clearly illustrates trends in Italian and
German exports of automatic machinery according to the Standard International
Trade Classification (SITC). The segment in question is SITC 74527 (Other pack-
ing/wrapping machinery).
The figure also reveals that while German exports are still well below pre-
crisis levels, Italian exports have not only made up ground following the collapse
of global trade, but have abundantly exceeded the previous 2008 peak for Italian
exports in the industry.
5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011 27
4.5
4.0 3.9
3.5 3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Dec. 1999
Mar. 2000
Mar. 2002
Dec. 2002
Mar. 2003
Mar. 2004
Dec. 2004
Mar. 2005
Jun. 2000
Sep. 2000
Dec. 2000
Mar. 2001
Jun. 2001
Sep. 2001
Dec. 2001
Jun. 2002
Sep. 2002
Jun. 2003
Sep. 2003
Dec. 2003
Jun. 2004
Sep. 2004
Jun. 2005
Sep. 2005
Dec. 2005
Mar. 2006
Mar. 2007
Dec. 2007
Mar. 2008
Jun. 2006
Sep. 2006
Dec. 2006
Jun. 2007
Sep. 2007
Jun. 2008
Sep. 2008
Dec. 2008
Mar. 2009
Dec. 2009
Mar. 2010
Mar. 2012
Dec. 2012
Mar. 2013
Jun. 2009
Sep. 2009
Jun. 2010
Sep. 2010
Dec. 2010
Mar. 2011
Jun. 2011
Sep. 2011
Dec. 2011
Jun. 2012
Sep. 2012
Jun. 2013
Sep. 2013
GERMANY ITALY
Fig. 5.1 Export of packaging machinery, code SITC 74527 (billion euros, “sliding” past 12 months,
updated to October 2013). Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on Eurostat Database (Eurostat
2014)
5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011
The importance of Italy and Germany in global exports of packaging machinery

is also confirmed by the UN data. The Fig. 5.2 clearly shows how their historical
international dominance in the sector is growing. The figure is based on aggregate
exports of products for the 4 HS96 international classification codes for automatic
wrapping and packaging machines [see Chap. 2, (b)].
German exports of wrapping and packaging machinery rose from 2.5 billion
dollars in 2000 to 5.7 billion in 2009, after peaking at 8 billion dollars in 2008.
Following the collapse in 2009 (−2.3 billion against 2008) in 2010 German
exports saw a further decline to 5.3 billion dollars. Only in 2011 did they return to
growth, reaching 6.2 billion dollars.
Meanwhile Italian exports grew from 2.2 billion dollars in 2000 to 4.5 billion
dollars in 2009, peaking at 5.6 billion dollars in 2008. Thus the decline in 2009
was only 1.1 billion dollars against 2008, and already by 2010 Italian exports of
packaging machines stood at 5 billion dollars, well on the way to reaching pre-
crisis levels. In 2011 there was a further marked rise in Italian exports to 6 billion
dollars, well above pre-crisis levels, unlike German exports which remained well
below the peak.
By 2011 the German exports’ lead over Italian exports had thus shrunk consid-
erably, to just 0.2 billion dollars.
9.0
Germany
8.0
8.0 Italy
USA
7.1
7.0 Sweden
Switzerland
6.2
France 5.7
6.0 5.6 5.7 6.0
Japan 5.3
Billion dollars
5.0
5.0
Netherlands 4.8
Spain 5.1 5.0
China 3.6 4.5
4.0 4.3
3.1 3.7 3.9
2.7
3.0 3.1
2.5
2.5
2.0 2.2 2.3
1.0
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 5.2 Time series of world exports of the top 10 producing countries in the packaging
machinery industry (aggregate date derived from the sum of codes 842220, 842230, 842240,
842290 of the HS96 international classification): 2000–2011. Source Compiled by Fondazione
Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
5.2.1 Analysis by Segment
1. “Other packing or wrapping machinery, including heat-shrink wrapping machinery”

Italy holds the leadership in exports of “Other packing or wrapping machinery,
including heat-shrink wrapping machinery” (Fig. 5.3).
This is the biggest segment in the automatic wrapping and packaging machines
industry. In 2011 total exports came to 8.7 billion dollars, or 39.2 % of exports for
the sector as a whole.
After the collapse of 2009, Italian exports saw an initial recovery as early as
2010 (from 2 to 2.1 billion dollars), while German exports declined further from 2
to 1.8 billion dollars.
In 2011 Italian exports continued their strong recovery to reach 2.7 billion.
Germany also returned to growth, reaching 2.4 billion. Both exceeded their pre-
crisis peaks, though Italy slightly rather more markedly.
2. “Machinery for filling, closing, sealing or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or
other containers; machinery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and similar con-
tainers; machinery for aerating beverages”
Germany historically holds the leadership for exports of “Machinery for filling,
closing, sealing or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers; machin-
ery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and similar containers; machinery for aerating
beverages” (Fig. 5.4). This is the second biggest segment in the industry. In 2011
total exports amounted to 7.1 billion dollars, or 31.8 % of exports for the entire
packaging machinery industry.
5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011 29
3.0
Italy
2.7
Germany
2.5
Switzerland
2.5
Japan
2.2
USA 2.4
2.3 2.1
Netherlands 2.0 2.0
2.0 1.9 2.1
France 1.8
2.0
Billion dollars
Spain 1.9 1.8

Sweden 1.5
1.5 1.6
China 1.6
1.1 1.3
1.0 1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.5
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 5.3 World exports of the top 10 producing countries in the sector “Other packing or wrap-
ping machinery (including heat-shrink wrapping machinery)”: 2000–2011. Source Compiled by
Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
4.5
Germany 3.9
4.0
Italy
USA
3.5 3.3
Sweden
France
3.0 Japan
Billion dollars
China 2.5
2.5 Netherlands 2.2 2.2
2.1
United Kingdom 2.0 2.0
2.0 Switzerland
1.5 1.3 1.7

