Data = Collections of Observations or Facts.

Text, Numbers, Pictures, Videos, Words, Measurements, Maps, Observations.

Finding Patterns and Insights from Data

Day to day life, people analyze data all the time, for instance, a morning person is more productive if he
gets to bed early and wakes up early. Noticing patterns and relationships in day-to-day experience.

Record eating food and how it relates to energy level on your body.

Think about where and how do you use data to make decisions in your life.

Log Daily Expenses

for example. What did you discover? What would you change?

Your analysis helps you find easier ways of doing things, identify patterns to save you time, and discover
new perspectives that can completely change the way you experience things.

Data Analytics in Business

All kinds of companies all over the world need qualified data analysts to solve problems and help them
make the best possible business decisions.

Businesses need a way to control all the data

1. Improve processes
2. Identify opportunities, themes, trends
3. Serve customers
4. Launch new products
5. Make thoughtful decisions

For businesses to be on top of the competition, they need to be on top of data.

 Capture wave of data, make sense of it and draw conclusions and make predictions
 Turn data into insights. Those insights are shared with others, decisions are made and
businesses take action.
 Data may lead them to a new product or unique service or find a way to deliver an incredible
customer experience.

Understanding how to ask the right question

How can we get customers to recycle our product packaging?
What design feature will make our packaging easier to recycle?

Data Analysis
The collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions; make predictions
and drive informed decision making to drive positive change.
To put it another way, it is the art of extracting knowledge and insights from data.
Data Analyst
A person who is doing mentioned these.
To put it another way, A person who is an explorer, a detective and an artist all rolled into one.

Data Analytics
Data analytics in the simplest terms is the science of data. It's a very broad concept or umbrella term that
encompasses everything from the job of managing and using data to the tools and methods that data
workers use each and every day.

Data Science
A field of study that uses raw data to create new ways of modeling and understanding the unknown. 
Data scientists create new questions using data, while analysts find answers to existing questions by
creating insights from data sources. 

Data Analysis Process (APPASA)

1. Ask - questions and define the problem. (Business challenge/Objective/Question)
2. Prepare - data by collecting and storing the information.
(Data generation, collection, storage, and data management)
3. Process - data by cleaning and checking the information. (Data cleaning/data integrity)
4. Analyze - data to find patterns, relationships, and trends.
(Data exploration, visualization, and analysis)
5. Share - data with your audience. (Communicating and interpreting results)
6. Act - on the data and use the analysis results.
(Putting your insights to work to solve the problem)

ASK: it is important to ask effective questions to management people to be able to define the
problems and the goals of the analysis

PREPARE: it is important to identify what data should be acquired. Develop timeline, questions,
data access rules, and potential data-related issues are discussed.

PROCESS: Data is collected and stored. The data cleaning process is involved. Respect and
protect people and their data.

ANALYZE: it is important to document exactly what they found in the analysis, no matter what the
result.

SHARE: it is important to communicate the results with the right context

ACT: A data analytics team might validate insights, finalize a strategy, and put a plan into action.

Computer + Your Brain + Your Skills + Your Traits = Road to Success

Foundations/ Vocabulary

 Spreadsheet / Spreadsheet Formula

  Database/Query Language
 Data Visualization
 Actionable insights
 Trends and Patterns
 Data Driven Decisions
 Dashboard / Tableau (တက်ဘလို )
 Data Reporting
 Smart and Effective Questions
 Structure Thinking
 Summarizing Data
 Putting things into context
 Meta Data
 Addressing issues of bias and credibility
 Importing Data
 Data Integrity and Clean Data
 Statistics, hypothesis testing, and margin of error
 Key takeaways

3 key types of business analytics

 Descriptive – Dashboard, Score Card, Alert; interpretation of historical data

 Predictive – Use past data to model future outcome
 Prescriptive – AB Testing or Optimization, tell human how best to do their jobs, tell saleman
right discount to offer, tell truck driver where to stop for a gas. data ecosystem

Data Ecosystem

Data ecosystems are made up of various elements that interact with one another in order to produce,
manage, store, organize, analyze, and share data. These elements include hardware and software tools,
cloud, and the people who use them. It is like the jungle in a tropical rainforest.
For example, your retail store's database, which is an ecosystem filled with customer names,
addresses, previous purchases, and customer reviews. As a data analyst, you could use this information
to predict what these customers will buy in the future, and make sure the store has the products and
stock when they're needed.

