MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – RCD Beams: Working Stress Design & Serviceability Requirements

429.4 PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES 424.2.3 CALCULATION OF IMMEDIATE DEFLECTIONS

429.4.1 Stresses in concrete shall not exceed: 424.2.3.1 Immediate deflections shall be calculated using methods or formulas
Flexure 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 for elastic deformations, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on
member stiffness.
429.4.2 Tensile stress in reinforcement 𝑓𝑠 shall not exceed
424.2.3.2 Effect of variation of cross-sectional properties, such as haunches,
For Grade 280 MPa 140 MPa
shall be considered when calculating deflections.
For Grade 420 MPa 170 MPa
424.2.3.3 Deflections in two-way slab system shall be calculated taking into
429.6 FLEXURE account size and shape of the panel, conditions of support, and nature of
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for flexure) restraints at the panel edges.
shall be used with the following assumptions.
424.2.3.4 Modulus of elasticity, Ec, shall be permitted to be calculated in
accordance with section 419.2.2.
429.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, except for deep
flexural members with overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous 424.2.3.5 For non-prestressed members, effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall be
spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be calculated by Eq. 424.2.3.5a (show below) unless obtained by a more
considered. comprehensive analysis, but Ie shall not be greater than Ig.

429.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under service loads 𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟑 𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝟑
𝑰𝒄𝒓 ≤ 𝑰𝒆 = ( ) 𝑰𝒈 + [𝟏 − ( ) ] 𝑰𝒄𝒓 ≤ 𝑰𝒈 (424.2.3.5a)
within permissible service load stresses. 𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
where:
429.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension. 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = Moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete.
𝐼𝑒 = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection.
429.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio 𝒏 = 𝑬𝒔 /𝑬𝒄 , as the 𝐼𝑔 = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis,
nearest whole number (but NOT less than 6). Except for calculations for neglecting reinforcement.
deflections, value of n for lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = Cracking moment.
as for normal weight concrete of the same strength. 𝑀𝑎 = Maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.

429.6.5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular ratio of Cracking Moment, Mcr, is calculated by:
𝟐𝑬𝒔 /𝑬𝒄 shall be used to transform compression reinforcement for stress
computations. Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall NOT exceed 𝒇𝒓 𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = (424.2.3.5b)
permissible tensile stress. 𝒚𝒕

419.2.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY where:

419.2.2.1 Modulus of elasticity 𝐸𝑐 for concrete shall be permitted to be taken as 𝑦𝑡 = Distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement.
𝑤𝑐1.5 0.043√𝑓𝑐′ (𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑃𝑎) 424.2.3.6 For continuous one-way slabs and beams, Ie shall be permitted to be
for values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³. taken as the average of values obtained from Eq. 424.2.3.5a for the critical
positive and negative moment sections.
For normal weight concrete, 𝐸𝑐 shall be permitted to be taken as
424.2.3.7 For prismatic one-way slabs and beams, Ie shall be permitted to be
𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄 .
taken as the value obtained from Eq. 424.2.3.5a at mid-span for simple and
419.2.3 MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF CONCRETE, 𝒇𝒓 continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
419.2.3.1 Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be calculated by:
424.2.4 CALCULATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝝀√𝒇′𝒄 (419.2.3.1) 424.2.4.1.1 Unless values from a more comprehensive analysis, additional time-
dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
where the value of λ is in accordance with Section 419.2.4 (Lightweight Concrete) shall be calculated as the product of the immediate deflection caused by the
sustained load and the factor λΔ.
419.2.4 Lightweight Concrete
𝝃
419.2.4.1 To account for the properties of lightweight concrete, a modification 𝝀∆ = (424.2.4.1.1)
𝟏 + 𝟓𝟎𝝆′
factor λ is used as a multiplier of √𝑓𝑐′ in all applicable provisions of this Code.
where:
419.2.4.2 The value of λ shall be based on the composition of the aggregate in
the concrete mixture in accordance with Table 419.2.4.2 or as permitted in 𝜉 = Time-dependent factor for sustained load
Section 419.2.4.3. 𝜆∆ = Multiplier used for additional deflection due to long-term effects
Table 419.2.4.2 424.2.4.1.2 In the equation above, 𝜌′ shall be calculated at mid-span for simple
Modification Factor and continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
Concrete λ
All-lightweight 0.75 𝑨′𝒔
𝝆′ = at midspan for simple and continuous span
Lightweight, fine blend 0.75 to 0.85 𝒃𝒅
Sand-lightweight 0.85 𝑨𝒔
Sand-lightweight, coarse blend 0.85 to 1.00 𝝆′ = for cantilever
𝒃𝒅
Normal-weight 1.00
424.2.4.1.3 In the equation above, values of the time dependent factor for
419.2.4.3 If the measured average splitting tensile strength of lightweight sustained load, ξ, shall be in accordance with Table 424.2.4.1.3 (shown below).
concrete, fct, is used to calculate λ, laboratory test shall be conducted in
Table 424.2.4.1.3
accordance with ASTM C330M to establish the value of fct and the corresponding
Time-Dependent Factor for Sustained Loads
value of fcm and λ shall be calculated by: Sustained Load Duration Time-Dependent factor, ξ
𝑓𝑐𝑡
𝜆= ≤ 1.0 (419.2.4.3) 3 months 1.0
0.56√𝑓𝑐𝑚 6 months 1.2
12 months (1 year) 1.4
The concrete mixture tested in order to calculate λ shall be representative of that
to be used in the Work. 60 or more months (5 years) 2.0
where:
𝑓𝑐𝑚 = measured average compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
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Review MODULE – RCD Beams: Working Stress Design & Serviceability Requirements
Table 424.2.2 (Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflections)
Deflection
Member Condition Deflection to be Considered
Limitation
Flat roofs Immediate deflection due to maximum of Lr, S, and R l / 180
Not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to
Floors be damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to L l / 360
Likely to be damaged by That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment of
large deflections
l / 480
Roof or Supporting or attached to nonstructural elements, which is the sum of the time-dependent
Floors non-structural elements Not likely to be damaged deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection
by large deflections due to any additional live load
l / 240