1.6 1.6
1.1 1.5
1.0 1.3
1.0 0.8 1.2 1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.5 0.7 0.7
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 5.4 World exports of the top 10 producing countries in the sector “Machinery for filling,
closing, sealing, or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers; machinery for capsul-
ing bottles, jars, tubes and similar containers; machinery for aerating beverages”: 2000–2011.
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
After the peak of 2008 and the subsequent collapse of 2009, in 2010 German
exports saw a further sharp decline, from 2.2 billion dollars in 2009 to less than
2 billion dollars in 2010, before rising again to 2.2 billion in 2011. Italian exports
instead began to gain ground as early as 2010 rising from 1.2 billion dollars in
2009 to around 1.5 billion dollars in 2010 and 1.6 billion in 2011, perceptibly
closing the gap with Germany.
1.8
1.7
Germany
1.6
1.6 Italy 1.7
USA
1.4
Sweden 1.5
1.4 1.3 1.3
France
1.4 1.3
1.2 Switzerland 1.1
1.1 1.2 1.2
Austria
Billion dollars
1.0 United Kingdom
Netherlands 0.9
1.0
Canada 0.8
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4 0.5
0.2
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 5.5 World exports of the top 10 producing countries in the sector “Parts of dishwashing
machines, machines for the packing and other machinery of code 8422, nes”: 2000–2011. Source
Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
3. “Parts of dishwashing machines, packaging machines and other machinery

under heading 8422, n.e.s.”
In 2011 Italy confirmed the leadership over Germany that it had won in 2010 in
“Parts of dishwashing machines, packaging machines and other machinery under
heading 8422, n.e.s” (Fig. 5.5).
In 2010 Italian exports overtook German exports for the first time since 2000
and rose, after the downturn of 2009, to 1.4 billion dollars in 2010 and subse-
quently to 1.7 billion in 2011. German exports also began to grow again as early
as 2010 but less quickly than Italian exports, almost imperceptibly between 2009
and 2010, and then from 1.3 billion dollars in 2010 to 1.5 billion in 2011.
This segment accounts for 26.5 % of total exports for the industry.
4. “Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers (excluding
dishwashers)”
Finally the export leader for “Machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other
containers (excluding dishwashers)” is Germany (Fig. 5.6). However, this is a
very small segment. In 2011 total exports amounted to just 550 million dollars, or
2.5 % of exports for the entire packaging machinery industry. German exports in
the same year amounted to 164 million dollars.
Italy, with exports worth 75 million dollars in 2011, contested second place
with Sweden which in 2011 reported exports of 87 million dollars, confirming its
position as the world’s second exporter in this tiny segment.
However in 2011 Sweden’s exports fell slightly against 2010, (from 88 to 87 mil-
lion dollars), while those of Italy (from 66 to 75) and Germany rose (from 155 to 164).
5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces of the World Market 31
200
Germany
180 Sweden
Italy
173
160 Switzerland
164 164
USA 155
140
France
Million dollars
120 Denmark
Austria 116
100 Canada 104 88 87
Netherlands 93
80 89 71
81 84 69
61 65
75
60 55 66
67
62
55 43 37
39 51 52
40 31 49
24 37
24
20 31
23 19 25
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 5.6 World exports of the top 10 producing countries in the sector “Machinery for cleaning
or drying bottles or other containers”: 2000–2011. Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on
UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces

of the World Market
Italy and Germany together dominate the sector of automatic wrapping and pack-
aging machines. According to UCIMA Research department estimates (UCIMA-
Italian Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Association 2014) Italy and Germany
hosting the 36 % of World production in packaging machinery industry, that has
been around 30.5 billion euros in 2012.
This chapter examines in detail the geographical breakdown of world exports
and the main export destinations for Italy and Germany.
5.3.1 Geographical Breakdown of Exports
The Figs. 5.7 and 5.8 give two snapshots of the breakdown of exports world-wide
for the years 2000 and 2011.
They show that in 2000 just over 50 % of world exports in the industry came
from Germany and Italy, the former slightly ahead (26.7 %) of the latter (24 %). In
2011 the combined quota of the two countries rose to over 55 %, again with a slight
weighting in favour of Germany (28 %), but with Italy making up ground (27.1 %).
In particular:
• Germany’s share of world exports rose from 26.7 % in 2000 to 28 % in 2011, an
increase of 1.3 points.
• Italy’s share rose from 24.0 % in 2000 to 27.1 % in 2011, a rise of 3.1 points.
Others, 26.5%
Germany, 26.7%
France, 4.0%
Switzerland, 4.4%
Japan, 4.7%
Italy, 24.0%
USA, 9.7%
Fig. 5.7 World exports in the packaging machinery industry (aggregate data derived from the
sum of codes 842220, 842230, 842240, 842290 of the HS96 international classification) (year
2000). Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
Others, 29.3%
Germany, 28.0%
Sweden, 3.3%
China, 3.8%
Switzerland, 4.0%
USA, 4.5% Italy, 27.1%
Fig. 5.8 World exports in the packaging machinery industry (aggregate data derived from the
sum of codes 842220, 842230, 842240, 842290 of the HS96 international classification) (year
2011). Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN Comtrade 2013)
In 2011 the gap between Germany and Italy was less than 1 % point, compared
with a gap of 2.7 % points in 2000.
5.3.2 Main Export Destinations
The Figs. 5.9 and 5.10 show the main exports markets for Italian and German
packaging machines.
5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces of the World Market 33
China 8.9%
USA 8.4%
France 7.8%
Others 65.6%
Germany 5.6%
Russian Federation
3.7%
Fig. 5.9 Italy: main countries of destination of exports of packaging machinery (aggregate data

derived from the sum of codes 842220, 842230, 842240, 842290 of the HS96 international clas-
sification) (year 2011). Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database (UN
Comtrade 2013)
USA 10.8%
China 9.8%
Russian Federation
Others 64.6% 6.7%
France 4.4%
United Kingdom 1.9%
Fig. 5.10 Germany: main countries of destination of exports of packaging machinery (aggregate