Data analysts can use geological patterns in weather movement data to help farmers predict crop yields.
Institution of Oceanography, coral reefs all over the world are monitored digitally, so they can see how
organisms change over time, track their growth, and measure any increases or declines in individual
colonies. 

So when you think about data, data analysis, and the data ecosystem, it's important to understand that
all of these things fit under the data analytics umbrella.

Data Driven Decision Making

Using facts to guide business strategy. As a data analyst, you play a key role in empowering these
organizations to make data-driven decisions

Subject matter experts

Data alone will never be as powerful as data combined with human experience, observation, and
intuition they have the ability to look at the results of data analysis and identify any inconsistencies, 
make sense of gray areas, and eventually validate choices being made.

Data and gut instinct

Detectives and data analysts have a lot in common. Both depend on facts and clues to make decisions.
Both collect and look at the evidence. Both talk to people who know part of the story. And both might
even follow some footprints to see where they lead. Whether you’re a detective or a data analyst, your
job is all about following steps to collect and understand facts.

When it comes to data driven decision using gut instinct can be problematic. If you ignore data by
preferring to make decisions based on your own experience, your decisions may be biased

Data analysis life cycle

the process of going from data to decision. Data goes through several phases as it gets created,
consumed, tested, processed, and reused

Key takeaway

From our journey to the pyramids and data in ancient Egypt to now, the way we analyze data has
evolved (and continues to do so). The data analysis process is like real life architecture, there are
different ways to do things but the same core ideas still appear in each model of the process. Whether
you use the structure of this Google Data Analytics Certificate or one of the many other iterations you
have learned about, we are here to help guide you as you continue on your data journey.

Week 2

Analytical skills are qualities and characteristics associated with solving problems using facts.

5 essential points of Analytical skills

 Curiosity – wanting to learn something

 Understanding context – 12453 (3 is out of context for 1 through 5)
 Having a technical mindset – Break down into smaller steps and think orderly and logically
 Data design – Which one to be sorted in Phone Contact; Last Name, or Email
 Data strategy – Mowing a Lawn

Context

The condition or information in which something exists or happens. The background information or
previous events that help to give meaning to something.

 Additional meaning/information/translation so that listener understands speaker’s intention

/meaning/situation/action/plan
Listening and trying to understand the full picture is critical

A technical mindset = The ability to break things into smaller steps or pieces and work with them in an
orderly and logical way

Data Strategy

The management of the people, processes and tools used in data analysis

5 key aspects of Analytical thinking

 Visualization – Graphical representation to help you make your points quicker

 Strategy – Staying focus and on track to collect quality and usefulness data
 Problem-Orientation – Keeping Problem Solving as High Priority throughout the project.
 Correlation - Correlation is not causation (because two pieces of data are both trending in the
same direction, that doesn't necessarily mean they are all related.)
 Big Picture thinking and Details oriented thinking

Analytical thinking

Identifying and defining a problem and then solving it by using data in an organized, step by step
manner.

Creative Thinking, Critically Thinking… both are important

Why it is important to think in different way? Because solutions are almost never right in front of you.
Think critically to ask right question. Think creatively to get new and unexpected answers.

The way data analysts think and ask questions plays a big part in how businesses make decisions.

What is root cause of the problem? Ask why in five times to reveal root cause. (5 whys)

e.g. You want to make blueberry pie but could not buy any blueberry at store. What is root cause of
problem?

