Tut 11

1
1. Given that f  x   x  , x  0 . Without using the graphing calculator, determine the
x
intervals of x for which f is increasing.
1
Since f   x   1   0 for all real values of x, f is increasing for x   , x  0 .
x2

4. A curve has equation y  f ( x), where f ( x)  x3  1.5 x 2  1.5 x  7 . Show that the gradient of
the curve is always positive. Hence, explain why the equation f ( x)  0 has only one real root
and find this root. [2017/P1/Q5 modified]

f ( x )  3x 2  3x  1.5 Since f   x   0 for all real values of x, f is an increasing

 3( x 2  x )  1.5 function.
As x increases, f ( x) increases, the graph y  f ( x) will only
 3[( x  0.5) 2  0.52 ]  1.5
intersect the x-axis once, hence there’s only 1 real root.
 3( x  0.5) 2  0.75  0

8. (i) Show that the derivative of the function

2x
ln 1  x  
x2
is never negative. [5]

2x
(ii) Hence show that ln 1  x   when x  0 . [3]
x2
[9233 N2008/II/5]

2x Since 1  x  0 (ln function is undefined if 1  x  0 ),

f ( x)  ln 1  x  
x2 x2
1 2( x  2)  2 x f ( x)   0 ie. f ( x ) is never negative.
f ( x)   ( x  1)( x  2) 2
1 x ( x  2) 2  y  f ( x) is an increasing function.
1 4
  (ii) Also f (0)  0 , y  f ( x) passes through the origin and
1  x ( x  2) 2
f ( x) increases as x increases ie. f ( x)  0
( x  2) 2  4( x  1)

( x  1)( x  2) 2 2x 2x
ln 1  x    0  ln 1  x  
x2 x2 x2

( x  1)( x  2) 2
Relationship between the graph of y  f  x  and its derivative graph y  f '  x  .

y  f  x y  f ' x 
Stationary points:
dy Max, Min or stationary
1 ie.  0 at x = a Intercept at x = a
point of inflexion at x = a
dx
dy
 0 in interval (a,b) Increasing in interval (a, b) Curve lies above x-axis
dx
2
dy
 0 in interval (a,b) Decreasing in interval (a, b) Curve lies below x-axis
dx
d2 y Change in curvature of
 0 at x = k Turning point at x = k
dx 2 curve (ie. point of inflexion)
d2 y
3  0 in interval (a,b) Concave upwards curve Increasing in interval (a, b)
dx 2
d2 y
 0 in interval (a,b) Concave downwards curve Decreasing in interval (a, b)
dx 2
Vertical asymptote at x  p Vertical asymptote at x = p
Horizontal asymptote at y  q Horizontal asymptote at y = 0
Oblique asymptote at y  mx  c Horizontal asymptote at y = m

y  f  x

y  f  x
2. The graphs below represent graph of f and its derivative. Identify both graphs, giving your
reasons.

Graph 1 Graph 2

3. (a) The figure below shows the graph of y  f  x  with stationary points at x  a and
x  b . Sketch the graph of y  f   x  .

y  f  x

O
x
a b

(b) The diagram shows the graph of y  f  x  . The equations of the asymptotes, also
shown in the diagram, are x  2 and y  x . Sketch the graph of y  f   x  , indicating
clearly the asymptote(s) and the coordinates of the points corresponding to A and B.
[MJC/I/11/2009]

y
y  f x
x  2
yx

x
• O
A  1, 0 

B  3, 4 
•
 A
5. The figure below shows the graph of y  f  x  .
C

B
D

The derivative of the function f, y  f   x  , has stationary points at x  0 , x  2 and has

zeros at x  3 , x  1 .
(a) Interpret from the graph of y  f  x  , the range of values of x for which the graph is:
(i) increasing,
(ii) decreasing,
(iii) concave upwards,
(iv) concave downwards,
(v) stationary.
(b) Sketch the graph of y  f   x  .