data derived from the sum of codes 842220, 842230, 842240, 842290 of the HS96 international
classification) (year 2011). Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on UN Comtrade Database
(UN Comtrade 2013)
As we see in 2011 the biggest outlet for Italy’s exports in the sector was China
(8.9 %), followed by the United States (8.4 %); France (7.8 %), Germany (5.6 %)
and Russia (3.7 %).
Germany exported mainly to the United States (10.8 %), China (9.8 %), Russia
(6.7 %), France (4.4 %) and the U.K. (1.9 %).
Germany appears among the biggest importers of Italian goods (5.6 %), while
Italy does not figure among the main destinations for German exports in the sector.
5.3.3 Territorial Concentration
Besides the fact that Germany and Italy both hold positions of clear international
leadership in wrapping and packaging machines, they also share a geographical
concentration of production in well-defined and highly specialized territorial hubs.
In Italy the main concentration is in Emilia Romagna, known as “Packaging
Valley”. Lombardy, Piemonte and Veneto also have their own manufacturing cen-
tres, but Bologna is the real capital of packaging machinery. Together the com-
panies in Emilia Romagna, Lombardy, Piemonte and Veneto represent more than
80 % of the firms in the industry, but Emilia Romagna alone has around 50 % of
them and 70 % of Italy’s sector turnover (Promo Bologna 2010a, b). Therefore the
greatest concentration of the industry is in Emilia Romagna: not only in Italy, but,
as we shall see, in the world.
In Germany the biggest cluster is in the state of Baden-Württemberg to
the north-east of Stuttgart, in the contiguous districts of Schwäbisch Hall and
Waiblingen. Other clusters can be found in North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower
Saxony, but these are relatively minor hubs. The districts of Schwäbisch Hall and
Waiblingen are the two areas that dominate German manufacture of packaging
machinery.
Both Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen have recently acquired institutional sta-
tus, the first through the creation of Packaging Valley (PV), the second through
the Packaging Excellence Center (PEC), two associations which bring together
many—though not all—of the major industry players.
References
Eurostat (2014) Eurostat statistics. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/.

Accessed 8 Jan 2014
Promo Bologna-Agenzia per il Marketing territoriale (2010a) Filiera macchine automatiche, Studi
e Ricerche. December 2010 data
Promo Bologna-Agenzia per il marketing territoriale (2010b) Bologna, the “Packaging Valley”.
Studi e Ricerche.
UCIMA-Italian Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Association (2014) UCIMA Research
Department. Financial analysis of budgetary data
UN Comtrade (2013) UN Comtrade database. http://comtrade.un.org/. Accessed 15 Jan 2013
Chapter 6
The Size of the Emilia Packaging
Machinery District
Abstract In this chapter we have calculated the estimated dimensions of the

Emilia packaging district both on the basis of a more extended geographical area
including the provinces of Reggio Emilia and Parma, and a more restricted area
covering only the two core provinces of Bologna and Modena.
Keywords Emilia packaging machinery district · Bologna · COESIA · IMA ·

SACMI · MARCHESINI
As we have seen, the biggest Italian manufacturing hub for wrapping and packaging
machines is in Emilia Romagna (Fig. 6.1). The heart of the district is the province of
Bologna, but it extends as far as the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Parma.
Taking the 4 provinces of Emilia together the size of the Italian district is similar to
that of the German district of Baden-Württemberg, stretching around 100 km.
However we have calculated the estimated dimensions of the Emilia packaging
district both on the basis of a more extended geographical area including the prov-
inces of Reggio Emilia and Parma, and a more restricted area covering only the
two core provinces of Bologna and Modena (Tables 6.1 and 6.2).
The metrics considered are the number of companies, employees and turno-
ver, as shown in the two tables below, for ATECO 2007 (NACE) code 28.29.30:
“Manufacture of automatic machines for dispensing, packaging and packaging
(including parts and accessories).”
As regards the number of companies, our analysis only covers those companies for
which balance sheet data is available for the years in question. For the international
groups (Coesia, Marchesini and IMA Spa) the figures for employees and revenues are
taken from their respective consolidated statements. For Sacmi Group, which oper-
ates in many different businesses, we took the figure for employees and revenues from
the divisions involved directly in the packaging industry (Beverages & Packaging,
Plastic Division, Food Machinery and Inspection). For the province of Modena we
excluded from code 28.29.30 the figures for Tetra Pack Solution Spa which is part of
the Swedish Tetra Pak group. For the province of Parma we excluded the figures for
Corima International Machinery Srl, which is part of the Marchesini group.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_6
36 6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District
Fig. 6.1 Territorial concentration of Italian companies in the sector of packaging machinery.

Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AIDA Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012)
Table 6.1 The size of the Emilia packaging machinery district in the ‘more extended’ geograph-
ical version
Province 2011 2010
No. of Employees Turnover 000 No. of Employees Turnover
enterprises euro enterprises 000 euro
Bologna 117 13,143 2,732,984 118 10,604 2,331,040
Modena 26 754 160,869 25 332 98,656
Parma 29 2,047 812,157 30 1,723 728,324
Reggio 12 180 66,693 12 116 54,507
Emilia
Total 184 16,124 3,772,703 185 12,775 3,212,527
NACE code 282930—Manufacture of automatic machines for dispensing, packaging and pack-
aging (including parts and accessories)
The number of firms only refers to companies for whom balance sheet data for that year is
available
In the case of international corporations (Coesia—Marchesini—Ima Spa) figures for the num-
ber of employees and turnover are taken from their respective consolidated financial statements.
In the case of Sacmi the data used to calculated the number of employees and turnover only
refer to the divisions directly involved in the packaging industry (Packaging, Plastics and Food
Divisions)
For the province of Modena, Tetra Pack Solution Spa (part of the Swedish Tetra Pak Group)
is not included. In 2010 data is not yet included for Gruppo Fabbri Vignola Spa constituted 24
November, 2010 (the single turnover figure for 2011 amounted to EUR 44.8 million with 268
employees)
For the province of Parma, Corima International Machinery Srl (part of Marchesini Group) is not
included
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AIDA Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012) and
Mediobanca data (Mediobanca 2012)
6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District 37
Table 6.2 The size of the Emilia packaging machinery district in the ‘more restricted’ geographical
version
2011 2010
No. of Employees Turnover 000 No. of Employees Turnover
enterprises euro enterprises 000 euro
Bologna 117 13,143 2,732,984 118 10,604 2,331,040
Modena 26 754 160,869 25 332 98,656
Total 143 13,897 2,893,853 143 10,936 2,429,696
NACE code 282930—Manufacture of automatic machines for dispensing, packaging and pack-
aging (including parts and accessories)
The number of firms only refers to companies for whom balance sheet data for that year is
available
In the case of international corporations (Coesia—Marchesini—Ima Spa) figures for the num-
ber of employees and turnover are taken from their respective consolidated financial statements.
In the case of Sacmi the data used to calculated the number of employees and turnover only
refer to the divisions directly involved in the packaging industry (Packaging, Plastics and Food
Divisions)
For the province of Modena, Tetra Pack Solution Spa (part of the Swedish Tetra Pak Group) is
not included
In 2010 data is not yet included for Gruppo Fabbri Vignola Spa constituted 24 November, 2010
(the single turnover figure for 2011 amounted to EUR 44.8 million with 268 employees)
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AIDA Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012) and
Mediobanca data (Mediobanca 2012)
Taking all 4 Emilia provinces together there were 184 ‘pure’ manufacturers
of packaging machines in 2011, 117 of which were in the province of Bologna,
employing over 16,000 workers, with revenues of more than 3.7 billion euros,
around 72 % generated by firms in Bologna province (Table 6.1).
If we look instead at the provinces of Bologna and Modena alone, in 2011 there
were 143 packaging machine firms, with nearly 14,000 workers and total revenues
of around 2.9 billion euros (Table 6.2).
So even using this more restricted definition, the figures for the Emilia packag-
ing machinery district are quite considerable.
Finally here is a brief round-up of the major packaging machine manufacturers
in the Emilia district—COESIA, IMA, SACMI and MARCHESINI—all located
in the province of Bologna (Table 6.3).
The COESIA-Seragnoli group is the “product” of several evolutions of GD
(see Sect. 4.1), founded in 1923 to build motorcycles, and bought out by Enzo
Seragnoli in the late 1930s. It grew rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s in sweets and
soap wrapping and in the 1960s became market leader in the tobacco sector with
the revolutionary 4350/Pack. Coesia is the named adopted in 2005 to identify the
holding as a group founded on cohesion and shared goals and values. The group is
controlled entirely by Isabella Seragnoli, and made up of 12 companies: in the last
10 years acquisitions of HAPA, LAETUS, NORDEN, CITUS-KALIX, ADMV,
SACMO, SASIB and FLEXLINK have been added to CIMA, ACMA, GDM and
VOLPAK which it acquired since the 1980s as part of a strategy of product diver-
sification. The group presently has 60 operating units (48 of which are production
38 6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District
Table 6.3 Major manufacturers of packaging machinery in the Emilia district

Industrial group Province 2012 2011
Employees Turnover 000 euro Employees Turnover 000
euro
GRUPPO Bologna 5,500 1,200,000 5,000 973,000
COESIA (*) (Fam.
Seragnoli—Isabella
Seragnoli)
GRUPPO IMA Bologna 3,561 734,310 3,529 669,210
Gruppo SACMI Bologna 1,704 515,000 1,690 489,000
(**)
GRUPPO Bologna 1,000 204,000 1,000 187,000
MARCHESINI
Total 11,765 2,653,310 11,219 2,318,210
(*) The 2012 turnover data is proforma and includes the acquisition of RA Jones: 1.36 billion of
euros
(**) The data used only refers to the divisions involved in the packaging industry (Packaging,
Plastic and Food Divisions)
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AIDA Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012)
plants) in 27 countries. In 2012 revenues amounted to 1.2 billion euros and the
headcount was 5,500, making Coesia today the biggest Italian manufacturer of
automatic machinery (Coesia 2012, www.coesia.com).
Industria Macchine Automatiche (IMA) was founded in Bologna in 1961. In
1963 a 52 % stake was bought by the Vacchi family which turned it from a Società
in Accomandita Semplice (limited partnership), into a Società per Azioni (joint-
stock company) and encouraged the company’s growth. From being a small local
firm IMA soon became an international group, specializing initially in machines
for making tea bags and later diversifying production. Today Gruppo IMA is
world leader in the design and production of machines for the processing and
wrapping of tea and coffee, as well as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and foodstuffs
in general. The group is structured around two main brands: IMA Industries and
IMA Pharma. The first is world leader in the design and production of machines
for the packaging of tea, coffee and beverages, and for the processing and wrap-
ping of food products, cosmetics and toiletries. It include six companies and divi-
sions: TEA & COFFEE DIVISION, GIMA S.p.A., CORAZZA S.p.A., STEPHAN
MACHINERY GmbH, BFB DIVISION, REVISIONI INDUSTRIALI S.r.l. The
second is world leader in machines for the processing and packaging of pharma-
ceuticals, and contains three highly specialized divisions: IMA ACTIVE (Solid
Dose Solutions), IMA LIFE (Aseptic Processing & Freeze Drying Solutions),
IMA SAFE (Packaging Solutions). Today the group has 22 production facilities
in Italy, Germany, the U.K., the United States, India and China with a sales net-
work operating in more than 70 countries (IMA 2012, www.ima.it). 2012 revenues
amounted to 734 million euros with more than 3,500 employees.
Società Anonima Cooperativa Meccanici Imola (SACMI) was set up in 1919
in Imola as a cooperative of 9 mechanics and blacksmiths led by Romeo Galli and
6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District 39
Giulio Miceti. In the early years business was very limited and the members suf-
fered violence and intimidation by the regime. Despite this the cooperative sur-
vived and in the 1930s made its first own-name machine for peeling oranges. After
the Second World War growth picked up, when it began to produce presses for
tile manufacturing. Cooperativa Ceramiche Imola was one of the firms worst hit
by wartime bombing and the Sacmi mechanics repaired the tile presses which had
been badly damaged. Gradually Sacmi came to build all the machines (includ-
ing the furnaces) necessary for tile manufacture, covering the entire ceramics
manufacturing cycle. Meanwhile, immediately after the war SACMI began to
build machines to produce crown cork bottle tops and later on containers mainly
for food manufacturers (Bassani 1999). Today SACMI is an international group
and world leader in machines for ceramics, packaging (including beverages
and closures & containers), food and plastics. Figures for the divisions directly
involved in the packaging sector (Beverages & Packaging, Plastic Division, Food
Machinery and Inspection) give revenues in 2012 of 515 million euros and more
than 1,700 employees (out of a total workforce of around 3,500).
Gruppo MARCHESINI was created in 1974 at Pianoro, in the province of
Bologna, when Massimo Marchesini decided to go into business after making the
first packaging machine in his garage. Since then the group, which is still wholly
owned by the Marchesini family, has steadily expanded through acquisitions and
partnerships with complementary companies and today includes 14 production
divisions, 7 acquired companies and 1 partner firm, all specialized in the design
and production of different types of packaging machines. Around 85 % of com-
pany production is aimed at the pharmaceuticals industry, while the remaining
15 % is in the cosmetics sector. Over 85 % of revenues come from exports, mainly
to Europe and the United States (Marchesini Group 2012, www.marchesini.com).
In 2012 revenues came to 204 million euros, with more than 1,000 employees.
As can be seen from the Table 6.3, in 2012 these 4 firms had a combined turnover
of 2.7 billion euros. In 2011 total revenues came to 2.3 billion euros representing
around 60 % of turnover for the entire ‘extended’ Emilia district and more than 80 %
of turnover for the more “restricted” district. They therefore represent the pillar of
the entire Emilia district, around which revolve numerous medium-small firms.
References
Bassani A (1999) C’erano una volta nove meccanici… Ottant’anni di crescita SACMI, La
Mandragora, Imola Bureau van Dijk - Company information and business intelligence (2012),
AIDA Database
Bureau van Dijk-Company information and business intelligence (2012), AIDA Database
Coesia Group (2012) Il gruppo. http://www.coesia.com/it/home/thegroup/Factsfigure. Accessed
23 Oct 2012
IMA (2012) Il gruppo. http://www.ima.it/Page/IT/Il_Gruppo-P435.html. Accessed 23 Oct 2012
Marchesini Group (2012) Press kit. http://www.marchesini.com/news-events/press-kit/. Accessed
23 Oct 2012
Mediobanca (2012) Le principali società italiane
Chapter 7
The Size of the German Packaging
Machinery District
Abstract In this chapter we have calculated the estimated dimensions of the