Where are the gaps in our process?

Gap Analysis = A method for examining and evaluating how a process works currently in order to get
where you want to be in the future. e.g.  improve a product

understanding where you are now compared to where you want to be.

Identify the gaps that exist between the current and future state and determine how to bridge them.

What did we not consider before?

What information or procedure might be missing from a process, so you can identify ways to make
better decisions and strategies moving forward.

Data life cycle

The data life cycle provides a generic or common framework for how data is managed.

 Plan - Decide what kind of data is needed, how it will be managed, and who will be responsible
for it.
 Capture/Acquire - Collect or bring in data from a variety of different sources.
 Manage/Maintain – Data cleansing
 Analyze/ Evaluate
 Archive/Preserve - Keep relevant data stored for long-term and future reference.
 Destroy/ Purge - Remove data from storage and delete any shared copies of the data.

6 stages of the data life cycle 6 phases of data analysis process

Plan, Capture, Manage, Analyze, Archive, Destroy Ask, Prepare, Process, Analyze, Share, and Act

Key Takeaway

Individual stages in the data life cycle will vary from company to company or by industry or sector.
Historical data is important to both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the USGS, so their data life
cycle focuses on archiving and backing up data. Harvard's interests are in research and teaching, so its
data life cycle includes visualization and interpretation and they don’t have a stage for purging or
destroying data. In contrast, the data life cycle for finance clearly identifies archive and purge stages. To
sum it up, although data life cycles vary, one data management principle is universal.

ASK – Define the problem to be solved; understand stakeholder expectations.

Stakeholders hold a stake in the project. They are people who have invested time and resources into 
a project and are interested in the outcome. Defining a problem means you look at the current state and
identifying how it's different from the ideal state. Communicating with your stakeholders is key in
making sure you stay engaged and on track throughout the project. As a data analyst, developing strong
communication strategies is very important. ask phase helps you keep focused on the problem itself, not
just its symptoms. 5 Whys and Effective questions

your data and results are objective and unbiased. Any decisions made from your analysis should always
be based on facts and be fair and impartial.

Process = Cleaning Data or Removing Errors or Transforming to useful format or combing two dataset
into one or Fix Typo/inconsistency/inaccurate data

Analysis = Use tools to draw conclusion, make preditions, and drive informed decision

Share = Visualization tools

Excel Function = think of a function as a simpler, more efficient way of doing something that would
normally take a lot of time

Spreadsheets structure data in a meaningful way by letting you

 Collect, store, organize, and sort information

  Identify patterns and piece the data together in a way that works for each specific data project
 Create excellent data visualizations, like graphs and charts.

Tableau's simple drag-and-drop feature lets users create interactive graphs in dashboards and
worksheets

Looker communicates directly with a database, allowing you to connect your data right to the visual
tool you choose
 What is the relationship between the Ask phase of the data analysis process and the
Plan phase of the data life cycle? How are they similar? How are they different?

While the data analysis process will drive your projects and help you reach your business goals, you
must understand the life cycle of your data in order to use that process. To analyze your data well, you
need to have a thorough understanding of it. Similarly, you can collect all the data you want, but the
data is only useful to you if you have a plan for analyzing it.

The Plan and Ask phases both involve planning and asking questions, but they tackle different subjects.
The Ask phase in the data analysis process focuses on big-picture strategic thinking about business goals.
However, the Plan phase focuses on the fundamentals of the project, such as what data you have access
to, what data you need, and where you’re going to get it.

Similarities:

Both phases involve identifying the purpose and objectives of the data

Both phases involve defining the scope of the project

Differences:

Focus: The "Ask" phase is focused on determining the questions that need to be answered, while the
"Plan" phase is focused on identifying the data requirements for a specific project.

Excel

An attribute is a characteristic or quality of data used to label a column in a table. More commonly,

attributes are referred to as column names, column labels, headers, or the header row. 

