SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
SECTION 6-16

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

Index Page

Pitot-Static System .................................................................................................. 6-16-2

Airspeed Indicator ............................................................................................. 6-16-4
Vertical Speed Indicator .................................................................................... 6-16-4
Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator – IVSI (Optional) ................................. 6-16-5
Non-Encoding Altimeter .................................................................................... 6-16-6
Encoding Altimeter ............................................................................................ 6-16-7
Radio Altimeter Indicator (Optional) ......................................................................... 6-16-8
Radio/Barometric Encoding Altimeter (Optional) .............................................. 6-16-9
Altitude Alerter System (Optional) ............................................................................ 6-16-10
Clock Timer .............................................................................................................. 6-16-13
Clock/Chrono ........................................................................................................... 6-16-15
Optional Clock ......................................................................................................... 6-16-16
Optional Digital Clock (Davtron M-800) ............................................................ 6-16-17
Standby Horizon ...................................................................................................... 6-16-18
Magnetic Compass .................................................................................................. 6-16-19
Outside Air Temperature Indicator ........................................................................... 6-16-19
Turn and Bank Indicator (Optional) .......................................................................... 6-16-20
Flight Data Recorder System (Optional) .................................................................. 6-16-21
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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM

The Pitot Static System provides pitot and static pressure inputs to pressure-sensing instru-
ments and systems, which have functions that vary with altitude and/or airspeed.
There are three pitot static systems: the pilot’s, the co-pilot’s and the auxiliary systems.
Pressure inputs to the pitot static systems are provided by combination of three pitot and static
probes located at the forward fuselage. Each probe provides one pitot and two static inputs.
The pilot’s static system and the auxiliary static system are cross connected for dynamic bal-
ance.
Two Air Data Sensors are connected to both pitot and static lines, providing altitude and air-
speed signals to the autopilot computer.
Airplanes equipped with Flight Data Recorder System (FDRS) or Ground Proximity Warning
System (GPWS) are equipped with a third Air Data Sensor, replacing the True Airspeed Com-
puter. The third Air Data Sensor provides altitude and indicated airspeed signals to the FDRS
and GPWS System.
Two airspeed pressure switches provide output signals to the landing gear warning system and
stall warning system.
Four altitude pressure switches are connected to the static lines. Two of these switches have a
set point at 14000 ft and the other two have a set point at 10000 ft. When the static pressure
reaches the 14000 ft set point, the relevant switches are activated providing output signals to
the HMU enrichment solenoid valve. An output signal will be provided to the EEC warning by
the 10000 ft switches, should a failure occur in the operation of the 14000 ft switches.

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
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PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

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SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL

AIRSPEED INDICATOR
(PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR

(PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
NOTE: The Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator (IVSI) is improved by an incorporated
accelerometer which reduces pointer response time. The IVSI can replace the conven-
tional VSI, being connected to the same static lines.
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INSTANTANEOUS VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR – IVSI

(PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL) – OPTIONAL

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL

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NON-ENCODING ALTIMETER
(COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
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ENCODING ALTIMETER
(PILOT'S OR COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
RADIO ALTIMETER INDICATOR (OPTIONAL)

1. DH INDICATOR – Lights when aircraft descends to the selected decision height. Remains
lit at all altitudes below the decision height (during descent). During ascent, remains lit until
altitude pointer is above decision height.
2. WARNING FLAG – Comes into view when the system loses power, when the altitude
pointer does not track the altitude signal from the radio altimeter, or during self-test of the
system.
3. ALTITUDE POINTER – Indicates airplane height above the terrain during approach phase.
The scale of the indicator is linear from 0 to 500 ft with major scale divisions every 50 ft and
minor divisions every 10 ft.
From 500 to 2500 ft the scale is compressed and linear with major scale marks every 500 ft
and minor scale marks every 100 ft.
4. SELF-TEST SWITCH – When pressed, if the system is functioning properly (excluding
antennas), the pointer indicates a self-test altitude of 50 ± 5 ft, the flag comes into view, and
the DH indicator lights if the DH index is set above 50 ft.
5. DH ADJUST KNOB – Adjusts the DH index to the selected altitude.
6. DH INDEX – Indicates selected decision height.

NOTE: Radio altimeter is offered as an optional equipment. One or two may be installed on
the airplane. Radio altimeter indicator is installed when the airplane has the FIS
configuration.