packaging districts of Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen in Baden-Württemberg.
Keywords Schwäbisch Hall/Waiblingen packaging machinery districts · Baden-

Württemberg · German Packaging Valley · Packaging Excellence Center
7.1 The Main Areas of German Manufacturing

in Automatic Wrapping and Packaging Machines
To identify the main areas of German production we referred to several sources.
7.1.1 The Ivo Mossig Study
The first source is a study done in 2001 by Ivo Mossig of Bremen University, enti-
tled “Evolutionary development of regional production clusters. A case study of
the packaging machinery industry in Germany”, updated in 2011 together with
Lars Schieber. The Fig. 7.1 shows how the Baden-Württemberg district is one of
the biggest areas of employment in Germany.
The state of Baden-Württemberg actually has two contiguous districts special-
ized in packaging machinery: the first is in the region of Schwäbisch Hall, the
second is in Waiblingen, both to the east of Stuttgart. These two districts extend
for around 100 km, analogous to the more extended Emilia district covering the
four provinces of Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Parma. The two German
districts, as we have seen, have acquired institutional status, with the creation of
Packaging Valley (PV) and the Packaging Excellence Center (PEC) (Fig. 7.2).

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_7
42 7 The Size of the German Packaging Machinery District
Fig. 7.1 The spatial distribution of packaging machinery factories according to numbers of

employees in 1999. Source Mossig (2001)
7.1 The Main Areas of German Manufacturing … 43
Fig. 7.2 The major regions and district initiatives of the packaging machinery industry. Source
Schieber and Mossig (2011)
7.1.2 The Fondazione Edison Study
The point of departure for the Fondazione Edison study was an official publica-
tion marking 150 years of the German packaging industry, entitled: Inventors.
Doers. World market leaders. 150 Years of Packaging Machinery in Southwest
Germany. In the appendix the publication lists all firms belonging to the
Packaging Excellence Center (PEC) and Packaging Valley (PV), giving the num-
ber of employees, year of incorporation, location and a brief description of manu-
facturing activity for each member. We filled these lists out with companies not
belonging to the two associations, but named on the VDMA web site under the
heading “Packaging Machines” (VDMA 2007, 2011a, b), and plotted their loca-
tion on a map to examine the territorial concentration (Fig. 7.3). As we can see the
Fondazione Edison map corresponds fairly closely with the Ivo Mossig and Lars
Schieber study, revealing the concentration of firms to the North-east of Stuttgart,
in the districts of Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen in Baden-Württemberg.
Fig. 7.3 The analysis of Fondazione Edison. Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on

Packaging Valley (2011) and VDMA (2007, 2011a, b)
7.2 How Big Are the Two Adjoining Districts

of Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen? Difficult to Say!
It is far from easy to estimate the size of the two packaging machinery districts in
Baden-Württemberg since information is very scarce. One estimate, albeit approx-
imate, of the size of the two districts in terms of jobs, comes from Packaging
Valley (PV), the association of the main packaging manufacturers in the district of
Schwäbisch Hall, and from Packaging Excellence Center (PEC), the association of
firms in the district of Waiblingen.
According to the Packaging Valley web site the combined workforce of the two
districts Schwäbisch Hall–Waiblingen is 15,000 (www.Packaging-Valley.com).
Of these 15,000 around 7,000 work for 40 packaging machinery firms belonging
to Packaging Valley, created in 2007. This is confirmed by the Packaging Valley
web site, and the 2011 publication celebrating the Baden-Württemberg pack-
aging machine industry “Inventors. Doers. World market leaders. 150 Years of
Packaging Machinery in Southwest Germany”.
7.2 How Big Are the Two Adjoining Districts … 45
With reference to 2011, there is a discrepancy between the number of associ-