An observation includes all of the attributes for something contained in a row of a data table

You might have noticed a common theme across every example. They all have issues to explore, 
questions to answer, or problems to solve
Issue

An issue is a topic or subject to investigate. 

A question is designed to discover information and a problem is an obstacle or complication that needs
to be worked out. 

Data-driven decision-making is when facts that have been discovered through data analysis 
are used to guide business strategy. 

The simplest way to think about decision-making is that it's a choice between consequences, good, bad,
or a combination of both.

What if they had made this decision without data? Let's say they just relied on observation and memory to
track the weather and make staffing schedules. Well, we already know that wouldn't have solve their
problem long-term. 

When we make decisions based on just observation and gut feelings, we're only seeing part of the picture. 
Data helps us see the whole thing. With data, we have a complete picture of the problem and its causes, 
which lets us find new and surprising solutions we never would've been able to see before. 

Fairness means ensuring that your analysis doesn't create or reinforce bias. In other words, as a data
analyst, you want to help create systems that are fair and inclusive to everyone. E.g. Male Employee
success why not female employee?

Every industry has specific data needs that have to be addressed differently by their data analysts

The same revenue data can be used in three different ways by data analysts in three different industries, 
financial services, Telecom, and tech.

Business analyst — analyzes data to help businesses improve processes, products, or services

Data analytics consultant — analyzes the systems and models for using data

Data engineer — prepares and integrates data from different sources for analytical use

Data scientist — uses expert skills in technology and social science to find trends through data analysis

Data specialist — organizes or converts data for use in databases or software systems

Operations analyst — analyzes data to assess the performance of business operations and workflows

Course 2 - Ask Questions to Make Data-Driven Decisions

Structured thinking is the process of recognizing the current problem or situation, organizing available
information, revealing gaps and opportunities, and identifying options.  In this process, you address a
vague, complex problem by breaking it down into smaller steps, and then those steps lead you to a
logical solution.

Step 1: Ask

It’s impossible to solve a problem if you don’t know what it is. These are some things to
consider:

 Define the problem you’re trying to solve

 Make sure you fully understand the stakeholder’s expectations
 Focus on the actual problem and avoid any distractions
 Collaborate with stakeholders and keep an open line of communication
 Take a step back and see the whole situation in context

Step 2: Prepare 

You will decide what data you need to collect in order to answer your questions and how to
organize it so that it is useful. You might use your business task to decide: 

 What metrics to measure

 Locate data in your database
 Create security measures to protect that data

Step 3: Process

Clean data is the best data and you will need to clean up your data to get rid of any possible
errors, inaccuracies, or inconsistencies. This might mean:

 Using spreadsheet functions to find incorrectly entered data

 Using SQL functions to check for extra spaces
 Removing repeated entries
 Checking as much as possible for bias in the data
 What data errors or inaccuracies might get in my way of getting the best possible
answer to the problem I am trying to solve?

Step 4: Analyze 

You will want to think analytically about your data. At this stage, you might sort and format
your data to make it easier to: 
  Perform calculations
 Combine data from multiple sources
 Create tables with your results

Step 5: Share

Everyone shares their results differently so be sure to summarize your results with clear and
enticing visuals of your analysis using data via tools like graphs or dashboards. This is your
chance to show the stakeholders you have solved their problems and how you got there.
Sharing will certainly help your team: 

 Make better decisions

 Make more informed decisions
 Lead to stronger outcomes
 Successfully communicate your findings

Step 6: Act

Now it’s time to act on your data. You will take everything you have learned from your data
analysis and put it to use. This could mean providing your stakeholders with
recommendations based on your findings so they can make data-driven decisions.