SITUATION.𝜉 A= reinforced concrete

Time-dependent beam,
factor 250mm x load.
for sustained 500mm reinforced 12. Find the cracking moment, in kN-m.
with 4–16 mm𝜆 =Ø, is simply
Multiplier forsupported
additional over a span
long-time of 3 m. Using steel
deflection.
cover of 60 mm, f’c = 28 MPa, fs = 140 MPa. Let fc = 0.45f’c. 13. How much uniform load can the joist safely carry (not including its
own weight) if the cracking moment in the beam is 40 kN-m.
1. Determine the moment capacity of the beam.
14. If the joists are reinforced with 3-25 mm ø bars with their centroid
2. Determine the mode of design. located at 435mm from the top determine the cracking moment (kN-
m) use modular ratio, n = 8.
3. Check the adequacy of the beam if the LL applied is 10 kN/m over
the entire span and a 20 kN at the midspan.
SITUATION. A cantilever beam 300x400 mm spans 3.0 m. It is
SITUATION. Given is a beam with b = 300mm and h = 550mm. The reinforced with 4 – 20 mm steel bars with steel cover of 60 mm. It carries
beam has a length of 8 m and fixed at both ends. The beam is reinforced a concentrated live load of 40 kN at the free end. Using f’c = 21 MPa, fy
with 3– 25 mm at the tension side and 2 – 25mm at the compression = 414 MPa. Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3.
side. Steel cover is 70mm, f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, and unit weight of
concrete is 24 kN/m3. Use modular ratio, n = 8. 15. Calculate the effective moment of inertia (mm^4) of the beam.
Super-Imposed Deadload = 8kN/m; Live load = 10 kN/m
16. Calculate the immediate deflection (mm) of the beam.
4. Calculate the location of the neutral axis from the compression side.
17. Determine the minimum camber (mm) required so that Immediate
5. Calculate the transformed moment of inertia with respect to the deflection due to live load is limited to L/360.
neutral axis.
6. Calculate the actual stress of concrete at the midspan.
SITUATION. A simple 4.2-m span concrete beam has a width of 400 mm
7. Calculate the actual stress of tension steel at the support. and effective depth of 540 mm. The immediate deflection due to DL and
LL is equal to 20 mm. It is reinforced with the following areas:
8. Calculate the actual stress of compression steel at the support. As = 500ᴨ mm2 As’ = 300ᴨ mm2

SITUATION: A 450 x 450 mm concrete beam has a tensile strength of 18. If the immediate deflection due to DL only is equal to 7.5 mm,
3.4 MPa. calculate the deflection (mm) due to LL only.

9. Calculate the cracking moment (kN-m) of the section.

19. Calculate the long-term deflection (mm) of the beam if 50% of the
10. If the beam has a concentric circular hole 150-mm in diameter, live load will be sustained for 1 year. The deflection due to DL and
calculate the cracking moment (kN-m). sustained LL is equal to 17.5 mm.
11. If the beam has a concentric 85-mm square hole, calculate the
cracking moment (kN-m). 20. Calculate the minimum required camber (mm) to limit the deflection
to L/480.
SITUATION. Precast joists with typical section as shown are cast using
a concrete strength, fc’ = 27.5 MPa. The resulting tensile strength, ft =
2.75 MPa. The joists are to be simply supported on a span of 6m. Unit
weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3

Given data:
a=200mm
b=500mm
c=150mm
d=200mm
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Review Module-Reinforced Concrete Design-Ultimate Strength Design (Beams)

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN: BEAMS
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
Load Factors:
NSCP 2010/2015: 1.2D+1.6L
𝑨𝒔
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
MODES OF DESIGN 𝒃𝒅
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
1. Balanced Design 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟
NSCP 2010/2015
𝛽 = 0.85 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.05
𝛽 = 0.85 − [𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28] ≥ 0.65
7

General Formula for steel ratio 𝜌

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 𝑐
𝜀𝑐 = 0.003; 𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑦 𝜌= ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦/𝐸𝑠 Beams reinforced for tension only
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
“STEEL YIELDS” 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = ( )
2. Under-Reinforced Design 𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

Maximum Steel Ratio

NSCP 2010/2015
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )
𝑓𝑦 7
Based on minimum 𝜀𝑡 = 0.004
𝑎 𝑎
𝜀𝑐 = 0.003; 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 𝑀𝑁 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) = 𝑇 (𝑑 − )
2 2
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑈 = ∅𝑀𝑁
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
“STEEL YIELDS”
3. Over-Reinforced Design

𝜀𝑐 = 0.003; 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
“STEEL DOES NOT YIELD”

600(𝑑 − 𝑐 )
𝑓𝑆 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 =
𝑐
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Review Module-Reinforced Concrete Design-Ultimate Strength Design (Beams)

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Problem 1
Given a rectangular beam having a width of 300mm Problem 4
and an effective depth of 500mm. The beam is
reinforced for tension only with a steel area of A simply – supported beam is reinforced with 4 – 28
mm bars at the bottom and 2 – 28 mm at the top of
3000mm2.
the beam. Steel covering to centroid of reinforcement
fc’ = 28 MPa fy = 415 MPa Using NSCP 2015 is 70 mm at the top and bottom of the beam. The
1. Find the ultimate moment capacity of the beam beam has a total depth of 400 mm and a width of 300
section. mm. fc’ = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.

