Unit 5: Model auxiliaries

& related verbs

SECTION 5.1. Model auxiliaries. P1
1
 Identify different
types of modal
auxiliaries.
LESSON
OBJECTIVES
Apply them in
different contexts.

2
 This is my presentation title
– Two uses of modal verbs
– Uses of modal (etc.) to express ability and inability
– Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition
– Uses of modals (etc.) express certainty and possibility
– Uses of modals to express deduction
– Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions

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The two uses of modal verbs

4
 Can I use your phone, please?

The first modals or modal verbs

use of can may will shall must
modal
could might would should ought to
verbs

“semi modal”
need dare used to

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 In the first use, modal verbs have basic
meanings:

- Can/could (= ability): I can lift 25 kg.

- May/might (= permission): You may leave
The first early.
use of - Will/would (= prediction): It will rain soon.
modal - Shall after I/We (= prediction):
Will we find our way? – I’m
verbs sure we shall.
- Should/ought to (= duty): You should do as
you’re told.
- Must (= total obligation) : You must be
quiet.
-Needn’t (= no obligation): You needn’t wait.

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 “
The first use of modal verbs
Modal verbs are not ‘complete verbs’
We use verbs like must, can refer only to the present or the
future.
.
I must go to the bank now.
I must go to the bank tomorrow.

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This means we have So if we want to express the past of must, we
to make up the
‘missing parts’ of
must with have to.
👉
say:
I had to go to the bank yesterday.
In the same way, we use be able to to make up
the 'missing parts' of can.

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 1. Can’t use modal verb as to-
infinitives
I want to be able to type very fast.
(Not 'to can’)
Notes:
👉
2. Do not use the to-infinitives after
modals:
You must/mustn't phone.
(Not 'to phone')

3. There is no – (e) s in the 3rd person singular

The boss can see you now. (No -s on can)
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 THE
SECOND can could
USE OF
MODAL may might
VERBS
shall should

will would

must ought

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 THE SECOND USE OF MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS.
o We use nine of the modals to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty.
- The greatest uncertainty with might.
- The greatest certainty with must/can’t.

He might be right. He might know the answer. (very uncertain)

He could be right. He would know the answer. (fairly certain)
He must be right. He must know the answer. (almost certain)
He can't be right. He can't know the answer. (almost certain)
• We use be or an ordinary verb (not modal verb) for 'absolute certainty’.
You are right. You know the answer. (certain)

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 11.1C – The second use of modal verbs
(cách thứ 2)
In the second use, modals have only two forms.

Perfect or past form

Present form
He must have been right.
He must be right. He must have known the answer.
He must know the answer. (now) (then)

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Uses of modal to express ability and inability

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Modal Expressing present and past ability: 'can' and 'be
able to’
Verb
❖ Use can (or sometimes am/is/are able to) to
describe natural or learned ability:
I can (am able to) run 1500 meters in 5 minutes.
(natural ability)
I can't (am not able to/am unable to) drive. (learned
ability)
❖ We can use could, couldn’t or was/were (not) able to
to describe ‘general ability in the past’.
I could (was able to) run very fast when I was a boy.
(general ability)

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Modal Expressing present and past ability: 'can' and 'be
Verb able to’
❖ Use was/were able to or managed to (not use
could) to describe the successful completion of a
specific action:
We were able to (managed to) get tickets for the match
yesterday. (Not use 'could’)
❖ However, we can use couldn’t to describe a specific
action not successfully completed:
We couldn't get tickets for the match yesterday.
We weren't able to/didn’t manage to get tickets for the
match yesterday.

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 Can/Could with verbs of perception

Verbs of perception are verbs like see, hear, smell, etc.

1

When we are describing something that is happening now, we do not

2 use the progressive with these verbs.
I see a bird in that tree. (Not “I’m seeing.”)

We often use can + verb in place of the simple present with verbs of perception:
I can see a bird in that tree. (= I see.)
We often use could + verb in place of the simple past with verbs of perception:
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I looked up but couldn’t see anything. (=didn’t see)
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 Ability in tenses other than the present and the past

Can and could are not “complete verbs”, so we use be able to and
sometimes manage to if, for example, we want to express the future or
the present perfect.
Example:
I’ll be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons. (Not “I can/ I
will can.”)
Our teacher says we will manage to speak English fluently in a few months.

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“Can/Could” in place of “is often” and “was often”

Instead of: It’s often cold in January.

We can say: It can be cold in January.
Instead of: He was often naughty when he was a boy.
We can say: He could be naughty when he was a boy.

