Dynamics of Thermometer

EXPERIMENT -2
STUDYING THE DYNAMICS OF THERMOMETER WITH AND WITHOUT

THERMOWELL
1. Objective
To determine the time constant of first order and second order kinematics of
thermometer.
2. Aim
To study the dynamics of thermometer with and without thermowell.
3. Theory
A simple mercury thermometer is a first order system under following assumptions:
3.1 All the resistance to heat transfer resides in the film surrounding the bulb.
3.2 All the thermal capacity is in the mercury.
3.3 The glass wall containing the mercury does not expand or contract during the
transcient response.
The transfer function of the system is as follows
Y(s)/X(s) = 1/(
Where
(1)
= time constant
= mC/hA
(2)
The time response of first order system is given by

Y(t) =0
Y(t) = A(1 -
t<0
(3)
t>0
(4)
The introduction of thermowell leads to second order system due to additional

resistance and capacitance of the coil. The transfer function is of the form
Y(s)/X(s) = 1/(
+2
(5)
The system is overdamped with the values of and calculated using methods such as
slope intercept method, method of moments, method of Harriot.
The time response of first order system is given by

Y(t) = 0
(
Y(t) = A(1 -
t<0
(6)
t>0
(7)
4. Procedure
Steady state temperature of the thermometer was noted before switching on the
hot air blower.
Hot air blower was switched on and fall in temperature with respect to change in
time was noted till the steady state value was attained.
Then the air blower was switched off and the fall in temperature with respect to
time was noted till steady state was attained.
Above steps were repeated with the introduction of thermowell.
.
5. Calculation Without Thermowell
5.1 During Heating
T = A (1 -
T is deviation variable that is actual temperature reading of thermometer

A = 61-30 = 31C
T/A = (1 (
= 1-T/A
t/ = -ln(1-T/A)
so a plot of ln(1-T/A) vs t gives the slope 1/
Table 1 Summary of calculation of thermometer without thermowell during heating
Temperature(C)
Time (s)
T Deviation
variable(C)
1-T/A
-ln(1-T/A)
30
31
0.967742
0.03279
32
0.935484
0.066691
35
11
0.83871
0.175891
36
13
0.806452
0.215111
38
16
0.741935
0.298493
41
23
11
0.645161
0.438255
44
27
14
0.548387
0.600774
45
29
15
0.516129
0.661398
46
31
16
0.483871
0.725937
47
33
17
0.451613
0.79493
48
36
18
0.419355
0.869038
49
39
19
0.387097
0.949081
50
43
20
0.354839
1.036092
51
45
21
0.322581
1.131402
52
49
22
0.290323
1.236763
53
53
23
0.258065
1.354546
54
57
24
0.225806
1.488077
55
64
25
0.193548
1.642228
56
70
26
0.16129
1.824549
57
77
27
0.129032
2.047693
58
90
28
0.096774
2.335375
59
109
29
0.064516
2.74084
60
136
30
0.032258
3.433987
61
178
31
4
3.5
-ln(1-T/A)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
Time (s)
Fig.1 Variation of ln(1-T/A) vs time for thermometer without thermowell during heating
From Fig. 1 By linear regression of data we get

1/ =0.02644
= 37.82 s
5.2 During Cooling

A = 31C
Table 2 Summary of calculation of thermometer without thermowell during cooling
Time
T Deviation
Temperature(C) (s)
variable(C)
61
0
0
60
14
1
59
17
2
58
21
3
57
25
4
56
29
5
55
33
6
54
38
7
53
43
8
52
49
9
51
56
10
50
62
11
49
70
12
48
77
13
47
88
14
46
98
15
45
108
16
44
120
17
43
137
18
42
156
19
41
171
20
40
182
21
39
198
22
38
231
23
37
249
24
36
279
25
35
333
26
34
399
27
33
481
28
32
580
29
31
750
30
30
1155
31
1-T/A
1
0.967742
0.935484
0.903226
0.870968
0.83871
0.806452
0.774194
0.741935
0.709677
0.677419
0.645161
0.612903
0.580645
0.548387
0.516129
0.483871
0.451613
0.419355
0.387097
0.354839
0.322581
0.290323
0.258065
0.225806
0.193548
0.16129
0.129032
0.096774
0.064516
0.032258
0
ln(1-T/A)
0
0.03279
0.066691
0.101783
0.13815
0.175891
0.215111
0.255933
0.298493
0.342945
0.389465
0.438255
0.489548
0.543615
0.600774
0.661398
0.725937
0.79493
0.869038
0.949081
1.036092
1.131402
1.236763
1.354546
1.488077
1.642228
1.824549
2.047693
2.335375
2.74084
3.433987
0
1.4
1.2
-ln (1-T/A)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
time (s)
Fig.2 Variation of ln(1-T/A) vs time for thermometer without thermowell during cooling
From Fig. 2
1/ = 0.004698
= 212.8565 s
6. Calculation With Thermowell

Method of moments is used for the calculation of
and
Curves of (1-Y/A) vs t and t(1-Y/A) vs t are drawn and