Questions to ask yourself in this step:

1. How can I use the feedback I received during the share phase (step 5) to actually meet
the stakeholder’s needs and expectations?
These six steps can help you to break the data analysis process into smaller, manageable
parts, which is called structured thinking. This process involves four basic activities:

1. Recognizing the current problem or situation

2. Organizing available information 
3. Revealing gaps and opportunities
4. Identifying your options
When you are starting out in your career as a data analyst, it is normal to feel pulled in a few
different directions with your role and expectations. Following processes like the ones
outlined here and using structured thinking skills can help get you back on track, fill in
any gaps and let you know exactly what you need.
Action-oriented questions are questions that focus on actionable steps or solutions to a
problem.

Data-inspired decision-making explores different data sources to find out what they have in common. 
Data is straightforward, facts collected together, values that describe something. 

Individual data points become more useful when they're collected and structured, but they're still
somewhat meaningless by themselves. We need to interpret data to turn it into information

When we consume information, understand it, and apply it, that's when data is most useful. 

As a data analyst, your own skills and knowledge will be the most important part of any
analysis project. It is important for you to keep a data-driven mindset, ask lots of questions,
experiment with many different possibilities, and use both logic and creativity along the way.

Six problem types

 Making predictions -Using data to make informed decisions about how things may be
in the future.
 Categorizing things - Grouping data based on common features.
 Spotting something unusual - Identifying data that is different from the norm.
 Identifying themes - Recognizing broader concepts and trends from categorized data.
 Discovering connections - Identifying similar challenges across different entities—and
using data and insights to find common solutions.
 Finding patterns -Using historical data about what happened in the past to
understand how likely it is to happen again.

Quantitative data is all about the specific and objective measures of numerical facts. 

Qualitative data describes subjective or explanatory measures of qualities and characteristics or things

that can't be measured with numerical data, like your hair color. 

Qualitative data is great for helping us answer why questions. Add context to a problem.

By using metrics to focus on individual aspects of your data, 

you can start to see the story your data is telling. 
Metric goals and formulas are great ways to measure and understand data.

A metric is a single, quantifiable type of data that can be used for measurement. Think of it this way. Data
starts as a collection of raw facts, until we organize them into individual metrics that represent a single
type of data.
Big Data: volume, variety, and velocity, Veracity (reliability)

Albert Einstein once said," If I were given one hour to save the planet, I would spend 59
minutes defining the problem and one minute resolving it. This is important because if you
define the problem clearly from the start, it'll be easier to solve, which saves a lot of time,
money, and resources.

Problem Domain

The specific area of analysis that encompasses every activity affecting or affected by the problem.

Structured thinking is the process of recognizing the current problem or situation, organizing available
information, revealing gaps and opportunities, and identifying the options. In other words, it's a way of
being super prepared.

In the business world, it's common for teams to spend hours of valuable time trying to solve an important
problem, only to end up back where they started. Not only is the initial problem not resolved, 
but they've spent hours not resolving it. This outcome negatively affects you, your team, and the
organization as a whole. But it can usually be prevented. Many times, the situation is a result of not fully
understanding the issue.

The starting place for structured thinking is the problem domain, which you might have remembered from
earlier. Once you know the specific area of analysis, you can set your base and lay out 
all your requirements and hypotheses before you start investigating.

A scope of work or SOW is an agreed- upon outline of the work you're going to perform on a project.

Deliverables: What work is being done, and what things are being created as a result of this project?
When the project is complete, what are you expected to deliver to the stakeholders? Be specific
here. Will you collect data for this project? How much, or for how long?

Milestones: This is closely related to your timeline. What are the major milestones for progress in
your project? How do you know when a given part of the project is considered complete?

Timeline: Your timeline will be closely tied to the milestones you create for your project. The timeline
is a way of mapping expectations for how long each step of the process should take. The timeline
should be specific enough to help all involved decide if a project is on schedule. When will the
deliverables be completed? How long do you expect the project will take to complete? If all goes as
planned, how long do you expect each component of the project will take? When can we expect to
reach each milestone?

