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    SM 31

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    gfgc magadi
    The document discusses several digital technologies for long-distance and local loop computer networks, including cable modem technology, broadcast satellite systems, and upstream communication methods. Cable modem technology uses coaxial cable and frequency division multiplexing to provide high-speed downstream data delivery to multiple subscribers. Upstream communication is more challenging for cable companies and some hybrid systems use telephone lines for upstream links. Broadcast satellite systems provide high bandwidth over long distances but have delays and require expensive uplink equipment.

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    SM 31

    Uploaded by

    gfgc magadi
    15 views3 pages
    The document discusses several digital technologies for long-distance and local loop computer networks, including cable modem technology, broadcast satellite systems, and upstream communication methods. Cable modem technology uses coaxial cable and frequency division multiplexing to provide high-speed downstream data delivery to multiple subscribers. Upstream communication is more challenging for cable companies and some hybrid systems use telephone lines for upstream links. Broadcast satellite systems provide high bandwidth over long distances but have delays and require expensive uplink equipment.

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    computer network notes

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    The document discusses several digital technologies for long-distance and local loop computer networks, including cable modem technology, broadcast satellite systems, and upstream communication methods. Cable modem technology uses coaxial cable and frequency division multiplexing to provide high-speed downstream data delivery to multiple subscribers. Upstream communication is more challenging for cable companies and some hybrid systems use telephone lines for upstream links. Broadcast satellite systems provide high bandwidth over long distances but have delays and require expensive uplink equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    15 views3 pages

    SM 31

    Uploaded by

    gfgc magadi
    The document discusses several digital technologies for long-distance and local loop computer networks, including cable modem technology, broadcast satellite systems, and upstream communication methods. Cable modem technology uses coaxial cable and frequency division multiplexing to provide high-speed downstream data delivery to multiple subscribers. Upstream communication is more challenging for cable companies and some hybrid systems use telephone lines for upstream links. Broadcast satellite systems provide high bandwidth over long distances but have delays and require expensive uplink equipment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Computer science computer networks

    Paper: CS6T2 : COMPUTER NETWORKS


    PROGRAMME:BSC
    SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
    SEMESTER: 6th SEM
    SESSION:31

    Text book reference:


    Douglas E Comer and M.S.Narayana, “Computer Networks and Internets”, 5th
    edition, Pearson Education, 2013
    Computer science computer networks

    Long-distance and Local Loop Digital Technologies


    Cable modem technology, upstream communication, Broadcast Satellite systems

    Cable Modem Technologies


    Although technologies like ADSL provide data rates that are much higher than
    originally thought possible, telephone local loop wiring has inherent limitations. The chief
    problem lies in the electrical characteristics of twisted pair wiring. The lack of shielding
    makes the wiring susceptible to interference that substantially degrades performance for some
    subscribers. As demand for higher bit rates increases, alternative wiring schemes have
    become important. Consequently, a variety of wireless and wired technologies are being
    developed for use in the local loop.
    An alternative access technology that stands out as particularly attractive uses the
    wiring already in place for cable television. The medium used in cable systems is coaxial
    cable, which has high bandwidth and is less susceptible to electromagnetic interference than
    twisted pair. Furthermore, cable television systems use frequency division multiplexing
    (FDM) to deliver many channels of entertainment simultaneously.
    One might assume that with many channels available, a cable provider could use a
    separate channel to deliver digital information to each subscriber. That is, configure a pair of
    cable modems, one in the CATV center and the other at a subscriber’s site, to use a given
    channel (i.e., carrier frequency) for communication, and multiplex the channel onto the cable
    along with television signals.
    Despite the large bandwidth available in CATV systems, the bandwidth is insufficient
    to handle a frequency division multiplexing scheme that extends a channel to each user. To
    understand why, observe that in a dense metropolitan area, a single cable supplier can have
    millions of subscribers. As a result, using a separate channel per subscriber does not scale.
    To solve the problem, cable systems combine FDM and statistical multiplexing by
    allocating a channel for digital communication for a set of subscribers (typically, everyone in
    a neighborhood). Each subscriber is assigned a unique address, and each message sent over
    the channel contains the address to which it has been sent. A subscriber’s modem listens to
    the assigned frequency, but before accepting a message, the modem verifies that the address
    in the message matches the address assigned to the subscriber.

    Upstream Communication
    Cable companies that deliver TV are well-equipped to provide downstream digital data service,
    but upstream service is a different matter. To provide upstream service, cable companies have to
    revamp a lot of equipment, such as unidirectional broadband amplifiers.
    There are some hybrid schemes that use telephone for upstream and cable for downstream. The
    cable companies that have added upstream capability can also provide interactive television and
    video on demand (thought to be the "killer application" for home networks).

    Broadcast Satellite Systems


    A geostationary satellite system offers high bandwidth and no need for terrestrial communication
    links.
    Disadvantages: Delay: about 1/4 second from ground to ground.
    Uplinks are large and expensive

    Low-cost satellite-based local loop systems employ: A broadcast mechanism - like Ethernet
    An alternative uplink path - e.g. conventional dial-up
    Computer science computer networks

    More recently technologies like VSAT have made satellite uplinks possible in homes and small
    businesses.

    The use of low earth orbit satellite arrays is another option.

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