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Thank you!

19
 Unit 5: Model auxiliaries
& related verbs
SECTION 5.1. Model auxiliaries. PART 2
1
11.3 – Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and
prohibition.
Uses of modals to express permission
and prohibition

2
 Asking for permission with ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’
Can I borrow your umbrella
Can is the (please)? Can I
Can/Could/May/Might I commonest and
possibly borrow your most informal.
umbrella?
We can add
“Possibly” and
use expressions Could is more polite
like “Do you than can.
think”and “I
wonder if” to
make the request Could I borrow your
wonder ifI could/I mighteven more polite. umbrella (please)?
(possibly) borrow your
umbrella?
May is more
Might is the most polite
‘respectful’ than can May I borrow your
but the least common.
Might I borrow your and could. umbrella (please)?
umbrella (please)?
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Giving and refusing permission/ Expressing prohibition

We personally give
or refuse You + can(not)/may (not )+watch
permission in
everyday situation
👉 TV for as long as you like .

( Not “Could”, Not “Might”)

in the following
ways.

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 “
We refer to ‘some other authority’ that gives/
refuses permission like this.

You can/cannot or You're allowed to/not allowed to

You can/cannot or You're permitted to/not permitted to smoke here
You mustn’t or You’re forbidden to

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 Permission/prohibition in
tenses other than present and
future

❑May and must are not “complete verbs”, so we use be allowed to

to make up their 'missing parts’.
The children were allowed to watch TV last night.

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 “Can” (= ability) and “can/could” (= have
permission, be free to

We use can/could in the sense of “am/is/are free to” to refer to the

future.
Mr Jones can/could see you tomorrow, if you are free. Or Mr Jones is
able to see you.

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But we must use
will be able to (not
Baby will be able to stand up in two weeks’ time.
*can/could') to (Not “can/could”)
describe future
ability.

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11.4 – Uses of modals express certainty and
possibility

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Certainty If we are certain of our facts, we use be or
any full verb.

❖ To be
Jane is at home.
He is ill.

❖ Verb
Jane works at home.
He knows the answer.

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Possibility
If we are referring to possibility, we use
may, might, could + be/have been.

1. May, might, could + be/have been

Jane may/ might/could be at home now.

She may/might/could have been at home
yesterday.

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Possibility
2. May, might, could + full verb

Jane may/might/could work at home.

or Jane may/might/could be working at
home.
She may/might/could have worked at
home yesterday.
or She may/might/could have been working
at home yesterday.

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 Certain and uncertain answer to questions

1. A ‘certain’ question may produce an ‘uncertain’ answer.

Does he like fish?- He might (do).

- He may (do).
- He could (do).
- He may not (do).
2. An ‘ uncertain’ question may produce a ‘certain’ answer.

Can he still be working?- Yes, he is.

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 Certain and uncertain answer to questions

3. We also answer Wh-questions with ‘certain’ or ‘uncertain’.

Certain’ answers to Wh questions:
What’s his name? – It’s Smith.
What was his name? – It was Smith.
‘Uncertain’ answers to Wh questions:
What’s his name? – It may/might be Smith.
What was his name? – It may/might/ have been Smith.
4. We use do/does to replace other verbs, though this is optional.
Will you catch the early train? –I may/ I may do.
Has he received my message? –He could have/ He could have done
5. We use be and have been to answer questions with be.
Is he ill? He may be. Was he ill? He may have been. (Not ‘he may’ )

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Uses of modals to express deduction

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Certainty
or
deduction EXPRESS CERTAINTY EXPRESS DEDUCTION

Usage: “Must be/can’t be,

must have been,
Usage: We express can’t/couldn’t have been.
certainty with be or any
full verb. He must be at home. He
can’t be out. He must have
He is here. He lives here been at home yesterday.

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 ❑ Use “must be” in the present to express
deduction.
Two kind You haven’t eaten for hours. You must be hungry!
of “must ❑ The negative of “must be” is ‘can’t be” NOT “
be” mustn’t be”
You’ve only just eaten. You can’t be hungry again!
👉
❑ Use must (be) to express total obligation.
This is a hospital. You must be quiet.
❑ The negative of “Must be” (= total obligation)
is “mustn’t be”.
Ex: You mustn’t be noisy outside a hospital.

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-Must have been
– Can’t/couldn’t
have been – had
to be/didn’t Must is not a ‘complete verb’, we use
have tobe
had to in the past.
The meeting was at 10 this morning
Must
and I had to be there (not: must have
(=total been).
obligation
) The negative of had to is didn’t have
to.
It was a holiday yesterday, so I didn’t
have to be at work (Not: mustn’t
have been).