Reports: Good SOWs also set boundaries for how and when you’ll give status updates to
stakeholders. How will you communicate progress with stakeholders and sponsors, and how often?
Will progress be reported weekly? Monthly? When milestones are completed? What information will
status reports contain?

data has little value if it is not paired with context.

What you will learn:
 Real-life roles and responsibilities of a junior data analyst
 How businesses transform data into actionable insights
 Spreadsheet basics
 Database and query basics
 Data visualization basics
Skill sets you will build:
 Using data in everyday life
 Thinking analytically
 Applying tools from the data analytics toolkit
 Showing trends and patterns with data visualizations
 Ensuring your data analysis is fair

ASK
What you will learn:
 How data analysts solve problems with data
 The use of analytics for making data-driven decisions
 Spreadsheet formulas and functions
 Dashboard basics, including an introduction to Tableau
 Data reporting basics
Skill sets you will build:
 Asking SMART and effective questions
 Structuring how you think
 Summarizing data
 Putting things into context
 Managing team and stakeholder expectations
 Problem-solving and conflict-resolution
PREPARE
What you will learn:
 How data is generated
 Features of different data types, fields, and values
 Database structures
 The function of metadata in data analytics
 Structured Query Language (SQL) functions
Skill sets you will build:
 Ensuring ethical data analysis practices
 Addressing issues of bias and credibility
 Accessing databases and importing data
 Writing simple queries
 Organizing and protecting data
 Connecting with the data community (optional)

PROCESS

What you will learn:

 Data integrity and the importance of clean data
 The tools and processes used by data analysts to clean data
 Data-cleaning verification and reports
 Statistics, hypothesis testing, and margin of error
 Resume building and interpretation of job postings (optional)
Skill sets you will build:
 Connecting business objectives to data analysis
 Identifying clean and dirty data
 Cleaning small datasets using spreadsheet tools
 Cleaning large datasets by writing SQL queries
 Documenting data-cleaning processes
ANALYSIS
What you will learn:
 Steps data analysts take to organize data
 How to combine data from multiple sources
 Spreadsheet calculations and pivot tables
 SQL calculations
 Temporary tables
 Data validation
Skill sets you will build:
 Sorting data in spreadsheets and by writing SQL queries
 Filtering data in spreadsheets and by writing SQL queries
 Converting data
 Formatting data
 Substantiating data analysis processes
 Seeking feedback and support from others during data analysis

SHARE

What you will learn:

 Design thinking
 How data analysts use visualizations to communicate about data
 The benefits of Tableau for presenting data analysis findings
 Data-driven storytelling
 Dashboards and dashboard filters
 Strategies for creating an effective data presentation
Skill sets you will build:
 Creating visualizations and dashboards in Tableau
 Addressing accessibility issues when communicating about data
 Understanding the purpose of different business communication tools
 Telling a data-driven story
 Presenting to others about data
 Answering questions about data
Data modeling is the process of creating diagrams that visually represent how data is organized and
structured.  These visual representations are called data models.

Why transform data?

Goals for data transformation might be: 

 Data organization: better organized data is easier to use

 Data compatibility: different applications or systems can then use the same data
 Data migration: data with matching formats can be moved from one system to
another
 Data merging: data with the same organization can be merged together
 Data enhancement: data can be displayed with more detailed fields 
 Data comparison: apples-to-apples comparisons of the data can then be made

Like all good tales, your data story will be filled with characters, questions, challenges, conflict, and
hopefully a resolution. The trick is to avoid the conflict, overcome the challenges and answer the
questions

To put it simply, metadata is data about data. In essence, metadata tells the who, what, when, where,
which, how, and why of data.