ated companies indicated on the web site (40) and the figure given in the publication
(50) at page 202. In addition, the appendix listing the firms belonging to Packaging
Valley (and the Packaging Excellence Center) names only 35 companies, plus the 3
biggest firms in the industry (Bausch and Ströbel; Gerhard Schubert; Groninger), for
a total 38 companies. This is different again from the figure of 40 or 50.
Fondazione Edison’s research also finds discrepancies in the number of workers
in the firms belonging to Packaging Valley. Summing up the number of employees
indicated in the appendix we arrive at fewer than the total given in the publication
itself or on the web site: 4,020 employees against the 7,000 indicated. And even
adding in the workers at the 3 biggest companies (Bausch and Ströbel; Gerhard
Schubert; Groninger) in the Packaging Valley region (Schwäbisch Hall), which are
not members of the association, still gives us a lower figure of 6,312.
Furthermore, some of the member companies are not pure packaging machin-
ery producers, but essentially suppliers of services and industrial solutions.
Counting only the employees of the packaging machinery companies, the number
of employees fall to 5,025, as can be seen in the Table 7.1, where service and solu-
tion providers are shown in light grey.
To find the number of actual packaging machine manufacturers, and thus esti-
mate the size the Schwäbisch Hall district, we look once again at the publication
“Inventors. Doers. World market leaders. 150 Years of Packaging Machinery in
Southwest Germany”. At pages 58–59 the book provides a family tree of all wrap-
ping and packaging machine companies belonging to the Packaging Valley and
the Packaging Excellence Center. Each firm has either a continuous or dotted line
box depending on whether it is a packaging machinery manufacturer or a service
provider. Our calculations take into account the first but not the second (shown in
light grey in the Table 7.1).
A different number of employees again for the district of Schwäbisch Hall
(Table 7.2) appears in the Ivo Mossig study updated with Lars Schieber in 2011:
Clusterentwick-lung und politik in der Verpackungsmaschinenbau-Industrie
Baden-Württembergs, which gives the Packaging Valley workforce as 5,900.
Let us now turn to the question of the number of workers employed by the
packaging industry in Waiblingen. As we have seen the region is represented by
the Packaging Excellence Center (PEC), an association set up in 2007 that brings
together around 50 companies in the packaging and automation sector.
The number of employees in PEC companies is not specified anywhere, but we
can arrive at a figure as the difference between the total given on the Packaging
Valley web site (which gives the total workforce for PV and PEC as 15,000) and
the number of employees in PV which they state is 7,000. Thus the number of
employees in the district of Waiblingen should be around 8,000.
Here again it is not possible to simply sum up the number of workers at the
PEC firms listed in the appendix of the book on German packaging manufactur-
ing, as the core business of these companies is often automation in general and
only marginally related to packaging machinery. In addition, as with Packaging
Table 7.1 List of all member companies of the German packaging valley (PV)
NB Companies providing services or industrial solutions shown in light grey

Source Elaboration of the authors on data from Packaging Valley (2011)
Valley, many companies provide packaging industry services and solutions and
some of them have their headquarters outside Baden-Württemberg.
As a result not all the associate members of PEC were taken into account but
only those who effectively and primarily produce packaging machinery located
Table 7.2 Evolution of Germany Schwäbisch-Hall

employment in the German
Employees 1998 25,000 3,500
Packaging Machinery
Industry Employees 2010 27,500 5,900
% change 10 69
Source Schieber and Mossig (2011)
in the state of Baden-Württemberg; service providers or generic automation

companies (e.g. Rexroth which has 35,000 employees or Rockwell Automation
which has 20,000) were therefore ignored. Apart from these more strik-
ing cases, to decide which firms to include we referred to the book Inventors.
Doers. World market leaders. 150 Years of Packaging Machinery in Southwest
Germany, which we used to estimate the employees of the Schwäbisch Hall
district.
Stripped of Rexroth and Rockwell Automation, the Table 7.3 looks as follows,
with suppliers of services or industrial solutions shown in light grey.
The Fondazione Edison calculation of the workforce in pure packaging
machinery manufacturers belonging to PEC is 7,800. This is slightly lower but
close to the 8,000 obtained as the difference between the figure for the combined
Schwäbisch Hall-Waiblingen districts and the figure for Schwäbisch Hall alone
taken from the Packaging Valley web site.
Therefore the Fondazione Edison figure for the total number of employees for
packaging machinery producers in Packaging Valley and the Packaging Excellence
Center is 12,825.
Finally, to complete the picture, the Table 7.4 shows a list of other manufactur-
ers of packaging machinery in the Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen regions but
not members of either Packaging Valley or Packaging Excellence Center, whose
number of employees is unknown.
We can assume however that these firms are quite small since they do not
appear in the map with the major companies given in Ivo Mossig’s study (Fig. 7.4).
Although based on 1998 data, the above figure roughly describes a situation
that corresponds to the present. The companies named in 1998 as having the big-
gest number of employees (≥300), are also the biggest in 2010. These are Bosch
Packaging System, Optima, Gerhard Schubert, Bausch and Ströbel, Groninger
and Kocher-plastik. To these we should add Weiss which, from fewer than 300
employees in 1998, had grown in 2010 to employ 450.
The figures for the major manufacturers are shown in the Table 7.5.
Bosch Packaging Technology is one of the leading manufacturers in the pack-
aging industry. Present in more than 15 countries worldwide, it develops and
offers complete manufacturing solutions for the pharmaceuticals, food and confec-
tionary sectors. 2010 revenues for the Packaging Technology division came to 717
million euros, with more than 4,400 employees.
Optima, founded in 1922, is today one of the biggest German producers of
automatic wrapping and packaging machines. The target industries are food, cos-
metics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and non-tissue products for baby and adult
Table 7.3 List of all member companies of the Packaging Excellence Center (PEC)
NB Companies providing services or industrial solutions shown in light grey