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 Must have been

Phủ định: Must have been

We express deduction The negative of must have
about the past with must been is Can’t/couldn’t have
have been. been; had to be / didn’t have
You hadn’t eaten for hours. to be.
You must have been You can’t/ couldn’t have
hungry! been hungry.

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Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions

Offering things and substances

Offering: Would/ Wouldn’t you like a sandwich/ some coffee?
Yes/No responses: Yes, I’d like one/some, please. No, thank you.
Making suggestions, inviting actions
Making suggestions, inviting actions: Would/Wouldn’t you like to come with us?
Yes/No responses: Yes, I’d like to/love to. No, I’d prefer not to, thank you.
Requests for things and substances
Requesting: Can/ Could/ May/ Might I have a sandwich/ some sugar, please?
Yes/No responses: Of course, you can/may. No, you can’t/may not, I’m afraid.
Requesting others to so things for you
Requesting others to so things for you: Will/ Would you please open the door for
me?
Yes/No responses: Yes, of course I will. No, I’m afraid I can’t at the moment. 20
 Uses of modals for offers, requests and
suggestions

❑ Offering to do things for others

Shall I carry that for you?
Can/Could you? That’s very kind of you. No, thank you.

❑Making suggestions that include the speaker

Shall we go for a swim/
Yes, let’s./ Yes, let’s, shall we? No, I’d rather we didn’t.

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Thank you!

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 Unit 5: Model
auxiliaries &
related verbs
Section 5.2. Part 1
 Identify different types
of modal auxiliary
related verbs.
LESSON
OBJECTIVES
Apply them in different
contexts.

2
 Present and
past reference
with “I wish”, ‘if
only” and “it’s
(high) time” ❑ After "I wish", "if only", "it's about time", "it's high
time“, we ‘go one tense back’.

1)The past tense refers to the present.

I wish I had a better watch! (NOW).
2) The past tense refers to the past.
I only you had asked me first! (THEN).

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 Expressing Use I wish for things Use simple past of May use the past perfect
wishes and that might (still)
happen:
be after wish and if of be for things that can
only, especially in never happen:
regrets with I wish I knew the everyday speech: I wish I had been on
‘I wish’ & ‘If answer! (=it’s possible I wish I was on holiday last week. If
I might find out the holiday now. If only only Tessa had been
only’ answer.) Tessa was here here yesterday!
If only is stronger. We now. Use the past or past
use it to express If we want to be perfect forms of other
regret for things that more formal, we use verbs:
can (now) never were in all persons: I wish I knew the
happen:
I wish I were on answer to your question.
If only your mother holiday now. If only I wish I had known
were alive now! Tessa were here! then what I know now.

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 ‘Would’ &
‘could’ after ‘I
wish’ & ‘if We must use could, not would, after I and we:
only’ I can’t swim. -------------- I wish I could swim.
We weren’t together.-------------- I wish we
could have been together.
We sometimes use I wish you (he, she, etc.)
would(n’t) like an imperative:
(I am making a lot of noise!) ---------- I wish you
wouldn’t make so much noise!
(He is making a lot of noise!)--------------- I wish
he would be quiet.

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“It’s (hight)
time’ and We use "It's time, It's high time and It's about
‘it’s (about) time“ to express present or future wishes, or to
time” express our impatience about things that
haven’t happened yet:

Kim can't even boil an egg.

=> I know. It's time/high time/about time she
learnt to cook!

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 • 'Would rather/sooner' to express
preference
Expressing Would + rather/sooner + bare
preferences with infinitive expresses our personal
'would rather' preference or enables us to talk about
and 'would sooner' someone else’s. This
can refer to present time or future
time:
I'd rather/sooner be a miner than a
bank clerk.
or to past time
If I’d lived in 1400, I'd rather have
been a knight than a monk.
In negative responses, we can omit the
verb:
Are you coming with us?- I'd rather
not.
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Expressing preferences about other people’s
actions
We can refer to other people after I’d rather or I’d sooner:
I’d rather/sooner he/Jack (etc.) left on an earlier train.
Note the use of past tenses after ‘d rather + clause
- the past with present or future reference:
I'd rather you were happy (or weren't unhappy).
I'd rather she sat (or didn't sit) next to me.
- the past perfect with past reference:
I'd rather you had been/hadn't been present.
I'd rather he had told/hadn't told me about it.