2. Find the uniform ultimate load that the beam can Using NSCP 2015,
carry in a simple span of 6m.
1.Determine the depth of compression block.
3.Describe the mode of design.
2.Determine the design strength.
Problem 2
A 12m simply supported beam is provided by an 3.Determine the live load at the midspan in
additional support at midspan. The beam has a width addition to a DL = 20 kN/m including the weight of
of b= 300mm and a total depthh = 450mm. It is the beam if it has a span of 6 m.
reinforced with 4 – 25mm dia. at the tension side and
2 – 25mm dia. at the compression side with 70mm
cover to centroid of reinforcements. fc’ = 30 MPa,
fy = 415 MPa. Use NSCP 2015 PROVISIONS Problem 5
A reinforced concrete beam with a total depth of 425
1. Determine the depth of compression block. mm and width of 300 mm is reinforced at the tension
with 4-28 mm bars and 2-28 mm bars at the
2. Determine the nominal bending moment. compression, shear reinforcement is 10 mm diameter
stirrups, fc’ = 28 MPa, fy=415 MPa. Using NSCP
3. Determine the total factored uniform load including 2001 specifications and using NSCP 2010/2015
the beam’s weight. specifications.

Problem 3
Beam section is b = 300mm, h = 450 mm. Effective
depth is 380 mm. Compressive strength of
concrete fc’ = 30 MPa, steel strength fy = 415 MPa.
The beam is simply supported on a span of 5m and
carries the following loads:
Superimposed dead load = 16 KN/m, live load = 14
KN/m.

Using NSCP 2015:

1.What is the maximum moment at ultimate

condition?

2. Find the number of 16mm dia. bars required if the

design moment at ultimate load is 200 KN-m.

3. If the beam carries an ultimate concentrated load

of 50 kN at midspan, how many 16mm bars are
required.
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Review Module- Reinforced Concrete Design (Axially Loaded Columns)

COLUMNS SPIRAL REINFORCEMENTS

NSCP Provisions - ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN A. For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not be less
10mm diameter.
A. Axially Loaded Columns
B. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm or be less
e  e than 25 mm.
actual min
C. Ratio of spiral reinforcement s shall not be less than the value
B. Eccentrically Loaded Columns given
e  e
actual min 𝑨𝒈 𝒇𝒄′ 𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝝆𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 ( 𝑨 − 𝟏) 𝒇𝒚 𝝆𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆
𝒄
emin= 0.10h for tied column and 0.05h for spiral column
where:
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
fy = specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more than
415 MPa.
𝑷𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ (𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔 ) + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less
than 17 MPa.
TIED COLUMN Ag = gross area of column
𝑷𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝛟𝑷𝒏 = 𝛟[𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝑷𝟎 ] Ac = area of core of spirally reinforced compression member
measured to outside diameter of spiral.
D = diameter of column
NSCP 2015 Dc = diameter of concrete core = diameter of column minus the
𝜙 = 0.65 concrete cover at both sides.

SITUATION
SPIRAL COLUMN Given that f’c=28 MPa and fy=275 MPa, determine the ultimate axial
load capacity of the column:
𝑷𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝛟𝑷𝒏 = 𝛟[𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑷𝟎 ]
1. A square tied column, 400mm on each side reinforced with 8-
25mm diameter longitudinal bars.
NSCP 2015 2. A round spiral column having a diameter of 450 mm reinforced
𝜙 = 0.75 with 6-25mm diameter longitudinal bars.

SITUATION
𝑃𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑝= Ultimate Axial Load Capacity of the column. A reinforced concrete tied column carries a dead axial load of 800
kN and live axial load of 1025 kN. Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 350MPa
LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMN 1. Determine the final factored load.
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for non- composite 2. Determine the smallest dimension of the column section, using
compression members shall not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 initial value of steel ratio of 2%, using NSCP 2015.
times gross area Ag of section. 3. Determine the number of 28 mm diam. bars.
4. Determine the spacing of 10 mm ties.

MINIMUM NUMBER OF BARS SITUATION

Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall A spiral column carries a gravity factored axial dead load of 1200 kN
be four (4) for bars within rectangular or circular ties, three (3) for and factored axial live load of 2100 kN. The column is of average
bars within triangular ties, and six (6) for bars enclosed by spirals. height and it will be assumed that there is no reduction in strength
due to the effects of slenderness. Use approximately 1.5%
TIE REINFORCEMENTS FOR COMRESSION MEMBERS reinforcement. Using fc’ = 27.6 MPa and fy = 415 MPa
All non prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties at least 1. Determine the required diameter of the spiral column.
10mm diameter in size for longitudinal bars 32 mm in diameter or 2. Determine the number of 28 mm diam. longitudinal bars.
smaller and 12 mm diameter in size for 36 diameter bars and 3. Determine the practical center to center spacing of 10 mm
bundled longitudinal bars. diameter spiral reinforcement.

SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL BARS

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or
less than 40 mm.

SPACING OF TIES
Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed (a) 16 times the longitudinal
bar diameter; (b) 48 times the tie bar diameter, and; (c) least
dimension of the column.