Source Elaboration of the authors on data from Packaging Valley (2011)
Table 7.4 List of other producers of packaging machinery in the district, but not members of
PEC or PV
Companies Locality
1 Albert Fezer, Maschinefabrik 73730 Esslingen
2 AVT Automatisierte Verpackungs - Technologie Gmbh 71732 Tamm
3 Burghardt Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH 70176 Stuttgart
4 CTA GmbH Verpackungsservice 74321 Bietigheim-Bissingen
5 DUO PLAST AG 36341 Lauterbach
6 EHRET Control GmbH 71570 Oppenweiler
7 Fakura Fahrzeuge Und Fahrzeugteile-Handel Gesellschaft 70839 Gerlingen
Mit Beschrankter Haftung
8 Geset Etikettiersysteme Gmbh 73734 Esslingen
9 Hugo Beck Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG 72581 Dettingen an der Erms
10 Irex Etiketten und Auszeichnungsgeräte GmbH & Co. KG 72649 Wolfschlugen
11 IVECO GmbH & Co. KG 70839 Gerlingen
12 Kallfass Verpackungsmaschinen GmbH 72622 Nürtingen
13 Medicon GmbH 74523 Schwäbisch Hall
10 Paal VT Verpackungs Technik GmbH & Co. KG 73630 Remshalden
11 Schneider-Kennzeichnung GmbH 70374 Stuttgart
12 Söhnel Maschinenbau, Dieter Söhnel 73262 Reichenbach
13 Strapex GmbH 71088 Holzgerlingen
14 Technologiezentrum Schwäbisch Hall GmbH 74523 Schwäbisch Hall
15 Würschum GmbH 73760 Ostfildern
Source Elaboration of the authors on data from www.maceuro.com and www.industrystock.it
personal hygiene. In 2010 the company had revenues of 225 million euros and
employed 1,200 workers.
Gerhard Schubert develops packaging solutions and machinery. Its target sec-
tors are pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and beverages, confectionary, frozen
products and dairy products. In 1984 it introduced the first robots for packaging.
In 2010 it had a turnover of 113 million euros, with 734 workers.
Bausch+Ströbel, founded more than 40 years ago by 4 people, designs, builds
and markets packaging and production systems for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics
and chemicals industries. Today it is one of the leading players in pharmaceuticals
packaging. 2010 revenues came to 105 million euros with 900 employees.
Groninger & Co. was founded in 1980 and produces packaging systems
for chemicals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. With 514 employees in 2010 it
reported a turnover of 65 million euros.
Created in 1963, Kocher-plastik is specialized in packaging sterile liquids and
ointments. The head count in 2009 (the last available figure) was 390, with rev-
enues of 58 million euros.
Fig. 7.4 Spin-off foundations in the administrative district of Schwäbisch-Hall 1998 (ca. 70 km

northeast of Stuttgart). Source Mossig (2001)
Table 7.5 Major manufacturers of packaging machinery in the district of Baden-Wuerttemberg

(Schwäbisch Hall and Waiblingen) (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
Industrial groups 2010 2009
Turnover 000 Employees Turnover 000 Employees
euro 2010 euro 2009
Bausch + Ströbel 105,000 900 105,000 760
Maschinenfabrik Ilshofen GmbH
+ Co. KG
Bosch GmbH, Robert, Packaging 717,000 4,471 703,000 4,450
Technology
Gerhard Schubert Gesellschaft mit 112,825 734 123,216 733
beschränkter Haftung
Groninger & Co. GmbH 65,479 514 62,045 510
OPTIMA-Maschinenfabrik 225,973 1,211 205,848 1,103
Dr. Bühler GmbH & Co. KG
kocher-plastik n.d n.d 57,581 390
Maschinenbau-GmbH
R.WEISS Verpackungstechnik n.d. 450 n.d. n.d.
Gmbh & Co. KG
Total 1,226,277 8,280 1,256,691 7,946
Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AMADEUS Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012) and
Bosch data (Bosch 2011)
Finally, R. Weiss, founded in 1990, offers solutions for the packaging of phar-
maceuticals, cosmetics and chemicals, foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco, sweets,
snacks and other non-food products. In 2010 it had 450 employees.
Altogether, in 2010 these 7 companies had revenues of 1.2 billion euros,
employing around 8,300 workers.
References
Bosch—Bosch Packaging Technology (2011) Packed as promises—150 years of packaging tech-

nology. In: Interpack 2011—Press Conference
Bureau van Dijk-Company information and business intelligence (2012), AMADEUS Database
Mossig I (2001) Evolutionary development of regional production clusters. A case study of
the packaging machinery industry in Germany. Geographisches Institut der Justus-Liebig-
Universität, Gießen
Packaging Valley (2011) Inventors. Doers. World market leaders. 150 years of packaging machin-
ery in Southwest Germany
Schieber L, Mossig I (2011) Clusterentwicklung und-politik in der Verpackungsmaschinenbau-
Industrie Baden-Württembergs. Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeographie und Regionalentwicklung
Nr. 1-2011, Universität Bremen, Institut für Geographie
VDMA (2007) World market for packaging machinery 2007 supply according to countries
VDMA (2011a) German Packaging Machinery Industry back to growth path. VDMA news
VDMA (2011b) Germany is the worldwide largest confectionary machinery manufacture,
VDMA news
Chapter 8
Emilia and Schwäbisch Hall-Waiblingen:
The Two Districts Compared
Abstract The chapter concludes with a summing up of the size of the packaging
machinery Italian district and the German Schwäbisch Hall/Waiblingen districts,
in terms of employees and turnover.
Keywords Size of the packaging machinery Italian district · Size of the packaging
machinery German district · Employees · Turnover
We conclude with a summing up of the sizes of the two districts.

We have seen that the Emilia packaging machinery district, taken to include
the provinces of Bologna, Modena, Parma and Reggio Emilia, is very similar in
geographical extension to the German Schwäbisch Hall/Waiblingen districts, both
covering around 100 km.
The comparison is done on 2010 figures (that for Italy are lacklustre compared
to 2011) as at the moment the update to 2011 is not available for the German
firms.
In terms of employees and turnover the two districts compare as follows.
(a) Comparison in terms of employees
In terms of employees the biggest district is Emilia, which in 2010 had just over
13,000 employees, against the figure of 12,825 calculated for the German district.
Even taking into account the smaller firms which do not belong to PV and PEC,
we think the German district may at most equal the size of the Emilia district, but
not exceed it.
Among the major groups it appears that all 4 of the biggest Italian companies
have a thousand or more employees, while only 2 German firms are of this size.
(b) Comparison in terms of revenues
We can only compare sales for the biggest companies in each district because they
are the only German firms for which we have data.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12763-7_8
54 8 Emilia and Schwäbisch Hall-Waiblingen …
In the Emilia district the 4 biggest companies are Coesia-Seragnoli, IMA,