(1-Y/A)dt =
t(1-Y/A)dt =
2
1
2
2
6.1 During heating

Table 2 Summary of calculation of thermometer with thermowell during heating
Time(s)
0
17
30
41
50
60
67
76
86
93
102
111
122
134
143
153
163
174
188
203
209
231
253
270
298
325
354
395
440
507
585
680
918
Temperature (C)
Y(deviation variable) (C)
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
(1-Y/A)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1
0.96875
0.9375
0.90625
0.875
0.84375
0.8125
0.78125
0.75
0.71875
0.6875
0.65625
0.625
0.59375
0.5625
0.53125
0.5
0.46875
0.4375
0.40625
0.375
0.34375
0.3125
0.28125
0.25
0.21875
0.1875
0.15625
0.125
0.09375
0.0625
0.03125
0
t(1-Y/A)
0
16.46875
28.125
37.15625
43.75
50.625
54.4375
59.375
64.5
66.84375
70.125
72.84375
76.25
79.5625
80.4375
81.28125
81.5
81.5625
82.25
82.46875
78.375
79.40625
79.0625
75.9375
74.5
71.09375
66.375
61.71875
55
47.53125
36.5625
21.25
0
1.2
1
1-Y/A
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
time (s)
Fig.3 Variation of (1-Y/A) vs time for thermometer with thermowell during heating
90
80
70
t(1-Y/A)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
time (s)
Fig. 4 Variation of t(1-Y/A) vs time for thermometer with thermowell during heating
From Fig. 3
(1-Y/A)dt =
= 219.3438
From Fig. 4
t(1-Y/A)dt =
2
1
2
2
2=
40804.94
Solving for
and
gives
= 40.96 s
= 178.3838 s
6.2 During Cooling

Table 2 Summary of calculation of thermometer with thermowell during cooling
Time (s)
Y deviation
variable(C)
Temperature (C)
0
56
85
114
143
173
204
236
266
304
344
379
416
467
515
563
607
660
715
777
836
902
988
1078
1184
1290
1430
1596
1775
2024
2421
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
(1-Y/A)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
0.966667
0.933333
0.9
0.866667
0.833333
0.8
0.766667
0.733333
0.7
0.666667
0.633333
0.6
0.566667
0.533333
0.5
0.466667
0.433333
0.4
0.366667
0.333333
0.3
0.266667
0.233333
0.2
0.166667
0.133333
0.1
0.066667
0.033333
0
t(1-Y/A)
0
54.13333
79.33333
102.6
123.9333
144.1667
163.2
180.9333
195.0667
212.8
229.3333
240.0333
249.6
264.6333
274.6667
281.5
283.2667
286
286
284.9
278.6667
270.6
263.4667
251.5333
236.8
215
190.6667
159.6
118.3333
67.46667
0
1.2
1
1-Y/A
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time (s)
Fig. 5 Variation of (1-Y/A) vs time for thermometer with thermowell during cooling
350
300
t(1-Y/A)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time (s)
Fig. 6 Variation of t(1-Y/A) vs time for thermometer with thermowell during cooling
From Fig. 5
(1-Y/A)dt =
= 711.25
From Fig. 6
t(1-Y/A)dt =
2
1
2
2
2=
413098.4
Solving for
and
gives
= 172.03 s
= 539.176 s
7. Result
Temperature vs. time graphs were plotted for first and second order dynamics
The time constants for thermometer were found to be
1) Without Thermowell
During Heating
During Cooling
= 37.82 s
= 212.8565 s
Average value is (37.82+212.8565)/2 = 125.33825 s

2) With Thermowell
During Heating
= 40.96 s
= 178.3838 s
During Cooling
= 172.03 s
= 539.176 s
Average value of
is (40.96+172.03)/2 = 106.495 s
Average value of
is (178.3838+539.176)/2 = 358.7799 s
8. Discussion
Higher during cooling is due to the reason that it is not strictly a step input. Air inside
the tube does not drop instantaneously to final steady state value when blower is
switched off.
9. Conclusion
Dynamics of thermometer is studied with and without thermowell. The study of the
dynamic response of the thermometer has shown that the time constant of the particular
system without thermowell is about 125.33825 s which is fairly large. The study of the
dynamic response of the thermometer has shown that the time constant of the particular
system with thermowell are = 106.495 s and =358.7799 s which are fairly large.
10. Precautions
There may be human error.
There may be erroneous reading because of parallax.
11. Reference
[1] Lab Manual of study of dynamics of thermometer with and without thermowell.

Dynamics of Thermometer

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EXPERIMENT -2

STUDYING THE DYNAMICS OF THERMOMETER WITH AND WITHOUT

The time response of first order system is given by

The introduction of thermowell leads to second order system due to additional

The time response of first order system is given by

T is deviation variable that is actual temperature reading of thermometer

Table 1 Summary of calculation of thermometer without thermowell during heating

From Fig. 1 By linear regression of data we get

5.2 During Cooling

6. Calculation With Thermowell

Curves of (1-Y/A) vs t and t(1-Y/A) vs t are drawn and

6.1 During heating

6.2 During Cooling

Average value is (37.82+212.8565)/2 = 125.33825 s

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