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RADIO ALTIMETER
(PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
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RADIO/BAROMETRIC ENCODING ALTIMETER (OPTIONAL)

(PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
ALTITUDE ALERTER SYSTEM (OPTIONAL)

Altitude alerting references the altitude selected on the Altitude Alerter Pre-select Panel. Alert-
ing occurs when approaching or departing the selected altitude.
Alerting consists of illumination of altitude alerter and altimeters lights and three tones or an
ALTITUDE ALERT voice message.
Altitude information for the altitude alerter system is obtained from the servo altimeter.
Acquisition Alerting
Standard Configuration
When approaching within 400 ft of selected altitude, the altitude alerter and altimeters lights illu-
minate, three tones sound or the ALTITUDE ALERT voice message sounds. When at 200 ft
from the selected altitude, the lights extinguish.
Alternative Configuration
When approaching within 1000 ft of selected altitude, the altitude alerter and altimeters lights
illuminate, three tones sound or the ALTITUDE ALERT voice message sounds. When at 200 ft
from the selected altitude, the lights extinguish.
Deviation Alerting
Upon deviating from the selected altitude by more than 200 ft, the lights illuminate and the
audio signals sounds. The lights will remain lit until the airplane reentes the 200 ft range from
selected altitude or until a new altitude is selected.
The figure below depicts the altitude alerter system operational sequence.

NOTE: If two different altitudes are selected (for airplanes equipped with two altitude alerter
pre-select panels), altitude alerting will only occur for the first selected altitude reached.
To have the altitude alerting for the second pre-selected altitude, it is necessary to
reset the activated system by the selecting a new altitude on the applicable panel.

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL

OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE

Altitude information for the altitude alerter system is obtained from the servo altimeter.
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OPERATIONS MANUAL

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ALTITUDE ALERTER PRESELECT PANEL

(GLARESHIELD PANEL OR
CENTER PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
CLOCK TIMER

A clock timer is installed on each control wheel. Selection of clock or timer operation is done by
pressing the MODE button. In the Timer mode an annunciator appears above the word TIMER.
In the Clock mode there's no annunciator.

CLOCK MODE
Clock mode displays time (hours, minutes). When the ST-SP button is pressed, the clock mode
displays date (month, day) for 2.5 seconds and then returns to the Clock Display mode. The
display will then automatically return to the Clock Display mode displays date (month, day) for
2.5 seconds.

TIMER MODE
The timer initially keeps track of minutes and seconds, with the colon blinking each second.
After 59 minutes and 59 seconds the timer will keep track of hours and minutes, with the colon
blinking each ten seconds, up to 23 hours and 59 minutes.
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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
.

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CLOCK-TIMER
(PILOT AND COPILOT'S CONTROL WHEEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
CLOCK/CHRONO

A digital clock/chrono may be installed on each control wheel replacing the clock timer. In nor-
mal flight conditions the clock is powered by the RELAY BOX DC BUS 2 and BACK-UP buses.
When the airplane is deenergized the clock display blanks, but its internal circuitry remains fed
by the HOT BATT BUS, avoiding the need for hour setting every time the airplane is energized.

CLOCK MODE
When the CLOCK/CHRONO switch is set to CLOCK position, time (hours, minutes) is dis-
played.

CHRONO MODE
When the CLOCK/CHRONO switch is set to CHRONO position, the display will indicate a ran-
dom number. Pressing the RST button the display is reset and the chrono function is initiated.
The chronometer cycle is 20 minutes.
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CLOCK/CHRONO
(PILOT AND COPILOT'S CONTROL WHEEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
OPTIONAL CLOCK

An optional wind driven clock may be installed on the instrument panel, in addition to the clock-
timers installed on the control wheels.

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OPTIONAL CLOCK (PILOT'S AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
OPTIONAL DIGITAL CLOCK (DAVTRON M-800)

SETTING GMT (GREENWICH MEAN TIME)

Select GMT with the SELECT button. Press SELECT and CONTROL buttons simultaneously to
enter set function. The tens of hours will start flashing. Press CONTROL button as many time
as required to set the flashing digit. Once the digit is set, press SELECT button to select the
next digit to be set. After setting the last digit, press SELECT button. The display annunciator
will resume its normal flashing to indicate the clock is running.

SETTING LT (LOCAL TIME)

Setting LT is similar to GMT, except that minutes are already synchronized with GMT and can-
not be set.

ET (ELAPSED TIME) COUNT DOWN

Entering the time is similar to GMT time setting. When the time is entered, press momentarily
CONTROL button to start countdown. When the count reaches zero the display flashes and the
external alarm is activated. Press either SELECT or CONTROL button to deactivate the alarm.
Then ET continues counting up.

ET COUNT UP
Select ET Press CONTROL button to start ET counting up. The display will show minutes: sec-
onds until 59:59, then hours minutes until 99:59. Press CONTROL button again, when required,
to reset ET to zero.
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TEST MODE
Press and hold SELECT button for 3 seconds. Check if the display shows 88:88 and all annun-
ciators on.