Title and description

Tags and categories

Who created it and when

Who last modified it and when

Who can access or update it

Photos/Emails/Spreadsheets and documents/Websites/Digital files/Books

 
Data integrity is the accuracy, completeness, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its
lifecycle.
You can gain powerful insights and make accurate conclusions when data is well-aligned to business
objectives. As a data analyst, alignment is something you will need to judge. Good alignment means
that the data is relevant and can help you solve a business problem or determine a course of action to
achieve a given business objective.

Clean data + alignment to business objective = accurate conclusions

Alignment to business objective + additional data cleaning = accurate conclusions

Alignment to business objective + newly discovered variables + constraints = accurate conclusions

 When there is clean data and good alignment, you can get accurate insights and make
conclusions the data supports.
 If there is good alignment but the data needs to be cleaned, clean the data before you
perform your analysis. 
 If the data only partially aligns with an objective, think about how you could modify
the objective, or use data constraints to make sure that the subset of data better
aligns with the business objective.

Statistical power is the probability of getting meaningful results from a test. 

Hypothesis testing is a way to see if a survey or experiment has meaningful results.

if a test is statistically significant, it means the results of the test are real and not an error
caused by random chance.

"Statistical power can be calculated and reported for a completed experiment to comment
on the confidence one might have in the conclusions drawn from the results of the study. It
can also be used as a tool to estimate the number of observations or sample size required in
order to detect an effect in an experiment."

In data analytics, compatibility describes how well two or more datasets are able to work
together.

 Documentation which is the process of tracking changes, additions, deletions and errors involved in your
data cleaning effort. 

Resume
Focus on your accomplishments first, and explain them using the formula “Accomplished X, as
measured by Y, by doing Z.” 
Whenever possible, use numbers to explain your accomplishments. For example, “Increased
manufacturing productivity by 15% by improving shop floor employee engagement,” is better than
“Increased manufacturing productivity.”

Phrase your work experience and duties using Problem-Action-Result (PAR) statements. 

 For example, instead of saying “was responsible for two blogs a month,” phrase it as
“earned little-known website over 2,000 new clicks through strategic blogging.”

The 4 phases of analysis: 

 organize data,
 format and adjust data, 
 get input from others, 
 Transform data by observing relationships between data points and making
calculations. 
 

VLOOKUP is a spreadsheet function that vertically searches for a

certain value in a column to return a corresponding piece of
information.

Your audience should know exactly what they're looking at within

the first five seconds of seeing it

remember: the more you emphasize different things, the less that emphasis counts. The more you
emphasize one single thing, the more that counts. 

A line chart is used to track changes over short and long periods of time
Column charts use size to contrast and compare two or more values, using height or lengths to
represent the specific values.  

When smaller changes exist, line charts are better to use than bar graphs

The pie chart is a circular graph that is divided into segments representing proportions corresponding
to the quantity it represents, especially when dealing with parts of a whole.

Scatterplots show relationships between different variables.

A distribution graph displays the spread of various outcomes in a dataset.

 
A big part of being a data analyst is knowing how to eliminate the less important details.

Spotlighting

A data analyst scans the data to quickly identify the most important insights.

Hypothesis
Your initial hypothesis is a theory you're trying to prove or disprove with data.

The steps of the McCandless method include:

1. Introduce the graphic by name

2. Answer obvious questions before they’re asked

3. State the insight of your graphic

4. Call out data to support that insight

5. Tell your audience why it matters

Data frame is a collection of columns

A portfolio is a collection of case studies that you can share with potential employers.

What is data analytics?

Data analytics is a field of study that falls under the larger discipline of data science. The aim
of data analytics is to create methods to capture, process, and organize data to uncover
actionable insights for current problems. Analysts focus on processing the information stored
in existing datasets and establishing the best way to present this data. Data analysts rely on
statistics and data modeling to solve problems and offer recommendations that can lead to
immediate improvements. 
Effective Communication

Purpose

The reason why communication take place

Receiver/Audience

What does my audience already know?

What do they need to know?

Sender

What is your relationship with the receivers?

What is your role in this exchange?

What personal biases might affect the message?