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‘I’d rather he didn’t’
When expressing negative preferences (to refer to the present or
future), we can use didn’t to avoid repeating the main verb:
You always go without me and I'd rather you didn't.
We can use hadn’t in the same way to refer to the past:
Katie went by car and I'd rather she hadn't.

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 We can use modals and other verbs to express
advisability on a scale which reflects a degree of
choice. This scale may vary according to
the subjective point of view of the speaker:
- should: generally means 'in my opinion, it is
Advisability advisable to or 'it is (your) duty’.
—> - ought to: can be slightly stronger than should in
that it is sometimes used to refer to
necessity: 'a regulations or duties imposed from the
outside: You ought to vote (= it is your
scale of public duty). Should is more likely than
choice ought to in questions and negatives.
- had better: is stronger than should and ought to. It
is used to recommend future action on
a particular occasion, not in general.
It carries a hint of threat, warning or
urgency: You'd better see a doctor.

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‘Must’, ‘have to’ & ‘have got to’
• We often use must, have to and have got to in place of each other, but
sometimes not.
• We tend to prefer must:
1. when we refer to ourselves (with I/we): I really must weed this garden.
2. with you to express urgency: You must phone home at once.
3. in public notices, etc.: Cyclists must dismount.
4. expressing commands: Candidates must choose five questions
5. pressing invitations/ advice: You must come and see us.
• We often use have to (have got to) to refer outside authority:
I have (got) to pay my road tax soon. 11
Inadvisability —> prohibition: 'a scale of choice'

We can say what, in our opinion, is not advisable, or what is forbidden on a scale
which shows how much choice there is. We use the following words:
• Shouldn’t & oughtn’t to (in my opinion it isn’t advisable, but there is some
choice):
You shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to drive too fast. (That’s my advice, but ignore it if you want
to)
• Had better not is stronger, even a warning:
You’d better not lose your passport. (That’s my urgent advice. There may be
consequences if you ignore it.)
• Can’t and mustn’t: you have no choice, it’s forbidden:
You can’t stop on a motorway. You mustn't stop on a motorway. (it’s against the
law)
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'Mustn't', 'needn't', 'don't have to', 'haven't got to

- must have to and have got to are generally interchangeable in the affirmative.
- don't have to and haven't got to can never replace mustn’t to convey prohibition
- Mustn’t conveys the strongest possible opinion of the speaker:
You really mustn't say things like that in front of your mother.
Julian mustn't hitchhike to Turkey on his own.
- Prohibition reflecting external authority (in public notices, documents) is often expressed
as must not (in full):
Life belts must not be removed.
Candidates must not attempt more than four questions.
- We can use 'needn't', 'don't have to', 'haven't got to in place of each other to mean ‘it
isn’t necessary’.

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 *These sentences mean 'I went there, but
Lack of it wasn't necessary':
I needn't have gone to the office
necessity: yesterday (but I went).
'needn't I didn't have to/didn’t need to go to the
have', 'didn't office yesterday (but I went).
(have and need are stressed in speech)
have to', *Compare didn't have to and didn't need
'didn’t need to, without stress:
I didn’t have to go to the office yesterday.
to’ I didn’t need to go to the office yesterday.
(=I knew in advance it wasn’t necessary to
go to the office and I didn’t go.)

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 • Both these forms suggest criticism
Inadvisability: of your own action or someone
'shouldn't have' else’s:
and 'oughtn't to
have' You shouldn't have paid/ oughtn’t to
have paid the plumber in advance.

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THANK YOU

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Unit 5: Model
auxiliaries &
related verbs
Section 5.2. P2
Uses of modals to express habit & Notes on the form of
'used to'

▪ Used to occurs only in the simple past form.

Questions and negatives with used to may be formed with did or didn’t:
Did you use to smoke? I didn’t use to smoke.
Question tags and short responses are formed with didn't, rather than
usedn't:
He used to live in Manchester, didn't he?

2
Past habit: 'used to' and the simple past

• Used to refers only to the past. If we wish to refer to present habit,

we must use the simple present tense (Not */ use to*). We rely on
used to to refer to habits that we no longer have, so there is a
contrast between past and present. This contrast is often
emphasized with expressions like but now , but not any more/any
longer which combine with the simple present:
/ used to smoke, but I don't any more/any longer.
I never used to eat a large breakfast, but I do now.