MINIMUM CLEAR COVER OF TIES

Minimum clear cover shall not be less than the following
a.) 40 mm
b.) diameter of vertical bars
c.) 1 1 the maximum size of coarse aggregate
3
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Review Module- Reinforced Concrete Design (RCD Columns-USD Part 2 )

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN

Analytical Method. ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Interaction Diagram

𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕 > 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏 SITUATION 3

Using the same given in Situation 1 and Using Interaction diagram,

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 determine the following.
𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙
1) Determine Pn when e=200 mm.
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑛 > 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑛 < 𝑃𝑏
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑦 2)Determine Pn when e=575 mm.
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜀𝑡 𝐸𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 3) Determine Pb,

Compression Transition Tension

Controlled Zone Controlled SLENDER COLUMN
(𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 PROVISIONS FROM NSCP 2015
< 0.005)
406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be
neglected if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
Strength Reduction Factor for Flexure and Flexure with Axial.
a. For columns not braced against sidesway

𝒌𝒍𝒖
≤ 𝟐𝟐
𝒓
b. For columns braced against sidesway

𝒌𝒍𝒖 𝑴𝟏
≤ 𝟑𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 ( )
𝒓 𝑴𝟐
and
𝒌𝒍𝒖
≤ 𝟒𝟎
𝒓

where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in single

curvature, and positive for double curvature.

SITUATION 1 If bracing elements resisting lateral movement of a storey

A 350 mm x 575 mm column is reinforced with 10 -32mm bars, five have a total stiffness of at least 12 times the gross lateral
bars distributed equally in short dimension with steel covering of stiffness of the columns in the direction considered, it
57.5 mm. f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Consider eccentricity shall be permitted to consider columns within the storey
measured along the longer side. Use NSCP2001/2010/2015 to be braced against side sway.
1) Determine the load Pbal for balanced failure.
2) Determine the eccentricity ebal for balanced failure. 406.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r, shall be permitted to
3) Determine the moment Mbal for balanced failure. be calculated by (a),(b),or (c):
4) Determine Pn and Pu when e=200 mm.
𝐼𝑔
5) Determine Pn and Pu when e=575 mm. a. 𝑟=√
𝐴𝑔

SITUATION 2: (Nov 2018 CE Board Exam) b. 0.30 times the dimension in the direction stability
Details of a rectangular column are as follows: is being considered for rectangular columns;
Column width along X-axis=250 mm
Column Depth along the Y-axis=600 mm c. 0.25 times the diameter of circular columns.
8-25 mm diameter bars distributed equally along the longer sides.
10 mm diameter ties spaced at 10 mm on centers
Concrete 28th day Compressive strength, fc;=20.7 MPa 406.6.4.5 MOMENT MAGNIFICATION METHOD:
Reinforcing Steel yield strength, fy=415 MPa Non Sway Frames
Assume that compression steel yields.
406.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used for design of columns
1. Which of the following gives the nominal balanced load Pb (kN). and walls, Mc shall be the first-order factored moment M2
a=90.4mm amplified for the effects of member curvature.
A.2584 C. 954 𝑴𝒄 = 𝜹𝑴𝟐
B. 2028 D. 1320

2. Which of the following gives the nominal axial load (kN) that the 406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor 𝜹 shall be calculated
column can carry at an eccentricity of 200 mm along the X axis from by:
the centroidal Y-axis. 𝐶𝑚
A.1320 C. 796 𝜹= 𝑢𝑃 ≥ 1.0
1−0.75𝑃𝑐
B. 398 D. 1584
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𝑴𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑷𝒖 (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒉)

M2, min exceeds M2 , Cm shall be taken equal to 1.0 or

calculated based on the ratio of the calculated end
406.6.4.5.3 𝑪𝒎 shall be in accordance with (a) or (b); moments M1 /M2 using Eq. 406.6.4.5.3a.
a.

𝑴𝟏
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟒 ( ) SITUATION 4
𝑴𝟐

Additional notes for Cm: (as per PCA notes on ACI) The tied column has dimensions 300mm x 400mm and reinforced with
𝑴𝟏 8-25mm bars with effective cover of 60mm. It is to be used in a frame
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟒 ( ) ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒0 against sidesway. The column is bent in single curvature about its
𝑴𝟐
stronger axis and has an unsupported length of 5m. The column carries
an axial dead load of 500 kN and axial live load of 800 kN, the column is
Where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in single Curvature
also subjected to factored moment of 120 kN-m at the top and 140 kN-
and positive if bent in double curvature. M1 corresponds to end
m at the bottom, both moments are acting about the stronger axis, if
moment with lesser value.
k=0.8,fc’=28 MPa, fy=420 MPa and. Assume normal weight concrete.
b. For columns with transverse loads applied between
supports. Use Load Factors 1.2 for Dead Load and 1.6 Live Load.

𝑪𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎
*Calculation of 𝑷𝒄
406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load, Pc, shall be 1) Calculate the slenderness ratio and determine, if
calculated by: slenderness effects should be considered or neglected.
𝝅𝟐 (𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝑷𝒄 = 2) Calculate the magnified moment.
(𝒌𝒍𝒖 )𝟐

406.6.4.4.3 The effective length factor k shall be calculated

using Ec in accordance with Section 419 .2.2 and I in
accordance with Section 406.6.3.1.1. For non-sway members,
k shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0, and for sway members,
k shall be at least 1.0.

406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (El)eff shall

be calculated in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):

a.

𝟎. 𝟒𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒈
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟔. 𝟒. 𝟒. 𝟒𝒂)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
b.

𝟎. 𝟐𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒈 + 𝑬𝒔 𝑰𝒔𝒆
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟔. 𝟒. 𝟒. 𝟒𝒃)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
c.