SACMI and Marchesini. In 2010 their total turnover amounted to 1.9 billion euros
out of a total of 3.1 billion euros for the entire district.
In the German district there are 7 major companies (Bosch Packaging
Technology, Optima, Bausch & Ströbel, Gerhard Schubert, Groninger, Kocher-
plastik and R. Weiss). In 2009 (the most complete data we have) their total sales
amounted to almost 1.3 billion euros. This does not include sales for R. Weiss,
but even taking this into account we can safely say that it is unlikely to reach the
figure for the 4 biggest Bologna companies, especially given the fact that of the 7
firms R. Weiss is the smallest employer.
Thus the biggest Italian firms have higher revenues than the biggest German
companies.
As the Fig. 8.1 shows, in 2010:
• The biggest Italian company in the packaging machinery industry, Coesia
Seragnoli, has revenues of 871 million euros against 717 million of Bosch pack-
aging Technology, which is the biggest German firm.
• The second Italian company, IMA, has turnover twice more than that of the sec-
ond German firm, Optima: 503 million euros against 226 million.
• The third Italian firm, SACMI, has a turnover of 383 million euros against
Gerhard Schubert’s 113 million.
• The fourth Italian company, Marchesini, has revenues of 180 million euros
compared with 105 million euros for Bausch & Ströbel.
1,000 1,000
900 900
Sales (million euro)
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
Bosch
COESIA GROUP GmbH, Robert, Packaging IMA GROUP OPTIMA-Maschinenfabrik Dr.
(Seragnoli Family) Technology Bühler GmbH & Co. KG
1,000 1,000
900 900
800 800
700 700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
Bausch + Ströbel
SACMI GROUP (*) Gerhard Schubert Gesellschaft MARCHESINI GROUP Maschinenfabrik Ilshofen
mit beschränkter Haftung
GmbH + Co. KG
(*) The data used are those related only to the divisions involved in the packaging
sector(Beverage & Packaging Division, Plastic Division, Food Machinery and Inspection
Division)
Fig. 8.1 The turnover of the four main Italian and German groups of packaging machin-
ery industry: year 2010. Source Compiled by Fondazione Edison on AIDA and AMADEUS
Database (Bureau van Dijk 2012a, b) and BOSCH data (Bosch 2011)
References 55
References
Bosch—Bosch Packaging Technology (2011) Packed as promises—150 years of packaging

Technology. Interpack 2011—Press Conference
Bureau van Dijk-Company information and business intelligence (2012a), AIDA Database
Bureau van Dijk-Company information and business intelligence (2012b), AMADEUS Database

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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN BUSINESS

The Automatic Packaging

ISSN 2191-5482 ISSN 2191-5490 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953921

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© The Author(s) 2015

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

2 Structure and Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Mechanical Engineering in Bologna: Origins and Protagonists.

4 The Emilia Automatic Packaging Machinery District: History

5 Italy and Germany: The Two Leading Countries

6 The Size of the Emilia Packaging Machinery District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7 The Size of the German Packaging Machinery District . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

8 Emilia and Schwäbisch Hall-Waiblingen: The Two Districts

Keywords Industrial districts · Packaging machinery industry · Emilia/Bologna

© The Author(s) 2015 1

Fortis M (1998) Il made in Italy. Il Mulino, Bologna

Keywords Prodcom classification codes · HS96 international classification codes ·

1 Data elaborated by Stefano Corradini.

© The Author(s) 2015 5

(b) Global trade based on UN data

(c) Turnover and workforce of Italian and German companies

Abstract This section presents a selection of the principle metalworking firms

Keywords Historical profiles · Bologna metalworking · Principle

3.1 From the Origins to the Second World War

© The Author(s) 2015 7

• LABORATORIO PIROTECNICO DELLO STATO, the state munitions factory

most famous Italian race in the world.

• ANONIMA COSTRUZIONI MACCHINE AUTOMATICHE—ACMA, founded

manufacturer active from 1926 to 1970.

3.2 The 50 Years Following the War and the Economic

In particular the motorcycle and automatic packaging sectors both had a

Abstract This chapter describes the emergence and evolution of the Emilia/

Keywords Emilia/Bologna wrapping and packaging machinery district · Origin of

4.1 Origins of the District

© The Author(s) 2015 17

Società Anonima Scipione Innocenti Bologna (SASIB) was founded in 1933

4.2 The District’s Evolution

• GIOVANNI PRECI, a fitter at ACMA, in 1945 set up a company which initially

The second generation of companies included:

• WRAPMATIC, founded in 1960, which produced winding machines for toilet

• GRANDI R., created in 1970 by RENATO GRANDI, a former Officine Corazza

4.3 Factors for the District’s Success

producing different versions of a basic model, or variations of the same machine: in

handed down from generation to generation; expertise in highly-specialized

Keywords Wrapping and packaging machinery industry · German export · Italy

5.1 Exports and the Trade Balance of Italy and Germany

© The Author(s) 2015 25

5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011

The importance of Italy and Germany in global exports of packaging machinery

1. “Other packing or wrapping machinery, including heat-shrink wrapping machinery”

Spain 1.9 1.8

1.5 1.3 1.7

1.0 United Kingdom

3. “Parts of dishwashing machines, packaging machines and other machinery

5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces

5.3.1 Geographical Breakdown of Exports

USA, 4.5% Italy, 27.1%

3.1 From the Origins to the Second World War

3.2 The 50 Years Following the War and the Economic

4.1 Origins of the District

4.2 The District’s Evolution

4.3 Factors for the District’s Success

5.1 Exports and the Trade Balance of Italy and Germany

5.2 UN Data on Italian and German Exports: 2000–2011

5.3 Italy and Germany: The Dominating Forces

5.3.1 Geographical Breakdown of Exports

5.3.2 Main Export Destinations

7.1 The Main Areas of German Manufacturing

7.1.1 The Ivo Mossig Study

7.1.2 The Fondazione Edison Study

7.2 How Big Are the Two Adjoining Districts