6. The diagrams below show the graphs of y  f  x  and y  f   x  respectively.

y y

y  f x
y  f ' x
1
x x
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

Using the above graphs, sketch y  f  x  .

Nature of Stationary point:
x (0.5)  0.5 (0.5) x 0.5 0.5 0.5
dy dy
dx dx
shape shape
Max Pt Min Pt
7. The diagram below shows the graph of y  f   x  . The curve passes through the origin and
has turning points at (3, 0) and (1.5, 1). The x-axis and x = 1 are the two asymptotes of
the curve.
y

O x
3
(1.5, 1)

x=1

(i) Find the range of values of x for which the graph of y  f  x  is increasing and concave
downwards. [1]
(ii) State the x-coordinates of all the stationary points of the graph of y  f  x  and
determine the nature of each point. [2]
(iii) Given that f  0   1 , sketch the graph of y  f  x  for x  1 . Your sketch should
indicate clearly all stationary points, asymptotes and intersections with the axes. [2]
[HCI/I/3/2009]
(i) Positive gradient  f  x  increases
Negative gradient  f  x  decreases
Increasing gradient  Concave upwards
Decreasing gradient  Concave downwards
(ii) f ( x)  0  Stationary points
Nature of Stationary point:
x (3) 3 (3) x 0 0 0
dy dy
dx dx
shape shape
Stationary point of inflexion Min Pt

(iii)
Tut 11AQ
1. The diagram below shows the graph of y  f   x  , the derivative graph of y  f  x  . The
graph has a horizontal asymptote at y = 1, a minimum point at  2, 1 and a point of inflexion
at  3, 0  . y

y=1
y  f x
O 1 3 x

Using the graph above,

(i) state the range of values of x for which the graph of y  f  x  is concave downwards.
[1]
(ii) state the value(s) of x for the stationary points of y  f  x  , determining the nature of
each stationary point(s). [3]
(iii) sketch y  f  x  , stating clearly the x-coordinate of the turning point(s) and the x-

intercept(s). [3]

(i) Increasing gradient  Concave upwards

Decreasing gradient  Concave downwards
(ii) f ( x)  0  Stationary points
Nature of Stationary point:
x 1 1 1 x 3 3 3
dy dy
dx dx
shape shape
Max Pt Min Pt
(iii)
Given the graphs of y  f  x  , sketch the graphs of y  f   x  .

1. 2.
A
C
C

B
B
D
A

y
3.

O
−2 1 2 3 4 5 x
A
non-stat pt B
of inflexion

O
−2 1 2 3 4 5 x
LN Eg.23
The figure below shows the graph of y  f ( x) , the derivative of the function f, on the interval
2  x  8 . The graph of y  f ( x) has horizontal tangent lines at x  2 and x  5 .
(i) Write down the x-coordinates of all the stationary points of y  f  x  .
What is the nature of each of the stationary points?
(ii) Write down the intervals in which the graph of y  f  x  is concave upwards and concave
downwards. y
(iii) Sketch the graph of y  f ( x) .
y  f ( x )

O (2, 0) (7, 0) x
(0,  1)

(5,  3.5)

(i) f ( x)  0  Stationary points

Nature of Stationary point:
x 2 2 2 x 7 7 7
dy dy
dx dx
shape shape
Stationary point of inflexion Min Pt
(ii) Increasing gradient  Concave upwards
Decreasing gradient  Concave downwards
(iii)
x2 2 x5 5 x7 x7
Is gradient positive or
negative?
Is gradient increasing or
decreasing?
Sketch of f(x)
Answers:

4. 1.33
5. (a) (i) x  3 or  1  x  1 or x  3
(ii) 3  x  1 or 1  x  3
(iii) 2  x  0 or x  2
(iv) x  2 or 0  x  2
(v) x  3,  1, 1, 3
7. (i) x  1
(ii) Point of inflexion at x  3 ; Minimum point at x  0 .