𝑬𝒄 𝑰
(𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = (𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟔. 𝟒. 𝟒. 𝟒𝒄)
𝟏 + 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔

Where 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 shall be the ratio of maximum factored

sustained axial load to maximum factored axial load associated
with the same load combination and in Eq.406.6.4.4.4c is calculated
according to Table 406.6.3. l. l (b) for columns and walls.

Table 406.3.3.1 (b)

Additional notes for 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 : (As per ACI 318-14M Commentary)

For simplification, it can be assumed that 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 = 0.6. In this
case Eq. (6.6.4.4.4a) becomes 0.25𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔. 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 should not be taken
greater than 1.0.

406.6.4.5.4 M2 in Eq. 406.6.4.5. l shall be at least

M2, min calculated according to Eq. 406.6.4.5.4 about
each axis separately.
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REVIEW MODULE – Reinforced Concrete Design (Shear)

NSCP 2015 PROVISION SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY STEEL

SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

SITUATION. A 6 m long simply supported beam carrying a factored concentrated

load of 500 kN acting at midspan and factored axial compressive load of 250 kN.
The beam is 300 mm wide and has a total depth of 700 mm. It is reinforced at the
bottom side with 3 – 32 mm ø The effective depth is 630 mm and compressive
strength of concrete = 27.6 MPa, tensile strength of bars = 276 MPa. Concrete
weighs 23.54 kN/m3.
1. Compute the ultimate shear force Vu (kN) at critical section.
2. Compute the modified moment Mm (kN-m).
3. Compute the nominal concrete shear capacity (kN) of the beam.
4. Compute the maximum permissible spacing (mm) of 10 mm Ø stirrups.
5. Compute the actual spacing (mm) of 10 mm Ø stirrups.

SITUATION. CE BOARD NOVEMBER 2021

MINIMUM AREA OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

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REVIEW MODULE – Reinforced Concrete Design (Shear)

Given: 1. Determine the concrete shear strength (kN) for the positive x – direction using
Beam Sections, b x h for AD, BE and CF = 250 mm x 400 mm simplified calculation.
Girder Sections, b x h for ABC and DEF = 350 mm x 600 mm 2. Determine the concrete shear strength (kN) for the negative x – direction using
Dimensions: simplified calculation.
S = 3.0 m 3. Determine the required spacing (mm) of shear reinforcement. Apply provisions on
L = 6.0 m spacing limits of reinforcement when applicable.
Concrete Cover to the centroid of reinforcements = 70 mm
Concrete Compressive Strength, fc’ = 20.7 MPa SITUATION. A circular column is reinforced by 10 – 25 mm diameter bars with a
Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 275 MPa clear cover of 40 mm for 10 mm diameter spiral.
Loads: Given: Diameter, D = 500 mm
Dead Load, D = 5.5 kPa (beam weight already included) Strength Reduction Factor = 0.75
Live Load, L= 4.8 kPa (all spans) Nu = 540 kN
Required Strength, U = 1.2D + 1.6L f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 275 MPa
Strength Reduction Factor, phi = 0.75 4. Determine the nominal shear stress on concrete if the 10 mm diameter spirals are
1. Determine the critical design shear stress (MPa) in beam BE? spaced 70 mm on centers if Vu = 360 kN.
2. Calculate the shear strength, Vc (kN), provided by the concrete in beam BE. 5. Determine the nominal shear capacity of the column using simplified calculation.
3. Determine the spacing (mm) for the two legs of 10 mm Ø. 6. Determine the required spacing of the 10 mm diameter spirals for a factored shear
4. Using NSCP, determine the maximum spacing (mm) of stirrups. force Vu = 360 kN

SITUATION. CE BOARD NOVEMBER 2021 SITUATION. CE BOARD MAY 2013

A continuous beam is reinforced as shown. The figure shows the column section of the building with transverse confining
Given: reinforcement.
As = 8 – 20 mm diameter bars Clear cover of 12 mm ø ties = 40 mm
b = 350 mm fc’ = 28 MPa
As’ = 4 – 20 mm diameter bars fy = 415 MPa
h1 = 100 mm fyh = 278 MPa
ds = 10mm diameter Reduction factor = 0.75
h2 = 400 mm
a = 45 mm

Concrete fc’ = 34 MPa

Longitudinal steel, fyl = 413 MPa
Transverse ties, fyv = 275 MPa 7. Determine the required spacing (mm) if lateral reinforcement (mm) for factored
Clear concrete cover = 40 mm shear load Vuy = 450 kN if the allowable concrete shearing stress is 0.88 MPa.
1. Calculate the shear strength (kN) provided by the concrete. 8. What is the maximum spacing (mm) of the 12 mm ø transverse reinforcement?
2. The 10 mm diameter ties are spaced at 100 mm on centers. What is the shear 9. Determine the required spacing (mm) of confining hoop reinforcement in
strength provided by the shear reinforcement? accordance with the code for seismic design.
3. What is the maximum allowable tie spacing (mm)? 10. What is the maximum spacing (mm) of the 12 mm ø transverse reinforcement in
accordance with the code for seismic design.
SITUATION. CE BOARD MAY 2011
A column section shown in the figure below is reinforced with 8 – 32 mm ø bars, with NSCP 2015
a clear concrete cover of 40 mm for the 12 mm ø ties. The design axial load due to 410.7.6.5 Shear
the reversal effect of DL, LL and WL changes as follows 410.7.6.5.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with
Along the positive x – direction: Along the negative x – direction Table 410.7.6.5.2
Mu = -420 kN.m Mu = +420 kN.m
Vu = 370 kN Vu = 370 kN Table 410.7.6.5.2
Nu = 1320 kN Nu = 450 kN Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement
Reduction factor = 0.75
Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa

418.7.5 Transverse Reinforcement

418.7.5.1 Transverse reinforcement required in Sections 418.7.5.2 through
418.7.5.4 shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face and on both sides
of any section where flexural yielding is likely to occur as a result of lateral
displacements beyond the elastic range of behavior. Length lo all be at least the
largest of (a) through (c):
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REVIEW MODULE – Reinforced Concrete Design (Shear)

a. The depth of the column at the joint face or at the section where flexural yielding
is likely to occur;
b. One-sixth of the clear span of the column;
c. 450 mm

418.7.5.3 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the smallest of (a)
through (c):
a. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension.
b. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar;
C. So as calculated by
350 − hx
So = 100 + ( )
3
(418.7.5.3)
The value of So from Eq. 418.7.5.3 shall not exceed 150 mm, and need not be taken
less than 100 mm.

418.7.5.4 Amount of transverse reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table

418.7.5.4

The concrete strength factor, kf, and confinement effectiveness factor, kn, are
calculated according to Eq. 418.7.5.4a and 418.7.5.4b.
𝐟′𝐜
𝐤𝐟 = + 𝟎. 𝟔 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝟏𝟕𝟓
(418.7.5.4a)
𝐧𝐥
𝐤𝐧 =
𝐧𝐥 − 𝟐
(418.7.5.4b)
where nl, is the number of longitudinal bars or bar bundles around the perimeter of
a column core with rectilinear hoops that are laterally supported by the corner of
hoops or by seismic hooks.

Table 418.7.5.4
Transverse Reinforcement for Column of Special Moment Frames
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Review MODULE – Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Beams
For monolithic or fully composite construction, a beam includes that portion 1. Determine the ultimate shear acting on the critical section.
of a slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the A. 172.46 kN B. 96.17 kN C. 150.17 kN D. 109.28 kN
projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not
greater than four times the slab thickness. 2. Determine the ultimate torque acting on the critical section.
NSCP 2015 A. 61.36 kN-m C. 58.05 kN-m
Allowable Torsional Moment B. 65.97 kN-m D. 131.93 kN-m
2
∅√𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑐𝑝 )
𝑇𝑢 = 0.083 3. Determine the value of the cracking torque in kN-m.
𝑃𝑐𝑝
A. 164.34 B. 36.38 C. 124.96 D. 41.085
∅ = 0.75
Adequacy of the section: 4. Determine the allowable torsional moment in the concrete section.
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 2
𝑉𝑐 A. 6.86 kN-m B. 13.72 kN-m C. 15.56 kN-m D. 7.78 kN-m
√[( 𝑢 ) + ( 2
) ] ≤ ∅[ + 0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′]
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7(𝐴𝑜ℎ ) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
5. Calculate the ultimate developed strength of the beam in MPa
Area of stirrups required for torsion for one leg of stirrup: A. 3.29 B. 2.46 C. 3.72 D. 5.21
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
=
𝑠 2𝑓𝑦𝑣 𝐴𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 SITUATION. If the cross section resisting torsion for the previous problem is loaded
𝑇𝑢 by Vu = 150 KN and a torque of Tu = 25 kN-m. fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
𝑇𝑛 = 6. Determine the spacing of 10mm diameter stirrups to resist combined shear and
∅
𝜃 = 450 torsion.
𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ A. 139 mm B. 155 mm C. 300 mm D. 215 mm
Area of stirrups required for shear for two legs of stirrup:
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 7. Determine the maximum spacing of torsion reinforcement.
= A. 662 mm B. 180 mm C. 300 mm D. 620 mm
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
Area of stirrups required for shear and torsion:
𝐴𝑣 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝐴𝑣 2𝐴𝑡 8. Determine the number of 10 mm longitudinal reinforcement required to resist
= + torsion.
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Minimum area of stirrups for shear and torsion: A. 4 B. 7 C. 14 D. 10
0.062√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑠 SITUATION. NOVEMBER 2011/ MAY 2016 BOARD EXAM
(𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑡 Girder AB is subjected to torsional moment in addition to the flexural moment and
0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑠 shear from the heavy load at the cantilever frames. From analysis, the following
(𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑡 factored design forces result Mu = 440 kN-m, Vu = 280 kN, Tu = 180 kN-m, width
Area of longitudinal steel required for torsion: of beam, “b” = 400 mm, total depth of beam,” h” = 500 mm, fc’= 20.7 MPa, fyv =
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑣 275 MPa, fyl = 415 MPa, ties are 12 mm in diameter.
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 Concrete cover to the centroid of tension steel = 65 mm
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Allowable concrete shear stress = 0.76 MPa
Minimum area of longitudinal steel required for torsion:
9. Determine the shear strength provided by the concrete.
√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 A. 132.24 kN B. 112.404 kN C. 197.17 kN D. 167.60 kN
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.42 (𝐴𝑐𝑝 ) − ( ) 𝑃ℎ
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
√𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡 10. Determine the spacing of transverse reinforcement for factored shear, Vu.
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.42 (𝐴𝑐𝑝 ) − ( ) 𝑃ℎ A. 112 mm B. 300 mm C. 217 mm D. 179 mm
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦
Spacing of torsion reinforcement 11. Determine the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, Tu. Assume 40
𝑃ℎ
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 300𝑚𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 mm clear cover to ties.
8 A. 3881.1 mm2 B. 913.6 mm2 C. 2214.5 mm2 D. 4041.7 mm2
SITUATION. The 9 m span beam shown in the figure below carries a monolithic
slab cantilevering 2 m past the beam centerline. The resulting L beam supports a
live load of 12 kN/m along the beam centerline plus 2.4 kPa uniformly distributed
over the upper slab surface. The effective depth to the flexural steel required is 540
mm. Material strengths are fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Unit weight of concrete
is 23.54 kN/m3.
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REVIEW MODULE – PRESTRESSED
REFRESHER CONCRETE
MODULE-PRESTRESSED DESIGN (WSD)
CONCRETE DESIGN

