Lecture Flow Through Channels

Flow in Open Channels
 Open Channel is any passage through which water flows under gravity with free
surface of water in contact with atmosphere.
 The flow conditions are greatly influenced by the slope of the channel
Types of Channels
 Natural Channel
• It has irregular sections of varying shapes and developed in natural way.
• Examples: Rivers, Streams
 Artificial Channel
• Built artificially for carrying water for various purposes. They have the cross
sections with regular geometrical shapes.
• Examples: Rectangular Channel, Trapezoidal Channel
Types of Channels
 Open Channel
• A channel without any cover at the top is known as an open channel.
• Examples: Rivers, Irrigation Canals, Streams, Water Falls
 Covered or Closed Channel
• The channel having cover at the top is known as a covered or closed channel
• Examples: Partly filled conduits carrying public water supply such as sewage
lines, underground drains, tunnels
Types of Flow in Channels
 Steady Flow and Unsteady Flow
 Uniform Flow and non uniform (varied) Flow
 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
 Subcritical Flow, Critical Flow and Supercritical Flow
As gravitational force is predominant force, therefore Froude Number is an
important parameter for analysing the open channel flows.
Froude Number (Fr)
• It is a dimensionless number used to indicate the influence of gravity on fluid
motion.
• Ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑉
𝐹𝑟 = =
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑦
Where,
V = Velocity of flow
g = Gravitational Acceleration
y = Hydraulic Depth
 When Fr < 1; The flow is said to be subcritical (or Tranquil or Streaming)
 When Fr = 1; The flow is said to be in critical state
 When Fr > 1; The flow is said to be supercritical (or Rapid or Shooting)
Open Channel Formula for Uniform Flow.
For uniform flow in open channels, the following formula will be discussed;
Chezy’s Formula
Consider a longitudinal section of an open channel in which the flow is steady and
uniform, as shown in figure.
The forces acting on the
free body of water between
sections 1-1 and 2-2 in the
direction of flow are as
follows;
Chezy’s Formula
1. Pressure forces F1 and F2 acting on the two ends of the body; these forces
balance each other since the depth of the channel remains constant
2. The component of weight of water in direction of flow
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where; 𝜌 = Density of water
A = Wetted cross sectional area of channel
L = Length of channel considered
𝜃 = Angle of inclination of channel bottom with the horizontal
3. Frictional resistance offered by the sides of the channel which is = 𝜏𝑜 𝑃𝐿
Where, 𝜏𝑜 = Average shear stress at the channel boundary
P = Wetted Perimeter of the channel
Chezy’s Formula
As the flow is steady and uniform, it is neither accelerating nor decelerating; the
liquid mass is in equilibrium and the frictional resistance to flow equals the weight
of liquid mass acting along the line of fluid motion. Thus
𝜌𝑔𝐴𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜏𝑜 𝑃𝐿
Since frictional resistance varies with (velocity)2 , 𝜏𝑜 may be expressed as 𝑓𝑉 2

where 𝑓 is a non dimencional factor Frictional Factor whose value depends on
the material and the nature of flow surface.
𝜌𝑔𝐴𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑓𝑉 2 𝑃𝐿
We can write 𝜌𝑔 = 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑤𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
V2 =
𝑓𝑃
Chezy’s Formula
𝑤 𝐴
V= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑓 𝑃
𝑤
Where =𝐶
𝑓
(𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
C = Chezy’s Constant
𝐴
= 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑅
𝑃
𝜃 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎe channel bed say S
𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆 Known as Chezy’s Formula
Chezy’s Formula
Discharge through Channel, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑆
Which can be written as;
𝑄=𝐾 𝑆
Where, 𝐾 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑅
The factor K is called the conveyance of the channel section and is a measure of
the carrying capacity of the channel. For a channel of constant slope, the
conveyance is directly proportional to the discharge.
For values of C, there are 3 Empirical Relations:
• A) Bazin’s Formula
where, K = Bazin’s constant and depends upon roughness of channel

• B) Kutter’s formula
where, N = Kutter’s constant, depending on roughness of channel

• C). Manning’s formula
where, M (Manning’s constant) = 1/N (Kutter’s constant)

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Lecture Flow Through Channels

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Flow in Open Channels

Since frictional resistance varies with (velocity)2 , 𝜏𝑜 may be expressed as 𝑓𝑉 2

where, K = Bazin’s constant and depends upon roughness of channel

where, N = Kutter’s constant, depending on roughness of channel

where, M (Manning’s constant) = 1/N (Kutter’s constant)

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