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Past habit: 'used to' and the simple past

• However, used to can refer simply to discontinued habits without

implying a contrast with the present.
• If we wish to use the simple past to refer to past habits, we always
need a time reference. Compare:
/ collected stamps when I was a child. (simple past + time
reference)
/ used to collect stamps. (when I was a child) (Time reference is not
necessary with used to but may be included.)
Used to is not possible with since and for:
/ lived in the country for three years. (Not 'used to live*)

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‘would’ in place of ‘used to’& the simple past

• When we are ‘remembering the past’, we sometimes we use

would in place of used to:
• First, we set the scene with used to, then we continue with
would:
When we was a boy, we always spent/used to spend our
holidays on a farm. We would get up at 5 and we’d help milk the
cows. Then we’d return to the kitchen for breakfast.

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Will/would to describe ‘usual behavior’

• We sometimes use will in place of the simple present and

would in place of the simple past to refer to a person’s ‘usual
behavior’:
In fine weather he will often sit in the sun for hours. (He often
sits.)
As he grew old, he would often talk about his war experiences.
(He often talked.)

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 ‘Need’ as a modal & as a full verb
• We use need as a modal (without to after it) mainly in the negative to mean ‘it isn’t
necessary’:
I needn’t go to the meeting today. I needn’t have gone to the meeting yesterday.
• In the affirmative, we use need as a modal:
-in questions: Need you go so soon? Need you have told him the truth?
-with ‘negative adverbs’: I need hardly tell you how important this is.
• Otherwise, we generally use the full verb need to (used like any regular verb):
I need to/ I don’t need to/I needed to/I didn’t need to go to the dentist this morning.

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 The form of ‘dare’ as a modal & as a full verb
• We use dare as a modal (without to after it) mainly in the negative to express lack
of courage:
I daren’t tell him the truth. I daren’t ask for more money.
• In the affirmative, we use dare as a modal:
-in question: Dare you do it?
- With ‘negative adverbs’: I hardly dare tell him what happened.
• We also form questions with do/does/did: Do you dare tell him?
• We can use dare to as a full verb: Do you dare to tell him?
• Note: I didn’t like the meal but I daren’t say so/I daren’t have said so/I didn’t dare
(to) say so/I dared not say so.
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Use of 'dare'
• The use of 'dare' to express courage or lack of courage
Courage: Very few climbers have dared (to) attempt Mount Everest without
oxygen.
Dare (to) is used in the affirmative, but this is less common.
Lack of courage: I don’t dare (to) tell the children that our holiday ahs been
cancelled.
Dare for 'challenging'
Dare as a full transitive verb is used especially by children when
challenging each other to do something dangerous:
/ dare you to jump off that wall.
I didn't want to do it, but he dared me (to).
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Use of 'dare'

• Dare for expressing outrage

Dare, as a modal, is often used to reprimand and express
outrage or strong disapproval. It is especially common after
how:
How dare you! How dare she suggest such a thing!
Don't you dare speak to me like that again!

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would and wouldn’t in place of the simple
present

We often use would and wouldn’t in place of the simple

present (and sometimes in place of will/won’t) when we want
to sound less definite or to be very polite:
That seems the best solution to me. (definite)
That would seem the best solution to me. (less definite)
Friday evening is not (or won't be) very convenient. (definite)
Friday evening wouldn't be very convenient. (less definite)

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 That... should' after 'suggest', etc.

In past reported suggestions, the (that)

should construction and the
That should can be used after such verbs
subjunctive can be replaced by a past
as ask, propose,
tense:
recommend and suggest; alternatively, the
/ suggested (that) they should/shouldn't
present or subjunctive can be used in BrE
drive along the coast.
or the subjunctive in AmE. That is
I suggested (that) they drive/not drive
generally dropped in informal style:
along the coast.
/ suggest (that) he should/shouldn't
I suggested (that) they drove/didn't drive
apply for the job.
along the coast.

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That...should' • Adjectives referring to
after certain desirability or urgency, such
adjectives as essential and
urgent, can be used in the
same way:
It was important (that) he
should apply/apply/applied
for the job.

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 • Parallel structures to there is/there are, etc. can
be formed with modal auxiliaries in various
combinations. Here are some examples:
'There' + modal + 'be'
There could be no doubt about it.
There won't be an election in June.
There must be a mistake.
'There' + There might have been a strike.
There oughtn't to have been any difficulty about
modal it.
There never used to be anyone living next door
There could be something blocking the pipe.
auxiliaries 'There' + modal + 'have been' + complement +
verb'-ing'
There might have been someone waiting
outside.
There must have been something blocking the
pipe.
There could have been someone crossing the
road.

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THANK YOU

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