SITUATION: MAY 2022 BOARD EXAM Properties:

A prestressed concrete beam 350mm x 450mm in cross section has A = 1.2 x 105 mm2
simple span of 10m. St = Sb = 4.16 x 106 mm3
Stresses due to external loads: The slab is prestressed with 500 KN force at an eccentricity, e = 38m
Compression = 4.88 MPa below the centroid of the section. Weight of slab is 2.35 KPa.
Tension = 4.88 MPa Superimposed dead load = 2.0 KPa, live load = 2.4 KPa. The slab is
Stresses due to Prestressing force: simply supported on bearings at L = 7.5m. Allowable stresses at service
Compression = 3.46 MPa loads are 3.2MPa in tension and 18.5 MPa in compression. Consider 20%
Tension = 0.72 MPa loss of prestress at service loads.
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
7. Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at the bottom fiber of the slab
1. Determine the bending stress at the bottom fiber. at L/4 from the center of bearings.

2. What is the maximum additional external moment if the 8. Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at the bottom fiber of the slab
allowable tensile stress is zero. Loss of stress = 20% at the midspan.

3. What is the superimposed uniform load if the allowable tensile 9. Determine the maximum total load (KPa) that the slab can carry if
stress is 2MPa and the allowable compressive stress is 4.0 the allowable stresses at service loads are not to be exceeded.
MPa. Loss of stress = 20%
SITUATION: NOVEMBER 2011/MAY 2018 BOARD EXAM
SITUATION: MAY 2012/MAY 2013/NOVEMBER 2015 BOARD EXAM A 6 m long cantilever beam 250 mm x 600 mm carries a uniformly
The flooring of a warehouse is made up of double tee joists (DT) in distributed dead load (beam’s weight included) 5 kN/m throughout the
FIGURE STE – 001. The joists are simply supported on a span of 7.5m length and concentrated live load of 18 kN at the end. To prevent
and are pre tensioned with one tendon in each stem with an initial force excessive deflection the beam is pre – tensioned with 12 mm strands
of 745 KN each, located at 75mm above the bottom fiber, loss of stress causing a final prestressing force 540 kN.
at service load is 18%. 10. Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at the bottom fiber at the free
end if the center of gravity of the strands coincide the centroid of
the section.

11. Determine the resulting stress (MPa) at top fiber at the fixed end if
the centroid of gravity of the strands is at 100 mm above the neutral
axis of the beam.

12. Determine the eccentricity (mm) of the prestressing force at the

fixed end so that the resulting stress at the top fiber of the beam at
FIGURE STE-001 the fixed end zero.
Load imposed on the joists are:
Dead load = 2.3 KPa SITUATION: MAY 2012 / MAY 2015 BOARD EXAM
Live load = 6.0 KPa A beam with width b = 250 mm and depth d = 450mm is prestressed by
Properties of DT an initial force of 600 kN. Total loss of prestress at service loads is 15%.
A = 200,000mm2 a = 2.4 m
I = 1880 x 106 mm4 13. Calculate the resulting final compressive stress (MPa) if the pre
yt = 88 mm yb = 267 mm stressing force is applied at the centroid of the beam section.

4. Compute the stress at the bottom fibers (MPa) of the DT at 14. Calculate the final compressive stress (MPa) if the prestressing force
midspan due to the initial prestressing force alone. is applied at an eccentricity of 100mm below the centroid of the
section.
5. Compute the resulting stress at the bottom fibers (MPa) of the
DT at midspan due to service loads and prestressing force. 15. Calculate the eccentricity (mm) at which the prestressing force can
be applied so that the resulting tensile stress at the top fiber of the
6. What additional super imposed load (KN/m) can the DT carry beam is zero.
such that the resulting stress at the bottom fibers at midspan is
zero? SITUATION: MAY 2011 BOARD EXAM
A beam with width b = 300 mm and depth d = 600 mm is to be prestressed.
SITUATION: NOVEMBER 2012/MAY 2017 BOARD EXAM Considering a 15% prestress loss, compute the value of initial
A building for office use is designed using the prestressed hollow core prestressing force P and eccentricity e.
slab shown in FIGURE STE – 002.
16. If the compressive stress is 21 MPa.

17. If the compressive stress at the bottom fiber is 12 MPa and the
tensile stress at the top fiber is 2 MPa.

18. If the compressive stress at the top fiber is 16 MPa and zero at the
bottom fiber.
FIGURE STE-002
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
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Review Module –(Cebu)
RCD Foundations
NSCP 2015 422.6.4.1.1 For square or rectangular columns, concentrated loads, or
413.3 Shallow Foundations reaction areas, critical sections for two-way shear in accordance with
413.3.1.1 Minimum base area of foundation shall be calculated from Section 422.6.4.1 (a) and (b) shall be permitted to be defined
unfactored forces and moments transmitted by foundation to soil or assuming straight edges.
rock or permissible bearing pressure selected through principles of 422.6.4.1.2 For a circular or regular polygon-shaped column, critical
soil or rock mechanics sections for two-way shear on accordance with Section 422.6.4.1 (a)
413.3.1.2 Overall depth of foundation shall be selected such that the and (b) shall be permitted to be defined assuming a square column of
effective depth of bottom reinforcement is at least 150 mm equivalent area.
413.2.7.1 Mu at the supported member shall be permitted to be 422.6.5.2 vc shall be calculated in accordance with Table 422.6.5.2.
calculated at the critical section defined in accordance with Table
413.2.7.1. Table 422.6.5.2
Table 413.2.7.1 Calculation of vc for Two-way Shear
Location of Critical Section for Mu