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
STANDBY HORIZON

The standby horizon indicator provides attitude information that is independent of the primary
attitude displays.
The indicator is powered by the 28 V DC airplane bus. It is also powered by the emergency bat-
tery which provides reliable operation for at least 30 minutes after total failure of the airplane
electrical generating system.
In addition, the rotor speed and mechanical erection systems enable the indicator to provide
useful attitude information for a minimum of 9 minutes after complete loss of the electrical
power to the indicator.
It is recommended to cage-lock the indicator before the airplane is energized. The indicator
should be uncaged after the airplane is energized, by pulling the knob and rotating it counter
clockwise.
The indicator will be completely stabilized within 3 minutes after releasing the knob.
Any adjustment during flight, although not normally required, should be made by bringing the
airplane to level flight, and momentarily caging the indicator.
The indicator should be cage-locked after the airplane is de-energized.

NOTE: Never cage-lock an operating Standby Horizon while the airplane is in motion.

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STANDBY HORIZON INDICATOR

(CENTER PANEL)

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OPERATIONS MANUAL
MAGNETIC COMPASS

A standard liquid-damped magnetic standby compass is provided.

A card located at the top of the compass provides heading correction factors.
A card with heading correction factors for the standby compass when an electrical emergency
occurs is provided.

MAGNETIC COMPASS
(WINDSHIELD MOUNTING BRACKET)

OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Receives signal from a thermistor sensor located on front fuselage external skin and indicates
the outside air temperature in degrees centigrade.
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OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

(PILOT'S PANEL OR CENTER PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
TURN AND BANK INDICATOR (OPTIONAL)

It is a conventional "ball-and-pointer" instrument calibrated for 2 minutes turns. When the

pointer is displaced in a distance equal to its width, the rate of turn is 1°30' per second or 360°
in four minutes.
When the pointer covers the side index, it means that the aircraft is describing a standard 360°
turn in 2 minutes.

NOTE: Some airplanes are equipped with the turn and bank indicator installed on the pilot's
panel only.

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TURN AND BANK INDICATOR

(PILOT AND COPILOT'S PANEL)

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
FLIGHT DATA RECORDER SYSTEM (FDRS) (OPTIONAL)

The FDRS system consists of one Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU), one Flight Data Entry
Panel (FDEP), one Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) and airplane systems sensors.
The FDAU receives information in the form of analog and discrete signals from existing airplane
systems and transducers. These signals are transformed into serial digital data and then
recorded in the DFDR. The DFDR records the latest 25 hours.
The parameters to be collected are classified as mandatory and maintenance. For airplanes
equipped with 16-channel FDRS, the mandatory parameters are: time, altitude, airspeed, verti-
cal acceleration, lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, heading, pitch attitude, roll atti-
tude, pitch trim control, pilot's control column, pilot's control wheel, rudder pedal, NP, torque,
Beta mode, flap angle and PTT action. Airplanes equipped with 28-channel FDRS have the fol-
lowing mandatory parameters also recorded: marker beacon passage, glide slope deviation,
localizer deviation, NAV frequency selection, DME distance, master warning, angle of attack,
GPWS warnings, hydraulic low pressure, landing gear lever position, radio altitude, autopilot
mode, copilot's control column and copilot's control wheel position. In addition, the DFDR
records the following maintenance parameters, which are also stored in the FDAU non-volatile
memory for engine trend monitoring and exceedance tracking: T6, NH, static air temperature,
bleed condition, fuel flow, propeller imbalance, GND/AIR condition, and condition lever position.
The FDAU starts to store the maintenance data when the condition lever is out of FUEL CUT
OFF position. The parameters will be enabled to be recorded by the DFDR from the moment
that the airplane is energized. However, these parameters will only be recorded by the DFDR
when the Rotating Beacon switch is positioned to ON, or when the airplane is airborne.
The DFDR is mounted on an anti-vibration rack, located in the baggage compartment. An
impact switch automatically cuts off electrical power to the system if a crash occurs. An Under-
water Location Beacon, externally attached to the DFDR case, transmits a 37-kHz signal when
submerged.
The Teledyne version of FDEP has four thumbwheel switches for entering flight numbers, two
amber failure lights (DFDR and FDAU), a white MEM indicator light, and the EVENT pushbut-
ton.
The Sextant version of FDEP has three amber lights (FDR, FDAU and MEM), two buttons
(EVENT and TEST) and one multiple selector that allows setting and displaying the flight num-
ber, date, local time, and GMT time (Greenwich Mean Time).
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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL

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FLIGHT DATA ENTRY PANEL (FORWARD PANEL)

TELEDYNE VERSION

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL
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FLIGHT DATA ENTRY PANEL (FORWARD PANEL)

SEXTANT VERSION

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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

OPERATIONS MANUAL

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FLIGHT DATA RECORDER SYSTEM (FDRS) SCHEMATIC

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