Note: β is the ratio of long side to short side of column, concentrated

413.2.7.3 Circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns or load, or reaction area and αs is given in Section 422.6.5.3
pedestals shall be permitted to be treated as square members of 422.6.5.3 The value of αs is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge
equivalent area when locating critical sections for moment shear and columns, and 20 for corner columns.
development of reinforcement
422.8 Bearing
413.3.2 One-way shallow foundations 422.8.3.2 Nominal bearing strength, Bn, shall be calculated in
413.2.1 The design and detailing of one-way shallow foundations, accordance with Table 422.8.3.2, where A1 is the loaded area and A2
including strip footings, combined footings, and grade beams, shall is the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered
be in accordance with this section and the applicable provisions of wedge contained wholly within the support and having its upper base
Sections 407 and 409 (Beams and One-way Slabs) equal to the loaded area. The sides of the pyramid, cone, or tapered
413.2.2 Reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire wedge shall be sloped 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.
width of one-way footings Table 422.8.3.2
Nominal Bearing Strength
413.3.3 Two-Way Isolated Footings
413.3.3.2 In square two-way footings, reinforcement shall be
distributed uniformly across entire width of footing in both directions.
413.3.3.3 In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed in
accordance with (a) and (b).
a. Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly
across entire width of footing.
b. For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total
reinforcement, 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 , shall be distributed uniformly over a band width 413.4 Deep Foundations
equal to the length of short side of footing, centered on centerline of 413.4.1.1 Number and arrangement of piles drilled piers and
column or pedestal. Remainder of reinforcement shall be distributed caissons shall be determined from unfactored forces and moments
uniformly outside the center band width of the footing where 𝛾𝑠 is transmitted to these members and permissible member capacity
calculated by: selected through principles of soil or rock mechanics.
𝟐 413.4.2.1 Overall depth of pile cap shall be selected such that the
𝜸𝒔 = effective depth of bottom reinforcement is at least 300 mm.
𝜷+𝟏
413.4.2.2 Factored moments and shears shall be permitted to be
(413.3.3.3)
calculated with the reaction from any pile assumed to be
where 𝜷 is the ratio of long to short side of footing
concentrated at the centroid of the pile section.
422.5 One-Way Shear Strength
413.4.2 Pile Cap
422.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force, 𝑽𝑪 shall
413.4.2.5 Calculation of factored shear on any section through a pile
be calculated by:
cap shall be in accordance with (a) through (c)
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝝀√𝒇′𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅 a. Entire reaction from any pile with its center located dpile/2 or more
(422.5.5.1) outside the section shall be considered as producing shear on that
422.6 Two-Way Shear Strength section;
422.6.1.4 Two-way shear shall be resisted by a section with a depth d b. Reaction from any pile with its center located dpile/2 or more
and an assumed critical perimeter 𝒃𝒐 as defined in Section 422.6.4. inside the section shall be considered as producing no shear on that
422.6.2.1 For calculation of 𝒗𝒄 and 𝒗𝒔 for two-way shear, d shall be section.
the average of the effective depths in the two orthogonal directions. c. For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile
422.6.4.1 For two-way shear, critical sections shall be located so that reaction to be considered as producing shear on the section shall be
the critical perimeter bo is a minimum but need not be closer than d/2 based on a linear interpolation between the full value at dpile/2
to (2) and (b): outside the section and zero value at dpile/2 inside the section.
a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas;
b. Changes in slab or footing thickness, such as edges of capitals, drop
panels, or shear caps.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
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(032) 254-9967
Review Module –(Cebu)
RCD Foundations
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING
SITUATION. A column 600 mm x 600 mm square is supported by a 4
m x 4 m isolated spread footing whose f’c is 28 MPa and is reinforced
with 18 – 20 mm bars with fy = 420 MPa. The column carries a dead
load of 1400 kN and a live load of 1000 kN. The allowable soil bearing
pressure is 220 kPa. The base of the footing is 1.5 m below the grade.
Assume weight of soil and concrete to be 16 kN/m3 and 24 kN/m3,
respectively. The total depth of the footing is 700 mm with concrete
cover of 75 mm.
1. Investigate the adequacy of the dimension of the footing.
2. Determine the wide beam shear stress at ultimate loads.
3. Determine the punching shear stress at ultimate loads.
4. Determine the ultimate bending moment.
5. Determine if the footing is safe from the three modes of failure.

DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING

SITUATION. A square footing is to support a 500 mm x 500 mm
column carrying 1200 kN live load and 1500 kN dead load. The
allowable soil pressure is 250 kPa. The bottom of the footing is situated
1 m below the ground surface. Assume the average unit weight of soil
and concrete is 20 kN/m3. For footing, use fc’ = 21 MPa and for column,
use fc’ = 28 MPa. For all steel bars, fy = 420 MPa.
1. Determine the dimensions of the footing.
2. Determine the effective depth of the footing.
3. Determine the number of 25 mm reinforcement.
4. Determine the number of 28 mm dowel at the base of the column.